AP BIOLOGY Scoring Guide

Unit #5 Practice Test

1. An African violet grower observes that genetically identical African violet plants growing near the walls of the
greenhouse have white flowers, that plants growing farther away from the walls have pale blue flowers, and that
plants growing nearest the center of the greenhouse have dark blue flowers.

Which of the following best explains the differences in flower color of the African violets in the greenhouse?
(A) Warmer temperatures result in genotypic alterations, which result in flower color differences.
The plants along the walls of the greenhouse are homozygous recessive and therefore have white
(B)
flowers.
An enzyme responsible for flower color does not fold correctly in cooler temperatures, and the
(C)
greenhouse is warmest in the center.
More light is available along the walls of the greenhouse, so the flowers need less pigment to absorb
(D)
sunlight for photosynthesis.

2. Within a forest ecosystem, there is a large amount of diversity among members of a warbler species. Of the
following stages of meiosis illustrated for a typical cell, which contributes most to diversity among the warblers?

(A)

(B)

(C)

(D)

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• Directions: Each group of questions below concerns an experimental or laboratory situation or data. In each case,
first study the description of the situation or data. Then choose the one best answer to each question following it.

Achondroplastic dwarfism is a dominant genetic trait that causes severe malformation of the skeleton. Homozygotes for
this condition are spontaneously aborted (hence, the homozygous condition is lethal) but heterozygotes will develop to be
dwarfed.

Matthew has a family history of the condition, although he does not express the trait. Jane is an achondroplastic dwarf.
Matthew and Jane are planning a family of several children and want to know the chances of producing a child with
achondroplastic dwarfism.

3. The genotypes of Matthew and Jane are best represented as

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Matthew Jane
(A)

AA Aa

Matthew Jane
(B)

Aa aa

Matthew Jane
(C)

aa aa

Matthew Jane
(D)

aa Aa

Matthew Jane
(E)

Aa Aa

4. The probability that Matthew and Jane’s first child will be an achondroplastic dwarf is
(A) 0%
(B) 25%
(C) 50%
(D) 75%
(E) 100%

5. If three children are born to Matthew and Jane, what are the chances that the first two children will not express the
trait but that the third child will be an achondroplastic dwarf?

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Unit #5 Practice Test

(A) 5/8
(B) 4/8
(C) 3/8
(D) 1/8
(E) 1/16

Directions: Each group of questions below concerns an experimental or a laboratory situation. In each case, first study the
description of the situation. Then choose the one best answer to each question following it.

In dogs, one pair of alleles determines coat color (dark and albino). Another pair of alleles determines hair length (short
and long). Thus, each gamete will contain one of the coat-color alleles, C or c and one of the hair-length alleles, B or b. In
repeated crosses of a specific dark, short-haired dog with an albino, long-haired dog, all the offspring were dark with short
hair, as shown in cross I. However, in subsequent crosses of another dark, short-haired dog with a dark, long-haired dog,
the ratios shown in cross II below were obtained.

6. In cross II, the genotype of the dark, short-haired parent is

(A) CcBb
(B) ccbb
(C) CCBB
(D) CCbb
(E) ccBB

7. Which of the following is probably the genotype of the dark, short-haired parent in cross I?
(A) CcBb
(B) ccbb
(C) CCBB
(D) CCbb
(E) ccBB

8. Which of the following correctly describes the relationship of the dark-coat-color allele to the albino condition?

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(A) It is dominant.
(B) It is recessive.
(C) It is codominant.
(D) It is a polygenic inheritance pattern.
(E) The alleles are linked.

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Unit #5 Practice Test

9. Read each question carefully. Write your response in the space provided for each part of each question.
Answers must be written out in paragraph form. Outlines, bulleted lists, or diagrams alone are not
acceptable and will not be scored.

Aquaporin channel proteins are found in the plasma membrane of various cell types. Scientists studied the
production of aquaporins in the keratinocytes (skin cells) of healthy individuals and found that these proteins play
a role in hydration of the skin. Some individuals have a skin disorder that causes the absorption of excess water by
the skin of their hands and feet when they are soaked in water. Scientists determined that the keratinocytes of
these individuals are characterized by the presence of abnormal aquaporins. Scientists studied a family in which
some individuals have this skin disorder and constructed a pedigree (Figure 1).

