DR. A.P.

J ABDUL KALAM TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY UP LUCKNOW

2022-2023

Dronacharya Group of Institutions

B-27 APJ Abdul kalam Road, Knowledge park III, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh

For the partial fulfillment of the requirement for the award of the degree of

MASTER OF BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION

“LAB FILE’’

ON

IT SKILL -1

Submitted By:

SUSHMITA VISWAS
Roll
No.:
18863
 DECLARATION

I undersigned, hereby declare that the file submitted in partial fulfilment for the award of Degree
of Master of Business Administration of A. P. J. Abdul Kalam Technological University is a
Bonafede record of work done by me.
This file has not previously formed the basis for the award of any degree, diploma, or similar title
of any University.

Date SUSHMITA VISWAS

DEPARTMENT OF MASTER OF BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION

DRONACHARYA GROUP OF INSTITUTION

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the “Lab File of IT-SKILL -1” being submitted by Sushmita

Viswas in the partial fulfillment of the requirement’s for the degree of Master of

Business Administration, is a Bonafede record of work done by Sushmita Viswas,

MBA, Dronacharya group of Institution

 Index

S.No. Content Page No.

1 Fundamentals of Computer
2 MS -Word
3 MS – Excel
4 Google Spreadsheet
 Fundamentals of Computer

1.1 Introduction
Computer is an advanced electronic device that takes raw data as an input from the user and
processes it under the control of a set of instructions (called program), produces a result
(output), and saves it for future use.

Computer

Input Process Output

1.2 Functionalities of Computer

S.No Operations Description

1. Take Input The process of entering data and instructions into

computer System.
2. Store Data Saving data and instructions so that they are available for
processing as and when required.
3. Processing Data Performing arithmetic and logical operations on data in
order to convert them into useful information.
4. Output Information The process of producing useful information or results for
user, such as a printed report or visual display.
5. Control the workflow Direct the manner and sequence in which all the above
operations are performed.

1.3 Application of Computers

Computer are used in Business organization for –

 □
Payroll Calculations
□
Budgeting
□
Sales Analysis
□
Financial Forecasting
□
Managing employee database etc.

1.3.1
Bapnrokvide the following facilities-
□ Online accounting facility, which includes checking current balance, making deposits and
overdrafts, checking interest charges, Shares and trustee records.
□ ATM machine which are completely automated are making it even easier for customer
to deal with banks.
companies are maintaining a database of all clients with information Showing-
1.3.2 Insurance
□ Procedure to continue the policies
□ Starting date of the policies
□ Next due installment of a policy
□ Maturity date
□ Interest due
□ Survival Benefits
□ Renew

1.4 Generation and Major types of Computers

1.4.1Generation of computers
S.No Generations Time Period Description
1. First Generation 1946-1959 Vacuum Tube based computer
2. Second Generation 1959-1965 Transistor Based computer
3. Third Generation 1965-1971 Integrated Circuit Based computer
4. Fourth Generation 1971-1980 VLSI micro-processer based
5. Fifth Generation 1980- onward ULSI micro-processer based

1.4.2Types of Computers.
Depending upon the internal structure and subsequent features and applicability, computer
system is categorized as follows –
S.No Type Description
1. Mainframe Computer It is high capacity and costly computer. It is largely used
by big organizations where many people can use it
simultaneously.
 2. Super Computer This category of computer is the fastest and also very
expensive. A typical supercomputer can solve up to ten
Workstation trillion individual calculations per second.
3. The computer of this category is a high-end and
Computer expensive one. It is exclusively made for complex work
Personal Computer purpose.
4. (PC) It is a low-capacity computer developed for single users.
Laptop computer
(notebook)
5. Tablet and It is a handy computer that can be easily carried
anywhere
Smartphone
6. Modern technology has advanced further. It has helped
develop computers that are pocket-friendly. Tablets and
smartphones are the best examples of such computer.

1.5 Component of Computer

A computer device is made up of various elements which help in its effective functioning and
processing. There are five basic components of the computer which help in making this
processing of data easier and convenient.

Components of a computer system are the primary elements which make the functioning of an
electronic device smooth and faster. There are five basic components which include:
1. Input unit
2. Output unit
3. Memory unit
4. Control unit
5. Arithmetical and Logical unit

CPU
Control Unit

Input Unit Memory unit Output

Arithmetical and
1.5.1Input Unit logical unit
The input unit works as a fundamental part of the entire computer system. This process
involves interaction with the user. These components can receive information directly from the
user to command other devices. Many input devices perform specific functions depending on
the type of input required to accomplish that particular task. Examples of input devices are a
keyboard, mouse, joystick, etc.

1.5.2Central Processing Unit (CPU)

The Central Processing Unit (CPU) is a processor, a primary component that performs most of
the processing operations in a computer. It performs arithmetic, logic, and other operations to
convert data inputs into more helpful information outputs and hence is also called the
computer's brain.

It consists of three components: Memory Unit, Arithmetic & Logical Unit, and Control Unit.

