‭1. What is DBMS?

List advantages of DBMS‬

‭ ‬‭database-management‬‭system‬‭(DBMS)‬‭is‬‭a‬‭collection‬‭of‬‭interrelated‬‭data‬‭and‬‭a‬‭set‬‭of‬‭programs‬‭to‬‭access‬‭those‬‭data.‬‭The‬‭collection‬‭of‬‭data,‬‭usually‬
A
‭referred‬ ‭to‬ ‭as‬ ‭the‬ ‭database,‬ ‭contains‬ ‭information‬ ‭relevant‬ ‭to‬ ‭an‬ ‭enterprise.The‬ ‭primary‬ ‭goal‬ ‭of‬ ‭a‬ ‭DBMS‬ ‭is‬ ‭to‬ ‭provide‬ ‭a‬‭way‬‭to‬‭store‬‭and‬‭retrieve‬
‭database information that is both convenient and efficient.‬
‭Data‬‭Integrity,‬‭Data‬‭Security,‬‭Concurrency‬‭Control,‬‭Data‬‭Independence,‬‭Query‬‭Optimization,‬‭Scalability,‬‭ACID‬‭Properties,‬‭Data‬‭Dictionary,‬‭Backup‬‭and‬
‭Recovery, Data Redundancy Reduction, Data Access Control, Structured Query Language.‬

‭ . What are the problems with traditional file system? Explain how DBMS overcome these problems?‬
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‭1. Data Duplication: Traditional file systems lead to the same info being stored in multiple places, wasting storage space and making updates difficult.‬
‭2. Data Isolation: Data in files is like separate islands; it's not easy to access or share between different parts of a system or among users.‬
‭3. Data Inconsistency: Because data is spread across files, it's easy for different copies of the same data to become different, causing confusion.‬
‭4. Data Integrity: File systems don't check if data is correct; you can accidentally put the wrong information in a file.‬
‭5. Data Security: File systems often lack strong control over who can see and change data, making it vulnerable to unauthorized access.‬

‭ BMS solves these issues by:‬

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‭6. Centralization: Keeping all data in one place, making it easier to manage and update.‬
‭7. Normalization: Reducing redundancy by organizing data efficiently.‬
‭8. Data Accessibility: Allowing easy access and sharing of data among different parts of a system and users.‬
‭9. Enforcing Rules: Checking that data meets certain rules to ensure correctness.‬
‭10. Security Features: Providing strong control over who can access, modify, or delete data, ensuring it's safe from unauthorized access or tampering.‬

‭3. Compare traditional file system withy DBMS‬

‭DBMS‬ ‭File System‬

‭ BMS‬‭is‬‭a‬‭collection‬‭of‬‭data.‬‭In‬‭DBMS,‬‭the‬‭user‬‭is‬‭not‬‭required‬‭to‬‭write‬‭the‬
D ‭File‬‭system‬‭is‬‭a‬‭collection‬‭of‬‭data.‬‭In‬‭this‬‭system,‬‭the‬‭user‬‭has‬‭to‬‭write‬‭the‬
‭procedures.‬ ‭ rocedures for managing the database.‬
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‭DBMS gives an abstract view of data that hides the details.‬ ‭File‬ ‭system‬ ‭provides‬ ‭the‬ ‭detail‬ ‭of‬ ‭the‬ ‭data‬ ‭representation‬ ‭and‬ ‭storage‬‭of‬
‭ ata.‬
d

‭ BMS‬ ‭provides‬ ‭a‬ ‭crash‬ ‭recovery‬ ‭mechanism,‬ ‭i.e.,‬‭DBMS‬‭protects‬‭the‬‭user‬

D ‭File‬‭system‬‭doesn't‬‭have‬‭a‬‭crash‬‭mechanism,‬‭i.e.,‬‭if‬‭the‬‭system‬‭crashes‬‭while‬
‭from the system failure.‬ ‭ ntering some data, then the content of the file will b lost.‬
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‭DBMS provides a good protection mechanism.‬ ‭It is very difficult to protect a file under the file system.‬

‭ BMS‬ ‭contains‬ ‭a‬ ‭wide‬ ‭variety‬ ‭of‬ ‭sophisticated‬ ‭techniques‬ ‭to‬ ‭store‬ ‭and‬
D ‭File system can't efficiently store and retrieve the data.‬
‭retrieve the data.‬

‭DBMS takes care of Concurrent access of data using some form of locking.‬ ‭In‬‭the‬‭File‬‭system,‬‭concurrent‬‭access‬‭has‬‭many‬‭problems‬‭like‬‭redirecting‬‭the‬
‭ le while other deleting some information or updating some information.‬
fi