Figure 1. Pedigree of a human family in which some members have a skin disorder. An individual with an
unknown phenotype is marked by a question mark.

(a) Based on the pedigree in Figure 1, predict the probability that the individual marked by the " " will have the
skin disorder. Justify your prediction.

(b) Describe the characteristics of the interior of the aquaporin channel protein that allow water to flow through
AND exclude glucose. If isolated keratinocytes are placed in a hypotonic solution for hours, explain the net
direction of water movement AND why the rate of water movement slows down over time.

(c) Explain how specific membrane-bound organelles of the keratinocytes are used to produce, transport, and
modify aquaporin polypeptides from .

(d) A scientist claims that the presence of aquaporins in chloroplast membranes supports the endosymbiotic
theory. Support the claim with evidence from biological concepts.

Part A

Select a point value to view scoring criteria, solutions, and/or examples and to score the response.

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0 1 2

The response includes both of the following criteria.

A prediction that the probability that the individual marked by the will have the skin disorder is
OR OR
An acceptable justification. Acceptable justifications include the following.
· Based on the autosomal dominant inheritance pattern, the mother of must be homozygous
recessive, and the father must be heterozygous because his mother is unaffected.
· Based on the autosomal recessive inheritance pattern, the father of must be homozygous recessive,
and the mother must be heterozygous because the sibling is affected.

Part B

Select a point value to view scoring criteria, solutions, and/or examples and to score the response.

0 1 2

The response includes both of the following criteria.

A description that the interior of the aquaporin channel is hydrophilic/polar and is large enough for water
to pass through but too small for glucose to do so
An explanation that because of the greater solute concentration inside the keratinocyte, the water will
move quickly into the keratinocyte, and then the rate will decrease as equilibrium is reached (if the cells
do not lyse)

Part C

Select a point value to view scoring criteria, solutions, and/or examples and to score the response.

0 1

The response includes an explanation that the aquaporin polypeptide is synthesized by the rough endoplasmic reticulum,
transported by the (rough) endoplasmic reticulum/a vesicle, and then modified by the rough endoplasmic reticulum/Golgi
complex.

Part D

Select a point value to view scoring criteria, solutions, and/or examples and to score the response.

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0 1

The response includes supporting evidence that chloroplasts evolved when an ancestral cell engulfed a (free-living
prokaryotic) cell. Aquaporins in chloroplasts are likely derived from aquaporins in (the plasma membrane of) the engulfed
cell.

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Friedreich’s ataxia is an inherited disorder. Friedreich’s ataxia is caused by an insertion mutation in a noncoding portion
of the gene where a triplet is repeated hundreds of times. The gene encodes the protein frataxin. A
pedigree of a family with members affected by this disorder is shown in Figure 1.

Figure 1. A pedigree of a family affected by Friedreich’s ataxia

A researcher collected from several members of the family and used to amplify the genes from each
individual’s . The researcher then used gel electrophoresis to separate the . The results are shown in
Figure 2.

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Figure 2. gene fragment sizes for several family members. A sample of with fragments of known lengths
was used for comparison.

The researcher also used a computer to model the structure of the mutant allele. The model suggests that the
repeated triplets in the mutant gene may lead to the formation of an unusual triple-stranded configuration of
(Figure 3).

Figure 3. The modeled triple-helix structure that can form in areas with multiple triplets

10. Based on the data in Figure 1, which of the following best describes the inheritance pattern of Friedreich’s ataxia?

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(A) Autosomal recessive

(B) Autosomal dominant
(C) Sex-linked recessive
(D) Sex-linked dominant

11. The probability that individual will develop Friedreich’s ataxia is closest to which of the following?
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)

12.

