Reviewer-3rd-Quarter Science Grade 7

Identifying Appropriate Graphs/Tables/ Charts
Bar Graphs
-used when trying to compare different groups or categories.
Line Graph- Used to track changes over time.
Pie Graph- used to compare parts of a whole

Constructing Graph
Parts of a Graph Dependent Variable (DV)
Independent Variable (IV)
LABELING AXES
A farmer wants to know if there is a relationship between the amount of fertilizer (in kilograms)
he uses and how tall his corn grows (in centimeters)
Growth of corn (cm)
INDEPENDENT VARIABLE: amount of fertilizer (in

kilograms)
DEPENDENT VARIABLE : growth of corn (in centimeters)
Amount of fertilizer (kg)

The Continental Drift & Seafloor Spreading
The Continental Drift Theory

Alfred Lothar Wegener (1880-1930)
- a german geophysicist and meteorologist
- originator “Continental Drift Theory”
Evidence Supporting Continental Drift Theory

1. Continental Jigsaw Puzzle- The jigsaw fit is a term used in the continental drift theory of
Alfred Wegener to describe the way that the coastlines of certain continents seem to fit together
like pieces of a puzzle.
2. Matching of fossils across the seas- Scientists have found fossils of similar types of
plants and animals in rocks of similar age.
3. Rock Types-
4. Glacial Grooves
5. Coal Deposits
THE SEAFLOOR SPREADING THEORY

Evidence Supporting the Theory of Seafloor Spreading:
1. At the mid-ocean ridge, the rocks are younger.
2. Rocks further from the ridge in the mid-ocean are older.
3. The sediment on the ridge is thinner.
4. Rocks on the ocean floor are younger than continental rocks.
5. Geomagnetic anomalies such as magnetic field reversals and polar wandering also supported
seafloor spreading.
Composition and Layers of the Earth
Layers of the Earth
1. Crust- The outermost and the thinnest layer of the earth.

Subdivided into:
OCEANIC CRUST (basalt rock)
(thickness: approx. 5km)
CONTINENTAL CRUST (granite rock)
(thickness: 69 km)
Temperature: 21°C - 427°C
2. Mantle- the thickest layer of the earth (approx. 2898 km)

Made up: Silicon (Si), Oxygen (O), and Magnesium (Mg)
Divided into: UPPER MANTLE:
Lithosphere (Fe and Mg)
Aesthenosphere
LOWER MANTLE (mesosphere)
3. Core- Mostly nickel and iron

Outer Core: Temp. 4982 °C
Inner Core: Temp. 5200 °C
Introduction to Plate Tectonics Theory
Lithosphere (lithos = stone, sphere = ball) which is composed of the crust and mantle's uppermost
portion.
Asthenosphere- The asthenosphere (asthenos = weak, sphere = ball) is a hotter, weaker portion of the
mantle below the lithosphere (see Figure below).
What are Plate Tectonics?
The motion of the lithosphere is known as tectonics. The lithosphere is separated into different
portions called tectonic plates. These plates can be referred as lithospheric plates. The theory of Earth’s
moving is called Plate tectonics.
What Drives Lithospheric Plates to Move?
A convection current is a process of heat transfer that involves energy movement from one
position to another. The currents of convection appear to transfer a fluid, particles in the air gas, or
molten rock. This are due to the difference in the densities of a given gas or fluid and the temperature.
Due to this temperature difference, the hot fluid tends to rise as it expands, whereas cold fluid tends to
sink because it contracts.
Types of Plate Boundaries
Plate boundaries are divided into three groups:
1. Divergent boundary (continental-continental boundary/constructive margin)- Two
neighboring plates shift away from each other. This results in the upwelling and
extrusion of hot material that creates a new oceanic lithosphere from the mantle along
the rift.
Atlantic Ocean is product of the drifting of continents.
2. Convergent Plate Boundary- It is sometimes called the disruptive margins in which the
two plates shift towards each other. There is a collision between oceanic-oceanic plates,
continental-oceanic plates, and continental-continental plates.
Subduction Zone- When two oceanic plates collide, the older or denser plate slides
beneath the other, descending into the mantle. Refer to the illustration below.
What happens when two thick continental plates collide?
The Himalayan Range in Asia which includes Mount Everest, was produced by the
collision of two continental plates - the Eurasian Plate and the Indian Plate. As two
continental plates collide, neither plate will subduct due to their densities and thickness.
3. Transform Fault Boundary- is commonly called as the conservative margin. This is

where two plates grind in opposite directions without destroying the lithosphere. Example
is the San Andreas fault.
EARTHQUAKE
A sudden and violent shaking of the ground. The causes could be volcanic eruption,
massive landslides, asteroid impacts, and dynamite explosion.
Epicenter- Point on the surface directly above the focus.

