Content

y The component and organization of the

data subsystem
y The design of the data subsystem
y The implementation of the control
subsystem as a sequential machine
y The specification and implementation of a
micro-programmed controller

Chapter 14: Data and Control Subsystem 2

 Data subsystem
y Data subsystem

1. Storage modules, such as register

or arrays of registers.
2. Function modules (operators).
3. Datapaths, composed of switches and
wires connecting storage and
functional modules.
4. Control points, which are points
where control signals are connected
to the modules
5. Condition points, which are points
corresponding to output signals used
by the control subsystem.

Chapter 14: Data and Control Subsystem 3

 Data subsystem
z Storage modules
- Register file: is an array of registers capable of performing
multiple read and write operation simultaneously on different
registers.

Chapter 14: Data and Control Subsystem 4

Data subsystem

Chapter 14: Data and Control Subsystem 5

Data subsystem
-Random-access memory : known as RAM, is a register array in which
only one operand (either read and write) on one register can be performed
at a time.

Chapter 14: Data and Control Subsystem 6

Data subsystem

Chapter 14: Data and Control Subsystem 7

Data subsystem
y Functional Modules (operations) performs transformation
on bit-vectors.
ALU để tính toán

op1, op2 là các phép toán

Chapter 14: Data and Control Subsystem 8

Data subsystem các BUS: là share datapaths

y Datapaths : Provide connection between components in the system,

such as wires (links or lines), switches.
y A datapath is unidirectional if the source and destination ends are
fixed and cannot be interchanged; otherwise, a datapath is
bidirectional. Bidirectional datapaths reduce the number of
connections, but the transmissions are limited to one at a time.
y A datapath is dedicated if it connects a unique source and destination.
A shared datapath, also called bus, provides for transmission between
several sources and destinations with the restriction that only one
transmission can occur at a time.
Data subsystem
y Datapaths : Provide connection between components in the system, such
as wires (links or lines), switches.
Unidirectional dedicated datapath (serial) Bidirectional dedicated datapath (parallel)

1 chiều 2 chiều

Shared datapath (bus)

nhiều đường, có
thêm switch

Chapter 14: Data and Control Subsystem 10

Data subsystem
- Switches :
Vector gate switches Vector selector
các data đi vào
tín hiệu để
chọn tín hiệu vào

Chapter 14: Data and Control Subsystem 11

Data subsystem
- Complete interconnection: called crossbar, in which m
simultaneous transfers are possible.

Chapter 14: Data and Control Subsystem 12

Data subsystem

load thanh ghi

Chapter 14: Data and Control Subsystem 13

Data subsystem
- Single bus interconnection: in which allows only one
source to be connected to the bus at a time.

đã load dữ liệu lên 4 thanh ghi,

nhưng một lần chỉ được 1 dữ liêu
qua tại 1 thời điểm

Chapter 14: Data and Control Subsystem 14

Data subsystem

Chapter 14: Data and Control Subsystem 15

 state machine ( trạng thái máy) bao gồm
mealy, more
Control subsystem
mức chuyển thanh ghi
The control subsystem of a RTL system is a (synchronous) sequential machine.

1. The inputs are the control inputs to the system and the
conditions from the data subsystem.
2. The outputs are the control signals.
3. There is one state per statement in the register-transfer
sequence, and the transition function corresponds to the
sequencing in the computation.
4. The output for each state corresponds to the signals that
control the activities in that state.

Chapter 14: Data and Control Subsystem 16

Control subsystem
y State assignment
- Specification of counter-based control functions.

Chapter 14: Data and Control Subsystem 17

Control subsystem
- Counter-based implementation of control subsystem.

Chapter 14: Data and Control Subsystem 18

Control subsystem
- Primitives for the one flip-flop per state approach

Unconditional, in which
there is only one successor
to a state.
Conditional, in which there
are several possible
successor depending on the
value of a condition.