□Memory Unit: This unit typically stores the processed data received from the input
devices, providing the necessary space for managing computational activities.
□Arithmetic & Logical Unit: It is the major component of the CPU that deals with the
appropriate operations and logical functions. In collaboration with other units, like any
other device in the computer system, it uses the input data from the input device using
the memory units for performing numerous jobs to obtain a faultless outcome.
□Control Unit: It is the major part of the Central Processing Unit. It receives input data
from input devices and accomplishes the processed data in a controlled format under
instructions provided by system operators.

1.5.3Output Unit

Output units are hardware devices attached to the computer that help the computer system
interact with the user or other connected devices. It sends the processed data from the
computer to the peripheral devices as per given commands. Most computer data output is in
the form of audio and video. Thus, most of the output devices used by humans fall into these
categories.

1.6 Computer Hardware

Computer hardware is a physical device of computers that we can see and touch. For e.g.
Monitor, CPU, Mouse, Joystick, etc. Using these devices, we can control computer operations
like input and output. These hardware components are further divided into the following
categories, which are:
 1. Input Devices
2. Output Devices
3. Storage Devices

1.6.1Input Devices
Input devices are those devices with the help of which the user interacts with the computer.
Or, In other words, with the help of input devices, the user enters the data or information
into the computer. This information or data is accepted by the input devices and converted
into a computer acceptable format, which is further sent to the computer system for
processing.
Now we discuss some input devices:

1.6.1.1 Keyboard

Keyboard is the most common and very popular input device which helps to input data to
the computer. The layout of the keyboard is like that of traditional typewriter, although
there are some additional keys provided for performing additional functions.

Keyboards are of two sizes 84 keys or 101/102 keys, but now keyboards with 104 keys or
108 keys are also available for Windows and Internet.

1.6.1.2 Mouse
Mouse is the most popular pointing device. It is a very famous cursor-control device having a
small palm size box with a round ball at its base, which senses the movement of the mouse
and sends corresponding signals to the CPU when the mouse buttons are pressed.
Generally, it has two buttons called the left and the right button and a wheel is present between
the buttons. A mouse can be used to control the position of the cursor on the screen, but it
cannot be used to enter text into the computer
1.6.1.3 Light Pen
Light pen is a pointing device similar to a pen. It is used to select a displayed menu item or draw
pictures on the monitor screen. It consists of a photocell and an optical system placed in a small
tube.

When the tip of a light pen is moved over the monitor screen and the pen button is pressed,
its photocell sensing element detects the screen location and sends the corresponding signal
to the CPU.

1.6.1.4 Scanner
Scanner is an input device, which works more like a photocopy machine. It is used when
some information is available on paper and it is to be transferred to the hard disk of the computer
for further manipulation.
Scanner captures images from the source which are then converted into a digital form that
can be stored on the disk. These images can be edited before they are printed.
1.6.1.5 Microphone
Microphone is an input device to input sound that is then stored in a digital form.

The microphone is used for various applications such as adding sound to a multimedia
presentation or for mixing music.
1.6.1.6 Magnetic Ink Card Reader (MICR)
MICR input device is generally used in banks as there are large number of cheques to
be processed every day. The bank's code number and cheque number are printed on the
cheques with a special type of ink that contains particles of magnetic material that are machine
readable.
This reading process is called Magnetic Ink Character Recognition (MICR). The main advantages
of MICR is that it is fast and less error prone.

1.6.1.7 Optical Character Reader (OCR)

OCR is an input device used to read a printed text.

OCR scans the text optically, character by character, converts them into a machine readable code,
and stores the text on the system memory.
1.6.1.8 Optical Mark Reader (OMR)
OMR is a special type of optical scanner used to recognize the type of mark made by
pen or pencil. It is used where one out of a few alternatives is to be selected and marked.

It is specially used for checking the answer sheets of examinations having multiple
choice questions.
1.6.1.9 Bar Code Readers
Bar Code Reader is a device used for reading bar coded data (data in the form of light and
dark lines). Bar coded data is generally used in labelling goods, numbering the books, etc. It
may be a handheld scanner or may be embedded in a stationary scanner.
Bar Code Reader scans a bar code image, converts it into an alphanumeric value, which is then
fed to the computer that the bar code reader is connected to.

1.6.2Output Devices

The output device displays the result of the processing of raw data that is entered in the
computer through an input device. There are a number of output devices that display output
in different ways such as text, images, hard copies, and audio or video.

Some of the popular output devices are:

1.6.2.1 Monitor

The monitor is the display unit or screen of the computer. It is the main output device that
displays the processed data or information as text, images, audio or video.

The types of monitors are given below.

i) CRT Monitor

CRT monitors are based on the cathode ray tubes. They are like vacuum tubes which produce
images in the form of video signals. Cathode rays tube produces a beam of electrons through
electron guns that strike on the inner phosphorescent surface of the screen to produce images
on the screen. The monitor contains millions of phosphorus dots of red, green and blue color.
These dots start to glow when struck by electron beams and this phenomenon is called
cathodoluminescence.

