Content:

1. Variables in C
2. Constants in C
3. Display in C
4. Inputs in C
5. Expressions & Operators

C Programming 6. Arithmetic Operations

7. Relational Operations
8. Logical Operators
9. Bitwise Operators
Language 10. Assignment Operators
11. Miscellaneous Operators
12. X++ Vs ++X

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 ➢ Variables in C
• A variable is nothing but a name given to a storage area that our programs can manipulate.

• Each variable in C has a specific type (data type).

• Syntax:

<Data_Type> Variable_Name ;

<Data_Type> Variable_Name = Initial_Value;

• Examples:

char X , Y = 10; char Speed = 57; char Count;

• If there is no initial value, it will contain garbage value.

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➢ Variables in C
• A variable name can have letters (uppercase and lowercase), digits and underscore only.

EX: VAR , vAr5 , var_5

• The first letter of a variable should be either a letter or an underscore.

EX: _var , var5 , var_5 , 5_var

• There is no rule on how long a variable can be. However, only the first 31 characters are

checked. auto double int struct break else long switch

case enum register typedef char extern return union
• Not be keyword. continue for signed void do if static while
default goto sizeof volatile const float short unsigned

C89 keywords
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➢ Variables in C

• Variable Name Styles:

o Camel case notation:
EX: MaxLength
o Lower upper:
EX: maxLength
o Under bar:
EX: max_length

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➢ Variables in C

• Datatype:
o Determines amount of memory (bytes) a variable requires and range of valid
values that can be stored.

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➢ Variables in C
Datatype Size (Bytes) Range Format
char 1 0 to 255 (compiler-based) %c
char signed char 1 -128 to 127 %c
unsigned char 1 0 to 255 %c
short int 2 0 to 65,535 (compiler-based) %hd
Short int signed short int 2 -32,768 to 32,767 %hi
unsigned short int 2 0 to 65,535 %hu
int / long int 4 0 to 4,294,967,295 (compiler-based) %d or %i
int signed int / signed long int 4 -2,147,483,648 to 2,147,483,647 %d
unsigned int / unsigned long int 4 0 to 4,294,967,295 %u
long long int 8 0 to 4,294,967,295 (compiler-based) %lld
long long
signed long long int 8 -2,147,483,648 to 2,147,483,647 %lld
int
unsigned long long int 8 0 to 4,294,967,295 %llu
float 4 1.2E-38 to 3.4E+38 %f

floating double 8 1.7E-308 to 1.7E+308 %lf

long double 16 Eng.Ahmed Abdel-Gawad

Microprocessor -Lab.1- 3.4E-4932 to 1.1E+4932 6 %Lf
➢ Constants in C

• A constant is a value or an identifier whose value cannot be altered in a program.

• Syntax:

const<data_type> variable_name =value;

• Example:

const char maxLength=50; OR char const maxLength=50;

const float pi=3.14; OR float const pi=3.14;

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➢ Displaying ( printf() )

• Syntax:

printf(“ String Format ”, Variable_Name);

• Example:

int age = 10;

printf(“The age is %d years “,age);

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➢ Inputs ( scanf() )

• Syntax:

scanf(“Format”, &Variable_Name);

• Example:

char age;

printf("Enter your age: ");

scanf("%d", &age);

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➢ Expressions & Operators :

• Expression: is a statement that uses logical operators to link identifiers to create a

true/false result or numeric value.

o Example:

Z = X + Y / I; → Expression.

Z,X,Y,I → Operands.

=,+,/ → Operators.

• Operators: Symbols that indicate to the compiler which operation to perform using

surrounding identifiers. Microprocessor -Lab.1- Eng.Ahmed Abdel-Gawad 10

➢ Arithmetic Operations :

• Example: Operator Description

+ Addition
5/2=2.
- Subtraction
5%2=1. * Multiplication
/ Division
6%2=0.
% Reminder
11%3=2.

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➢ Relational Operations :
• Here, the result will be TRUE (1) or FALSE (0).

Example: Operator Description Associativity

== Equal to
int X =10 , Y=0 , result;
!= Not Equal to
result = X > Y;
> Greater than
printf(" Result = %d \n",result);
< Lesser than
L to R
result = Y > X; >= Greater than or Equal
printf(" Result = %d \n",result); <= Lesser than or Equal

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➢ Logical Operators :
Operator Description Associativity
! Logical Not R to L
&& Logical AND
L to R
|| Logical OR

X Y || X Y &&
X ! F F F F F F
F T F T T F T F
T F T F T T F F
T T T T T T

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➢ Logical Operators :

Example:

int X =10,Y=0,result;

result = !(Y>X) && (X>Y);

printf(" Result = %d \n",result);

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➢ Bitwise Operators :
• These operations applied at level of bit.
• They also applied only with integer data types.

Operator Description Associativity

X Y & X Y | X Y ^
& AND
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
| OR
0 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 1
^ X-OR
~ Complement
L to R 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 1
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0
<< Shift Left
>> Shift Right X ~
0 1
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➢ Bitwise Operators :

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➢ Bitwise Operators :

Example:
int num1 = 10;
int num2 = 1;
int result;
result = num1 & num2;
printf("num1 & num2 = %d \n", result);
result = num1 | num2;
printf("num1 | num2 = %d \n", result);
result = num1 ^ num2;
printf("num1 ^ num2 = %d \n", result);

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➢ Assignment Operators : Operator Description Associativity
Assignment
=
Operator
+= Add and Assign
Example:
-= Subtract and Assign
num += 5; → num = num + 5;
*= Multiply and Assign

num /= 2; → num = num / 2; /= Divide and Assign

L to R
%= Modulus and assign
num %= 2; → num = num % 2;
<<= Left shift and assign
num *= 2; → num = num * 2;
Right shift and
>>=
assign
&= AND and assign
^= X_OR and assign
|= OR and assign
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➢ Miscellaneous Operators :

Operator Description Example

sizeof() Get size of data type. sizeof(int)
int var;
& Get address of a variable.
&var
* Get content of a variable. *var

?: Conditional Expression. z=x>y?1:0;

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➢ X++ Vs ++X :

Operator Example Explanation

Increment/decrement a by 1, then use the new value

++/--(prefix) ++x / --x
of a in the expression in which a resides.

++ / -- Use the current value of a in the expression in which

x++ / x--
(postfix) a resides, then increment/decrement a by 1.

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➢ X++ Vs ++X :
• Example:
int num=5;
printf("num=%d\n", num);
printf("num=%d\n", num++);
printf("num=%d\n", num);
• Example:
int num=5;
printf("num= %d\n", num);
printf("num= %d\n", num--);
printf("num= %d\n", --num);
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