Line integrals

Categories of curves:

Figure # 71
1. C is smooth curve
2. C is piecewise smooth if it consists of a finite number of smooth curves
C1 , C 2 ,........., C n joined end to end .i.e. C  C1  C 2  ...........  C n
3. C is a closed curve if A  B
4. C is a simple closed curve if A  B and the curve does not cross itself

First, we approximate the curve C by a polygonal path - a path made up of straight-line

segments - as shown in the three figures below.

Figure # 72 Figure # 73

Path integral may refer to: Line integral, Suppose a force F acting at each point on a
smooth curve C.

1 Dr. A.N.M. Rezaul Karim/Associate Professor/CSE/IIUC

Line Integral
Any Integral which is evaluated along the curve is called Line Integral, and it is denoted
   
by  F .d r where F is a vector point function, r is a position vector and C is the curve
C
Theorem: the work performed by a vector field on a particle moving along a
parametric curve C is obtained by integrating the scalar tangential component of
force along C.
 
W   F . dr
C
  n    
Q# 70: Establish the path Integral  F .d S  Lim  F ( S i  1 ).( S i  S i  1 )
C
n i 1
Answer:

Figure # 74

We choose points S 0 , S1,S 2 ,..................S n along the path C and then connect these points
as shown in the figure above.
and the amount of total work done on the whole path by :
     
W 1  F ( S 0 ) .( S 1  S 0 )  F ( S 1  1 ) .( S 1  S 1  1 )
     
W 2  F ( S 1 ) .( S 2  S 1 )  F ( S 2  1 ) .( S 2  S 21 )
     
W 3  F ( S 2 ) .( S 3  S 2 )  F ( S 3  1 ) .( S 3  S 31 )

2 Dr. A.N.M. Rezaul Karim/Associate Professor/CSE/IIUC

----------------------------------------------------------------
-----------------------------------------------------------------

  
W n  F ( S n  1 ) .( S n  S n  1 )

n n    
Total Work: W1  W2  W3           Wn   Wi   F ( S i  1 ).( S i  S i  1 )
i 1 i 1

Then we estimate the Total work done on the i-th segment of the path by
n   
 Wi  F ( Si  1 ) .( S i  S i 1 )
i 1

By using a large number of small segments we can obtain a very good estimate for the
amount of work done. The exact amount of work done is obtained by taking the limit of
these estimates. This limit is called the line integral of the vector field F over the path C
and the amount of work done on the whole path by:
  n    
Total Work done = CF .d S  Lim  F (S i 1 ).(S i  Si 1 )
n i 1
Answer

[Where ds  s1  s 0  s 2  s1  s 3  s 2  ...............  s n  s n 1 ]

Mathematical Expression to find out work done along a curve

Figure # 75
Then the work done by that force in moving the particle small distance ds is given by:
Work Done  F  ds
Now if we want to know the total work done in moving the particle all the way from A to
B, we need to add up all the small contributions, each of the form F  ds .
However F may have different strengths at different positions, i.e. F is a function of
position, so what we need to add up are lots of contributions like F(s )  ds .

3 Dr. A.N.M. Rezaul Karim/Associate Professor/CSE/IIUC

It should be familiar to you that when we add up lots of small things like that we do it by
integration. The integral in this case is then:  Fds
AB
Notice that instead of upper and lower limits we just have AB written at the bottom of the
integral sign; to show we're integrating along the line from A to B.

Figure # 76

A force F acting at each point on a smooth curve C.

Figure # 77

Here I have divided the force F into a component in the x-direction, called P, and a
component in the y-direction, called Q. The work done, F  ds , can therefore be written
as Pdx  Qdy .

4 Dr. A.N.M. Rezaul Karim/Associate Professor/CSE/IIUC

So we can rewrite the integral above:  Fds   Pdx  Qdy
AB AB
Because,
 
The work done by F in moving the particle from the tail to the head d S is
approximately:
 
F .d S ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------(i)
  
If F( x, y )  P( x, y ) i  Q( x, y ) j (Where P and Q are functions of x and y)
  
and d S  dx i  dy j
     
Then, F . d S = ( P i  Q j). (dx i  dy j )
     
Then, F . d S = Pdx  Qdy [ i . i  1; j . j  1] ----------------(ii)

Since Pdx  Qdy is a local estimate (from the tail to the head d S ) of the work, the total
work is represented by a line integral:
     
Work =  F . dS 
AB
 ( P i  Q j ). (dx i  dy j )   ( Pdx  Qdy ) -------------------(iii)
AB
AB

In three dimension,
       
Work =  F . dS 
AB
 ( P i  Q j  R k ) . (dx i  dy j  dz k )   ( Pdx  Qdy  Rdz ) ----(iv)
AB
AB

  
Q # 71: How much work is accomplished by the force F( x, y )  xy i  y j in pushing a
particle from (0,0) to ( 3,9) along the parabola y  x 2 ?

y
9 P (3,9)
8

7
f(x)=x^2
6

1
x
-9 -8 -7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 O (0,0)1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
-1

-2

-3

-4

-5

-6

-7

-8

-9

Figure # 78

5 Dr. A.N.M. Rezaul Karim/Associate Professor/CSE/IIUC

Answer:
Figure shows the path of the particle, Call this path OP. Then
  
Here, F( x, y )  xy i  y j ,---------------------------------(i)
We know,
  
F( x, y )  P i  Q j ----------------------------(ii)
Comparing (i) and (ii),
p  xy, Q  y
We know,
 
Work = OP F .d S = OP ( Pdx  Qdy )
Work = OP ( xydx  ydy ) [ p  xy, Q  y ]
To evaluate this integral, let us use x as the parameter,
Then, Given y  x 2
dy d
 (x2 )
dx dx
dy
 2x
dx
 dy  2 xdx
p

Work =  ( xydx  ydy)

o
3

Work =  ( x.x 2 dx  x 2 .2xdx 
0
3
Work =  ( x 3 dx  2x 3 dx )
0
3
3  x 31 
Work =  3x dx = 33 3 4
  x  
3
0 
3 4 243
3  Answer.
0  3  1  0 4 4 4

Q # 72: Evaluate 
C
xy dx from B(1,0) to C(0,1) along the curve C that is the portion of
x 2  y 2  1 in the first quadrant.

C(0,1)

A(0,0) B(1,0)
Figure # 79

6 Dr. A.N.M. Rezaul Karim/Associate Professor/CSE/IIUC

Anwer:
Given x 2  y 2  1
 y  1  x2
The curve BC is the first quadrant of the unit circle as shown in figure. On the
curve y  1  x 2 , so that,
0

 xy dx =  x 1  x 2 dx Let 1  x 2  z x 1 0
C 2
1 1 x  z z  1  x2 z  1  x2
 2xdx  dz  z  1  x2 z  11 z  1 0
dz z0 z1
xdx  
2
0

 xy dx =  x 1  x 2 dx =
C
1
1
 3  3 3   
1 1
dz 1 
1 z 2  
1 1 2
0 2 
1 1 0

 z   z dz              
0
2 20 2 3  2 3 3 23 3
 2  0  2 2   2 2 
1 2 1
   (1  0)   Answer
2 3 3
   
Q # 73: Find the value of the line integral when F(r )   y i  xy j , where r is a function
of t and C is the circular arc in Figure from A to B.
Or
Find the work done in moving a particle once around a circle C in the xy plane, if the
circle has center at the origin and radius 1 and if the force field is given by
   F
F(r )   y i  xy j
Y

B
Y Q
 
B (0,1) r  dr 
dr P(x,y)
C

r
X
O MA
X
O(0,0) A(1,0)

Figure # 80 Figure # 81

7 Dr. A.N.M. Rezaul Karim/Associate Professor/CSE/IIUC

  
F(r )   y i  xy j

Since r is a function of t. i.e.

