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Module 11 - FOS

Fundamentals of Surveying (San Jose Community College)

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CHAPTER 11
HORIZONTAL CURVES

Curves used in horizontal planes to connect two straight tangent sections

are called horizontal curves. Two types are used: circular arcs and spirals. A simple
curve is a circular arc connecting two tangents. A compound curve is composed of
two or more circular arcs of different radii tangent to each other, with their centers
on the same side of the alignment. A broken-back curve is the combination of a
short length of tangent connecting two circular arcs that have centers on the same
side. A reverse curve consists of two circular arcs tangent to each other, with the
centers on opposite sides of the alignment. Figure 10.2. Spirals

Easement curves are desirable, especially for railroads and rapid transit
systems, to lessen the sudden change in curvature at the junction of a tangent and a
11.1. DEGREE OF CIRCULAR CURVE
circular curve. A spiral makes an excellent easement curve because its radius
decreases uniformly from infinity at the tangent to that of the curve it meets. Spirals The rate of curvature of circular curves can be designated either by their
are used to connect a tangent with a circular curve, a tangent with a tangent (double radius or by their degree of curve. There are two different designations for degree
spiral), and a circular curve with a circular curve. of curve, the arc definition and the chord definition, both of which are defined using
the English system of units. By the arc definition, degree of curvature is the central
The effect of centrifugal force on a vehicle passing around a curve can be
angle subtended by a circular arc of 100 ft. this definition is preferred for highway
balanced by superelevation, which raises the outer rail of a track or outer edge of a
work. By the chord definition, degree of curve is the angle at the center of a circular
highway pavement. Correct transition into superelevation on a spiral increase
arc subtended by a chord of 100 ft. this definition is convenient for very gentle
uniformly with the distance from the beginning of the spiral, and is in inverse
curves and hence is preferred for railroads.
proportion to the radius at any point.
1145.916
Arc definition: 𝑅= (Eq’n. 10.1)
𝐷
10
Chord definition: 𝑅= (Eq’n. 10.2)
sin(𝐷/2)

11.2. DERIVATION OF CIRCULAR CURVE FORMULAS

Circular curve elements are shown in Figure 10.1. The point of intersection
Figure 10.1. Circular Arcs
(PI), of the two tangents is called the vertex (V). In stationing, the back tangent
precedes the PI, the forward tangent it follows it. The beginning of the curve, or
point of curvature (PC), and the end of the curve, or point of tangency (PT), are also
sometimes called BC and EC, respectively. Other expressions for these points are

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𝐼
tangent to curve, TC, and to tangent, CT. The curve radius is R. Note that the radii 𝐿𝐶 = 2𝑅 sin (2) (Eq’n. 10.5)
at the PC and PT are perpendicular to the back tangent and forward tangent,
respectively. 𝐼
𝐸 = 𝑅 [sec (2) − 1] (Eq’n. 10.6)

𝐼
𝑀 = 𝑅 [1 − cos (2)] (Eq’n. 10.7)

INSTRUCTIVE PROBLEMS:

11.1. A simple curve has a central angle of 36° and a degree of curve of 6°. Find the
nearest distance from the midpoint of the curve to the point of intersection of
the tangents and compute the distance from the midpoint of the curve to the
midpoint of the long chord joining the point of curvature and point of tangency.

Solution:

Figure 10.3. Circular Curve Elements

The distance from PC to PI and from PI to PT is called the tangent distance

(T). The line connecting the PC and PT is the long chord (LC). The length of the
curve (L), is the distance from PC to PT, measured along the curve for the arc
definition, or by 100 ft chords for the chord definition.
The external distance (E) is the length from the PI to the curve midpoint on
a radial line. The middle ordinate (M) is the distance from the midpoint of the long
chord to the curve’s midpoint. Any point of the curve is POC; any point on tangent
POT. The degree of any curve is D. The change in direction of two tangents is the
intersection angle I, which is also equal to the central angle subtended by the curve.
By definition, and from inspection of Figure 10.3., relations for the arc
definition follow:
𝐿𝑐 = 𝑅𝐼 (where 𝐼 in radians) (Eq’n. 10.3)
𝐼
𝑇 = 𝑅 tan (2) (Eq’n. 10.4)

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11.2. A simple curve has an angle of intersection of 45° and a radius of 200 m. The 11.3. A curve of a diversion road has a tangent AB with direction due north and
point of intersection is at Station 2+982.84. Compute (a) the stationing of PT; tangent BC bearing N 70° E. Point A is at the PC whose stationing is 12+600.
(b) the deflection angle of station 2+937.7 from PC; (c) the right angle offset The degree of curve is 5°. Compute the long chord and the stationing of point
from station 2+937.7 on the curve to tangent through PC and (d) the degree of D on the curve along a line joining the center of the curve which makes an
curve using chord basis. angle of 40° (at E) with the tangent line passing through the PC. What is the
length of the line from D to E.
Solution:
Solution:

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11.3. COMPOUND AND REVERSE CURVES

Compound and reverse curves are combinations of two or more circular

curves. They should be used only for low-speed traffic routes, and in terrain where
simple curves cannot be fitted to the ground without excessive construction costs
since the rapid change in curvature causes unsafe driving conditions. A compound
curve can be staked with instrument setups at the beginning PC and ending PT, or
perhaps with one setup at the point of compound curvature (PCC) where the two
curves join. Reverse curves are handled in similar fashion.