The data above represent the results of three different crosses involving the inheritance of a gene that determines
whether a certain organism is blue or white. Which of the following best explains the mechanism of inheritance of
the gene?
The allele for white is an autosomal dominant allele because a phenotype ratio of blue to white
(A)
among both sexes is observed in cross 3.
The allele for blue is an autosomal dominant allele because an approximate phenotype ratio of
(B)
blue to white is observed in cross 1.
(C) The allele for white is an X-linked dominant allele because no white females are produced in cross 1.
(D) The allele for blue is an X-linked dominant allele because there are no blue male offspring in cross 2.

13. A blue-flowered African violet of unknown ancestry self-pollinated and produced 50 seeds. These seeds germinate
and grow into flowering plants. Of these plants, 36 produce blue flowers and 14 produce pink flowers. What is the
best explanation for the pink-flowered offspring?
(A) Blue flowers are incompletely dominant to pink flowers.
(B) Pink flower color is a trait recessive to blue flower color.
(C) Pink flower color is the result of somatic mutations in the flower color gene.
(D) A previous generation of the blue-flowered parent must have included 50 percent pinkflowered plants.

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Unit #5 Practice Test

Table I shows the results of breeding experiments to examine the inheritance of flower color (purple versus white) and
pod shape (inflated versus constricted). For the crosses recorded in Table I, true-breeding parents were crossed to produce
F1 offspring, which were then testcrossed to homozygous recessive individuals. Table II shows the results of computer-
simulated crosses to model the inheritance of leaf shape (broad versus narrow) and flower color (purple versus white).

14. Based on the data in Table I, which of the following best explains why there are no individuals with constricted
pods in the F1 generation?

(A) Inflated pod shape is dominant to constricted pod shape.

(B) The inflated-pod offspring in the F1 generation are homozygous.
(C) Constricted pod shape typically arises from a new mutation in the F1 generation.
(D) The constricted-pod offspring are carriers for the inflated pod shape allele.

15. In Table I, the ratio of phenotypes in the offspring from the testcross with F1 plants that had purple flowers and
inflated pods suggests that the genes for flower color and pod shape are located
(A) close together on the same autosome
(B) on the X chromosome
(C) on different chromosomes
(D) on a mitochondrial chromosome

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16. A scientist studying phenotypic variation in a species of butterfly observed that genetically identical caterpillars
grown in similar cages but exposed to different colored lights developed into butterflies with differences in wing
color and body size, as shown in Table 1.

Table 1. Effect of Exposing Identical Caterpillars to Specific Colors of Light

Phenotype of Adult Caterpillars Exposed to Red Caterpillars Exposed to Blue

Butterfly Light Light
Wing color Darker Lighter
Body size Smaller Larger

Which of the following best explains the cause of the phenotypic variation observed in the butterflies?
(A) Different mutations occurred in the caterpillars that were exposed to different colors of light.
(B) The energy used to grow a larger body results in butterflies with lighter colored wings.
Individual caterpillars evolved adaptations to survive in each of the light conditions they were exposed
(C)
to.
There was differential gene expression of wing color and body size in response to the colors of light the
(D)
caterpillars were exposed to.

17. A gene that influences coat color in domestic cats is located on the chromosome. A female cat that is
heterozygous for the gene ( ) has a calico-colored coat. In a genetics experiment, researchers mate a calico-
colored female cat ( ) with an orange-colored male cat ( ) to produce an generation. The researchers
record observations for the cats in the generation and plan to use the data to perform a chi-square goodness-of-fit
test for a model of -linked inheritance. The data for the chi-square goodness-of-fit test are presented in Table 1.

Table 1. Data for the chi-square goodness-of-fit test

Phenotype Genotype Observed Expected

Calico-colored female 15 10
Orange-colored female 6 10
Black-colored male 11 10
Orange-colored male 8 10

The researchers calculate a chi-square value of 4.6 and choose a significance level of . Which of the
following statements best completes the chi-square goodness-of-fit test?
(A) The null hypothesis can be rejected because the chi-square value is greater than the critical value.
(B) The null hypothesis can be rejected because the chi-square value is less than the critical value.
(C) The null hypothesis cannot be rejected because the chi-square value is greater than the critical value.
(D) The null hypothesis cannot be rejected because the chi-square value is less than the critical value.