 OPM ,
Let,  POM  t
OM 
  cos t  OM  OP cos t  x  1. cos t[Since radius is 1, i .e OP  1]
OP
x  cos t ------------------------------------------------------(i)
 OPM ,
PM 
 sin t  PM  OP sin t  y  1. sin t[Since radius is 1, i .e OP  1]
OP
y  sin t -------------------------------------------------------(ii)
   x    
 OP  r(t )     x i  y j  cos t i  sin t j
y

dr  
  sin t i  cos t j
dt
  
d r  (  sin t i  cos t j)dt ------------------------------------(iii)

    
Work = AB F . d r = AB (  y i  xy j ) .d r

     
Work = AB F . d r =  (  sin t i  cos t . sin t j) .(  sin t i  cos t j)dt
AB
[From i. x  cos t and from ii. y  sin t ]
                 
[ i . i  1, j . j  1 , k . k  1 , i . j  0 , i . k  0 , j . i  0 , j . k  0 , k . i  0 , k . j  0 ]
 
2  2
Work =  F . d r =  (sin t . sin t  cos t . sin t cos t )dt [Here 0  t   ]
0 0
2
 
2  2
Work =  F . d r =  (sin 2 t  cos 2 t . sin t )dt
0 0
  
2  2 2
Work =  F . d r =  sin tdt   cos 2 t . sin tdt
2
0 0 0
  
2 1  2 2
2 2
Work =  F . d r =
0 2  2 sin tdt   cos t. sin tdt
0 0
  
2 1  2 2
2
Work =  F . d r =  (1  cos 2t ) dt   cos t . sin tdt [ 2 sin 2 t  1  cos 2t ]
0 2 0 0

8 Dr. A.N.M. Rezaul Karim/Associate Professor/CSE/IIUC

   
2 1  sin 2t  2 2
2
Work =  F . d r =
2 t  2    cos t . sin tdt
0  0 0


   
2 1   sin 2  2   sin 2  0   2
2
Work =  F . d r =     0      cos t . sin tdt
0 2  2 2  

2  0
  
 
2 1   sin    sin 0   2
2
Work =  F . d r =
2  2  2    0  2     cos t . sin tdt
0     0
 
2 1   0   2
Work =  F . d r =  
 2 2   0  0    cos 2 t . sin tdt
0 2    0
 
2 1     2
2
Work =  F . d r =
2  2     cos t . sin tdt
0    0
 
2 
 2
Work =  F . d r =   cos 2 t . sin tdt -----------------------(iv)
0 4 0

Let, z  cos t
t  0
2
dz d z  cos t  z  cos 0
  (cos t )   sin t z  cos z1
dt dt 2
 dz   sin tdt z0

From equation (iv),

 
2 
 2
Work =  F . d r =   cos 2 t . sin tdt
0 4 0

2   0 2
Work =  F . d r =   z dz
0 4 1
 0
2   z3 

Work =  F . d r =   
0 4  3 1

2   0 1  1
Work =  F . d r =  [  ]    0.4521 Answer
0 4 3 3 4 3
    3 1
Q # 74: Find the work done by a) F  x i  y j and b) F  i  j along the curve C
4 2
  
traced by r (t )  cos t i  sin t j from t  0 to t  
Answer:

9 Dr. A.N.M. Rezaul Karim/Associate Professor/CSE/IIUC

 
a) The vector function r (t ) gives the parametric equations x  cos t , y  sin t ,

0  t   which recognize as a half circle. As seen in Figure 78, the force field F is

perpendicular to C at every point. Because the tangential components of F are zero,
the work done along C is zero.

Figure # 82

Half-circle C, with force F perpendicular to C
  
Given, r (t )  cos t i  sin t j
d  d  
 { r (t )}  {cos t i  sin t j }
dt dt
d   
 { r (t )}   sin t i  cos t j
dt
  
 d r (t )  (  sin t i  cos t j )dt
  
 d r  (  sin t i  cos t j)dt
    
W C F .d r  C ( x i  y j ).d r
    
  (cos t i  sin t j ).(  sin t i  cos t j )dt
0
                 
[ i . i  1, j . j  1 , k . k  1 , i . j  0 , i . k  0 , j . i  0 , j . k  0 , k . i  0 , k . j  0 ]

  (  cos t sin t  sin t cos t )dt  0
0

10 Dr. A.N.M. Rezaul Karim/Associate Professor/CSE/IIUC

 
b) In Figure 79 the vectors tangent to the semi-circle are the projections of F on the unit
tangent vectors.

Figure # 83

The work done by F is:
  3 1 
W   F .d r   ( i  j ).d r
C C 4 2

3 1  
  ( i  j ). (  sin t i  cos t j )dt
0
4 2

3 1    
  (  sin t  cos t )dt [ i . i  1; j . j  1]
0
4 2

3 1  3 1 3 1
  cos t  sin t   [ cos   sin  ]  [ cos 0  sin 0]
4 2 0 4 2 4 2
3 1 3 1  3 3  3
 [ ( 1)  (0)]  [ (1)  (0)]    0   0   Answer
4 2 4 2  4 4  2
  
Q# 75: Find the work done by the force field F ( x, y )  x 3 y i  ( x  y ) j on a particle that
moves along the parabola y  x 2 from (2,4) to (1,1)
Answer:

11 Dr. A.N.M. Rezaul Karim/Associate Professor/CSE/IIUC

 y f(x)=x^2

P(-2,4) 4

O(1,1)
1

x
-3.5 -3 -2.5 -2 -1.5 -1 -0.5 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5

-1

-2

-3

Figure # 84

The work W performed by the field is:

 
W   F . dr ------------------------(i)
C
We have the position vector
  
 r  x i y j
  
 dr  dx i  dy j
     
F . dr  [x 3 y i  ( x  y ) j]. [dx i  dy j]
     
F . dr  [x 3 y i  ( x  y ) j]. [dx i  dy j]
 
F . dr  [x 3 ydx  ( x  y )dy ] --------------------------(ii)
Let x  t as the parameter, As x  t ,
x 2 1
t 2 1
Then the path C of the particle can be expressed parametrically as
x  t , y  t2 ;  2  t  1

Now,
xt
dx d
  (t )
dt dt
dx
 1
dt

12 Dr. A.N.M. Rezaul Karim/Associate Professor/CSE/IIUC

 dx  dt ---------------------------(iii)

Again, y  t 2
dy d 2
  (t )
dt dt
dy
  2t
dt
 dy  2t dt ---------------------------(iv)

From (i) & (ii)

 
W   F . dr
C

W   [x 3 ydx  ( x  y )dy ]
C
1
W   [t 3 .t 2 dt  (t  t 2 )2t dt ]
2
1
W   [t 5 dt  ( 2t 2  2t 3 ) dt ]
2
1 1 1
5 2 3
W  t dt   2t dt   2t dt
2 2 2
6 1 3 1 1
t   2t   2t 4 
W     
 6  2  3  2  4  2
 16 ( 2) 6   2.13 2( 2) 3   2.(1) 4 2( 2) 4 
W        
6 6   3 3   4 4 
 1 64   2 16   2 32 
W        
6 6  3 3  4 4 
 1  64   2  16   2  32 
W    
 6   3   4 

  63   18   30 
W    
 6  3 4
 126  72  90
W
12
 126  162
W
12

13 Dr. A.N.M. Rezaul Karim/Associate Professor/CSE/IIUC

 36
W =3; where the units for W depend on the units chosen for force and distance
12

Or
Figure shows the path of the particle, Call this path PO. Then
  
Here, F ( x, y )  x 3 y i  ( x  y ) j ,---------------------------------(i)
We know,
  
F( x, y )  P i  Q j -----------------------------------(ii)
Comparing (i) and (ii),
P  x 3 y, Q  ( x  y)
We know,
 
Work =  F .d s =  ( Pdx  Qdy )
C C
3
Work = W   [x ydx  ( x  y )dy ] [ P  x 3 y , Q  x  y ]
C
To evaluate this integral, let us use x as the parameter,
Then, Given y  x 2
dy d
 (x2 )
dx dx
dy
 2x
dx
 dy  2 xdx

 
W   F . ds
C

W   [x 3 ydx  ( x  y )dy ]
C
1
W   [ x 3 . x 2 dx  ( x  x 2 )2 x dx ]
2
1
W   [ x 5 dx  ( 2 x 2  2 x 3 ) dx ]
2
1 1 1
5 2 3
W   x dx   2 x dx   2 x dx
2 2 2

6 1 3 1 1
x  2x  2x4 
W       
 6  2  3  2  4  2
 1 6 ( 2) 6   2.13 2( 2) 3   2.(1) 4 2( 2) 4 
W        
6 6   3 3   4 4 

14 Dr. A.N.M. Rezaul Karim/Associate Professor/CSE/IIUC

  1 64   2 16   2 32 
W        
6 6  3 3  4 4 
 1  64   2  16   2  32 
W    
 6   3   4 
  63   18   30 
W    
 6  3 4
 126  72  90
W
12
 126  162
W
12
36
W =3; where the units for W depend on the units chosen for force and distance
12

    
Q # 76: Find the value of  F. dr where F  (y  2x) i  (3x  2y ) j and C is a circle in
C
the xy- plane with center the origin and radius 2.