‭4. Explain different users of DBMS‬

-‭ ‬‭Database‬‭Administrator‬‭(DBA):‬‭The‬‭DBA‬‭is‬‭like‬‭the‬‭boss‬‭of‬‭the‬‭database.‬‭They‬‭set‬‭up‬‭how‬‭the‬‭database‬‭looks‬‭and‬‭make‬‭sure‬‭it's‬‭secure.‬‭They‬‭give‬
‭special keys (usernames and passwords) to people who need to use the database. They also fix problems and keep everything safe.‬
‭-‬‭Naive‬‭/‬‭Parametric‬‭End‬‭Users:‬‭These‬‭are‬‭regular‬‭people‬‭who‬‭use‬‭the‬‭database‬‭but‬‭don't‬‭know‬‭much‬‭about‬‭how‬‭it‬‭works.‬‭They‬‭just‬‭use‬‭it‬‭to‬‭get‬‭stuff‬
‭done, like booking train tickets or clerks in a bank.‬
‭- System Analyst: System analysts check if the regular people's needs are met by the database. They make sure everything works as it should.‬
‭-‬‭Sophisticated‬‭Users:‬‭These‬‭folks‬‭are‬‭experts.‬‭They‬‭can‬‭talk‬‭to‬‭the‬‭database‬‭directly‬‭using‬‭special‬‭language‬‭(SQL)‬‭and‬‭create‬‭custom‬‭things‬‭for‬‭their‬
‭needs.‬
‭-‬‭Database‬‭Designers:‬‭These‬‭are‬‭like‬‭the‬‭architects.‬‭They‬‭plan‬‭how‬‭the‬‭database‬‭should‬‭be‬‭built,‬‭like‬‭what‬‭information‬‭it‬‭should‬‭store‬‭and‬‭how‬‭it‬‭should‬
‭be organized.‬
‭-‬‭Application‬‭Programmers:‬‭They're‬‭the‬‭computer‬‭wizards‬‭who‬‭write‬‭the‬‭programs‬‭that‬‭talk‬‭to‬‭the‬‭database.‬‭They‬‭create‬‭the‬‭tools‬‭that‬‭regular‬‭people‬
‭use to access the database.‬
‭- Casual Users / Temporary Users: These folks only use the database now and then. They need fresh information every time they use it.‬
‭-‬‭Specialized‬‭Users:‬‭These‬‭are‬‭experts‬‭who‬‭build‬‭special‬‭tools‬‭that‬‭don't‬‭fit‬‭the‬‭usual‬‭way‬‭of‬‭working‬‭with‬‭data.‬‭They‬‭might‬‭create‬‭things‬‭like‬‭design‬
‭software or smart systems.‬
‭ . Explain the role of DBA.‬
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‭●‬ ‭Manages‬ ‭data‬ ‭integrity‬ ‭and‬ ‭security‬ ‭–Data‬ ‭integrity‬ ‭need‬ ‭to‬ ‭be‬ ‭checked‬ ‭and‬ ‭managed‬ ‭accurately‬ ‭as‬ ‭it‬ ‭protects‬ ‭and‬ ‭restricts‬ ‭data‬ ‭from‬
‭unauthorized use. DBA eyes on relationship within data to maintain data integrity.‬
‭●‬ ‭Decides‬ ‭hardware‬ ‭–They‬ ‭decides‬ ‭economical‬ ‭hardware,‬ ‭based‬ ‭upon‬ ‭cost,‬ ‭performance‬ ‭and‬ ‭efficiency‬ ‭of‬ ‭hardware,‬ ‭and‬ ‭best‬ ‭suits‬
‭organization. It is hardware which is interface between end users and database.‬
‭●‬ ‭Database‬ ‭design‬ ‭–DBA‬ ‭is‬ ‭held‬ ‭responsible‬ ‭and‬‭accountable‬‭for‬‭logical,‬‭physical‬‭design,‬‭external‬‭model‬‭design,‬‭and‬‭integrity‬‭and‬‭security‬
‭control.‬
‭●‬ ‭Database implementation –DBA implements DBMS and checks database loading at time of its implementation.‬
‭●‬ ‭Query processing performance –DBA enhances query processing by improving their speed, performance and accuracy.‬
‭●‬ ‭Tuning‬‭Database‬‭Performance‬‭–If‬‭user‬‭is‬‭not‬‭able‬‭to‬‭get‬‭data‬‭speedily‬‭and‬‭accurately‬‭then‬‭it‬‭may‬‭loss‬‭organization‬‭business.‬‭So‬‭by‬‭tuning‬
‭SQL commands DBA can enhance performance of database.‬