The main components of a CRT monitor include the electron gun assembly, deflection plate
assembly, fluorescent screen, glass envelope, and base. The front (outer surface) of the screen
onto which images are produced is called the face plate. It is made up of fiber optics.

There are three electron beams that strike the screen: red, green, and blue. So, the colors
which you see on the screen are the blends of red, blue and green lights.The magnetic field
guides the beams of electrons. Although LCDs have replaced the CRT monitors, the CRT
monitors are still used by graphics professionals because of their color quality.

ii) LCD Monitor

The LCD monitor is a flat panel screen that is compact and light-weight as compared to CRT
monitors. It is based on liquid crystal display technology which is used in the screens of laptops,
tablets, smart phones, etc. An LCD screen comprises two layers of polarized glass with a liquid
crystal solution between them. When the light passes through the first layer, an electric current
aligns the liquids crystals. The aligned liquid crystals allow a varying level of light to pass
through the second layer to create images on the screen.

The LCD screen has a matrix of pixels that display the image on the screen. Old LCDs had
passive-matrix screens in which individual pixels are controlled by sending a charge. A few
electrical charges could be sent each second that made screens appear blurry when the images
moved quickly on the screen.
Modern LCDs use active-matrix technology and contain thin film transistors (TFTs) with
capacitors. This technology allows pixels to retain their charge. So, they don’t make screen
blurry when images move fast on the screen as well as are more efficient than passive-matrix
displays.

iii) LED monitor

The LED monitor is an improved version of an LCD monitor. It also has a flat panel display and
uses liquid crystal display technology like the LCD monitors. The difference between them lies
in the source of light to backlight the display. The LED monitor has many LED panels, and each
panel has several LEDs to backlight the display, whereas the LCD monitors use cold cathode
fluorescent light to backlight the display. Modern electronic devices such as mobile phones, LED
TVs, laptop and computer screens, etc., use a LED display as it not only produces more brilliance
and greater light intensity but also consumes less power.

iv)Plasma Monitor

The plasma monitor is also a flat panel display that is based on plasma display technology. It
has small tiny cells between two glass panels. These cells contain mixtures of noble gases and a
small amount of mercury. When voltage is applied, the gas in the cells turns into a plasma and
emits ultraviolet light that creates images on the screen, i.e., the screen is illuminated by a tiny
bit of plasma, a charged gas. Plasma displays are brighter than liquid crystal displays (LCD) and
also offer a wide viewing angle than an LCD.

Plasma monitors provide high resolutions of up to 1920 X 1080, excellent contrast ratios, wide
viewing angle, a high refresh rate and more. Thus, they offer a unique viewing experience while
watching action movies, sports games, and more.

1.6.2.2 Printer

A printer produces hard copies of the processed data. It enables the user, to print images,
text or any other information onto the paper.

Based on the printing mechanism, the printers are of two types: Impact Printers and Non-impact
Printers.

Impact Printer

The impact printer uses a hammer or print head to print the character or images onto the
paper. The hammer or print head strikes or presses an ink ribbon against the paper to print
characters and images.
Impact printers are further divided into two types.

A) Character Printers

Character printer prints a single character at a time or with a single stroke of the print head or
hammer. It does not print one line at a time. Dot Matrix printer and Daisy Wheel printer are
character printers. Today, these printers are not in much use due to their low speed and
because only the text can be printed. The character printers are of two types, which are as
follows:

i) Dot Matrix Printer

Dot Matrix Printer is an impact printer. The characters and images printed by it are the patterns
of dots. These patterns are produced by striking the ink soaked ribbon against the paper with a
print head. The print head contains pins that produce a pattern of dots on the paper to form
the individual characters. The print head of a 24 pin dot matrix contains more pins than a 9 pin
dot matrix printer, so it produces more dots which results in better printing of characters. To
produce color output, the black ribbon can be changed with color stripes. The speed of Dot
Matrix printers is around 200-500 characters per second.

ii) Daisy Wheel Printer

Daisy Wheel Printer was invented by David S. Lee at Diablo Data Systems. It consists of a wheel
or disk that has spokes or extensions and looks like a daisy, so it is named Daisy Wheel printer.
At the end of extensions, molded metal characters are mounted. To print a character the
printer rotates the wheel, and when the desired character is on the print location the hammer
hits disk and the extension hits the ink ribbon against the paper to create the impression. It
cannot be used to print graphics and is often noisy and slow, i.e., the speed is very low around
25-50 characters per second. Due to these drawbacks, these printers have become obsolete.