Y N

 P(x,y)
r

X
O M

Figure # 85
The position Vector is
  
r  x i  y j --------------------------(i)
Let,
POM   , OP  2
PM
 sin 
OP
y
 sin   y  2 sin 
2
Similarly,

15 Dr. A.N.M. Rezaul Karim/Associate Professor/CSE/IIUC

OM x
 cos    cos   x  2 cos 
OP 2
From (i),
  
r  x i y j
  
r ()  2 cos  i  2 sin  j

dr  
 2 sin  i  2 cos  j
d
  
 d r  ( 2 sin  i  2 cos  j)d
Given,
  
F  ( y  2x ) i  ( 3 x  2 y ) j
     
  F. dr   {( y  2x) i  ( 3x  2y ) j}. ( 2 sin  i  2 cos  j)d
C
                 
[ i . i  1, j . j  1 , k . k  1 , i . j  0 , i . k  0 , j . i  0 , j . k  0 , k . i  0 , k . j  0 ]]
 
  F. dr   {( y  2x)( 2 sin )d  ( 3x  2y )( 2 cos )d}.
C
 
  F. dr   {( 2 sin   2  2 cos )( 2 sin )d  ( 3  2 cos   2  2 sin )( 2 cos )d}.
C
 
  F. dr   {( 2 sin   4 cos )( 2 sin )d  (6 cos   4 sin )( 2 cos )d}.
C
 
  F. dr   {( 4 sin 2   8 sin  cos )d  (12 cos 2   8 sin  cos )d}.
C
 
  F. dr   ( 4 sin 2   16 sin  cos   12 cos 2 )d.
C
  2
  F. dr   ( 4 sin 2   16 sin  cos   12 cos 2 )d.
C 0
  2
  F. dr   ( 2  2 sin 2   8  2 sin  cos   6  2 cos 2 )d.
C 0
  2
  F. dr   {2(1  cos 2)  8  sin 2  6(1  cos 2)}d.
C 0
  2 2 2 2 2
  F. dr  2  d  2  cos 2 d  8   sin 2 d  6  d  6  cos 2 d.
C 0 0 0 0 0
2
 
 sin 2 cos 2 sin 2 
  F. dr    2  2  8  6  6
C  2 2 2  0
2
 
 sin 2 cos 2 sin 2 
  F. dr    2(  )  8  6(  )}
C  2 2 2 0

16 Dr. A.N.M. Rezaul Karim/Associate Professor/CSE/IIUC

  
  F. dr
C

 sin2 2   sin2 0   cos2 2 cos2 0   sin2 2   sin2 0 

 2 2    0    8    6 2    0  
 2   2   2 2   2   2 
 sin 4   sin 0    cos 4 cos 0   sin 4   sin 0 
 2 2    0     8      6   2    0 
 2   2    2 2    2   2 
 0  0   1 1   0  0 
 2  2     0     8    6 2     0  
 2  2   2 2   2  2 
  0 
 2 2       80  62  0
  2 
 22  0  0  62 
 22   62 
 
  F. dr [ 4  12 = 8 Answer
C
    
2
Q # 77: Find the value of  F. dr where F  x i  3xy j if
C
a) C is the straight line path from (0,0) to (1,2)
b) C is the parabolic path y  2x 2 from (0,0) to (1,2)
c) C is composed of two straight-line paths the x axis from (0,0) to (1,0) and then a
line parallel to the y-axis from (1,0) to (1,2)

(1,2) (1,2) B(1,2)

O A(1,0)
Figure # 86 Figure # 87 Figure # 88
  
Let, the position vector is: r  x i  y j
   
Since the line element dr lies in the xy-plane, we can express it as dr  dx i  dy j , so
that
     
2
 F. dr =  ( x i  3xy j).(dx i  dy j)
C C

=  ( x 2 dx  3xydy ) -------------------------------------(i)
C

17 Dr. A.N.M. Rezaul Karim/Associate Professor/CSE/IIUC

a) On this path y  2x , so we can convert (i) to a definite integral with respect to x,
this is effectively a simple parameterization, x  t , y  2t , 0  t  1
Hence,
1
2

2

 ( x dx  3xydy ) =  (x dx  3x(2x)2 dx [since y  2x ; dy  2xdx ]
C 0
1
1
2 2
1  x3 
2
 1 3 0 3  13
=  ( x dx  12x dx) =  13x dx  13   13   
0 0  3  0  3 3  3
Alternatively, of course, we could choose y as the integration variable or
y
parameter and put x  instead of y  2x , in which case (i) becomes,
2
2
2
2 y 2 dy
2 y
 ( x dx  3xydy ) =  ( x dx  3xy dy ) =  (  3 ydy )
C 0 0 4 2 2
dy y
[Since y  2x ; dy  2dx  dx  ;x ]
2 2
2
2y2 3 2 13y 2 13  y 3  13  2 3 0 3  13 8 13
=  ( dy  y 2 dy )   dy         
0 8 2 0 8 8  3 
0
8  3 3  8 3 3
b) Here we put y  2x 2 and  dy  4xdx in (i), giving the definite integral:
1 1
2 2 2 2 4
 ( x dx  3xydy ) =  ( x dx  3x( 2x )4x dx =  ( x dx  24x dx)
C 0 0
1
 x3 x5   13 15 0 3 0 5   1 24 0 0  77
   24     24   24       
 3 5  
 3 5 3 5   3 5 3 5  5
0

c) Referring to figure (c), we must integrate on the horizontal and vertical portions
separately and add the two contributions. On the horizontal section, y is a constant
i.e the equation of horizontal line is y  0 so dy  0 and (i) is simply:
1 1 1
2 2 2
 ( x dx  3xydy ) =  ( x dx  3x(0).0 =  x dx 
C 0 0 3
On the vertical section, x is constant at 1, i.e the equation of the line parallel to y axis
from (1,0) to (1,2) is x  1 so dx  0 and (i) yield:
2
2
2
2
2 y2   22 02 
 ( x dx  3xydy ) =  (1 .0  3.1ydy ) =  3ydy  3    3    6
C 0 0  2  0  2 2 
Adding the two values, we conclude that the value of the line integral along OA and
1 19
then AB is  +6 
3 3

18 Dr. A.N.M. Rezaul Karim/Associate Professor/CSE/IIUC

Q # 78: Evaluate the following integrals:
1.  xy 2 dx
C

2.  xy 2 dy
C


On the quarter circle C defined by x  4 cos t , y  4 sin t , 0  t 
2

Figure # 89

Given,

x  4 cos t , y  4 sin t , 0  t 
2
 dx  4 sin tdt , d y  4 cos tdt
 
2 2
2 2 3
1. C xy dx   (4 cos t )(16 sin t )(4 sin tdt )  256  sin t cos tdt
0 0

Let, z  sin t t0 z  sin t

dz  cos tdt z  sin 0  0
t z  sin t
2
z  sin   1
2
1
z4 
1
3 14
 256 z dt  256   256[  0]  64 Answer
0
 4  0 4

 
2 2
2.  xy dy   (4 cos t )(16 sin t )(4 cos tdt ) dt  256  sin 2 t cos 2 tdt
2 2
C
0 0
 
2 1 21
 256  (4 sin 2 t cos 2 t )dt  256  ( 2 sin t cos t )( 2 sin t cos t )dt
0 4 0 4
  
1 2 21 2
 256  (sin 2t )(sin 2t )dt  256  sin 2 2tdt  64  sin 2 2tdt
0 4 0 4 0

19 Dr. A.N.M. Rezaul Karim/Associate Professor/CSE/IIUC

   
1 2 21  sin 4t  2
 64  ( 2 sin 2 2t )dt  64  (1  cos 4t )dt  32 t 
0 2 0 2  4  0
  
  sin 4  2    sin 2   
 32    0  0  32    32  0  16 Answer
2 4  2 4  2 
 

Q # 79: Evaluate  y 2 dx  x 2 dy on the closed curve C that is shown in the figure