Focus- Center of energy released during an earthquake.
Types of Earthquake/Seismic Waves:
A. Body Waves
1. P wave (Primary Wave)- are longitudinal waves or compressional waves.
- the fastest type of wave which moves 4-7 km/second through
rocks
- Travels through liquid, solid, and gas
- The first to arrive in the seismometer
2. S wave (Secondary Wave) -are shear/transverse waves that moves side to side
- travels about 2-5 km/second through rocks either side to side or up and down.
-S wave does not travel through liquid or gas
-Only travel through solid and will not return to its original shape.
B. Surface Waves
1. Rayleigh waves
-There is a vertical and a horizontal motion.
-This type of wave produce ripples in the ground analogous or similar to
oceans making rolling waves.
2. Love waves
-Moves the ground from side to side
in a horizontal motion.
-This type of wave usually damages
the foundation of building.
-Love waves on the other hand are
like S-waves but without the vertical
motion.
-These lateral movements are the
last recorded waves of an earthquake.
Tsunami- Giant waves, or series of waves caused by an earthquake under the sea.
Some possible signs of an approaching tsunami
 Strong earthquake
 Unusual sea condition
-Extreme lowering of sea level
- Rise and fall of coastal water
 Sandbars and coral flats may be exposed
 Rumbling sound of the approaching wave
 Sound of a train
 Roaring sound
 Passing trucks
What government agency looks after earthquakes & volcanic related events?
Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology (PHILVOLCS)- the main agency
responsible for implementing programs on minimizing risks from geologic hazards, specifically
earthquakes and volcanic eruptions in the Philippines.
Measuring Earthquakes
Seismograph- an instrument that record earthquake waves.
Intensity vs. Magnitude
Intensity (shaking)- felt and observed, based on relative effect to people and structures,
generally higher near the epicenter, Roman Numerals e.g. IV, IX, etc.
Magnitude (energy)- measured by instruments, energy released at the focus, Arabic numbers,
e.g. 5.3, 7.8, etc.)
Primary Earthquake Hazards
1. Ground Rupture- Creation of new or the renewed movements of old fractures.

2. Ground Shaking- The disruptive up and down and sideways motion experienced during an
earthquake.
3. Liquefaction- A process where particles of loosely consolidated and water-saturated deposits are
rearranged into more compact state squeezing water and sediments towards the surface.
4. Earthquake triggered landslide
5. Tsunami/Seiche

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Identifying Appropriate Graphs/Tables/ Charts

Line Graph- Used to track changes over time.

Pie Graph- used to compare parts of a whole

Independent Variable (IV)

INDEPENDENT VARIABLE: amount of fertilizer (in

Amount of fertilizer (kg)

The Continental Drift Theory

Evidence Supporting Continental Drift Theory

THE SEAFLOOR SPREADING THEORY

1. At the mid-ocean ridge, the rocks are younger.

2. Rocks further from the ridge in the mid-ocean are older.

3. The sediment on the ridge is thinner.

4. Rocks on the ocean floor are younger than continental rocks.

1. Crust- The outermost and the thinnest layer of the earth.

2. Mantle- the thickest layer of the earth (approx. 2898 km)

3. Core- Mostly nickel and iron

What are Plate Tectonics?

What Drives Lithospheric Plates to Move?

Atlantic Ocean is product of the drifting of continents.

3. Transform Fault Boundary- is commonly called as the conservative margin. This is

Epicenter- Point on the surface directly above the focus.

Primary Earthquake Hazards

1. Ground Rupture- Creation of new or the renewed movements of old fractures.

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