‭6. Explain three schema architecture of DBMS.‬

‭ he‬‭Three-Schema‬‭Architecture,‬‭also‬‭known‬‭as‬‭the‬‭ANSI-SPARC‬‭architecture,‬‭is‬‭a‬‭framework‬‭for‬‭structuring‬‭a‬‭Database‬‭Management‬‭System‬‭(DBMS).‬
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‭It separates the way data is viewed and accessed from the way it's physically stored. Here's an explanation in simple terms:‬
‭Three-Schema‬‭Architecture‬‭separates‬‭the‬‭way‬‭data‬‭is‬‭seen‬‭by‬‭end-users‬‭(external‬‭schema),‬‭the‬‭logical‬‭organization‬‭of‬‭the‬‭data‬‭(conceptual‬‭schema),‬
‭and‬ ‭the‬ ‭physical‬ ‭storage‬ ‭of‬ ‭data‬ ‭(physical‬ ‭schema).‬ ‭This‬ ‭separation‬ ‭makes‬ ‭it‬ ‭easier‬ ‭to‬ ‭manage‬ ‭and‬ ‭maintain‬‭large‬‭and‬‭complex‬‭databases‬‭while‬
‭providing flexibility for different user needs and optimizing data storage and retrieval.‬

‭1. **External Schema (View Level):**‬

‭- This is how the data is presented to the end-users.‬
‭- Think of it as the user interface or the "face" of the database.‬
‭- Each external schema represents a specific view of the data, tailored to the needs of different user groups.‬
‭- It hides the complexity of the underlying data structure, allowing users to interact with the data in a way that makes sense.‬

‭2. **Conceptual Schema (Logical Level):**‬

‭- This is like the blueprint of the database.‬
‭- It defines the overall structure of the data, including tables, relationships, and constraints.‬
‭- The conceptual schema is not concerned with how data is displayed; it's focused on ensuring data integrity and consistency.‬
‭- It acts as an link between the external schemas and the physical schema, providing a logical organization of the data.‬

‭3. **Physical Schema (Storage Level):**‬

‭- This represents how data is actually stored on the hardware, like on disks or in memory.‬
‭- It deals with the details of data storage, indexing, and optimization for performance.‬
‭-‬‭Changes‬‭in‬‭the‬‭physical‬‭schema,‬‭like‬‭moving‬‭data‬‭to‬‭a‬‭different‬‭storage‬‭device,‬‭don't‬‭impact‬‭the‬‭external‬‭or‬‭conceptual‬‭schemas.It's‬‭all‬‭about‬‭the‬
‭efficient and secure storage of data.‬
 ‭7. Explain the term Data independence and data abstraction w..r.t DBMS‬
*‭ *Data‬‭Independence:**‬‭Imagine‬‭you‬‭have‬‭a‬‭book‬‭with‬‭a‬‭table‬‭of‬‭contents.‬‭Data‬‭independence‬‭in‬‭a‬‭DBMS‬‭is‬‭like‬‭changing‬‭the‬‭page‬‭numbers‬‭or‬‭the‬
‭chapters‬‭without‬‭needing‬‭to‬‭rewrite‬‭the‬‭whole‬‭book.‬‭It‬‭means‬‭you‬‭can‬‭modify‬‭how‬‭the‬‭data‬‭is‬‭stored‬‭(like‬‭adding‬‭more‬‭chapters)‬‭without‬‭affecting‬‭how‬
‭people see and use the data (the table of contents).‬

*‭ *Data‬ ‭Abstraction:**‬ ‭Think‬ ‭of‬ ‭it‬ ‭as‬ ‭different‬‭levels‬‭of‬‭detail.‬‭Data‬‭abstraction‬‭in‬‭a‬‭DBMS‬‭provides‬‭a‬‭way‬‭to‬‭show‬‭different‬‭layers‬‭of‬‭information.‬‭For‬

‭example,‬‭you‬‭can‬‭look‬‭at‬‭a‬‭map‬‭and‬‭see‬‭just‬‭the‬‭country,‬‭then‬‭zoom‬‭in‬‭to‬‭see‬‭the‬‭state,‬‭then‬‭the‬‭city.‬‭Each‬‭level‬‭of‬‭detail‬‭is‬‭a‬‭different‬‭data‬‭abstraction,‬
‭and it lets you focus on what's important for your task without getting overwhelmed by all the details.‬