C

Figure # 90 Figure # 91

Answer: Because C is piecewise smooth, we can express the integral as a sum of

integrals. Symbolically, we write: C  C  C  C where C1 , C 2 and C 3 are the curves
1 2 3

shown in figure.

i. On C1 , we use x as a parameter. Because y  0, dy  0; therefore

2
C1 y dx  x dy    (0)dx  x (0)  0
2 2 2
0
ii. On C 2 , we use y as a parameter. From x  2, dx  0; therefore
4 4
C2 y dx  x dy    y
2 2 2

(0)  4dy    4dy  4y  40  16
0 0
iii. Finally, on C 3 , we again use x as a parameter. From
y  x 2 ; dy  2xdx; therefore

20 Dr. A.N.M. Rezaul Karim/Associate Professor/CSE/IIUC

 0 0
2 2
 
4 2 4

3
C3 y dx  x dy   x dx  x ( 2xdx)   ( x dx  2x )dx
2 2
0
1 1  8
  x5  x4  
5 2 2 5
8 72
Therefore,  y 2 dx  x 2 dy  0  16  
C 5 5

Q # 80 :Home Task:

Find the work done in moving a particle once around a circle C in the xy plane, If the
circle has center at the origin and radius 3 and the force field is given by
   
F  ( 2 x  y  z ) i  ( x  y  z 2 ) j  ( 3x  2y  4 z ) k

Hints:

Y N

P(x,y, 0)


X
O M

Figure # 92
The position Vector is
    
OP  r  x i  y j 0 k --------------------------(i)
Let,
POM   , OP  3
PM
 sin 
OP
y
 sin   y  3 sin 
3
Similarly,
OM x
 cos    cos   x  3 cos 
OP 3

21 Dr. A.N.M. Rezaul Karim/Associate Professor/CSE/IIUC

From (i),
    
OP  r ()  3 cos  i  3 sin  j 0 k

dr  
 3 sin  i  3 cos  j
d
  
 d r  ( 3 sin  i  3 cos  j)d -----------------------------(ii)

Given,
   
F  ( 2 x  y  z ) i  ( x  y  z 2 ) j  ( 3x  2y  4 z ) k
   
F  ( 2x  y  0) i  ( x  y  0) j ( 3x  2y  4.0) k
   
F  ( 2x  y ) i  ( x  y ) j ( 3x  2y ) k [as z = 0]

      
F . dr  [( 2x  y ) i  ( x  y ) j ( 3x  2y ) k ].( 3 sin  i  3 cos  j)d
       
F . dr  [( 2x  y ) i  ( x  y ) j ( 3x  2y ) k ].( 3 sin  i  3 cos  j 0. k )d

2   2      

 F . dr   [(2x  y ) i  ( x  y ) j (3x  2y ) k ].(3 sin  i  3 cos  j 0. k )d

0 0

 
Q # 81: Evaluate the line integral,  F . dr where the force field is given by
   
F ( x, y )  3xy i  5z j  10x k along the curve, x  t 2  1 , y  2t 2 , z  t 3 from

Answer:
 
Evaluate the line integral,  F . dr where the force field is given by
   
F ( x, y )  3xy i  5z j  10x k along the curve, x  t 2  1 , y  2t 2 , z  t 3 from

Answer:
We have the position vector
   
 r  x i  y j z k
   
 dr  dx i  dy j dz k
       
F . dr  [3xy i  5z j  10x k ]. [dx i  dy j  dz k ]
 
F . dr  3xydx  5zdy  10xdz --------------------------(i)

Given
x  t2  1

22 Dr. A.N.M. Rezaul Karim/Associate Professor/CSE/IIUC

 dx d 2
  (t  1)
dt dt
dx
  2t
dt
 dx  2tdt

y  2t 2
dy d
  ( 2t 2 )
dt dt
dy
  4t
dt
 dy  4tdt

z  t3
dz d 3
  (t )
dt dt
dz
  3t 2
dt
 dz  3t 2dt

From (i),
 
F . dr  3xydx  5zdy  10xdz
 
F . dr  3(t 2  1)(2t 2 )2tdt  5t 3 4tdt  10(t 2  1)3t 2 dt
 
F . dr  3(t 2  1)(4t 3 )dt  20t 4 dt  10(t 2  1)3t 2 dt
 
F . dr  3(4t 5  4t 3 )dt  20t 4 dt  10( 3t 4  3t 2 )dt
 
F . dr  (12t 5  12t 3 )dt  20t 4 dt  ( 30t 4  30t 2 )dt
 
F . dr  12t 5 dt  12t 3 dt  20t 4 dt  30t 4 dt  30t 2 dt
 
F . dr  12t 5 dt  10t 4 dt  12t 3 dt  30t 2 dt

2  2
Total work done=  F . dr =  (12t 5dt  10t 4dt  12t 3dt  30t 2dt )
1 1
2 2 2 2
=  12t 5dt   10t 4dt   12t 3dt   30t 2dt
1 1 1 1
2
 t6 t5 t4 t3 
 12  10  12  30 
 6 5 4 3 
1


 2t 6  2t 5  3t 4  10t 3 2
1

 ( 2  2 6
 2  2 5  3  2  10  2 3 )  ( 2  16  2  15  3  14  10  13 )
4

 ( 2  64  2  32  3  16  10  8)  ( 2  2  3  10)
 (128  64  48  80)  ( 2  2  3  10)
 ( 320)  (17)

23 Dr. A.N.M. Rezaul Karim/Associate Professor/CSE/IIUC

 = 303

Surface Integrals
Surface Integral
The Integral which is evaluated over a surface is called Surface Integral.

If S is any surface and  is the outward drawn unit normal vector to the surface S then
 

 F .  dS is called the Surface Integral.

S

Normal Vector:
A surface normal, or simply normal, to a flat surface is a vector that is perpendicular to
that surface.

Figure # 93
A normal to a non-flat surface at a point P on the surface is a vector perpendicular to the
tangent plane to that surface at P.

Figure # 94: A normal to a surface at a point is the same as a normal to the tangent plane
to that surface at that point P

24 Dr. A.N.M. Rezaul Karim/Associate Professor/CSE/IIUC

 Figure # 95: A vector field of normals to a surface

Figure # 96 Figure # 97

    
We know, A B  A B sin  

               
If   , then A B  A B sin    A B sin   A B .1.   A B  , where  is a
2 2
unit normal to the plane A and B.

X
O D C
dy
P(x,y)

Y A dx B

Figure # 98

25 Dr. A.N.M. Rezaul Karim/Associate Professor/CSE/IIUC

If P( x, y ) is a point in the xy plane, the element of area dx dy has a vector area

dS  dS

From figure
  
PQ  PQ  [ Any Vector  Length of this Vector  Unit Vector]

    
A B  A B sin  

     
PQ  AB AD  AB AD sin   ------------------------(i)

  
Again, AB  AB  [ Any Vector  Length of this Vector  Unit Vector]

 
AB  dx  [ Any Vector  Length of this Vector  Unit Vector]
   
AB  dx i [   i ]-------------------(ii)
Again,
  
AD  AD 

 
AD  dy 
   
AD  dy j [   j ]----------------------------(iii)
From (i)
     
PQ  AB AD  AB AD sin  

     
 PQ  dx i  dy j  dx i dy j sin   [From (ii) & (iii)]

     
 PQ  dx i  dy j  dxdy sin   [ dx i  dx & dy j  dy ]
     
 PQ  dx i  dy j  dxdy sin( )  [  ]
2 2
   
 PQ  dx i  dy j  dxdy.1. 
   