Figure 10.4. Compound Curve Figure 10.5. Reverse Curve

INSTRUCTIVE PROBLEMS:
11.4. A compound curve has a common tangent 400 m long. The first curve through
the PC is a 3 degree curve with a central angle of 35°. Find the length of the
second curve if its central angle is 50° and find the station of PT if the PI of
the compound curve is at station 10+125.
Solution:

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11.5. The long chord from the PC to the PT of a compound curve is 250 m long and 11.6. Given the lines and direction as follows: AB = 57.6 m due East, BC = 91.5 m
the angles it makes with the tangent passing through PC and the tangent N 68° E, CD = 102.6 m azimuth of 312°.A reverse curve is to connect these
passing through PT are 14° and 18°, respectively. If the common tangent is three lines thus forming the center line of a new road. Compute the length of
parallel to the long chord. Find the radius of the first and second curve. If the common radius of the reverse curve. If the road has a total width of 7 meters
stationing of PC is 8+950, find the stationing of PT. (3.5 meters per lane), determine the total horizontal area of road to be paved.
Solution: Solution:

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11.4. SPIRAL CURVES

In Figure 10.6, illustrates the geometry of spirals connecting tangents with a
circular curve of radius R and degree of curvature D. The entrance spiral at the left
begins on the back tangent at the TS (tangent to spiral) and ends at the SC (spiral
to curve). The circular curve runs from the SC to the beginning of the exit spiral at
the CS (curve to spiral), and the exit spiral terminates on the forward tangent at the
ST (spiral to tangent).
The entrance and exit spirals are geometrically identical. Their lengths Ls, is
the arc distance from the TS to the SC, or CS to ST. If a tangent to the entrance
spiral (and curve) at the SC is projected to the back tangent, it locates the spiral
point of intersection SPI. The angle at the SPI between the two tangents is the spiral
Figure 10.7. Spiral Portion (ST to SC)
angle ∆𝑠 . From the basic property of a spiral, that is, its radius uniformly from
infinity at the TS to the radius of the circular curve at the SC, it follows that the Summary of Formulas as for Spiral Curve
spiral’s degree of curve changes uniformly from 0 degree at the TS to D at the SC.
𝐿2
Spiral Angle: ∅ = 2𝑅 (Eq’n 10.8)
𝑐 𝐿𝑠

∅
Deflection Angle: 𝑖=3 (Eq’n 10.9)

𝐿3
Offset Distance: 𝑥 = 6𝑅 (Eq’n10.10)
𝑐 𝐿𝑠

Distance from TS to any point on the spiral along the spiral tangent
𝐿5
𝑦 = 𝐿 − 40𝑅 2𝐿 2 (Eq’n10.11)
𝑐 𝑠

∅ 𝐿 2
Relationship between ∅ and 𝐿: =( ) (Eq’n10.12)
∅𝑠 𝐿𝑠

𝑥𝑐
Length of Throw: 𝑃= (Eq’n10.13)
4

Spiral Angle of Intersection: 𝐼𝑠 = 𝐼𝑐 + 2∅𝑠 (Eq’n10.14)

𝐿𝑠 𝐼
Figure 10.6. Spiral Curve Length of Spiral Tangents: 𝑇𝑠 = 2
+ (𝑃 + 𝑅𝑐 ) tan 2𝑠 (Eq’n10.15)
𝐼
External Distance: 𝐸𝑠 = (𝑃 + 𝑅𝑐 ) sec 𝑠 − 𝑅𝑐 (Eq’n10.16)
2

Rate of Change of Normal Acceleration:

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𝑉3
𝛼= (Eq’n10.17)
𝐿𝑅

0.036𝐾 3
Desirable Length of Spiral: 𝐿𝑠 = (Eq’n10.18)
𝑅𝑐

𝑉2
Impact Factor: 𝐼𝐹 = tan(∅ + 𝜃) = 𝑔𝑅 (Eq’n10.19)

0.0079𝐾 2
Design of Superelevation: 𝑒= (Eq’n10.20)
𝑅

INSTRUCTIVE PROBLEMS:
11.7. The tangent of a simple curve has azimuths 240° and 300° respectively. The
radius of simple curve is 300 m. Without changing the direction of the two
tangents and the point of tangency shall remain the same, the simple is to be
replaced by another curve having 100 m spirals at its ends. Find the following:
a. The radius of the new circular curve.
b. The length of throw of the spiral curve.
c. The central angle of the circular curve.
d. The external distance of the spiral.
e. The deflection angle at the end point of the spiral easement curve.
f. The offset from tangent at the end point of the spiral.
g. The offsets from tangent at first quarter point and third point of the
spiral.
h. The distance along tangent at the end point of the spiral.
i. The distance along tangent at the midpoint of the spiral.
Solution:

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11.8.The length of spiral curve is 100-m with radius of 250 meters at the central
angle. The tangent passing through TS and ST intersect each other at 60°.
a. Determine the offset distance from the tangent on the first quarter point of
the spiral.
b. Determine the spiral angle at third quarter point.
c. Determine the deflection angle at third quarter point from the tangent to the
spiral at TS.
d. Determine the length of the short tangent of the spiral.
e. Determine the length of the long tangent of the spiral.
f. Determine the length of throw for the spiral curve
g. Determine the length of the spiral tangents.
h. Determine the external distance of the spiral.
i. What is the maximum velocity that a car could pass through the spiral
easement curve.
Solution:

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11.5. STAKING OUT A CURVE Because of some obstruction or the length of the curve, it is frequently
necessary to set the instrument at a station on the curve. From the figure, it is
The data which are usually given before a curve is staked out, include the desirable to set the instrument at station 2 and to continue setting stations on the
location and station number of the PI, the angle of intersection, and the degree of curve from that point. Accordingly, stations 1 and 2 are set as usual from the PC
curve, and other parts of the curve. From these data the necessary computations are and the instrument is then removed to station 2.
made after which the fieldwork is executed. The successive steps in this procedure
as follows:
1. The various functions of the curve are computed by the use of formula.
2. The deflection angles are computed and properly arranged in the field
book.
3. The distance of T, is measured from the PI along each of the tangents
to set the PT and PC.
4. The transit is set-up at the PC and properly oriented.
5. The deflection angles are turned off with the transit and corresponding
length of chords are measured, thus to establish the successive points
along the curve.

With the transit at station 2, set the A vernier to read zero and with the
telescoped inverted, sight the PC. Plunge the telescope to the normal position and
turn the deflection angle for station 3 which has previously been calculated and
recorded in the notes. Again, if it were necessary to set the transit at station 4, it
would be found by similar analysis that the correct procedure would be to set the
vernier to read the deflection angle previously computed for the backsight, for
station 2; sight on station 2 with the telescope inverted; plunge the instrument and
turn off the deflection angle which has previously been recorded in the noted for
each following station.

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SOLUTIONS AND ANSWERS TO INSTRUCTIVE PROBLEMS: 𝐿𝑐 = 2937.7 − 2900.0 = 37.7 𝑚

11.1. Given data: 𝐼 = 36°, 𝐷 = 6° 𝐿𝑐 37.7 180°
𝐷= 𝑅
= 200
= 0.1885 𝑚 × 𝜋
Find: 𝑒, 𝑚
𝑫 = 𝟏𝟎. 𝟖°
Using the equation of simple curve:
c. Right angle offset from 𝑆𝑡𝑎. 2 + 937.7.
𝐼
𝑒= 𝑅 [sec 2 − 1] 𝐷 10.8°
𝐿𝐶2+937.7 = 2𝑅 sin 2 = 2(200) sin ( ) = 37.64 𝑚
2
Determine the radius of the curve, using arc basis. 𝐷 10.8°
𝑥2+937.7 = 𝐿𝐶2+937.7 sin 2 = 37.64 sin ( 2
)
1145.916
𝑅= 𝐷
; 𝐷 must be in degree form;
𝒙𝟐+𝟗𝟑𝟕.𝟕 = 𝟑. 𝟓𝟒 𝒎
1145.916
𝑅= 6
= 190.986 𝑚 d. Degree of curve using chord basis.
36° 10 10
𝑒 = 190.986 [sec ( 2
)− 1] 𝐷 = 2 sin−1 = 2 sin−1 (200)
𝑅

𝒆 = 𝟗. 𝟖𝟐𝟖 𝒎 𝑫 = 𝟓. 𝟕𝟑°
𝐼
𝑚 = 𝑅 [1 − cos 2] 11.3. Given data: 𝐼 = 70°, 𝐷 =
5°, 𝑆𝑡𝑎. @ 𝑃𝐶 = 12 + 600
36°
𝑚 = 190.986 [1 − cos ( 2
)] a. Determine the long chord.
𝒎 = 𝟗. 𝟑𝟒𝟖 𝒎 𝐿𝐶 = 2𝑅 sin 2
𝐼

11.2. Given data: 𝐼 = 45°, 𝑅 = 200 𝑚, 𝑆𝑡𝑎. @ 𝑃𝐼 = 2 + 982.84

Determine 𝑅, using arc basis/chord basis.
a. Stationing of PT: 1145.916 1145.916
𝑅= =
𝐼 45° 𝐷 5°
𝑇 = 𝑅 tan 2 = 200 tan = 82.84 𝑚
2
𝑅 = 229.18 𝑚
𝑆𝑡𝑎. @ 𝑃𝐶 = 2982.84 − 82.84 = 2 + 900.00
𝜋
𝐿𝑐 = 𝑅𝐼 = 200 (45° × 180°) = 157.08 𝑚

𝑆𝑡𝑎. @ 𝑃𝑇 = 2900.00 + 157.08

𝑺𝒕𝒂. @ 𝑷𝑻 = 𝟑 + 𝟎𝟓𝟕. 𝟎𝟖
b. Deflection angle of station 2 + 937.7 from PC.

