تاريخ ادب 3 اساسى محاضره 3 2022-2023

History of English Literature Lecture (3)
Third Year (Faculty of Education) Dr. Lamiaa Adbulaal

Date: 21/11/2022
* Protestants who wished to practice their form of religion in peace

felt that England was not a ‘free’ country. Seeking a more liberal
atmosphere, they start a historic journey to the new world.
*They were the Puritans, and voyaging to the ‘New World’, they
set up colonies in Virginia and Pennsylvania, thus founding the
United States of America.
* In 1600, a ‘charter’ was granted to a company of merchants

wishing to go on a voyage to foreign lands for trade. It leads to the
formation of the East India Company and the charter marked the
start of what was to become the greatest empire in modern world
DR. MahMoud IbraHim 01275212051-01018206472

Date: 21/11/2022
history: the British Empire. London emerged as a center for
commerce, drama and politics.
*Its population grew by nearly 400% in the hundred years between

1500 and 1600. The language spoken on stage (the first public
theatre was built in 1576) and in the city, the writings of
Shakespeare and others, shaped the English language.
* The literature began to define what England was. It identified the

essential features of ‘Englishness’. Shakespeare, the cornerstone of
English literature, lived and wrote during this critical phase when
England was trying to define itself and mark its own cultural and
national identity.
* James I (1603–25), Elizabeth’s successor, was actually James VI,

the ruler of Scotland and the son of Mary Stuart, Queen of Scots.
James was invited to ascend the throne of England after Elizabeth’s
death.

Date: 21/11/2022
* James I also made his mark as a writer: he wrote pamphlets on
demonology, tobacco and other subjects. As a monarch he united
the kingdoms of England and Scotland when he became King of
England.
*Politically, James I did not have a stable time. Parliament

challenged royal authority during his rule and claimed the right to
advise the King on foreign affairs and the church.
* The leaders of the Church of England and the Puritans objected to

the Prayer Book and the church rituals, and demanded reforms.
*Many officers and ministers, one of them being Francis Bacon,
were accused for corruption. During all this strife, James I also
became the first English monarch to speak of ‘Great Britain’,
thereby inaugurating an idea that was to endure well into the 20th
century.
* This was also a period of great social mobility. Merchants and

lawyers acquired property. They began to mimic and compete with

Date: 21/11/2022
the upper classes and thus began to pose a threat to the uniqueness
of the ruling classes.
*In order to suppress this phenomenon, the nobility began to

suggest that only certain kinds of educated people could form the
ruling class.
*These kinds of social tensions often defined the literature of the

period, and many writings capture the debates around aristocratic
‘privilege’, notions of ‘commonness’ and social hierarchy.
*Protestantism eventually became a crucial political movement in

England with the Puritan Commonwealth under Cromwell. With
the reduction in the power of religion, ‘Reason’ or ‘Rationality’
became the crucial driving force in the Renaissance’s efforts to find
explanations for human behavior, physiology and appearance.
* Skepticism was an acceptable and even fashionable.

Date: 21/11/2022
*Investigating causes and effects was a mark of class. Science
began to emerge from religion’s shadow, and soon occupied
center-stage in terms of intellectual enquiry and culture.
*The discovery of the circulation of blood, the invention of the

microscope, the laboratories of Robert Boyle and others established
science as the dominant component of intellectual culture.
*Discoveries in astronomy, medicine, physics and the other
sciences enabled scientists to attain enormous social power – a
power that has remained with the sciences to this day.

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History of English Literature Lecture (3)

Third Year (Faculty of Education) Dr. Lamiaa Adbulaal

* Protestants who wished to practice their form of religion in peace

* In 1600, a ‘charter’ was granted to a company of merchants

DR. MahMoud IbraHim 01275212051-01018206472

*Its population grew by nearly 400% in the hundred years between

* The literature began to define what England was. It identified the

* James I (1603–25), Elizabeth’s successor, was actually James VI,

DR. MahMoud IbraHim 01275212051-01018206472

*Politically, James I did not have a stable time. Parliament

* The leaders of the Church of England and the Puritans objected to

* This was also a period of great social mobility. Merchants and

DR. MahMoud IbraHim 01275212051-01018206472

*In order to suppress this phenomenon, the nobility began to

*These kinds of social tensions often defined the literature of the

*Protestantism eventually became a crucial political movement in

* Skepticism was an acceptable and even fashionable.

DR. MahMoud IbraHim 01275212051-01018206472

*The discovery of the circulation of blood, the invention of the

DR. MahMoud IbraHim 01275212051-01018206472

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