Chapter 14: Data and Control Subsystem 19

Control subsystem
y Control signals
- Implementation alternatives for control signals

Moore-type implementation Mealy-type implementation

Chapter 14: Data and Control Subsystem 20

Control subsystem
- Clocked cell

Chapter 14: Data and Control Subsystem 21

A design example
Example : A system which performs
the following computation with out a
two-operand adder.
tính toán mà không sử dụng bộ cộng

Chapter 14: Data and Control Subsystem 22

A design example

các trạng thái máy

Chapter 14: Data and Control Subsystem 23

 A design example
tại waiting, có tín hiệu start thì
chuyển qua setup

abs_val: tính giá trị tuyệt đối

kiểm tra bit dấu kiểm tra, tính toán

1=âm iterate: lặp
0=dương multiply: nhân

dịch trái 2 bit để nhân 4

Chapter 14: Data and Control Subsystem 24

A design example
y Data subsystem

load data lên thanh ghi x,y

lệnh chọn đầu vào

Chapter 14: Data and Control Subsystem 25

A design example

bộ dồn kênh

2 thanh ghi

Chapter 14: Data and Control Subsystem 26

 THỰC HÀNH

A design example
- Structural description of incdec data subsystem

Chapter 14: Data and Control Subsystem 27

A design example
- Behavioral description of incdec data subsystem

Chapter 14: Data and Control Subsystem 28

A design example

Chapter 14: Data and Control Subsystem 29

A design example
y Structural description of the system
k là tín hiệu đầu ra của việc so sánh để đưa
vào khối Control. từ đó tạo ra 4 tín hiệu
điều khiển

Chapter 14: Data and Control Subsystem 30

A design example
y Modules in data system

Chapter 14: Data and Control Subsystem 31

A design example:
behavior description
y Control subsystem

Chapter 14: Data and Control Subsystem 32

A design example:
behavior description

Chapter 14: Data and Control Subsystem 33

A design example:
behavior description
khai báo biến ctrls

Chapter 14: Data and Control Subsystem 34

A design example:
Implementation

Chapter 14: Data and Control Subsystem 35

Microprogrammed controller
y Structure of a Microprogrammed controller

Chapter 14: Data and Control Subsystem 36

Microprogrammed controller
y Advantages and disadvantages

Chapter 14: Data and Control Subsystem 37

Microprogrammed controller
y Microinstruction Format
- A Control field.
+ Horizontal (unpacked, decoded)
+ Vertical (packed, encoded)
- A sequencing field.

Formats of the control field

Chapter 14: Data and Control Subsystem 38

Microprogrammed controller

(R1, R2, R6, XOR)

(R2, R6, R1, XOR)

Chapter 14: Data and Control Subsystem 39

Microprogrammed controller
y Microinstruction sequencing
Explicit sequencing : the address of the
next microinstruction is specified in a
separate field in the microinstruction
being executed.

Implicit sequencing : microinstructions

are executed in the order in which they
signals
are stored in the control store. Therefore,
no sequencing information is required in
the microinstructions, which contains only
the control field.

Chapter 14: Data and Control Subsystem 40

Microprogrammed controller
y Microinstruction timing

Chapter 14: Data and Control Subsystem 41

 Ví dụ

Microprogrammed controller
Example of microprogrammed system
- Data subsystem
1. A register file with eight registers of
eight bits each. Two read and one
write operations can be performed
simultaneously.
2. An arithmetic-logic unit (ALU) that
performs the operations, ADD, SUB,
XOR and INC; this unit also provides
conditions ZERO, NEG and CY.
3. An eight-bit input register.
4. An eight-bit output register.

Chapter 14: Data and Control Subsystem 42

Microprogrammed controller

Chapter 14: Data and Control Subsystem 43

Microprogrammed controller

Chapter 14: Data and Control Subsystem 44

Microprogrammed controller

Chapter 14: Data and Control Subsystem 45

Microprogrammed controller
- Control subsystem

•Implicit sequencing
•Two microinstruction formats:
operations and branch
• Output done is set and reset
by placing a 1 in fields s_d
and r_d, respectively

Chapter 14: Data and Control Subsystem 46

Microprogrammed controller

Chapter 14: Data and Control Subsystem 47

Microprogrammed controller

Chapter 14: Data and Control Subsystem 48

Microprogrammed controller

Chapter 14: Data and Control Subsystem 49

Microprogrammed controller

Chapter 14: Data and Control Subsystem 50

Microprogrammed controller
y Example: Count the number of 1’s in an 8-bit input vector

Specification of the system

for Example

Chapter 14: Data and Control Subsystem 51

Microprogrammed controller
Microprogram for Example

Chapter 14: Data and Control Subsystem 52

Microprogrammed controller
yCount the number of 1’s in an 8-bit input vector

R2: store input value x_in

R7: store number of 1’s in 8-bit input
R3: store how much number of x_in
have been checked.

Chapter 14: Data and Control Subsystem 53