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70° 𝑇 = 𝑇1 + 𝑇2
𝐿𝐶 = 2(229.18) sin ( 2
)
𝑇2 = 𝑇 − 𝑇1
𝑳𝑪 = 𝟐𝟔𝟐. 𝟗𝟎 𝒎
𝑇2 = 400 − 120.435
b. The stationing of point D.
𝑇2 = 279.565 𝑚
∅ = 90° − 40° = 50°
𝑇2 279.565
𝐿𝑐𝐴𝐷 = 𝑅∅ 𝑅2 = =
𝐼 50°
tan 22 tan
𝜋 2
𝐿𝑐𝐴𝐷 = 229.18 (50° × 180°)
𝑅2 = 599.528 𝑚
𝐿𝑐𝐴𝐷 = 200.00 𝑚
𝐿𝑐2 = 𝐼2 𝑅2 =
𝑆𝑡𝑎. 𝑎𝑡 𝐷 = 12,600 + 200 599.528 (50° × 180°)
𝜋

𝑺𝒕𝒂. 𝒂𝒕𝑫 = 𝟏𝟐 + 𝟖𝟎𝟎

𝑳𝒄𝟐 = 𝟓𝟐𝟑. 𝟏𝟖𝟕 𝒎
c. The length of line DE.
b. Station of PT.
𝑅
cos ∅ = ̅̅̅̅
𝑅+𝐷𝐸 Let 𝑥 be the distance from the PI of the first curve to the PI of the compound curve.
To determine this distance, may we use the Sine Law.
̅̅̅̅ = 𝑅 − 𝑅
𝐷𝐸
cos ∅
𝑥 𝑇 𝑇 sin 𝐼
2
229.18
= sin(180°−𝐼); 𝑥 = sin(180°−𝐼)
sin 𝐼2
̅̅̅̅ =
𝐷𝐸 − 229.18
cos 50°
400 sin 50°
̅̅̅̅ = 𝟏𝟐𝟕. 𝟑𝟔 𝒎 𝑥 = sin(180°−85°) = 307.588 𝑚
𝑫𝑬
11.4. Given data: 𝑇 = 400 𝑚, 𝐷1 = 3°, 𝐼1 = 35°, 𝐼2 = 50°, 𝑃𝐼 = 10 + 125 𝑆𝑡𝑎. 𝑃𝐶 = 𝑆𝑡𝑎. 𝑃𝐼 − 𝑥 − 𝑇1

a. The length of the second curve. 𝑆𝑡𝑎. 𝑃𝐶 = 10,125 − 307.588 − 120.435

𝑅1 =
1145.916
=
1145.916 𝑆𝑡𝑎. 𝑃𝐶 = 9 + 696.977
𝐷 3°
𝜋
𝑅1 = 381.972 𝑚 𝐿𝑐1 = 𝑅1 𝐼1 = 381.972 (35° × ) = 233.333 𝑚
180°

𝑇1 = 𝑅1 tan 𝐼1 𝑆𝑡𝑎. 𝑃𝑇 = 𝑆𝑡𝑎. 𝑃𝐶 + 𝐿𝑐1 + 𝐿𝑐2

𝑇1 = 381.972 tan
35° 𝑆𝑡𝑎. 𝑃𝑇 = 9,696.977 + 233.333 + 523.187
2
𝑺𝒕𝒂. 𝑷𝑻 = 𝟏𝟎 + 𝟒𝟓𝟑. 𝟒𝟗𝟕
𝑇1 = 120.435 𝑚

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11.5. Given data: 𝐿𝐶 = 250 𝑚, 𝐼1 = 14°, 𝐼2 = 18°, 𝑃𝐶 = 8 + 950 𝜋