‭8. Draw and explain DBMS system architecture‬

‭ .‬ ‭**User‬ ‭Interface:**‬ ‭This‬ ‭is‬ ‭where‬ ‭users‬ ‭interact‬ ‭with‬ ‭the‬ ‭DBMS.‬ ‭It‬ ‭includes‬ ‭applications,‬ ‭forms,‬ ‭and‬ ‭queries‬ ‭that‬ ‭allow‬ ‭users‬‭to‬‭input,‬
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‭retrieve, and manipulate data.‬
‭2.‬‭**Query‬‭Processor:**‬‭When‬‭a‬‭user‬‭requests‬‭data‬‭or‬‭issues‬‭a‬‭query,‬‭the‬‭query‬‭processor‬‭takes‬‭care‬‭of‬‭understanding‬‭the‬‭query‬‭and‬‭figuring‬
‭out how to get the data from the database.‬
‭3.‬‭**Database‬‭Engine:**‬‭The‬‭database‬‭engine‬‭is‬‭the‬‭core‬‭of‬‭the‬‭DBMS.‬‭It‬‭manages‬‭the‬‭storage,‬‭retrieval,‬‭and‬‭manipulation‬‭of‬‭data.‬‭It‬‭includes‬
‭components for data storage, indexing, and transactions.‬
‭4.‬‭**Data‬‭Storage:**‬‭This‬‭is‬‭where‬‭the‬‭actual‬‭data‬‭is‬‭stored.‬‭It‬‭can‬‭be‬‭on‬‭disk‬‭drives,‬‭in-memory,‬‭or‬‭a‬‭combination‬‭of‬‭both,‬‭depending‬‭on‬‭the‬
‭DBMS. The data is organized into tables and files.‬
‭5.‬‭**Security‬‭and‬‭Authorization:**‬‭DBMS‬‭systems‬‭have‬‭security‬‭mechanisms‬‭to‬‭control‬‭who‬‭can‬‭access‬‭and‬‭modify‬‭data.‬‭Authorization‬‭rules‬
‭define what each user or role is allowed to do.‬
‭6.‬ ‭**Concurrency‬ ‭Control:**‬ ‭This‬ ‭component‬ ‭ensures‬ ‭that‬ ‭multiple‬ ‭users‬ ‭can‬ ‭access‬ ‭and‬ ‭modify‬ ‭data‬ ‭simultaneously‬ ‭without‬ ‭causing‬
‭conflicts or data corruption.‬
‭7.‬‭**Backup‬‭and‬‭Recovery:**‬‭DBMS‬‭systems‬‭include‬‭tools‬‭for‬‭making‬‭backups‬‭of‬‭the‬‭data‬‭and‬‭recovering‬‭it‬‭in‬‭case‬‭of‬‭system‬‭failures‬‭or‬‭data‬
‭loss.‬
‭8.‬‭**Query‬‭Optimizer:**‬‭This‬‭is‬‭a‬‭crucial‬‭part‬‭of‬‭the‬‭DBMS‬‭that‬‭decides‬‭how‬‭to‬‭execute‬‭queries‬‭most‬‭efficiently.‬‭It‬‭determines‬‭the‬‭best‬‭way‬‭to‬
‭access and retrieve data to ensure fast query response times.‬
‭9.‬ ‭**Data‬ ‭Dictionary:**‬ ‭The‬ ‭data‬ ‭dictionary‬ ‭is‬ ‭like‬ ‭a‬ ‭catalog‬ ‭that‬ ‭stores‬ ‭metadata‬ ‭about‬ ‭the‬ ‭database,‬‭including‬‭information‬‭about‬‭tables,‬
‭columns, constraints, and more. It helps the DBMS manage and organize the data.‬
‭10.‬‭**Data‬‭Abstraction‬‭Layers:**‬‭The‬‭DBMS‬‭typically‬‭has‬‭multiple‬‭layers‬‭of‬‭data‬‭abstraction,‬‭including‬‭external‬‭schemas‬‭(how‬‭users‬‭see‬‭the‬
‭data),‬ ‭a‬ ‭conceptual‬ ‭schema‬ ‭(the‬ ‭overall‬ ‭database‬ ‭design),‬ ‭and‬ ‭an‬ ‭internal‬ ‭schema‬‭(how‬‭the‬‭data‬‭is‬‭physically‬‭stored).‬‭These‬‭layers‬‭help‬
‭separate the concerns of different user groups.‬

‭ ‬ ‭DBMS‬ ‭architecture‬ ‭is‬ ‭a‬ ‭layered‬ ‭system‬ ‭that‬ ‭provides‬ ‭a‬ ‭structured‬ ‭approach‬ ‭to‬ ‭storing,‬ ‭managing,‬ ‭and‬ ‭accessing‬ ‭data,‬ ‭while‬ ‭offering‬
a
‭security, performance, and flexibility for different user needs.‬