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Unit #5 Practice Test

18. A researcher observes that when two heterozygous plants with red flowers are crossed, the resulting offspring
include plants with red, white, or pink flowers. The researcher proposes the null hypothesis that flower color is the
result of independent assortment and incomplete dominance. The researcher calculates a chi-square value of .
Assuming two degrees of freedom, which of the following is the correct interpretation of the chi-square analysis,
using a -value of ?
(A) The null hypothesis should be rejected because the critical value is less than the calculated value.
(B) The null hypothesis should not be rejected because the critical value is less than the calculated value.
(C) The null hypothesis should not be rejected because the critical value is greater than the calculated value.
(D) The null hypothesis should be rejected because the critical value is greater than the calculated value.

19. A scientist is investigating the possibility that two traits in a particular plant are determined by genes that are on the
same chromosome. The scientist crossed a plant that is homozygous dominant for both traits with a plant that is
homozygous recessive for both traits. The heterozygous offspring in the generation were then crossed with a
plant that is homozygous recessive for both traits. The results expected if the genes independently assort and the
observed results are presented in the table.

Phenotype Expected Number in Observed Number in

Long stems, white flowers
Short stems, red flowers
Long stems, red flowers
Short stems, white flowers
Total number of plants

Which of the following critical values should the scientist use for the chi-square analysis of the data?
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)

20. In pea plants, flower color and the length of the flower’s pollen grains are genetically determined. Researchers
studying pea plants crossed homozygous dominant pea plants with homozygous recessive pea plants. The plants
were then crossed, and the number of offspring with each phenotype was recorded. The researchers’ observed data,
however, differed from the expected data. The researchers did a chi-square analysis and calculated the chi-square
value to be .

Based on their calculation, the researchers would most likely conclude which of the following?

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(A) The genes that determine these two traits are likely on the same chromosome.
(B) The differences between observed data and expected data are due to chance.
The genes mutated since the researchers began the experiment and now have a different inheritance
(C)
pattern.
(D) The allele frequencies of the offspring have changed, suggesting the population is evolving.

21. The diploid number of chromosomes in the cell of a domesticated dog is . Which of the following options
includes the correct number of chromosomes in a cell after each cellular process ( checkpoint, meiosis, and
fertilization, respectively)?

After After After

(A) Checkpoint Meiosis Fertilization

After After After

(B) Checkpoint Meiosis Fertilization

After After After

(C) Checkpoint Meiosis Fertilization

After After After

(D) Checkpoint Meiosis Fertilization

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22. A series of crosses is performed with fruit flies (Drosophila melanogaster) to examine inheritance of the genes
vestigial (vg) and cinnabar (cn). The recessive vg allele causes small, malformed wings called vestigial wings. The
recessive cn allele causes bright-red eyes called cinnabar eyes.

In the first cross, a female with wild-type wings and eyes is mated with a male with vestigial wings and cinnabar
eyes. All the F1 individuals have wild-type wings and eyes. In the second cross, female F1 flies are mated with
males with vestigial wings and cinnabar eyes. The phenotypes of 500 F2 individuals are shown in the table

Which of the following is the most likely explanation of the results?

(A) The two genes are located on two different chromosomes.
(B) The two genes are sex-linked.
(C) The two genes are located on mitochondrial DNA.
(D) The two genes are linked on an autosome.

23. Red-green color blindness in humans is caused by a recessive allele located on the chromosome. Figure 1 shows
the potential offspring of a female who is red-green color-blind and a male with full-color vision. All of the possible
male offspring would be color-blind, and all of the possible female offspring would have full-color vision.

If during the production of male gametes an error in meiosis occurred, sperm containing both an and a
chromosome could be produced.

Potential Offspring With No Error in Potential Offspring With Error in

Meiosis Meiosis

Figure 1. Possible offspring of a female who is red-green color-blind and a male who has full-color vision.

How would the extra chromosome affect the male offspring produced by the gamete?

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None of the potential offspring would be male, because the potentially male zygote would have two
(A)
chromosomes, and the chromosome would be ignored.
The male offspring would all be red-green color-blind, because of interference from alleles on the
(B)
chromosome.
(C) The male offspring would have full-color vision, because of the presence of the extra chromosome.
There would be no change to the phenotypes of the possible offspring, because the extra chromosome
(D)
would not be active.