𝐿𝑐1 = 𝑅1 𝐼1 = 582.115 (14° × 180°) = 142.238 𝑚

𝜋
𝐿𝑐2 = 𝑅2 𝐼2 = 353.292 (18° × 180°) = 110.990 𝑚

𝑆𝑡𝑎. 𝑃𝑇 = 𝑆𝑡𝑎. 𝑃𝐶 + 𝐿𝑐1 + 𝐿𝑐2

𝑆𝑡𝑎. 𝑃𝑇 = 8,950 + 142.238 + 110.990
𝑺𝒕𝒂. 𝑷𝑻 = 𝟗 + 𝟐𝟎𝟑. 𝟐𝟐𝟖
11.6. Given data: 𝑇 = 91.5 𝑚
𝐼1 = 90° − 68° = 22°
a. Radius of the first and second curve.
𝐼2 = 312° − 180° − 68° = 64°
From the triangle PC-PCC-PT, determine the long chord of the first and second
curve using sine law. a. Common radius of the reverse curve.
𝐼 𝐼 𝐼 𝐼
𝐿𝐶
=
𝐿𝐶1
=
𝐿𝐶2 𝑇 = 𝑇1 + 𝑇2 = 𝑅1 tan 21 + 𝑅2 tan 22 = 𝑅 tan 21 + 𝑅 tan 22
𝐼 𝐼
sin(180°− 1 − 2 ) 𝐼 𝐼
2 2
sin 2⁄2 sin 1⁄2
22° 64°
250 𝐿𝐶1 𝐿𝐶2 91.5 = 𝑅 [tan 2
+ tan ]
2
= =
sin(180°−14°⁄2−18°⁄2) sin18°⁄2 sin14°⁄2
𝑹 = 𝟏𝟏𝟏. 𝟔𝟖𝟖 𝒎
250 sin 9°
𝐿𝐶1 = sin 164°
= 141.884 𝑚
250 sin 7°
𝐿𝐶2 = sin 164°
= 110.534 𝑚
𝐼
𝐿𝐶 = 2𝑅 sin
2
𝐿𝐶1 141.884
𝑅1 = 𝐼 = 2 sin 7°
2 sin 1⁄2

𝑹𝟏 = 𝟓𝟖𝟐. 𝟏𝟏𝟓 𝒎
𝐿𝐶2 110.534
𝑅2 = 𝐼 = 2 sin 9°
2 sin 2⁄2

𝑹𝟐 = 𝟑𝟓𝟑. 𝟐𝟗𝟐 𝒎
b. Stationing of PT.

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b. The horizontal area of road to be paved. 𝐿𝑠 2

𝑥𝑐 6𝑅𝑐 𝐿 2
𝑠 (100)2 1250
𝑃= 4
=
4
= 24𝑅 = 24𝑅𝑐
= 3𝑅𝑐
𝐼 22° 𝑐
𝑇1 = 𝑅1 tan 21 = 111.689 tan 2 = 21.710 𝑚
60° 173.205−50
𝐼 64°
tan 2
= 1250
𝑇2 = 𝑅2 tan 22 = 111.689 tan 2 = 69.791 𝑚 𝑅𝑐 +
3𝑅𝑐

Note that 𝑅 is measured with respect to the centerline of the road. 𝑹𝒄 = 𝟐𝟏𝟏. 𝟒𝟏 𝒎

𝐴𝐴−𝑃𝐶 = 7 × (57.6 − 21.71) = 251.23 𝑠𝑞. 𝑚. b. Length of throw of the spiral curve.
1250 1250
𝐴𝑃𝐶−𝑃𝐶𝐶 = 𝐴𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 − 𝐴𝑖𝑛𝑛𝑒𝑟 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑃= 3𝑅𝑐
= 3(211.41)
22° 𝜋
𝐴𝑃𝐶−𝑃𝐶𝐶 = 2
[(111.689 + 3.5)2 − (111.689 − 3.5)2 ] × 180° 𝑷 = 𝟏. 𝟗𝟕𝟏 𝒎

𝐴𝑃𝐶−𝑃𝐶𝐶 = 300.198 𝑠𝑞. 𝑚. c. Central angle of the circular curve.

𝐿 100 180°
𝐴𝑃𝐶𝐶−𝑃𝑇 = 𝐴𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 − 𝐴𝑖𝑛𝑛𝑒𝑟 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝐼𝑐 = 𝐼 − 2𝜃𝑠 = 𝐼 − 2 (2𝑅𝑠 ) = 60° − 2 [2(211.41)] × 𝜋
𝑐
64° 2 2] 𝜋
𝐴𝑃𝐶𝐶−𝑃𝑇 = [(111.689 + 3.5) − (111.689 − 3.5) × 180° 𝑰𝒄 = 𝟑𝟐°𝟓𝟒′
2

𝐴𝑃𝐶𝐶−𝑃𝑇 = 873.305 𝑠𝑞. 𝑚. d. External distance of the spiral.

𝑅𝑐 +𝑃 211.41+1.971
𝐴𝑃𝑇−𝐷 = 7 × (102.6 − 69.791) = 229.663 𝑠𝑞. 𝑚. 𝐸= 𝐼 − 𝑅𝑐 = 60° − 211.41
cos cos
2 2
𝐴 𝑇 = 251.23 + 300.198 + 873.305 + 229.663
𝑬 = 𝟑𝟒. 𝟗𝟖𝟏 𝒎
𝑨𝑻 = 𝟏, 𝟔𝟓𝟒. 𝟑𝟗𝟔 𝒔𝒒. 𝒎.
e. Deflection angle at the end point of the spiral easement curve.
11.7. Given data: 𝑅 = 300 𝑚, 𝐿𝑠 = 100 𝑚
𝜃𝑠 𝐿 100 180°
𝑖𝑐 = = 6𝑅𝑠 = 6(211.41) ×
𝐼 = 300° − 240° = 60° 3 𝑐 𝜋

a. Radius of the new circular curve. 𝒊𝒄 = 𝟒. 𝟓𝟐°

𝐼 60° f. Offset from tangent at the endpoint of the spiral

𝑇 = 𝑅 tan 2 = 300 tan = 173.205 𝑚
2
𝐿 2 (100)2
𝐼 𝑇−𝑧 𝑥𝑐 = 6𝑅𝑠 = 6(211.41)
tan 2 = 𝑐
𝑅𝑐 +𝑃