 PQ  dx i  dy j  dxdy 
     
 PQ  dx i  dy j  dxdy k ----------------(iv) [  k ]
   
 PQ  dx i  dy j  dS  --------------------(v) [Let dS  dxdy]

26 Dr. A.N.M. Rezaul Karim/Associate Professor/CSE/IIUC

    
 PQ  dx i  dy j  dS k ---------------------(vi)
    
[Here   k since i  j  k ] and dS  dxdy]

Figure # 99

d S is the vector which is perpendicular to the plane dxdy and dS is the length of the
 
perpendicular vector d S as well as dS is the area of parallelogram dxdy and  is the

unit normal vector of d S to the plane dxdy
     
 dS  dx i  dy j  dS  ----------------------(vii) [Here PQ  dS ]

Figure # 100
So we can write, From Figure # 95
      
01. PQ  dx i  dy j  dxdy k [Anti-Clockwise; xy-plane; i  j  k ] ; dS  dxdy]
      
02. PQ  dy j dx i  dxdy k [Clockwise; xy-plane; j i   k ; dS  dxdy]
      
03. PQ  dz k dx i  dxdz j [Anti-Clockwise; xz-plane; k i  j ; dS  dxdz]
      
04. PQ  dx i  dz k  dxdz j [Clockwise; xz-plane; i  k   j ; dS  dxdz]
      
05. PQ  dy j dz k  dydz i [Anti-Clockwise; yz-plane; j k  i ; dS  dydz ]
      
06. PQ  dz k dy j  dydz i [Clockwise; yz-plane; k j   i ; dS  dydz ]

27 Dr. A.N.M. Rezaul Karim/Associate Professor/CSE/IIUC

Example:

Figure # 101
From Figure # 96

Serial no Surface  ds Plane

 =?
1 OABC   dxdy z0
= k
2 DEFG   dxdy z1
 =k
3 OAFG   dxdz y0
= j
4 BCDE   dxdz y1
= j
5 OCDG   dydz x0
= i
6 ABEF   dydz x1
= i

28 Dr. A.N.M. Rezaul Karim/Associate Professor/CSE/IIUC

 Volume Integrals
Volume Integral
 
If F is a vector point function bounded by the region R with volume V, then  F dV is
v
called as Volume Integral


If V is a closed region bounded by a surface S and F is a vector field at each point of V
 
and on its boundary surface S, then  F dV is the volume integral of F throughout the
V
region.

Figure # 102
dV  dxdydz
 x2 y 2 z 2 
Then,  F dV     F dzdydx
V x1 y1 z1

Double Integral

Q # 82:
1 1
2
Example: x dxdy
0 0
1
1 2 
    x dx dy
0 0 
1 1
 x3 
    dy
0 
3 0
1
 13 0 3 
     dy
0 
3 3
1
1 
    0 dy
0 
3 

29 Dr. A.N.M. Rezaul Karim/Associate Professor/CSE/IIUC

 1
1
    dy
3
0  
1
1

3 0
dy

1
  y  10
3
1
 1  0
3
1
 1
3
1

3

Or
1 1
2
Example: x dydx
0 0
1
1 2 
    x dy dx
0 0 
1 1
 
   x 2  dy dx
0  0 
1

 x  y
2 1
 0 dx
0
1

 x 1  0dx
2

0
1
2
 x dx
0
1
 x3 
 
 3 0
 13 0 3 
  
3 3
1 
   0
3 
1

3

30 Dr. A.N.M. Rezaul Karim/Associate Professor/CSE/IIUC

  
Q # 83: If F  2z î  xĵ  yk̂ , Evaluate  F dV where v is the bounded by the surfaces.
V
x  0, x  2, y  0, y  4, z  x 2 , z  2.

Answer:  F dV =  ( 2z î  xĵ  yk̂ )dzdydx
V
V
2 4 2
=    ( 2z î  xĵ  yk̂ )dzdydx
0 0 x2
2
2 4
=  
(2 z
2

2

î  xzĵ  yzk̂ ) dydx
0 0 x2
2 4

=   z 2 î  xzĵ  yzk̂ 2
x2 dydx
0 0
2 4

=   4 î  2xĵ  2yk̂  x 4 î  x 3 ĵ  x 2 yk̂ dydx 
0 0
2 2 4
 2 4 3 2 y 
=  4y î  2xyĵ  y k̂  x y î  x y ĵ  x k̂  dx
0 
2 0
2

=  16 î  8xĵ  16k̂  4x 4 î  4x 3 ĵ  8x 2 k̂ dx 
0
2
 4 8 
= 16xî  4x 2 ĵ  16xk̂  x 5 î  x 4 ĵ  x 3 k̂ 
 5 3 0
128 8
= 32 î  16 ĵ  32k̂  î  16 ĵ   8k̂
5 3
160  128 96  64
= î  k̂
5 3
32 32
= î  k̂ Answer
5 3

Q # 84: Evaluate  F dV where V is the region bounded by the planes:
V

x  0, x  2, y  0, y  3, z  0, z  4 and F  xyî  zĵ  x 2 k̂ .

31 Dr. A.N.M. Rezaul Karim/Associate Professor/CSE/IIUC

 Figure # 103


2
Answer:  F dV =  (xyî  zĵ  x k̂ )dxdydz
V
V
4 3
2  
=     ( xyiˆ  zˆj  x 2 k )dx dydz
0 0 0 
4 3 2
 x2 ˆ x3 ˆ  x n1
=   ( y i  xzˆj  [  x n dx  ; dx  x ]
n1 
k ) dydz
0 0 
2 3 0
4 3
 22 ˆ 23 ˆ 02 ˆ 03 ˆ 
=   ( y i  2.zˆj  ˆ
k )  ( y i  0.zj  k )dydz
0 0 
2 3 2 3 
4 3
 4y ˆ 8 
   ( i  2 zˆj  kˆ )dydz
2 3 
0 0
4
3 8 
    ( 2 yiˆ  2 zˆj  kˆ )dy  dz
0 0
3 
4 3
 y2 8  x n1
=  2 î  2yz ĵ  yk̂  dz [ x n dx  ; dy  y ]
0 
2 3 0 n1 
4 3
 8 
   y 2 î  2yz ĵ  yk̂  dz
0 
3 0
4
 8 8 
  ( 3 2 iˆ  2  3. z . ˆj   3kˆ )  (0 2 iˆ  2  0. zˆj   0.kˆ ) dz
0 
3 3 
4
  9 î  6zĵ  8k̂ dz
0
4 4 4
  9iˆdz   6 zˆjdz    8kˆdz
0 0 0

32 Dr. A.N.M. Rezaul Karim/Associate Professor/CSE/IIUC

 4
 z2  n x n1
= 9z î  6 ĵ  8zk̂  [ x dx  ; dz  z ]
 2 0 n1 
 
 9z î  3z 2 ĵ  8zk̂ 0
4


 (9  4iˆ  3  4 2 ˆj  8  4kˆ )  (9  0iˆ  3  0 2 ˆj  8  0kˆ ) 
 36 î  3  16 ĵ  32k̂ 
 49 î  12 ĵ  8k̂ 

Divergence theorem (Gauss’ theorem)


For a closed surface S, enclosing a region V in a vector field F .
  
Then,  div F dV   F .d S
v S
   
Q # 85: Verify the divergence theorem for the vector field F  x 2 i  z j  y k taken over
the region bounded by the planes z  0, z  2, x  0, x  1, y  0, y  3

Figure # 104
Answer:
dV  dxdydz
  
We have to show that  div F dV   F .d S
v S
L.H.S.
   
