Engineering Mathematics - II

UNIT - II
VECTOR CALCULUS
INTRODUCTION
In this chapter we study the basics of vector calculus with the help of a standard vector differential
operator. Also we introduce concepts like gradient of a scalar valued function, divergence and curl of a
vector valued function, discuss briefly the properties of these concepts and study the applications of the
results to the evaluation of line and surface integrals in terms of multiple integrals.
2.1 GRADIENT – DIRECTIONAL DERIVATIVE
Vector differential operator
The vector differential operator ∇ (read as Del) is denoted by ∇ = 𝚤⃗ + 𝚥⃗ + 𝑘⃗ where 𝚤⃗, 𝚥⃗, 𝑘⃗ are

unit vectors along the three rectangular axes 𝑂𝑋, 𝑂𝑌 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑂𝑍.
It is also called Hamiltonian operator and it is neither a vector nor a scalar, but it behaves like a
vector.
The gradient of a scalar function
If𝜑(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) is a scalar point function continuously differentiable in a given region of space, then the gradient

of 𝜑 is defined as ∇𝜑 = 𝚤⃗ + 𝚥⃗ + 𝑘⃗

It is also denoted as Grad 𝜑.

Note
(i) ∇𝜑 is a vector quantity.
(ii) ∇𝜑 = 0 if 𝜑 is constant.
(iii) ∇(𝜑 𝜑 ) = 𝜑 ∇𝜑 + 𝜑 ∇𝜑
∇ ∇
(iv) ∇ = if 𝜑 ≠ 0

(v) ∇(𝜑 ± 𝜒) = ∇𝜑 ± ∇𝜒
Problems based on Gradient
Example: 2.1 Find the gradient of 𝝋 where 𝝋 is 𝟑𝒙𝟐 𝒚 − 𝒚𝟑 𝒛𝟐 at (𝟏, −𝟐, 𝟏).
Solution:
Given 𝜑 = 3𝑥 𝑦 − 𝑦 𝑧

Grad 𝜑 = 𝚤⃗ + 𝚥⃗ + 𝑘⃗

Now = 6𝑥𝑦, = 3𝑥 − 3𝑦 𝑧 , = −2𝑦 𝑧

∴ grad 𝜑 = 𝚤⃗ 6𝑥𝑦 + 𝚥⃗(3𝑥 − 3𝑦 𝑧 ) − 𝑘⃗ 2𝑦 𝑧

∴ (𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑑 𝜑)( , , ) = −12𝚤⃗ − 9𝚥⃗ + 16𝑘⃗
Example: 2.2 If 𝝋 = 𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 + 𝒛𝟐 ) then find 𝛁𝝋.

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Solution:
Given 𝜑 = log(𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 )

∇𝜑 = 𝚤⃗ + 𝚥⃗ + 𝑘⃗

= 𝚤⃗ + 𝚥⃗ + 𝑘⃗

= 𝑥𝚤⃗ + 𝑦 𝚥⃗ + 𝑧 𝑘⃗ = 𝑟⃗
𝟏
Example: 2.3 Find 𝛁(𝒓), 𝛁 𝒓
, 𝛁(𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒓) where 𝒓 = |𝒓⃗| and 𝒓⃗ = 𝒙⃗ + 𝒚 ⃗ + 𝒛 𝒌⃗.

Solution:
Given 𝑟⃗ = 𝑥𝚤⃗ + 𝑦 𝚥⃗ + 𝑧 𝑘⃗
⇒ |𝑟⃗| = 𝑟 = 𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧
⇒𝑟 = 𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧

2𝑟 = 2𝑥, 2𝑟 = 2𝑦, 2𝑟 = 2𝑧

⇒ = , = , =

(i) ∇(𝑟) = 𝚤⃗ + 𝚥⃗ + 𝑘⃗

= 𝚤⃗ + 𝚥⃗ + 𝑘⃗

= 𝑥𝚤⃗ + 𝑦 𝚥⃗ + 𝑧 𝑘⃗ = 𝑟⃗

(ii) ∇ = 𝚤⃗ + 𝚥⃗ + 𝑘⃗

= 𝚤⃗ + 𝚥⃗ + 𝑘⃗

= − 𝚤⃗ + 𝚥⃗ + 𝑘⃗

=− 𝑥𝚤⃗ + 𝑦 𝚥⃗ + 𝑧 𝑘⃗ = − 𝑟⃗
( )
(iii) ∇(log 𝑟) = ∑ 𝚤⃗

= ∑ 𝚤⃗

= ∑ 𝚤⃗

= ∑ 𝚤⃗

= 𝑥𝚤⃗ + 𝑦 𝚥⃗ + 𝑧 𝑘⃗ = 𝑟⃗

Example: 2.4 Prove that 𝛁(𝒓𝒏 ) = 𝒏𝒓𝒏 𝟐

𝒓⃗
Solution:
Given 𝑟⃗ = 𝑥𝚤⃗ + 𝑦 𝚥⃗ + 𝑧 𝑘⃗

∇(𝑟 ) = 𝚤⃗ + 𝚥⃗ + 𝑘⃗

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= 𝚤⃗ 𝑛𝑟 + 𝚥⃗ 𝑛𝑟 + 𝑘⃗𝑛𝑟

= 𝑛𝑟 𝚤⃗ + 𝚥⃗ + 𝑘⃗

= 𝑥𝚤⃗ + 𝑦 𝚥⃗ + 𝑧 𝑘⃗ = 𝑛𝑟 𝑟⃗

Example: 2.5 Find |𝛁𝝋| 𝒊𝒇 𝝋 = 𝟐𝒙𝒛𝟒 − 𝒙𝟐 𝒚 𝒂𝒕 (𝟐, −𝟐, −𝟏)

Solution:
Given 𝜑 = 2𝑥𝑧 − 𝑥 𝑦

∇𝜑 = 𝚤⃗ + 𝚥⃗ + 𝑘⃗

Now = 2𝑧 − 2𝑥𝑦, = −𝑥 , = 8𝑥𝑧

∴ ∇ 𝜑 = 𝚤⃗ (2𝑧 − 2𝑥𝑦) + 𝚥⃗(−𝑥 ) + 𝑘⃗ (8𝑥𝑧 )

∴ (∇ 𝜑 )( , , ) = 10𝚤⃗ − 4𝚥⃗ − 16𝑘⃗
|∇𝜑| = √100 + 16 + 256 = √372
Directional Derivative (D.D) of a scalar point function
The derivative of a point function (scalar or vector) in a particular direction is called its directional
derivative along the direction.
The directional derivative of a scalar function 𝜑 in a given direction 𝑎⃗ is the rate of change of 𝜑 in
that direction. It is given by the component of ∇𝜑 in the direction of 𝑎⃗.
The directional derivative of a scalar point function in the direction of 𝑎⃗ is given by
𝛁𝝋 ∙ 𝒂⃗
D.D = |𝒂⃗|

The maximum directional derivative is|∇𝜑| or |grad 𝜑|.

Problems based on Directional Derivative
Example: 2.6 Find the directional derivative of 𝝋 = 𝟒𝒙𝒛𝟐 + 𝒙𝟐 𝒚𝒛 at (𝟏, −𝟐, 𝟏) in the direction of 𝟐⃗ −
⃗ − 𝟐𝒌⃗.
Solution:
Given 𝜑 = 4𝑥𝑧 + 𝑥 𝑦𝑧

∇𝜑 = 𝚤⃗ + 𝚥⃗ + 𝑘⃗

= 𝚤⃗ (2𝑥𝑦𝑧 + 4𝑧 ) + 𝚥⃗ (𝑥 𝑧) + 𝑘⃗ (𝑥 𝑦 + 8𝑥𝑧)
∴ (∇ 𝜑 )( , , ) = 8𝚤⃗ − 𝚥⃗ − 10𝑘⃗

Given 𝑎⃗ = 2𝚤⃗ − 𝚥⃗ − 2𝑘⃗

|a⃗| = √4 + 1 + 4 = 3
∇ ∙ ⃗
D. D = | ⃗|

⃗ ⃗ ⃗
= 8𝚤⃗ − 𝚥⃗ − 10𝑘⃗ ∙

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= (16 + 1 + 20) =

Example: 2.7 Find the directional derivative of 𝝋(𝒙, 𝒚, 𝒛) = 𝒙𝒚𝟐 + 𝒚𝒛𝟑 at the point P(𝟐, −𝟏, 𝟏) in the
direction of PQ where Q is the point (𝟑, 𝟏, 𝟑)
Solution:
Given 𝜑 = 𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦𝑧

∇𝜑 = 𝚤⃗ + 𝚥⃗ + 𝑘⃗

= 𝚤⃗ (𝑦 ) + 𝚥⃗ (2𝑥𝑦 + 𝑧 ) + 𝑘⃗ (3𝑦𝑧 )
∴ (∇ 𝜑 )( , , ) = 𝚤⃗ − 3𝚥⃗ − 3𝑘⃗

Given 𝑎⃗ = 𝑃𝑄⃗ = 𝑂𝑄⃗ − 𝑂𝑃⃗

= 3𝚤⃗ + 𝚥⃗ + 3𝑘⃗ − 2𝑖 − 𝚥⃗ + 𝑘⃗

= 𝚤⃗ + 2𝚥⃗ + 2𝑘⃗
|a⃗| = √1 + 4 + 4 = 3
∇ ∙ ⃗
D. D = | ⃗|

⃗ ⃗ ⃗ ∙ ⃗ ⃗ ⃗
=

= (1 − 6 − 6) = −

Example: 2.8 In what direction from (−𝟏, 𝟏, 𝟐) is the directional derivative of 𝝋 = 𝒙𝒚𝟐 𝒛𝟑 a
maximum? Find also the magnitude of this maximum.
Solution:
Given 𝜑 = 𝑥𝑦 𝑧

∇𝜑 = 𝚤⃗ + 𝚥⃗ + 𝑘⃗

= 𝚤⃗ (𝑦 𝑧 ) + 𝚥⃗ (2𝑥𝑦 𝑧 ) + 𝑘⃗ (3𝑥𝑦 𝑧 )
∴ (∇ 𝜑 )( , , ) = 8𝚤⃗ − 16𝚥⃗ − 12𝑘⃗

The maximum directional derivative occurs in the direction of ∇ 𝜑 = 8𝚤⃗ − 16𝚥⃗ − 12𝑘⃗ .
∴ The magnitude of this maximum directional derivative
|∇𝜑| = √64 + 256 + 144 = √464
Example: 2.9 Find the directional derivative of the scalar function 𝝋 = 𝒙𝒚𝒛 in the direction of the
outer normal to the surface 𝒛 = 𝒙𝒚 at the point(𝟑, 𝟏, 𝟑).
Solution:
Given 𝜑 = 𝑥𝑦𝑧

∇𝜑 = 𝚤⃗ + 𝚥⃗ + 𝑘⃗

= 𝚤⃗ (𝑦𝑧) + 𝚥⃗ (𝑥𝑧) + 𝑘⃗ (𝑥𝑦)

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∴ (∇ 𝜑 )( , , ) = 3𝚤⃗ + 9𝚥⃗ + 3𝑘⃗

Given surface is 𝑧 = 𝑥𝑦 ⇒ 𝑧 − 𝑥𝑦 = 0

∇𝜒 = 𝚤⃗ + 𝚥⃗ + 𝑘⃗

= 𝚤⃗ (−𝑦) + 𝚥⃗ (−𝑥 ) + 𝑘⃗ (1)

Let 𝑎⃗ = ∇𝜒( , , ) = −𝚤⃗ − 3𝚥⃗ + 𝑘⃗
⇒ |a⃗| = √1 + 9 + 1 = √11
∇ ∙ ⃗
D. D = | ⃗|

⃗ ⃗ ⃗ ∙ ⃗ ⃗ ⃗
=
√

= (−3 − 27 + 3) = −
√ √

Example: 2.10 Find the directional derivative of 𝝋 = 𝒙𝒚 + 𝒚𝒛 + 𝒛𝒙 at (𝟏, 𝟐, 𝟎) in the direction of ⃗ +

𝟐 ⃗ + 𝟐𝒌⃗. Find also its maximum value.
Solution:
Given 𝜑 = 𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦𝑧 + 𝑧𝑥

∇𝜑 = 𝚤⃗ + 𝚥⃗ + 𝑘⃗

= 𝚤⃗ (𝑦 + 𝑧) + 𝚥⃗ (𝑥 + 𝑧) + 𝑘⃗ (𝑦 + 𝑥 )
∴ (∇ 𝜑 )( , , ) = 2𝚤⃗ + 𝚥⃗ + 3𝑘⃗

Given 𝑎⃗ = 𝚤⃗ + 2𝚥⃗ + 2𝑘⃗

|a⃗| = √1 + 4 + 4 = 3
∇ ∙ ⃗
D. D = | ⃗|

⃗ ⃗ ⃗ ∙ ⃗ ⃗ ⃗
=

= (2 + 2 + 6) =

Maximum value is |∇𝜑| = √4 + 1 + 9 = √14

Unit normal vector to the surface
If 𝜑(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) be a scalar function, then 𝜑(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) = 𝑐 represents a surface and the unit normal vector to the
∇
surface 𝜑 is given by n̂ = |∇ |

