Principles of Chemistry

CHEM 101
Fall 2022

Basit Yameen (PhD)

Associate Professor
Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
SBASSE, LUMS

Lecture 4
1
 Recap
Photoelectric effect

# of electrons emitted
Electromagnetic radiations
Light at or above threshold frequency o.

# of electrons emitted
𝑐 
 = 0 o Intensity of light (I)
𝑣 Frequency of light or # of photons

c = 2.9979 × 108 m/s Metal surface

E
Certain  > o

Energy of Photon
K.E. of emitted electrons

K.E. of emitted electrons

Ei= h K.E. of ejected e-

Intensity of light (I)

o   = ho
or # of photons

(Rb) (K) (Na)

Energy can be gained or lost
only in whole-number K. E𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑛 = ℎ − ℎo

electrons
emitted
multiples of the quantity h

K.E. of
(quantum), where h is a y = mx - b
constant called Planck’s Slope = m = h = 6.626 x 10-34 Js
o o o
constant, determined by 
experiment to have the value -ho (Rb) K.E. = Ei - 
6.626 × 10-34 J.s. Einstein – electromagnetic radiation
-ho (K) is itself quantized and can be
viewed as stream of particles –
Ei = K.E. + 
∆𝐸 = 𝑛 ℎ𝑣 -ho (Na) photons.
 Recap Diffraction experiments
Dual nature of light

de Broglie
Does matter that is normally assumed to be particulate
exhibit wave properties?

ℎ ℎ ℎ
m= m= mv =
ℎ 𝑐 v 
m=
𝑐 Velocity of
mv = p= momentum
apparent mass of a photon
the particle
Arthur Compton: Compton effect ℎ
Collision of X-rays with electrons. Photons do exhibit momentum (mv) =
mv
ℎ
 ’ m𝑐 =

de Broglie’s equation, allows us to calculate the wavelength
X-rays
-  > ’ for a particle.

Electron ℎ All matter exhibit both particulate and wave property.

- 𝑝=
Dual nature of light

Related numerical problem(s) solved in the reading
material.

Light as stream of photon Summary:

Light as wave Nature of light (quantized, dual nature of light).
Waves associated with particles.
3
Hydrogen : Atomic spectrum
Only certain energies are allowed for the electron in the hydrogen
atom, the electron energy levels are quantized. The energy of the
electron in the hydrogen atom is quantized.

Continuous spectrum

Discrete Line spectrum

In contrast, if any energy level were allowed, the emission spectrum would be continuous.
4
The Bohr model –
Quantum Model of Hydrogen Atom
Electron in a hydrogen atom moves around the nucleus only in certain allowed circular orbits
(non-radiating).
- +
Angular momentum (mvr) of electrons could only occur in certain increments. Orbit’s radius
and its energy are quantized.

Calculated the radii for the allowed orbits. Bohr’s radius for n = 1 for H atom, a0 = 5.29 × 10−11 m

Expression for the energy levels available to the electron in the hydrogen atom.

n is an integer (the larger the value of n, the larger is the orbit radius) and Z (atomic number, Z=1 for
hydrogen) is the nuclear charge.
Bohr was able to calculate hydrogen atom energy levels that exactly matched the values obtained by
experiment.
The negative sign in above simply means that the energy of the electron bound to the nucleus is lower
than it would be if the electron were at an infinite distance (n = infinity) from the nucleus, where there is no
interaction and the energy is zero:

5
The Bohr model

= – 0.38 eV

= – 13.6 eV

The change in energy  E when the electron falls from n = 6 to n = 1

= – 13.21 eV

ℎ𝑐 ℎ𝑐
𝐸photon = ℎ𝑣 =  = h = 6.626 x 10-34 Js
 𝐸photon c = 2.9979  108 m/s

= ~94 nm

6
Related numerical problem(s) solved in the reading material.
The Bohr model
1. The model correctly fits the quantized energy levels of the hydrogen atom and postulates only certain allowed
circular orbits for the electron.
2. As the electron becomes more tightly bound, its energy becomes more negative relative to the zero-energy
reference state (corresponding to the electron being at infinite distance from the nucleus), as the electron is
brought closer to the nucleus, energy is released from the system.

Related numerical problem(s) solved in the reading material.

The Bohr model

When Bohr’s model was applied to atoms other than hydrogen, it did not work at all.

With definite radius and momentum – violation of Heisenberg uncertainty principle. Bohr’s radius (H atom) =
a0 = 5.29×10−11 m (52.9 pm)

Electrons do not move around the nucleus in circular orbits.

8
Heisenberg uncertainty principle

There is a fundamental limitation to just how precisely we can know both the position and momentum of a particle at a given time.

ℎ
𝑥 𝑝 is
4
Uncertainty in Uncertainty in
particle’s position particle’s momentum

more accurately we know a particle’s position, the less accurately

we can know its momentum, and vice versa.

Macroscale objects Vs electrons

It is therefore not appropriate to assume that the electron is moving around

the nucleus in a well-defined orbit, as in the Bohr model (52.9 pm).