Given, F  x 2 i  z j  y k
         2  
 div F   . F   i  j  k . x i  z j  y k 
 x y z   
                 
[ i . i  1, j . j  1 , k . k  1 , i . j  0 , i . k  0 , j . i  0 , j . k  0 , k . i  0 , k . j  0 ]

33 Dr. A.N.M. Rezaul Karim/Associate Professor/CSE/IIUC

     
  ( x 2 )  ( z )  ( y ) 
 x y z 
 2x  0  0  2 x
L.H.S.
 1 3 2
  div F dV   2x dV   2 xdzdydx     2xdzdydx
v v V 0 0 0
1 3

  2 xz 
2
 0 dydx [  dz  z ]
0 0
1 3
   (2 x  2)  ( 2 x  0) dydx
0 0
1 3
   4 x  dydx
0 0
1

 4 xy 
3
 0 dx [  dy  y ]
0
1
  4 x  3  4 x  0dx
0
1
  12 x dx
0
1
 12 x 2  x n1
  [ x n dx  ]
 2 0 n1

 
 6x 2
1
0 
 6  12  6  0 2  6 

  div F dV  6
v

R.H.S.
We have,
Any Vector  Length of this Vector  Unit Vector
  
 d S  ds 

or
 
 d S  dS 
So, we can write
   

 F .d S   F . dS  S
S

34 Dr. A.N.M. Rezaul Karim/Associate Professor/CSE/IIUC

The enclosing surface S consists of six separate plane faces denoted as
   
S1 , S 2 , S 3 , S 4 , S 5 , S 6 as shown. We consider each face in turn F  x 2 i  z j  y k

 
(i) S1 (OABC Base): z  0 ;    k (clockwise)
   
F  x2 i  z j y k
     
 F  x 2 i  0. j  y k  x 2 i  y k and dS1  dxdy [ dS  dxdy ]
     1 3
2
 F .  dS1 
S1
 ( x i  y k ).( k )dydx    ( y )dydx
S1 0 0
                 
[ i . i  1, j . j  1 , k . k  1 , i . j  0 , i . k  0 , j . i  0 , j . k  0 , k . i  0 , k . j  0 ]
1 1 3 1 1
 y2   32 02   9  9  9 9
    dx       dx     dx    x   (1  0)  
0 
2 0 0 
2 2 0
2  2 0 2 2
[  dx  x ]
 
ii) S 2 (DEFG Top): z  2 ;   k
   
F  x2 i  z j y k
   
 F  x 2 i  2 j  y k and dS 2  dxdy
      1 3
2
 F .  dS 2   ( x i  2 j y k ).(k )dydx    ( y )dydx
S2 S2 0 0
                 
[ i . i  1, j . j  1 , k . k  1 , i . j  0 , i . k  0 , j . i  0 , j . k  0 , k . i  0 , k . j  0 ]
1 1 3 1 1
 y2   32 02  9 9  9 9
    dx      dx    dx   x  (1  0)  [  dx  x ]
0 
2 0 0 
2 2 2
0    2 0 2 2
 
iii) S 3 (BCDE, Right-hand end): y  3 ;   j
   
F  x2 i  z j y k
   
 F  x 2 i  z j  3 k and dS 3  dxdz
      1 2
2
 F . dS 3   (x i  z j  3 k ).( j )dzdx    ( z )dzdx
S3 S3 0 0
                 
[ i . i  1, j . j  1 , k . k  1 , i . j  0 , i . k  0 , j . i  0 , j . k  0 , k . i  0 , k . j  0 ]
1 1 2 1
z2   22 02  4
    dx     dx    dx  2 x  0  2(1  0)  2
1
[  dx  x ]
0 
2 0 0 
2 2 2
0 
 
iv) S 4 (OAFG, Left-hand end): y  0 ;    j

35 Dr. A.N.M. Rezaul Karim/Associate Professor/CSE/IIUC

   
F  x2 i  z j y k
   
 F  x 2 i  z j  0. k and dS 4  dxdz
      1 2
2
 F .  dS4   (x i  z j  0. k ).(  j )dzdx    (  z )dzdx
S4 S4 0 0
                 
[ i . i  1, j . j  1 , k . k  1 , i . j  0 , i . k  0 , j . i  0 , j . k  0 , k . i  0 , k . j  0 ]
1 1 2 1
 z2   22 02   4
  dx     dx   2 x  0  2(1  0)  2 [  dx  x ]
1
     dx    
0 
2 0 0 
2 2 0
2
 
v) S 5 (ABEF, Front): x  1;   i
   
F  x2 i  z j y k
   
 F  12 i  z j  y k and dS 5  dydz
      2 3
2
 F .  dS5   (1 i  z j y k ).( i )dydz    dydz
S5 S5 0 0
                 
[ i . i  1, j . j  1 , k . k  1 , i . j  0 , i . k  0 , j . i  0 , j . k  0 , k . i  0 , k . j  0 ]
2 2 2

  y  3  0 dz   3dz  3 z 
3 2
 0 dz  0  3( 2  0)  6 [  dy  y ]
0 0 0
 
vi) S 6 (OCDG, Back): x  0 ;    i
   
F  x2 i  z j y k
   
 F  0. i  z j  y k and dS 6  dydz
     
 F .  dS6   (0. i  z j y k ).( i )dydz  0
S6 S6

For the whole surface S we therefore have

  9 9
 S   2  2  2260  6
F .d
S

Q # 86: Home task:

   
Verify the Divergence theorem for F  ( 2xy  z ) i  y 2 j ( x  3y ) k taken over the
region bounded by the planes, 2x  2y  z  6, x  0, y  0, z  0
Hints;
When, x  0, y  0 then 2x  2y  z  6
2.0  2 .0  z  6
z6

36 Dr. A.N.M. Rezaul Karim/Associate Professor/CSE/IIUC

When, y  0, z  0 then 2x  2y  z  6
2 x  2.0  0  6
2x  6
x3
When, x  0, z  0 then 2x  2y  z  6
2.0  2y  0  6
2y  6
y3

So, the above problem can be written as

   
Verify the Divergence theorem for F  ( 2xy  z ) i  y 2 j ( x  3y ) k taken over the
region bounded by the planes, z  0, z  6, x  0, x  3, y  0, y  3

  3    
Q # 87: Show that  F .  ds ; Where F  4xz i  y 2 j  yz k and S is the surface of
2
the cube bounded by the planes x  0, x  1, y  0, y  1, z  0, z  1

Figure # 105

Serial no Surface  ds Plane

 =?
1 OABC   dxdy z0
= k
2 DEFG   dxdy z1
 =k
3 OAFG   dxdz y0
= j
4 BCDE   dxdz y1
= j

37 Dr. A.N.M. Rezaul Karim/Associate Professor/CSE/IIUC

 5 OCDG   dydz x0
= i
6 ABEF   dydz x1
= i

Now,
             

 F.  ds 
S
 F.  ds 
OABC DEFG
 F.  ds +  F.  ds 
OAFG BCDE
 F.  ds +  F.  ds 
OCDG
 F.  ds -(1)
ABEF
         
2 2
1.  F.  ds   (4xz i  y j  yz k ).  ds   (4xz i  y j  yz k ).(  k )dxdy
OABC S S
                 
[ i . i  1, j . j  1 , k . k  1 , i . j  0 , i . k  0 , j . i  0 , j . k  0 , k . i  0 , k . j  0 ]
1 1
    yzdxdy
0 0
1 1 1
    yzdxdy     yzx  0 dy
1
[  dx  x ]
0 0 0
1 1
    yz  1  yz  0dy     yz(1  0)dy
0 0

2 1 2 2
 y   1 0  z z
   z     z  z    (1  0)    0 [ z  0 ]
 2 0  2 2 2 2
2.
          1 1
2 2
 F.  ds   (4xz i  y
DEFG S
j  yz k ).  ds   (4xz i  y
S
j  yz k ).(k )dxdy    yzdxdy
0 0
                 
[ i . i  1, j . j  1 , k . k  1 , i . j  0 , i . k  0 , j . i  0 , j . k  0 , k . i  0 , k . j  0 ]
1 1 1 1

  yzdxdy    yzx  dy    yz  1  yz  0dy

1
 0 [  dx  x ]
0 0 0 0
1 1
 y2   12 02  z z 1
   yz dy   z    z  z   (1  0)   [ z  1 ]
0  2 0  2 2 2 2 2
3.
          1 1
2 2 2
 F.  ds   (4xz i  y
OAFG S
j  yz k ).  ds   (4xz i  y
S
j  yz k ).(  j)dxdz  y
0 0
dxdz
                 
[ i . i  1, j . j  1 , k . k  1 , i . j  0 , i . k  0 , j . i  0 , j . k  0 , k . i  0 , k . j  0 ]
1 1 1

 xy 
2 2 1
   y dxdz  0 dz [  dx  x ]
0 0 0
1

 1  y 
2
  0  y 2 dz
0

38 Dr. A.N.M. Rezaul Karim/Associate Professor/CSE/IIUC

 1
  y
2

 0 dz  y 2 z    y 1
0
2
1  y2  0  [  dz  z ]
0

 y 2 (1  0)  y 2  0 [ y  0 ]
4.
          1 1
2 2 2
 F.  ds 
BCDE S
 (4xz i  y j  yz k ).  ds   (4xz i  y j  yz k ).( j)dxdz 
S
y
0 0
dxdz
                 