B) Line Printers:

Line printer, which is also as a bar printer, prints one line at a time. It is a high-speed impact
printer as it can print 500 to 3000 lines per minute. Drum printer and chain printer are
examples of line printers.

i) Drum Printer:

Drum printer is a line printer that is made of a rotating drum to print characters. The drum has
circular bands of characters on its surface. It has a separate hammer for each band of
characters. When you print, the drum rotates, and when the desired character comes under the
hammer, the hammer strikes the ink ribbon against the paper to print characters. The drum
rotates at a very high speed and characters are printed by activating the appropriate hammers.
Although all the characters are not printed at a time, they are printed at a very high speed.
Furthermore, it can print only a predefined style as it has a specific set of characters. These
printers are known to be very noisy due to the use of hammering techniques.
ii) Chain Printer:

Chain printer is a line printer that uses a rotating chain to print characters. The characters are
embossed on the surface of the chain. The chain rotates horizontally around a set of hammers,
for each print location one hammer is provided, i.e., the total number of hammers is equal to
the total number of print positions.

The chain rotates at a very high speed and when the desired character comes at the print
location, the corresponding hammer strikes the page against the ribbon and character on the
chain. -They can type 500 to 3000 lines per minute. They are also noisy due to the hammering
action.

Non-Impact Printer:

Non-impact printers don't print characters or images by striking a print head or hammer on
the ink ribbon placed against the paper. They print characters and images without direct
physical contact between the paper and the printing machinery. These printers can print a
complete page at a time, so they are also known as page printers. The common types of
non-impact printers are Laser printer and Inkjet printer:

i) Laser Printer:
A laser printer is a non-impact printer that uses a laser beam to print the characters. The laser
beam hits the drum, which is a photoreceptor and draws the image on the drum by altering
electrical charges on the drum. The drum then rolls in toner, and the charged image on the
drum picks the toner. The toner is then printed on the paper using heat and pressure. Once the
document is printed, the drum loses the electric charge, and the remaining toner is collected.
The laser printers use powdered toner for printing instead of liquid ink and produce quality
print objects with a resolution of 600 dots per inch (dpi) or more.

ii) Inkjet Printer:

The inkjet printer is a non-impact printer that prints images and characters by spraying fine,
ionized drops of ink. The print head has tiny nozzles to spray the ink. The printer head moves
back and forth and sprays ionized drops of ink on the paper, which is fed through the printer.
These drops pass through an electric field that guides the ink onto the paper to print correct
images and characters.

An inkjet printer has cartridges that contain ink. Modern inkjet printers are color printers that
have four cartridges containing different colors: Cyan, Magenta, Yellow, and Black. It is capable
of printing high-quality images with different colors. It can produce print objects with a
resolution of at least 300 dots per inch (dpi).

Projector

A projector is an output device that enables the user to project the output onto a large surface
such as a big screen or wall. It can be connected to a computer and similar devices to project
their output onto a screen. It uses light and lenses to produce magnified texts, images, and
videos. So, it is an ideal output device to give presentations or to teach a large number of
people.

Modern projects (digital projectors) come with multiple input sources such as HDMI ports for
newer equipment and VGA ports that support older devices. Some projectors are designed to
support Wi-Fi and Bluetooth as well. They can be fixed onto the ceiling, placed on a stand, and
more and are frequently used for classroom teaching, giving presentations, home cinemas, etc.
A digital projector can be of two types:

Liquid Crystal Display (LCD) digital projector: This type of digital projectors are very popular as
they are lightweight and provide crisp output. An LCD projector uses transmissive technology to
produce output. It allows the light source, which is a standard lamp, to pass through the three
colored liquid crystal light panels. Some colors pass through the panels and some are blocked
by the panels and thus images are on the screen.

Digital Light Processing (DLP) digital projector: It has a set of tiny mirrors, a separate mirror for
each pixel of the image and thus provide high-quality images. These projectors are mostly used
in theatres as they fulfill the requirement of high-quality video output.

1.6.3Storage Devices
Now we will discuss different types of storage devices available in the market. These storage
devices have their own specification and use. Some of the commonly used storage devices
are:
1.6.3.1 Primary storage devices
(i)RAM:
It stands for Random Access Memory. It is used to store information that is used
immediately or we can say that it is a temporary memory. Computers bring the software
installed on a hard disk to RAM to process it and to be used by the user. Once, the computer
is turned off, the data is deleted. With the help of RAM, computers can perform multiple
tasks like loading applications, browsing the web, editing a spreadsheet, experiencing the
newest game, etc. It allows you to modify quickly among these tasks, remembering where
you’re in one task once you switch to a different task. It is also used to load and run
applications, like your spreadsheet program, answer commands, like all edits you made
within the spreadsheet, or toggle between multiple programs, like once you left the
spreadsheet to see the email. Memory is nearly always being actively employed by your
computer. It ranges from 1GB – 32GB/64GB depending upon the specifications. There are
different types of RAM, although they all serve the same purpose, the most common ones are
:
□ SRAM: It stands for Static Random Access Memory. It consists of circuits that
retain stored information as long as the power supply is on. It is also known as
volatile memory. It is used to build Cache memory. The access time of SRAM is
lower and it is much faster as compared to DRAM but in terms of cost, it is costly
as compared to DRAM.