𝐿𝑠 100
𝒙𝒄 = 𝟕. 𝟖𝟖𝟒 𝒎
𝑧= 2
= 2
= 50 𝑚
g. Offset from tangent at first quarter point and third point of the spiral

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𝐿3 (25)3 d. Length of the short tangent of the spiral

𝑥1 = =
6𝐿𝑠 𝑅𝑐 6(100)(211.41)
𝑥
𝑆𝑇 = sin𝑐𝜃
𝒙𝟏 = 𝟎. 𝟏𝟐𝟑 𝒎 𝑠

𝐿3 (75)3 𝐿 2 (100)2
𝑥3 = 6𝐿 = 6(100)(211.41) 𝑥𝑐 = 6𝑅𝑠 = = 6.67 𝑚
6(250)
𝑠 𝑅𝑐 𝑐

𝐿 100 180°
𝒙𝟑 = 𝟑. 𝟑𝟐𝟔 𝒎 𝜃𝑠 = 2𝑅𝑠 = 2(250) × 𝜋
= 11.46°
𝑐

h. Distance along tangent at the endpoint of the spiral 𝑥 6.67

𝑆𝑇 = sin𝑐𝜃 = sin 11.46°
3 𝑠
𝐿 (100)3
𝑦𝑐 = 𝐿𝑠 − 40𝑅𝑠 2 = 100 − 40(211.41)2
𝑐 𝑺𝑻 = 𝟑𝟑. 𝟓𝟓𝟕 𝒎
𝒚𝒄 = 𝟗𝟗. 𝟒𝟒𝟏 𝒎 e. Length of the long tangent of the spiral
i. Distance along tangent at the midpoint of the spiral 𝐿𝑇 = 𝑦𝑐 − 𝑆𝑇 cos 𝜃𝑠
𝐿5 (50)5 𝐿 3 (100)3
𝑦2 = 𝐿 − 40𝐿 2𝑅 2 = 50 − 40(100)2 (211.41)2 𝑦𝑐 = 𝐿𝑠 − 40𝑅𝑠 2 = 100 − 40(250)2 = 99.6 𝑚
𝑠 𝑐
𝑐

𝒚𝟐 = 𝟒𝟗. 𝟗𝟖𝟐 𝒎 𝐿𝑇 = 99.6 − 33.557 cos 11.46°

11.8. Given data: 𝑅𝑐 = 250 𝑚, 𝐿𝑠 = 100 𝑚, 𝐼𝑠 = 60° 𝑳𝑻 = 𝟔𝟔. 𝟕𝟏𝟐 𝒎
a. Offset distance from the tangent on the first quarter point of the spiral f. Length of throw for the spiral curve
𝐿3 (25)3 𝑥𝑐 6.67
𝑥1 = = 𝑝= =
6𝐿𝑠 𝑅𝑐 6(100)(250) 4 4

𝒙𝟏 = 𝟎. 𝟏𝟎𝟒 𝒎 𝒑 = 𝟏. 𝟔𝟔𝟕 𝒎

b. Spiral angle at the third quarter point g. Length of the spiral tangents
𝐿2 (75)2 𝐿𝑠 𝐼 100 60°
𝜃3 = 2𝐿 = 2(100)(250) 𝑇𝑠 = 2
+ (𝑃 + 𝑅𝑐 ) tan 2𝑠 = 2
+ (1.667 + 250) tan
2
𝑠 𝑅𝑐

𝜽𝟑 = 𝟎. 𝟏𝟏𝟐 𝒓𝒂𝒅 𝒐𝒓 𝟔. 𝟒𝟓° 𝑻𝒔 = 𝟏𝟗𝟓. 𝟑𝟎 𝒎

c. Deflection angle at third quarter point from the tangent to the spiral h. External distance of the spiral
𝐼 60°
𝑖3 =
𝜃3
=
6.45° 𝐸𝑠 = (𝑃 + 𝑅𝑐 ) sec 2𝑠 − 𝑅𝑐 = (1.667 + 250) sec − 250
3 3 2

𝒊𝟑 = 𝟐. 𝟏𝟓° 𝑬𝒔 = 𝟒𝟎. 𝟔𝟎 𝒎

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i. Maximum velocity REVIEW EXERCISES:

11.1. A 5° curve intersects a property line CD at point D. The back tangent intersects
0.036𝑉 3
𝐿𝑠 = 𝑅𝑐
the property line at point C which is 105.270 m from the PC, which is at station
2+040. The angle that the property line CD makes with the back tangent is
0.036𝑉 3 110°50’. (a) Determine the distance CD. (b) Determine the stationing of point
100 =
250
D.
𝑽 = 𝟖𝟖. 𝟓𝟔 𝒌𝒑𝒉 11.2. The deflection angles of two intermediate points A and B of a highway curve
are 4°15’ and 9°15’, respectively. The chord distance between points A and B
is 20 m while the long chord is 120 m, stationing of PI is 80+060. Find the
stationing of PC and PT.
11.3. Two tangents intersecting at V with bearings N 75°12’ E and S 78°36’ E are
connected with a 4° simple curve. Without changing the direction of the two
tangents and with the same angle of intersection, it is required to shorten the
curve to 100 m starting from PC. By how much shall the PT be moved and in
what direction? What is the distance between the two parallel tangents?
11.4. The bearing of the back tangent of a simple curve is N 70° E, while the forward
tangent has a bearing of S 82°30’ E. The degree of curve is 4.5°. Stationing of
PC is at 10+345.43. It is proposed to decrease the central angle by changing
the direction of the forward tangent by an angle of 7°, in such a way that the
position of the PT of the forward tangent and the direction of the back tangent
shall remain unchanged. Determine the new radius of the curve and stationing
of the new PC.
11.5. Two tangents intersecting at Station 8+095.21 have azimuth of 260° and 284°
respectively, and are to be connected with a 5° simple curve. Without changing
the directions of tangents, it is required to find the radius and the station of the
PC of the new curve such that the new PT is 5 meters directly opposite but
outside the old PT. Use arc basis.
11.6. Two tangent intersecting at V which is inaccessible has an angle of intersection
of 30°. Two points C and D are laid out on the tangent through the PC and PT.
The bearing and distance of the line joining C and D is S 80°30’ E, 86.42 m
respectively. The highway engineer would like to construct a highway curve
which shall be tangent to the two tangent lines as well as the line CD. Find the
radius and the degree of curve that could be laid out. If V is at Sta. 10+352.24,
find the stationing of the PI. Bearing of back tangent N 86°30’ E while that of
forward tangent is S 63°30’ E.
11.7. Two tangents intersects at an angle of 28°30’ at V whose stationing is at
10+362.40. If the external distance were increased by 6 m, what could be the

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change in direction of the second tangent line, with the first tangent line curve that will still be tangent to the three lines. Determine the stations of the
remaining in the same direction in order that the degree of curve does not revised PC and PT if station N is at 1+975.
change? PC is at stationing 10+272.40. The bearing of the tangent through the 11.14. A compound curve is laid out 480 m from the PC to the PCC having a radius
PC is N 72°30’ E. Find also the stationing of the new PT. of 763.94 m then from the PCC another curve was laid out to the PT 250 m
11.8. Two tangents of a simple curve have azimuth of 250°15’ and 280°15’ long with a radius of 208.85 m. If the stationing of the point of intersection of
respectively and intersects at V at station 10+314.62. It is required to shorten the tangents is 10+432.25, determine the stationing of the PC and the length
the curve to point C on the curve having a direction of N 84°15’ W, 50.42 m of the long chord from the PC to the PT.
from the old PT without changing the degree of curve and the PC. Determine 11.15. Given a compound curve with a long chord equal to 135 m forming an angle
the stationing of the new PT and new vertex. of 12° and 18° respectively with the tangents. The common tangent is parallel
11.9. The highway engineer of a certain road construction decided to use a radius of to the long chord. Determine the radii of the compound curve.
100 m in laying out a simple curve having an angle of intersection of 36°20’. 11.16. Given broken line AB = 57.6 m, BC = 91.5 m, and CD = 91.5 m. A reverse
The stationing of the vertex is 30+375.20 after verifying the actual conditions curve is to connect these three lines thus forming the center line of a new road.
of the proposed route, it was found out that the PT should be moved out in a a. Find the length of the common radius of the reverse curve.
parallel tangent having a perpendicular distance of 10 meters with the angle of b. Find the total length of the reverse curve.
intersection remaining the same while the curve shall have the same PC. c. If the PC is at Sta. 10+000, what are the stationing of PRC and PT?
Determine the radius of this new curve and the stationing of the new PT. d. What is the total area included in the right of way in this section of the road
11.10. Two tangents intersect at station 2+550. A compound curve laid on their (A to D) if the road width is 15 m?
tangents has the following data: I1 = 31°, I2 = 36°, D1 = 3° and D2 = 5°. (a)
Compute the stationing of the PC, PCC and PT of the curve. (b) If the PT is
moved 15 m out, compute the station of the PT with the PCC on the same
point.
11.11. The long chord of a compound curve is 425 m long and the angles that it
makes with tangents of the curve are 20° and 24° respectively. Find the radius
of the compound curve if the common tangent is parallel to the long chord.
11.12. The common tangent AB of a compound curve makes an angle with the
tangents of the compound curve of 25°30’ and 30° respectively. The stationing
of A of 10+362.42. The degree of curve of the first curve is 4°30’ while that
of the second curve is 5°. It is required to change this compound curve with a
simple curve that shall end at the same PT while the direction of the tangents 11.17. Three simple curves are connected to each other such that the first and
remains the same. Find the radius of this simple curve and the stationing of the the second form a compound curve while the second and the third formed a
new PC. reversed curve. The distance between the point of curvature and the point of
11.13. Traverse lines MN, NO, OP are centerlines of a portion of a proposed tangency of the compound curve which is also the point of reversed curvature
highway. Respectively the bearings and distances are; MN due north, 277.60 of the reversed curve is 485.025 meters. If the angle of convergence between
meters; NO N 26°40’ E, 107.00 meters, OP N 61°30’ E, 200.00 meters. A the second and the third tangent is 15°, I1 = 45°, R1 = 190.986 meters, I2 = 60°,
previously designed compound curve connected these three tangent lines with R3 = 159.155 meters and stationing at PC is to 0+520, determine:
the PCC at station 2+012. It is desired to revise the system into a single circular a. The stationing at PT the end of the long chord.
b. The angles made by the long chord of the compound curve with the tangents.