[ i . i  1, j . j  1 , k . k  1 , i . j  0 , i . k  0 , j . i  0 , j . k  0 , k . i  0 , k . j  0 ]
1 1 1 1
 
    y 2 dxdz    xy 2 0 dz    1  y 2  0  y 2 dz
1
  [  dx  x ]
0 0 0 0
1

   y 2  0 dz   y 2 z    1
0 [  dz  z ]
0


  y2 1  y2  0 
  y 2 (1  0)   y 2  1 [ y  1 ]
         
2 2
5.  F.  ds   (4xz i  y j  yz k ).  ds   (4xz i  y j  yz k ).( i )dydz
OCDG S S
                 
[ i . i  1, j . j  1 , k . k  1 , i . j  0 , i . k  0 , j . i  0 , j . k  0 , k . i  0 , k . j  0 ]
1 1
    4xzdydz
0 0
1 1 1 1
    4xzdydz    4 xyz  dz    4 x  1  z  4 x  0  z dz
1
0 [  dy  y ]
0 0 0 0
1 1
 z2   12 02 
   4xz(1  0)dz   4 x    4 x  4 x 
0  2 0  2 2
1
 4 x (  0)   2 x  0 [ x  0 ]
2
         
2 2
6.  F.  ds   (4xz i  y j  yz k ).  ds   (4xz i  y j  yz k ).( i )dydz
ABEF S S
                 
[ i . i  1, j . j  1 , k . k  1 , i . j  0 , i . k  0 , j . i  0 , j . k  0 , k . i  0 , k . j  0 ]
1 1
   4xzdydz
0 0
1 1 1 1

  4xzdydz   4 xyz   4 x  1  z  4 x  0  z dz

1
 0 dz  [  dy  y ]
0 0 0 0
1 1
 z2   12 02 
  4xz(1  0)dz  4 x   4 x  4 x 
0  2 0  2 2

39 Dr. A.N.M. Rezaul Karim/Associate Professor/CSE/IIUC

 1
 4 x (  0)  2 x  2 [ x  1 ]
2
Putting the values in (1),
Now,
             

 F.  ds 
S
 F.  ds 
OABC
 F.  ds +
DEFG
 F.  ds 
OAFG
 F.  ds +
BCDE
 F.  ds 
OCDG
 F.  ds
ABEF
  1 1 3
 F.  ds  0  2  0  1  0  2  2  1  2
S
(Proved)

Area Enclosed by a closed Curve:

One of the earliest applications of integration is finding the area of a plane figure
bounded by the x-axis, the curve y  f ( x ) and ordinates at x  x1 and x  x 2 .

Figure # 106
x2 x2
A1   ydx   f (x)dx ------------------------------------(i)
x1 x1
If points A and B are joined by another curve y  F( x )

Figure # 107
x2 x2
A2   ydx   F( x)dx ---------------------------------(ii)
x1 x1
Combining the two figures, we have

40 Dr. A.N.M. Rezaul Karim/Associate Professor/CSE/IIUC

 Figure # 108
A  A1  A 2
x2 x2
A   f ( x)dx   F(x)dx ----------------------------------(iii)
x1 x1
It is convenient on occasions to arrange the limits so that the integration follows the path
round the enclosed area in a regular order.

Figure # 109
For example
x2

 F( x)dx gives A 2 as before , but integrating from B to A along c2 with y  f (x) , i.e.
x1
x2

 f ( x)dx , is the integral for A1 with the sign changed, i.e.

x1
We can write, For Upper Curve y  f ( x );
x1 x2

 f ( x)dx    f ( x)dx ---------------------------------------(iv)

x2 x1
x1  x2 
   f ( x)dx      f ( x)dx  [Multiplying by negative sign on both sides]
x2  x1 

41 Dr. A.N.M. Rezaul Karim/Associate Professor/CSE/IIUC

 x1 x2
   f ( x)dx   f ( x)dx
x2 x1
x2 x1
  f ( x)dx    f ( x)dx [Side change]------------------------(v)
x1 x2
From (iii),
x2 x2
 The result A  A1  A 2   f (x)dx   F(x)dx [From (iii)]
x1 x1
x1 x2
   f ( x)dx   F( x )dx [From (v)]
x2 x1
x1 x2
 {  f ( x)dx   F( x)dx}
x2 x1
x2 x1
 {  F( x)dx   f ( x)dx} --------------------------(vi)
x1 x2
If we proceed round the boundary in an anticlockwise manner, the enclosed area is kept
on the left-hand side and the resulting area is considered positive. If we proceed round the
boundary in a clockwise manner, the enclosed area remains on the right-hand side and the
resulting area is negative.
The final result above can be written in the form

Figure # 110

A    ydx ; Where the symbol  indicates that the integral is to be evaluated round the
closed boundary in the positive (i.e. anticlockwise) direction.
x2 x1
 A    ydx  {  F( x)dx   f ( x)dx} ----------------------------(vii)
x1 x2

Q # 88: Determine the area enclosed by the graphs of y  x 3 and y  4x for x  0

42 Dr. A.N.M. Rezaul Karim/Associate Professor/CSE/IIUC

Answer: First we need to know the points of intersection.
Given, y  x 3 and y  4x
Then, we can write, x 3  4x
 x 3  4x  0
 x( x 2  4)  0
 x( x  2)( x  2)  0
 x  0 and x  2 , x  2
But x  0
 x  0 and x  2

Figure # 111
We integrate in an anticlockwise manner

c1 : y  x 3 , Limits x  0 to x  2
c 2 : y  4x, Limits x  2 to x  0

We have,
x2 x1
 A    ydx  {  F( x)dx   f ( x)dx}
x1 x2
2 0
 {  F( x )dx   f ( x)dx}
0 2
2 0
 {  x 3dx   4xdx}
0 2

x 4 2
 x2 
0

 {    4  }
 4 0  2 2

43 Dr. A.N.M. Rezaul Karim/Associate Professor/CSE/IIUC

  24   0 2 22 
 {   0  4   }
4  2 2
 16   4
 {    4   }
4  2
 4 Answer

Q # 89: Find the area of the triangle with vertices (0,0) , (5,3) and ( 2,6)

Figure # 112
Answer: We have,
y  y1 x  x1

y 1  y 2 x1  x 2
y0 x0
 The equation of OA or AO is 
03 05
y x
 
3 5
y x
 
3 5
3x
y
5
y6 x2
The equation of BA or AB is 
63 25
y6 x2
 
3 3
y6 x2
 
1 1
y6
  x  2
1

44 Dr. A.N.M. Rezaul Karim/Associate Professor/CSE/IIUC

  y  8x

y0 x0
The equation of OB or BO is 
06 02
y0 x0
 
6 2
y x
 
6 2
y x
 
3 1
 y  3x
Then,
 A    ydx   [  f ( x )dx   f ( x )dx   f ( x )dx ]
OA AB BO
5 2 0
3
 A    ydx  {  xdx   (8  x)dx   3xdx
0
5 5 2

Figure # 113
The limits chosen must progress the integration round the boundary of the figure in an
anticlockwise manner.
5 2 0
3
We get,  A    ydx  {  xdx   (8  x )dx   3xdx}
0
5 5 2
5 2 0
3  x2   x2   x2 
 {    8x    3  }
5  2 0  2 5  2 2
3  52   22 52   02 22 
 {   0  (8  2  )  (8  5  )  3   }
5 2   2 2  2 2

45 Dr. A.N.M. Rezaul Karim/Associate Professor/CSE/IIUC

 3  25   4 25   4
 {    (16  )  (40  )  30   }
5 2   2 2   2
3  25   25   4
 {    (16  2)  (40  )  3   }
5 2   2   2
3  25   25  4
 {    14  (40  )  3  }
5 2   2  2
5  25 
 {3   14  (40  )  6}
 2  2 
 15   25 
 {    14  (40  )  6}
2  2 
 15  28  80  25  12 
 {  
 2 
  24 
 {  
 2 
 12 Square units
Another method of a line Integral
It is often more convenient to integrate with respect to x or y than to take arc length as the
variable.
We have,
 
Work done = AB
F .d S = 
AB
( Pdx  Qdy ) -------- -----------(iii)
In three dimension,
 