□DRAM: It stands for Dynamic Random Access Memory. It is used to stores binary
bits in the form of electrical charges that are applied to capacitors. The access time
of DRAM is slower as compare to SRAM but it is cheaper than SRAM and has a high
packaging density.
□SDRAM: It stands for Synchronous Dynamic Random Access Memory. It is faster
than DRAM. It is widely used in computers and others. After SDRAM was
introduced, the upgraded version of double data rate RAM, i.e., DDR1, DDR2,
DDR3, and DDR4 was entered into the market and widely used in home/office
desktops and laptops.

(ii) ROM: It stands for Read-Only Memory. The data written or stored in these devices are
non-volatile, i.e, once the data is stored in the memory cannot be modified or deleted. The
memory from which will only read but cannot write it. This type of memory is non-volatile.
The information is stored permanently during manufacture only once. ROM stores
instructions that are used to start a computer. This operation is referred to as bootstrap. It is
also used in other electronic items like washers and microwaves. ROM chips can only store
few megabytes (MB) of data, which ranges between 4 and 8 MB per ROM chip. There are two
types of ROM:
□PROM: PROM is Programmable Read-Only Memory. These are ROMs that can be
programmed. A special PROM programmer is employed to enter the program on
the PROM. Once the chip has been programmed, information on the PROM can’t
be altered. PROM is non-volatile, that is data is not lost when power is switched
off.

□EPROM: Another sort of memory is that the Erasable Programmable Read-Only

Memory. It is possible to erase the info which has been previously stored on an
EPROM and write new data onto the chip.

1.6.3.2 Magnetic Storage Devices

(i)Floppy Disk: It is also known as a floppy diskette. It is generally used on a personal computer
to store data externally. A Floppy disk is made up of a plastic cartridge and secures with
a protective case. Nowadays floppy disk is replaced by new and effective storage devices like
USB, etc.
(ii)Hard Disk: It is a storage device (HDD) that stores and retrieves data using magnetic storage.
It is a non-volatile storage device that can be modified or deleted n number of times without any
problem. Most of the computers and laptops have HDDs as their secondary storage device. It is
actually a set of stacked disks, just like phonograph records. In every hard disk, the data is
recorded electromagnetically in the concentric circles or we can say track present on the
hard disk, and with the help of a head just like a phonograph arm (but fixed in a position) to read
the information present on the track. The read-write speed of HDDs is not so fast but decent.
It ranges from a few GBs to a few and more TB.

(iii)Magnetic Card: It is a card in which data is stored by modifying or rearranging the

magnetism of tiny iron-based magnetic particles present on the band of the card. It is also
known as a swipe card. It is used like a passcode (to enter into house or hotel room), credit
card, identity card, etc.
(iv)Tape Cassette: It is also known as a music cassette. It is a rectangular flat container in

which
the data is stored in an analog magnetic tape. It is generally used to store audio recordings.
(v)Super Disk: It is also called LS-240 and LS-120. It is introduced by Imation corporation

and
1 .6 .3 . 3 F la s h m e m o ry D e v ice s
i t is p o p u la r w it h O E M c o m p uters. It can
store data up to 240 MB.

It is a cheaper and portable storage device. It is the most commonly used device to store data
because is more reliable and efficient as compare to other storage devices. Some of the
commonly used flash memory devices are:
(i)Pen Drive: It is also known as a USB flash drive that includes flash memory with an integrated
USB interface. We can directly connect these devices to our computers and laptops and
read/write data into them in a much faster and efficient way. These devices are very portable.
It ranges from 1GB to 256GB generally.

(ii) SSD: It stands for Solid State Drive, a mass storage device like HDDs. It is more durable
because it does not contain optical disks inside like hard disks. It needs less power as
compared to hard disks, is lightweight, and has 10x faster read and write speed as compared to
hard disks. But, these are costly as well. While SSDs serve an equivalent function as hard
drives, their internal components are much different. Unlike hard drives, SSDs don’t have any
moving parts and thus they’re called solid-state drives. Instead of storing data on magnetic
platters, SSDs store data using non-volatile storage. Since SSDs haven’t any moving parts,
they do not need to “spin up”. It ranges from 150GB to a few and more TB.
(iii)SD Card: It is known as a Secure Digital Card. It is generally used with electronic devices like
phones, digital cameras, etc. to store larger data. It is portable and the size of the SD card is
also small so that it can easily fit into electronic devices. It is available in different sizes like
2GB, 4GB, 8GB, etc.

(iv)Memory Card: It is generally used in digital cameras. printers, game consoles, etc. It is
also used to store large amounts of data and is available in different sizes. To run a memory card
on a computer you require a separate memory card reader.

(v)Multimedia Card: It is also known as MMC. It is an integrated circuit that is generally used in-
car radios, digital cameras, etc. It is an external device to store data/information.