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11.18. A reversed curve with diverging tangents is to be designed to connect 11.24. A spiral 80 m long connects a tangent with a 6°30’ circular curve. If
three traverse lines for a portion of the proposed highway. The lines T10 – T11 the stationing of the TS is 10+000, and the gauge of the tract on the curve is
is 185 meters, T11 – T12 is 122.40 meters, and T12 – T13 is 285 meters. The 1.5 m. Determine the following:
azimuth are due East, 242° and 302°, respectively. Calculate the cost of the a. The elevation of the outer rail at the mid-point, if the velocity of the fastest
concrete pavement along the curves (reversed) from the PC to the PT based train to pass over the curve is 60 kph.
on the following highway cost index and specifications: b. The spiral angle at the first quarter point.
Type of Pavement = Item 311 (Portland Cement) c. The deflection angle at the end point.
Number of Lanes = Two (2) lanes d. The offset from the tangent at the second quarter point.
Width of Pavement = 3.05 m per lane 11.25. The tangents of a spiral curve has azimuths of 226° and 221°
Thickness of Pavement = 20 cm respectively. The minimum length of spiral is 40 m with a minimum super-
Unit Cost = P460.00 per square meter elevation of 0.10 m/m width of roadway. The maximum velocity to pass over
It is necessary that the PRC must be one fourth the distance of T11 – T12 from the curve is 70 kph. Assume width of roadway to be 9 m.
T11. a. Determine the degree of simple curve.
11.19. The perpendicular distance between two parallel tangents is equal to 8 b. Determine the length of spiral at each end of simple curve.
meters, central angle equal to 8° and the radius of curvature of the first curve 11.26. A simple curve having a radius of 280 m connects two tangents
equal to 175 m. Find the radius of the second curve of the reversed curve. intersecting at an angle of 50°. It is to be replaced by another curve having 80
11.20. Two converging tangents have azimuth of 300° and 270°, respectively, m spirals at its ends such that the point of tangency shall be the same.
while that of the common tangent is 320°. The distance from the point of a. Determine the radius of the new circular curve.
intersection of the tangents to the PI of the second curve is 160 m while the b. Determine the distance that the curve will move nearer the vertex.
stationing of the PI of the curve is at 10+432.24. If the radius of the first curve c. Determine the deflection angle at the end point of the spiral.
is 285.40 m, determine the stationing of PRC and PT. d. Determine the offset from tangent at the end point of the spiral.
11.21. The perpendicular distance between two parallel tangents of a reverse e. Determine the distance along the tangent at the mid-point of the spiral.
curve is 35 m. The azimuth of the back tangent of the curve is 270° and the 11.27. Two tangents having azimuth of 240° and 282° are connected by an 80
azimuth of the common tangent is 300°. If the radius of the back curve is 150 m spiral curve with a 6° circular curve. The width of the roadway is 10 m. If
m and the stationing of PRC is 10+140, find the station of the PT. the design velocity is 60 kph. Determine the following:
11.22. A reverse curve connects two converging tangents intersecting at an a. Super-elevation at quarter points.
angle of 30°. The distance of this intersection from the PI of the curve is 150 b. Deflection angle at the end point (SC).
meters. The deflection angle of the common tangent from the back tangent is c. External distance.
20°R, and the azimuth of the common tangent is 320°. The degree of curve of 11.28. A spiral curve was laid out in a certain portion of the roadway. It has a
the second simple curve is 6° and the stationing of the point of intersection of length of spiral of 80 m and an angle of intersection of the two tangents of 40°.
the first curve is 4+450. Determine the stationing of the PC, the PRC and the If the degree of curve is 6°, determine the following elements of the spiral
PT. curve to be laid out:
11.23. Two parallel tangents 20 m apart are to be connected by a reversed a. Length of long and short tangent.
curve. The radius of the first curve at the PC has a radius of 800 m and the b. Length of throw.
total length of the chord from the PC to the PT is 300 m. c. Maximum velocity that a car could pass thru the curve without skidding.
a. Find the central angle of each curve.
b. Find the radius of the curve passing thru the PT.

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