Work done = AB
F .d S = 
AB
( Pdx  Qdy  Rdz ) ) ------------(iv)

Q # 90: Evaluate  ( x  3y )dx from A(0,1) to B( 2,5) along the curve y  1  x 2

c

Figure # 114
Answer:
The line integral is of the form: c (Pdx  Qdy ) where, in this case, P  x  3y and
Q  0 and c is the curve y  1  x 2

46 Dr. A.N.M. Rezaul Karim/Associate Professor/CSE/IIUC

It can be converted at once into an ordinary integral by substituting for y and applying the
appropriate limits of x.
2 2
I c ( Pdx  Qdy )  c ( x  3y )dx   {x  3(1  x 2 )}   ( x  3  3x 2 )dx
0 0

x 2  23 2 2  3
x 2
   3x  3   (  3  2  3  )  0  16
2 3 0  2 3 

Line Integrals round a closed curve

We have already introduced the symbol  to indicate that an integral is to be evaluated
round a closed curve in the positive (anticlockwise) direction.
Positive (anticlockwise) direction line integral denoted by 

Figure # 115
Negative (clockwise) direction line integral denoted by  

Figure # 116
With a closed curve, the path c cannot be single-valued. Therefore, we divide the path
into two or more parts and treat each separately as a single-valued curve.

47 Dr. A.N.M. Rezaul Karim/Associate Professor/CSE/IIUC

 Figure # 117

Unless specially required otherwise, we always proceed round the closed curve in an
anticlockwise direction

Q # 91: Evaluate the line integral I   ( x 2 dx  2xydy ) where c comprises the three
C
sides of the triangle joining O(0,0), A(1,0) and B(0,1)
Answer: First draw the diagram and mark in c 1 , c 2 and c 3 the proposed directions of
integration. Do just that.

Figure # 118

The three sections of the path of integration must be arranged in an anticlockwise manner
round the figure. Now we deal with each part separately.
a) The equation of OA is:
y  y1 x  x1 y0 x0 y x
       y  x.0  y  0
y 1  y 2 x1  x 2 0 0 01 0 1

OA : c 1 is the line y  0  dy  0 , Then

I 1   ( x 2 dx  2xydy ) for this part becomes

48 Dr. A.N.M. Rezaul Karim/Associate Professor/CSE/IIUC

 1 1 1
2 2  x3  1
I 1   ( x dx  2x.0.0)   x dx    
0 0  3 0 3
y 0 x1 y x1
b) AB : c 2 is the line:     y  x  1
01 1 0 1 1
dy
  1  0  dy   dx
dx
Then
I 2   ( x 2 dx  2xydy ) for this part becomes
0 0 0 0
2 2 2 2  2x 2 x 3  2
I 2   {x dx  2x(  x  1)(  dx )}   ( x  2x  2x)(dx )   ( 2x  x )dx     
1 1 1  2 3 1 3

c) BO : c 3 is the line x  0  dx  0 , Then

I 1   ( x 2 dx  2xydy ) for this part becomes

I 1   (0 2 .0  2.0.ydy )  0
1 2 1
Finally I  I 1  I 2  I 3  0
3 3 3
Q # 92: Evaluate the area of a circle x  y 2  4 .
2

Figure # 119

Answer: Given x 2  y 2  4
 y 2  4  x2
 y   4  x2
The Equation of the upper curve ALB: y   4  x 2 between x  2 and x  2
And The equation of the lower curve BMA : y   4  x 2 between x  2 and x  2

49 Dr. A.N.M. Rezaul Karim/Associate Professor/CSE/IIUC

 x2 x1
We have, Area: A    ydx  {  F( x)dx   f ( x)dx}
x1 x2
2 2
 A   [  4  x 2 dx   { ( 4  x 2 )dx ]
2 2
2 2
 A   [  4  x 2 dx   4  x 2 dx ]
2 2
2 2
 A   [  4  x 2 dx   4  x 2 dx ]
2 2
2
 A   [2  4  x 2 dx ]
2
2
 A  ( 2)( 1)  4  x 2 dx
2
2
 A  2  4  x 2 dx ------------------------------(i)
2
2 a a
 A  2  2 4  x 2 dx [  f ( x )dx  2 f ( x )dx ]
0 a 0
2
 A  4  4  x 2 dx ------------------------------(ii)
0
Let, x  2 sin 
dx d
  ( 2 sin )
d d
dx
  2 cos 
d
 dx  2 cos d
Now, 4  x 2  4  ( 2 sin ) 2  4  4 sin 2   4(1  sin 2 )  4 cos 2   2 cos 

Given, x  2 sin 
   sin 1 ( x )
2

x 0 2
  sin ( x )
1
  sin 1 ( x )
2 2
  sin ( x ) 1
2 1 0
   sin ( ) 1 2
   sin ( )
2 2
1 1
   sin (0)    sin (1)
   sin 1 sin 0    sin 1 (sin )

0 2

50 Dr. A.N.M. Rezaul Karim/Associate Professor/CSE/IIUC

 

2

From (ii),
2
 A  4  4  x 2 dx
0

2
 A  4  4  ( 2 sin ) 2 2 cos  d
0

2
 A  4  4  4 sin 2  2 cos  d
0

2
 A  4  4(1  sin 2 ) 2 cos  d
0

2
 A  4  4 cos 2  2 cos  d
0

2
 A  4  2 cos   2 cos d
0

2
 A  4  4 cos 2 d
0

2
 A  4  2  2 cos 2 d
0

2
 A  8  2 cos 2 d
0

2
 A  8  (1  cos 2)d [ [2 cos 2   1  cos 2] ]
0

 sin 2  2
 A  8 
 2  0
  
  sin 2 
 A  8  (  0)  ( 2  0) 

 2 2 
 
  sin  
 A  8 
2 2 
 0
 A  8  
 2 2

51 Dr. A.N.M. Rezaul Karim/Associate Professor/CSE/IIUC

 
 A  8 
2
 A  4 Answer

Or from (i),
2
 A  2  4  x 2 dx ------------------------------(i)
2
Let, x  2 sin 
dx d
  ( 2 sin )
d d
dx
  2 cos 
d
 dx  2 cos d
Now, 4  x 2  4  ( 2 sin ) 2  4  4 sin 2   4(1  sin 2 )  4 cos 2   2 cos 

Given, x  2 sin 
x
 sin 
2
x
sin  
2
   sin 1 ( x )
2

x 2 2
  sin 1 ( x )   sin 1 ( x )
2 2
  sin 1 ( x )
2 1  2
   sin ( ) 1 2
   sin ( )
2 2
   sin 1 ( 1) 1
   sin (1)
    sin 1 (1) 
   sin 1 (sin )
 2
    sin 1 (sin )
2 

 2

2

From (i),
2
 A  2  4  x 2 dx
2

2
A2  4  ( 2 sin ) 2 2 cos  d

2

52 Dr. A.N.M. Rezaul Karim/Associate Professor/CSE/IIUC

 
2
A2  4  4 sin 2  2 cos  d

2

2
A2  4(1  sin 2 ) 2 cos  d

2

2
A 2  4 cos 2  2 cos  d

2

2
 A  2  2 cos   2 cos d

2

2
 A  2  4 cos 2 d

2

2
 A  2  2  2 cos 2 d

2

2
 A  4  2 cos 2 d

2

2
 A  4  (1  cos 2)d [2 cos 2   1  cos 2]

2
 
2 2
 A  4  1d  4  cos 2d
 
2 2

  sin 2  2
 A  4 2

 4 
2  2   2
   
 sin 2  sin 2  (  ) 
   2 2 )
 A  4  (  (   )  4 ( 
 2 2  2 2
 
 
     sin  sin(   ) 
 A  4 (  )   4 (  )
 2 2   2 2 
 2   sin  sin  
 A  4 ( )   4 (  ) [ sin(  )   sin ]
 2   2 2 
 0 0 
 A  4   4(  ) [ sin   0]
 2 2 
 A  4   4.0

53 Dr. A.N.M. Rezaul Karim/Associate Professor/CSE/IIUC

 A  4 Answer

Justification
We know Area of a circle is r 2
Here radius = r =2
 Area of a circle is r 2    2 2    4  4

54 Dr. A.N.M. Rezaul Karim/Associate Professor/CSE/IIUC