Normal Derivative = |∇𝜑|

Problems based on unit normal vector
Example: 2.11 Find the unit normal to the surface 𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 = 𝒛 at the point (𝟏, −𝟐, 𝟓).
Solution:
Given 𝜑 = 𝑥 + 𝑦 − 𝑧

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∇𝜑 = 𝚤⃗ + 𝚥⃗ + 𝑘⃗

= 𝚤⃗ (2𝑥 ) + 𝚥⃗ (2𝑦) + 𝑘⃗ (−1)

∴ (∇ 𝜑 )( , , ) = 2𝚤⃗ − 4𝚥⃗ − 𝑘⃗
|∇𝜑| = √4 + 16 + 1 = √21
∇ ⃗ ⃗ ⃗
Unit normal n̂ = |∇ |
=
√

Example: 2.12 Find the unit normal to the surface 𝒙𝟐 + 𝒙𝒚 + 𝒚𝟐 + 𝒙𝒚𝒛 at the point (𝟏, −𝟐, 𝟏).
Solution:
Given 𝜑 = 𝑥 + 𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 + 𝑥𝑦𝑧

∇𝜑 = 𝚤⃗ + 𝚥⃗ + 𝑘⃗

= 𝚤⃗ (2𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑦𝑧) + 𝚥⃗ (𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 𝑥𝑧) + 𝑘⃗ (𝑥𝑦)

∴ (∇ 𝜑 )( , , ) = −2𝚤⃗ − 2𝚥⃗ − 2𝑘⃗
|∇𝜑| = √4 + 4 + 4 = √12 = 2√3
∇ ⃗ ⃗ ⃗
Unit normal n̂ = |∇ |
=
√

= 𝚤⃗ + 𝚥⃗ + 𝑘⃗
√

Example: 2.13 Find the normal derivative to the surface 𝒙𝟐 𝒚 + 𝒙𝒛𝟐 at the point (−𝟏, 𝟏, 𝟏).
Solution:
Given 𝜑 = 𝑥 𝑦 + 𝑥𝑧

∇𝜑 = 𝚤⃗ + 𝚥⃗ + 𝑘⃗

= 𝚤⃗ (2𝑥𝑦 + 𝑧 ) + 𝚥⃗ (𝑥 ) + 𝑘⃗ (2𝑥𝑧)
∴ (∇ 𝜑 )( , , ) = −𝚤⃗ + 𝚥⃗ − 2𝑘⃗
Normal derivative |∇𝜑| = √1 + 1 + 4 = √6
Example: 2.14 What is the greatest rate of increase of 𝝋 = 𝒙𝒚𝒛𝟐 at the point (𝟏, 𝟎, 𝟑).
Solution:
Given 𝜑 = 𝑥𝑦𝑧

∇𝜑 = 𝚤⃗ + 𝚥⃗ + 𝑘⃗

= 𝚤⃗ (𝑦 𝑧 ) + 𝚥⃗ (𝑥𝑧 ) + 𝑘⃗ (2𝑥𝑦𝑧)
∴ (∇ 𝜑 )( , , ) = 0𝚤⃗ + 9𝚥⃗ + 0𝑘⃗

∴ Greatest rate of increase |∇𝜑| = √9 = 9

Angle between the surfaces
∇ ∙∇
cos θ = |∇ ||∇ |

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∇ ∙∇
⇒ 𝜃 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 |∇ | |∇ |

Problems based on angle between two surfaces

Example: 2.15 Find the angle between the surfaces 𝒛 = 𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 − 𝟑 and 𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 + 𝒛𝟐 = 𝟗 at the
point (𝟐, −𝟏, 𝟐).
Solution:
Given 𝜑 = 𝑥 + 𝑦 − 𝑧 − 3

∇𝜑 = 𝚤⃗ + 𝚥⃗ + 𝑘⃗

= 𝚤⃗ (2𝑥 ) + 𝚥⃗ (2𝑦) + 𝑘⃗ (−1)

∴ (∇ 𝜑 )( , , ) = 4𝚤⃗ − 2𝚥⃗ − 𝑘⃗
|∇𝜑 | = √16 + 4 + 1 = √21

∇𝜑 = 𝚤⃗ + 𝚥⃗ + 𝑘⃗

= 𝚤⃗ (2𝑥 ) + 𝚥⃗ (2𝑦) + 𝑘⃗ (2𝑧)

∴ (∇ 𝜑 )( , , ) = 4𝚤⃗ − 2𝚥⃗ + 4𝑘⃗
|∇𝜑 | = √16 + 4 + 16 = √36 = 6
∇ ∙∇
The angle between the surfaces is cos θ = |∇ | |∇ |