1.6.3.4Optical Storage Devices

Optical Storage Devices is also a secondary storage device. It is a removable storage device.
Following are some optical storage devices:
(i)CD: It is known as Compact Disc. It contains tracks and sectors on its surface to store data.
It is made up of polycarbonate plastic and is circular in shape. CD can store data up to 700MB.
It is of two types:
□CD-R: It stands for Compact Disc read-only. In this type of CD, once the data is
written can not be erased. It is read-only.
□CD-RW: It stands for Compact Disc read Write. In this type of CD, you can easily
write or erase data multiple times.
(ii) DVD: It is known as Digital Versatile Disc. DVDs are circular flat optical discs used to store
data. It comes in two different sizes one is 4.7GB single-layer discs and another one is 8.5GB
double-layer discs. DVDs look like CDs but the storage capacity of DVDs is more than as
compared to CDs. It is of two types:
□DVD-R: It stands for Digital Versatile Disc read-only. In this type of DVD, once the
data is written can not be erased. It is read-only. It is generally used to write
movies, etc.
□DVD-RW: It stands for Digital Versatile Disc read Write. In this type of DVD, you
can easily write or erase data multiple times.
(iii) Blu-ray Disc: It is just like CD and DVD but the storage capacity of blu ray is up to 25GB. To
run a Blu-ray disc you need a separate Blu-ray reader. This Blu-ray technology is used to read
a disc from a blue-violet laser due to which the information is stored in greater density with a
longer wavelength.

1.6.3.5 Cloud and Virtual Storage

Nowadays, secondary memory has been upgraded to virtual or cloud storage devices. We can
store our files and other stuff in the cloud and the data is stored for as long as we pay for the
cloud storage. There are many companies that provide cloud services largely Google, Amazon,
Microsoft, etc. We can pay the rent for the amount of space we need and we get multiple
benefits out of it. Though it is actually being stored in a physical device located in the data
centers of the service provider, the user doesn’t interact with the physical device and its
maintenance. For example, Amazon Web Services offers AWS S3 as a type of storage where
users can store data virtually instead of being stored in physical hard drive devices. These
sorts of innovations represent the frontier of where storage media goes.

1.7 Computer Software

"Software is a set of programs (sequence of instructions) that allows the users to perform a
well-defined function or some specified tasks.". Software is responsible for directing all
computer-related devices and instructing them regarding what and how the task is to be
performed.
1.7.1Types of computer software

Software

System Softwar e Application Software

Operating System
Utility software Device Driver WordDatabase Multimedia Software
Web browser
Firmware processorSoftware

1.7.1.1System Software
System Software is the most important type of software required to administer the resources
o. f the computer system

System software runs and functions internally with application software and hardware.
Moreover, it works as a linking interface between a hardware device and the end-user.
System software runs in the background and manages all functioning of the computer itself.
It is called Low-Level Software as it runs at the most basic level of computer and is usually
written in a low-level language. As soon as we install the operating system on our device, it
gets automatically installed on the same device.
1.7.1.2Application Software
Application software products are designed to satisfy a particular need of a particular
environment. All software applications prepared in the computer lab can come under the
category of Application software.
Application software may consist of a single program, such as Microsoft's notepad for writing

and
editing a simple text. It may also consist of a collection of programs, often called a software
package, which work together to accomplish a task, such as a spreadsheet package.
1.8 Computer Language
To communicate with the computers, we need some languages. These are computer languages.
There are mainly three different languages with the help of which we can develop computer
programs. And they are –
□Machine Level language
□Assembly Level Language and
□High Level Language

1.9 Compiler

A compiler is a special program that translates a programming language's source code into
machine code, bytecode or another programming language. The source code is typically written
in a high-level, human-readable language such as Java or C++. A programmer writes the source
code in a code editor or an integrated development environment (IDE) that includes an editor,
saving the source code to one or more text files. A compiler that supports the source
programming language reads the files, analyzes the code, and translates it into a format
suitable for the target platform.
1.10 Interpreter

An interpreter is a computer program that is used to directly execute program instructions

written using one of the many high-level programming languages.

The interpreter transforms the high-level program into an intermediate language that it then
executes, or it could parse the high-level source code and then performs the commands
directly, which is done line by line or statement by statement.

1.11 Assembler
Assembler is a program for converting instructions written in low-level assembly code into
relocatable machine code and generating along information for the loader.
It generates instructions by evaluating the mnemonics (symbols) in operation field and find
the value of symbol and literals to produce machine code. Now, if assembler do all this work
in one scan then it is called single pass assembler, otherwise if it does in multiple scans
then called multiple pass assembler.

1.12 Operating System

An operating system (OS) is system software that manages computer hardware, software
resources, and provides common services for computer programs.
Network and Internet
A computer network is a system in which multiple computers are connected to each
other to share information and resources.

Types of
Networks LAN

LAN or Local Area Network is a wired network spread over a single site like an office, building or
manufacturing unit. LAN is set up to when team members need to share software and hardware
resources with each other but not with the outside world. Typical software resources include
official documents, user manuals, employee handbook, etc. Hardware resources that can be
easily shared over the network include printer, fax machines, modems, memory space, etc. This
decreases infrastructure costs for the organization drastically.
MAN
MAN is the acronym for Metropolitan Area Network. It is a network spread over a city,
college campus or a small region. MAN is larger than a LAN and typically spread over
several kilometres. Objective of MAN is to share hardware and software resources, thereby
decreasing infrastructure costs. MAN can be built by connecting several LANs.