24. Directions: This is a short free-response question that requires about 6 minutes to answer. Read the question
carefully and completely. Answers must be written out in paragraph form. Outlines, bulleted lists, or diagrams
alone are not acceptable.

Both mitosis and meiosis are forms of cell division that produce daughter cells containing genetic information
from the parent cell.

(a) Describe TWO events that are common to both mitosis and meiosis that ensure the resulting daughter cells
inherit the appropriate number of chromosomes.

(b) The genetic composition of daughter cells produced by mitosis differs from that of the daughter cells produced
by meiosis. Describe TWO features of the cell division processes that lead to these differences.

Part A

2 points maximum

Description (1 point each)

· Spindle elements (microtubules) form/attach to chromosomes

· Chromatin condenses

· Alignment of chromosomes across center of cell prior to chromosome separation

· Separation of chromatids/centromeres to daughter cells

· G2/M checkpoint occurs in both processes

· Replication or synthesis of DNA precedes mitosis/meiosis

· Cytokinesis separates daughter cells after mitosis/meiosis

0 1 2

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Unit #5 Practice Test

Student response earns two of the available points.

Description (1 point each)

· Spindle elements (microtubules) form/attach to chromosomes

· Chromatin condenses

· Alignment of chromosomes across center of cell prior to chromosome separation

· Separation of chromatids/centromeres to daughter cells

· G2/M checkpoint occurs in both processes

· Replication or synthesis of DNA precedes mitosis/meiosis

· Cytokinesis separates daughter cells after mitosis/meiosis

Part B

2 points maximum

0 1 2

Student response earns two of the available points.

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Unit #5 Practice Test

• Directions: This is a short free-response question that requires about 6 minutes to answer. Read the question
carefully and completely. Answers must be written out in paragraph form. Outlines, bulleted lists, or diagrams
alone are not acceptable.

Both mitosis and meiosis are forms of cell division that produce daughter cells containing genetic information from the
parent cell.

25. Describe TWO events that are common to both mitosis and meiosis that ensure the resulting daughter cells inherit
the appropriate number of chromosomes.

General

Description (1 point each; 2 points maximum)

• Spindle elements (microtubules) form/attach to chromosomes

• Chromatin condenses

• Alignment of chromosomes across center of cell prior to chromosome separation

• Separation of chromatids/centromeres to daughter cells

• G2/M checkpoint occurs in both processes

• Replication or synthesis of DNA precedes mitosis/meiosis

• Cytokinesis separates daughter cells after mitosis/meiosis

0 1 2

Student response earns two of the available points.

Description (1 point each; 2 points maximum)

• Spindle elements (microtubules) form/attach to chromosomes

• Chromatin condenses

• Alignment of chromosomes across center of cell prior to chromosome separation

• Separation of chromatids/centromeres to daughter cells

• G2/M checkpoint occurs in both processes

• Replication or synthesis of DNA precedes mitosis/meiosis

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Unit #5 Practice Test

• Cytokinesis separates daughter cells after mitosis/meiosis

26. The genetic composition of daughter cells produced by mitosis differs from that of the daughter cells produced by
meiosis. Describe TWO features of the cell division processes that lead to these differences.

General

2 points maximum

0 1 2

Student response earns two of the available points.

2 points maximum

Meiosis occurs in many organisms as part of sexual reproduction.

27. Describe THREE differences between mitosis and meiosis.

Part A

3 points are earned maximum

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Unit #5 Practice Test

NOTE: Response must describe process in both. A simple description of the phases of mitosis/meiosis earns no points.

0 1 2 3

The student response earns three of the following points:

3 points are earned maximum

NOTE: Response must describe process in both. A simple description of the phases of mitosis/meiosis earns no points.

28. Discuss TWO differences between gametogenesis in male humans and gametogenesis in female humans.

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Part B

2 points are earned maximum

0 1 2

The student response earns two of the following points:

2 points are earned maximum

29. Humans have a diploid number ( ) of . Which of the following statements best predicts the consequence if
meiosis did not occur during gametogenesis?
(A) The gametes would get larger from one generation to the next.
(B) The chromosome number would double with each generation.
(C) The chromosome number would be halved with each generation.
(D) The chromosome number would triple with each generation.

30. In most vertebrates, the sperm cell normally contributes which of the following to the new organism?

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(A) Many mitochondria

(B) Significant amounts of RNA
(C) A haploid complement of chromosomes
(D) Most of the cytoplasm of the zygote
(E) Two sex chromosomes

31.

Figure 1. Model of crossing over between homologous chromosomes, indicating crossing over rate of selected loci.

During prophase replicated homologous chromosomes pair up and undergo synapsis. What testable question is
generated regarding synapsis and genetic variability by Figure 1 ?
(A) Is the distance between two gene loci related to crossover rate?
(B) Does crossing over occur more often in some chromosomes than in others?
(C) Is crossing over inhibited by methylation?
(D) Is crossing over promoted by methylation?

32. Scientists have found that methylation suppresses crossing-over in the fungus Ascobolus immersus. Which of
the following questions is most appropriately raised by this specific observation?
(A) Is the level of genetic variation in the gametes related to the amount of methylation observed?
(B) Without crossing-over, will gametes be viable and be able to produce zygotes?
(C) Does methylation result in shorter chromosomes?
(D) Is this species of fungus a diploid organism?

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33.

The diagram above illustrates which of the following processes?

(A) Crossing-over
(B) Base pair substitution
(C) Duplication
(D) Deletion
(E) Posttranscriptional processing

• Directions: Each group of questions below concerns an experimental or laboratory situation or data. In each
case, first study the description of the situation or data. Then choose the one best answer to each question
following it.

A male fruit fly (Drosophila melanogaster) with red eyes and long wings was mated with a female with purple eyes and
vestigial wings. All of the offspring in the F1 generation had red eyes and long wings. These F1 flies were test crossed
with purple-eyed, vestigial-winged flies. Their offspring, the F2 generation, appeared as indicated below.

34. If in the F1 and F2 generations the same characteristics appeared in both males and females, it would be safe to
assume that these traits for eye color and wing length
(A) are sex-linked
(B) vary in dominance according to sex
(C) are sex-influenced characteristics
(D) are autosomal characteristics
(E) follow the Mendelian rule of independent assortment

35. In the F2 generation, the results are best explained by the fact that

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(A) the test cross with the F1 flies resulted in sterile offspring
(B) these genes for eye color and wing shape do not pass through the F1 generation
(C) these genes for eye color and wing shape are found on the same chromosome
(D) crossing-over decreases variability
(E) the genes are sex-linked

36. A student in a biology class crossed a male Drosophila melanogaster having a gray body and long wings with a
female D. melanogaster having a black body and apterous wings. The following distribution of traits was observed
in the offspring.

Which of the following is supported by the data?

(A) The alleles for gray body and long wings are dominant.
(B) The alleles for gray body and long wings are recessive.
Genes for the two traits are located on two different chromosomes, and independent assortment
(C)
occurred.
Genes for the two traits are located close together on the same chromosome, and crossing over occurred
(D)
between the two gene loci.

37. The events listed below generally take place during meiosis.

I. Synapsis occurs.
II. Crossing-over is completed.
III. Condensation of chromosomes begins.
IV. Separation of homologous chromosomes begins.

Which of the following is the correct sequence of these events?

(A) I, II, III, IV
(B) II, I, III, IV
(C) III, I, II, IV
(D) III, IV, II, I
(E) IV, II, III, I

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38. Eye color in a particular strain of fly is influenced by one gene with two alleles: a dominant allele that results in red
eyes and a recessive allele that results in sepia eyes.

A red-eyed female from a true-breeding population is mated with a sepia-eyed male. The F1 offspring are all red-
eyed. The F1 flies are allowed to interbreed, producing the following in the F2 generation.

Females: 40 red eyes; 13 sepia eyes

Males: 39 red eyes; 11 sepia eyes

Which of the following best describes the likely mode of inheritance for the eye-color gene?