WAN
WAN or Wide Area Network is spread over a country or many countries. WAN is typically a
network of many LANs, MANs and WANs. Network is set up using wired or wireless
connections, depending on availability and reliability.
Netiquettes
netiquette, abbreviation of Internet etiquette or network etiquette, guidelines for
courteous communication in the online environment. It includes proper manners for sending e-
mail, conversing online, and so on. Much like traditional etiquette, which provides rules of
conduct in social situations, the purpose of netiquette is to help construct and maintain a
pleasant, comfortable, and efficient environment for online communication, as well as to avoid
placing strain on the system and generating conflict among users.

Multimedia and its Applications

The word multi and media are combined to form the word multimedia. The word “multi”
signifies “many.” Multimedia is a type of medium that allows information to be easily
transferred from one location to another.
Multimedia is the presentation of text, pictures, audio, and video with links and tools that
allow the user to navigate, engage, create, and communicate using a computer.
Multimedia refers to the computer-assisted integration of text, drawings, still and moving
images(videos) graphics, audio, animation, and any other media in which any type of
information can be expressed, stored, communicated, and processed digitally.

Text
Characters are used to form words, phrases, and paragraphs in the text. Text appears in all
multimedia creations of some kind. The text can be in a variety of fonts and sizes to match
the multimedia software’s professional presentation. Text in multimedia systems can
communicate specific information or serve as a supplement to the information provided by
the other media.

Graphic
Non-text information, such as a sketch, chart, or photograph, is represented digitally.
Graphics add to the appeal of the multimedia application. In many circumstances, people
dislike reading big amounts of material on computers. As a result, pictures are more
frequently used than words to clarify concepts, offer background information, and so on.
Graphics are at the heart of any multimedia presentation. The use of visuals in multimedia
enhances the effectiveness and presentation of the concept. Windows Picture, Internet
Explorer, and other similar programs are often used to see visuals. Adobe Photoshop is a
popular graphics editing program that allows you to effortlessly change graphics and make
them more effective and appealing.

Animation
A sequence of still photographs is being flipped through. It’s a set of visuals that give the
impression of movement. Animation is the process of making a still image appear to move. A
presentation can also be made lighter and more appealing by using animation. In multimedia
applications, the animation is quite popular. The following are some of the most regularly
used animation viewing programs: Fax Viewer, Internet Explorer, etc.
Audio
Any sound, whether it’s music, conversation, or something else. Sound is the most serious
aspect of multimedia, delivering the joy of music, special effects, and other forms of
entertainment. Decibels are a unit of measurement for volume and sound pressure level.
Audio files are used as part of the application context as well as to enhance interaction. Audio
files must occasionally be distributed using plug-in media players when they appear within
online applications and webpages. MP3, WMA, Wave, MIDI, and RealAudio are examples of
audio formats. The following programs are widely used to view videos: Real Player, Window
Media Player, etc.

Video
Photographic images that appear to be in full motion and are played back at speeds of 15 to 30
frames per second. The term video refers to a moving image that is accompanied by sound,
such as a television picture. Of course, text can be included in videos, either as captioning for
spoken words or as text embedded in an image, as in a slide presentation. The following
programs are widely used to view videos: Real Player, Window Media Player, etc.
 Unit- 2
MS-Word

Exercise 1
Creating List in MS-Word
□ Multiple Level list

1) Computer
a) Hardware
i) Internal Hardware
I. Motherboard
II. Hard Disk
III. RAM
IV. ROM
V. CD/DVD writer
VI. SMPS
ii) External Hardware
I. Keyboard
II. Mouse
III. Scanner
IV. Speaker
V. Monitor
VI. Printer
b) Software
i) System Software (Operating System)
I. Windows
II. Mac OS
III. Chrome OS
IV. Ubuntu
V. Android
VI. IOS
ii) Application Software
I. Microsoft Word
II. Microsoft Excel
III. Microsoft Power Point
IV. Photoshop
V. Chrome
VI. Firefox
2) Exercise 2

Create a list for B.Tech and MBA course with Description and Fees

List of Branches in Bachelor in Technology (B.Tech)

□ B.Tech in Computer Science

□ B.Tech in Information Technology
□ B.Tech in Metallurgy
□ B.Tech in Mechanical Engineering
□ B.Tech in Electronic and Communication Engineering

List of Trades in Master in Business Administration (MBA)

□ MBA in Finance.
□ MBA in Marketing.
□ MBA in Human Resources.
□ MBA in Management
□ MBA in Banking and Finance

Description of Courses

B.Tech in Computer Science

B. Tech CSE is a 4 year UG course that studies practical and theoretical knowledge of computer
hardware and Software. This course lays emphasis on the basics of computer programming and network
while also comprising a plethora of topics.