(A) The eye-color gene is likely autosomal because males and females have similar phenotype ratios.
(B) The eye-color gene is likely autosomal because more females have sepia eyes than males do.
(C) The eye-color gene is likely sex-linked because the males and females have similar phenotype ratios.
(D) The eye-color gene is likely sex-linked because the males and females display both phenotypes.

39. In sheep, eye color is controlled by a single gene with two alleles. When a homozygous brown-eyed sheep is
crossed with a homozygous green-eyed sheep, blue-eyed offspring are produced. If the blue-eyed sheep are mated
with each other, what percent of their offspring will most likely have brown eyes?
(A) 0%
(B) 25%
(C) 50%
(D) 75%
(E) 100%

40. Eye pigment in a particular strain of fly is determined by two genes. An autosomal gene that controls the color of
the pigments in the eye has two alleles: a dominant allele ( ) that results in red eyes and a recessive allele ( ) that
results in sepia eyes. A sex-linked gene that controls the expression of the colored pigments also has two alleles: a
dominant allele ( ) that allows for expression of the colored pigments and a recessive allele ( ) that does not allow
for expression of the colored pigments. Individuals without a allele have white eyes regardless of the alleles of
other eye-color genes.

Which of the following represents a cross between a white-eyed female and a red-eyed male?
(A)
(B)
(C)

(D)

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41.

In the pedigree above, circles represent females, squares represent males, and shaded figures represent individuals
expressing a specific trait. The expression of this trait is most likely due to which of the following?
(A) Sex-linked dominant inheritance
(B) Sex-linked recessive inheritance
(C) Autosomal dominant inheritance
(D) Autosomal recessive inheritance
(E) A codominant relationship of a single pair of alleles

42. The relative location of four genes on a chromosome can be mapped from the following data on crossover
frequencies

Which of the following represents the relative positions of these four genes on the chromosome?
(A) ABCD
(B) ADCB
(C) CABD
(D) CBAD
(E) DBCA

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43. Fruit flies (Drosophila melanogaster) with a wild-type phenotype have gray bodies and red eyes. Certain
mutations can cause changes to these traits. Mutant flies may have a black body and/or cinnabar eyes. To study the
genetics of these traits, a researcher crossed a true-breeding wild-type male fly (with gray body and red eyes) with
a true-breeding female fly with a black body and cinnabar eyes. All of the F1 progeny displayed a wild-type
phenotype.

Female flies from the F1 generation were crossed with true-breeding male flies with black bodies and cinnabar
eyes. The table below represents the predicted outcome and the data obtained from the cross. Explain the
difference between the expected data and the actual numbers observed.

General

4 points maximum.

Student explanations include the following:

• Prediction of a 1:1:1:1 ratio with correct phenotypes based on independent assortment.

• Support for prediction with a diagram of the cross of BbEe x bbee.

• Correct application of chi-square analysis to show that observed results do not conform to expected Mendelian
frequencies.

• Identification of body color and eye color as linked genes/loci.

• Use of ratios to show linkage and independent assortment of wing type versus linked traits. • Identification of the bottom
two phenotypes as products of crossing over (recombinant chromosome).

• Mentioning that crossover rate is approximately 9–10 percent.

0 1 2 3 4

The student response earns four of the following points:

4 points maximum.

Student explanations include the following:

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Unit #5 Practice Test

• Prediction of a 1:1:1:1 ratio with correct phenotypes based on independent assortment.

• Support for prediction with a diagram of the cross of BbEe x bbee.

• Correct application of chi-square analysis to show that observed results do not conform to expected Mendelian
frequencies.

• Identification of body color and eye color as linked genes/loci.

• Use of ratios to show linkage and independent assortment of wing type versus linked traits. • Identification of the bottom
two phenotypes as products of crossing over (recombinant chromosome).

• Mentioning that crossover rate is approximately 9–10 percent.

44. Assume that genes A and B are not linked. If the probability of allele A in a gamete is 1/2 and the probability of
allele B in a gamete is 1/2, then the probability that both A and B are in the same gamete is

(A) 1/2 x 1/2

(B) 1/2 + 1/2
(C) (1/2) / (1/2)
(D)
(E) |1/2 — 1/2|

45. A genetic counselor is consulted by a young man who is worried about developing Huntington’s disease, an
inherited disorder caused by a dominant allele of a single gene. The young man explains that his cousin was
recently diagnosed with Huntington’s disease, and the news has caused him to consider his own risk of developing
the disorder. Which of the following questions will best help the genetic counselor to evaluate the risk of the young
man developing Huntington’s disease and transmitting it to his children?
(A) Were you and your cousin born in the same geographical area?
(B) Were your parents or grandparents ever diagnosed with Huntington’s disease?
(C) Were you in physical contact with a person diagnosed with Huntington’s disease?
(D) Were you ever exposed to substances that are suspected of being mutagens?

46. Which of the following occurs in all species of living organisms and may lead to an increase in genetic variation?

(A) Mutations in the genome

(B) Crossing-over in meiosis
(C) Random assortment of chromosomes
(D) Alternative splicing of mRNA

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Unit #5 Practice Test

47. Read each question carefully. Write your response in the space provided for each part of each question.
Answers must be written out in paragraph form. Outlines, bulleted lists, or diagrams alone are not
acceptable and will not be scored.

Aquaporin channel proteins are found in the plasma membrane of various cell types. Scientists studied the
production of aquaporins in the keratinocytes (skin cells) of healthy individuals and found that these proteins play
a role in hydration of the skin. Some individuals have a skin disorder that causes the absorption of excess water by
the skin of their hands and feet when they are soaked in water. Scientists determined that the keratinocytes of
these individuals are characterized by the presence of abnormal aquaporins. Scientists studied a family in which
some individuals have this skin disorder and constructed a pedigree (Figure 1).

Figure 1. Pedigree of a human family in which some members have a skin disorder. An individual with an
unknown phenotype is marked by a question mark.

(a) Based on the pedigree in Figure 1, predict the most likely genotype AND phenotype of the individual marked
by " ". Justify your prediction.

(b) Describe the characteristics of the keratinocyte membrane that restrict water movement across the membrane.
If isolated keratinocytes are placed in a hypotonic solution for hours, explain why there are likely to be far
fewer cells at the end of this time than there were at the start.

(c) Explain how the aquaporin polypeptides are transported from the Golgi complex and inserted into the plasma
membrane.

(d) A student claims that individuals who have a lower than normal number of aquaporins in their skin cells will
easily dehydrate. Refute this claim with evidence from biological concepts.

Part A

Select a point value to view scoring criteria, solutions, and/or examples and to score the response.

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Unit #5 Practice Test

0 1 2

The response includes both of the following criteria.

A prediction that the individual marked by is heterozygous (e.g., ) and has the disorder
A justification that the inheritance pattern is autosomal dominant (because two affected individuals had
unaffected children), and the individual marked by and an unaffected female produced both affected
and unaffected offspring

Part B

Select a point value to view scoring criteria, solutions, and/or examples and to score the response.

0 1 2

The response includes both of the following criteria.

An acceptable description. Acceptable descriptions include the following.

· The membrane has a non-polar/hydrophobic interior.
· The membrane includes phospholipids with fatty acid tails.
An explanation that because of the greater solute concentration inside the keratinocytes, water will move
into the keratinocytes, causing many of them to lyse by the end of the hours

Part C

Select a point value to view scoring criteria, solutions, and/or examples and to score the response.

0 1

The response includes an acceptable explanation. Acceptable explanations include the following.

· A portion of the Golgi complex containing the aquaporin polypeptide buds off as a vesicle that fuses with the plasma
membrane (allowing the aquaporin to embed in the membrane).

· The aquaporin polypeptide is carried by a vesicle that fuses with the plasma membrane.

Part D

Select a point value to view scoring criteria, solutions, and/or examples and to score the response.

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Unit #5 Practice Test

0 1

The response includes a refutation of the claim by stating that fewer aquaporin channels will result in less/slower water
loss compared with water loss from cells with a normal number of aquaporins.

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