B.Tech in Information Technology

B. Tech in information technology is an undergraduate program in engineering with a specialization in

the field of Information Technology. The duration of this degree course is generally 4 years, Extendable
up to 6 years in exceptional cases.

B.Tech in Metallurgy

B. Tech in metallurgy is a 4 year duration undergraduate degree program that offer study on the
fundamentals of metallurgical Engineering principles. The course offer theoretical and practical study on
the science and technology of working and heat-treating metals and altering their physical
Characteristics.

B.Tech in Mechanical Engineering

B.Tech. Mechanical Engineering is a 4-year UG course that studies the functioning of machines, working
of automobiles, maintenance of various mechanical parts and equipment and helps you learn from the
design of a product to its final product.

B.Tech in Electronic and Communication Engineering

BTech ECE is a 4-year program focused on technologies in critical areas such as telecommunications,
electricity and electronics, while promoting the development of the skills required combining hardware
and software components.

MBA in Finance

The MBA in finance prepares students for in-depth studies related to the various facets of finance such
as management, control, and assessment of collection, investment, and resources. MBA in Finance is a
2-year post-graduate degree that prepares students for various management roles in finance. Various
specialization’s of finance focus on the management and control of financial resources of a company.

MBA in Marketing

MBA Marketing Syllabus includes topics such as Management Concepts, Cost and Management
Accounting, Business Environment, Marketing Management, and alike. Students also have the option to
pursue dual specialization programs such as MBA Marketing and Sales, or MBA in Finance and Marketing.

MBA in Human Resources

An MBA in HR or Human resource management is a two-year degree program that focuses on recruiting
the right people for the job, managing them and providing direction and guidance to the workforce.

MBA in Management

MBA in Business Management or Master of Business in Business Management is a two-year

postgraduate level course. The degree focuses on business-related activities that include various topics
such as Change Management, Talent Management, Business Negotiation, Financial Management, and
Accounting.
3) Exercise 3
□ Article in MS-word

MICROSFT WORD

Microsoft word is a word processing software developed by Microsoft. It was first released on October

25, 1983, under the name Multi-Tool Word for Xenia Systems. The first version of Word for Windows

was released in 1989. With the release of Windows 3.0 the following year, sales began to pick up and

Microsoft soon became the market leader for word processors for IBM PC-compatible computers.

Charles Simonyi, a developer and Richard Brodie, a software engineer, were the two creators of MS

Word.

Filename extensions

Microsoft Word's native file formats are denoted either by a .doc or .docx

MS Word enables users to do write-ups, create documents, resumes, contracts, etc.

Microsoft was founded by BILL GATES and PAUL ALLEN on April 1975

The common formatting features which are available on MS Word include:

□
Font Style, Size and Color.
□
Header and Footer.
 □
Insert Images.
□
Add tables and bulleted lists.
□
Set a page layout.
□
Add Word Art.
□
Tabs

Microsoft Word for Windows release history

NAME NYAEM EAR NAME YEAR

ARE Y
Word for windows 1.0 1989 Word for windows 95 1995 Word 2003 2003

Word for windows 1.1 1990 Word 97 1997 Word 2007 2006

Word for windows 1.1a 1990 Word 98 1998 Word 2010 2010

Word for window 2.0 1991 Word 2000 1999 Word 2013 2013

Word for window 6.0 1993 Word 2002 2001 Word 2016 2016
4) Exercise 4

□ Create Resume / CV
□ Create Name Slip

Name Slip

Name:
Class: Roll. No.
Subject:
School:
Sushmita Viswas
Mobile No. +919720224951
E-mail id :- [email protected]
Education Qualification

Qualification Board/University Year Marks

MBA Dronacharya Group of Institute
Bachelor’s
Senior Secondary (12th)
Secondary

Work Experience and projects

□ Sales Analysis in excel

1 I analyzed the sample of sales data in excel
. I used pivot table to create interactive dashboard in MS excel
□ Fin s2iksha
. Created a business model for Reliance TUP 8.0
This was a financial literacy app developed to increase the financial literacy in our
1 society.
□ Key logger
1. I made a key logger software as a major project in my graduation
2. I used python and tkinter.
Scie2ntifi c ca lc ulat o r
□ I h d m d e scientific calculator in my minor project
.
I had used python for that calculator development.
1

Technical S. kills
□ 2. Methodologies
□ MS-Excel □
□ MS-Word □
□ MS-Power point □
□
□
 UNIT 3
Microsoft Excel

Exercise 1
□ Create a table of score of different students in MS excel
□
Apply the filter.
□ Find the minimum marks
□
Find the maximum marks
□ Find the percentage
□
Calculate the sum

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 UNIT 4
Spread sheet

Exercise 1
Analyze the result of second Monday exams.

□calculate total mark by each student in column 1

□ Aggregate the total mark / percentage mark obtained by each student in column j
□Find the subject wise avg mark and display in row a
□give the number of students appear for exam in row 11

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