⃗ ⃗ ⃗ ⃗ ⃗ ⃗
= ( )
√

= ( )
√

= ( )
=
√ √

⇒ 𝜃 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠
√

Example: 2.16 Find the angle between the normals to the surfaces 𝒙𝟐 = 𝒚𝒛 at the point
(𝟏, 𝟏, 𝟏) 𝒂𝒏𝒅 (𝟐, 𝟒, 𝟏).
Solution:
Given 𝜑 = 𝑥 − 𝑦𝑧

∇𝜑 = 𝚤⃗ + 𝚥⃗ + 𝑘⃗

= 𝚤⃗ (2𝑥 ) + 𝚥⃗ (−𝑧) + 𝑘⃗ (−𝑦)

∴ (∇ 𝜑 )( , , ) = 2𝚤⃗ − 𝚥⃗ − 𝑘⃗
|∇𝜑 | = √4 + 1 + 1 = √6

∴ (∇ 𝜑 )( , , ) = 4𝚤⃗ − 𝚥⃗ − 4𝑘⃗
|∇𝜑 | = √16 + 1 + 16 = √33
∇ ∙∇
The angle between the surfaces is cos θ = |∇ | |∇ |

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⃗ ⃗ ⃗ ⃗ ⃗ ⃗
=
√ √

=
√ √

= =
( ) ( ) √

⇒ 𝜃 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠
√

Example: 2.17 Find the angle between the surfaces 𝒙 𝒍𝒐𝒈 𝒛 = 𝒚𝟐 − 𝟏 and 𝒙𝟐 𝒚 = 𝟐 − 𝒛 at the point
(𝟏, 𝟏, 𝟏).
Solution:
Given 𝜑 = 𝑦 − 𝑥 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑧 − 1

∇𝜑 = 𝚤⃗ + 𝚥⃗ + 𝑘⃗

= 𝚤⃗ (– log 𝑧) + 𝚥⃗ (2𝑦) + 𝑘⃗ −

∴ (∇ 𝜑 )( , , ) = 0𝚤⃗ + 2𝚥⃗ − 𝑘⃗
|∇𝜑 | = √0 + 4 + 1 = √5

∇𝜑 = 𝚤⃗ + 𝚥⃗ + 𝑘⃗

= 𝚤⃗ (2𝑥𝑦) + 𝚥⃗ (𝑥 ) + 𝑘⃗ (1)
∴ (∇ 𝜑 )( , , ) = 2𝚤⃗ + 𝚥⃗ + 𝑘⃗
|∇𝜑 | = √4 + 1 + 1 = √6
∇ ∙∇
The angle between the surfaces is cos θ = |∇ | |∇ |

⃗ ⃗ ⃗ ∙ ⃗ ⃗ ⃗
=
√ √

=
√

=
√

⇒ 𝜃 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠
√

Problems based on orthogonal surfaces

Two surfaces are orthogonal if ∇𝜑 ∙ ∇ 𝜑 = 0
Example: 2.18 Find 𝒂 and 𝒃 such that the surfaces 𝒂𝒙𝟐 − 𝒃𝒚𝒛 = (𝒂 + 𝟐)𝒙 and
𝟒𝒙𝟐 𝒚 + 𝒛𝟑 = 𝟒 cut orthogonally at (𝟏, −𝟏, 𝟐).
Solution:
Given 𝑎𝑥 − 𝑏𝑦𝑧 = (𝑎 + 2)𝑥
Let 𝜑 = 𝑎𝑥 − 𝑏𝑦𝑧 − (𝑎 + 2)𝑥

∇𝜑 = 𝚤⃗ + 𝚥⃗ + 𝑘⃗

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= 𝚤⃗ 2𝑎𝑥 − (𝑎 + 2) + 𝚥⃗ (−𝑏𝑧) + 𝑘⃗ (−𝑏𝑦)

∴ (∇ 𝜑 )( , , ) = 𝚤⃗(𝑎 − 2) + 𝚥⃗ (−2𝑏) + 𝑘⃗ (𝑏)

Let 𝜑 = 4𝑥 𝑦 + 𝑧 − 4

∇𝜑 = 𝚤⃗ + 𝚥⃗ + 𝑘⃗

= 𝚤⃗ (8𝑥𝑦) + 𝚥⃗ (4𝑥 ) + 𝑘⃗ (3𝑧 )

∴ (∇ 𝜑 )( , , ) = −8𝚤⃗ + 4𝚥⃗ + 12𝑘⃗
Since the two surfaces are orthogonal if ∇𝜑 ∙ ∇ 𝜑 = 0

⇒ 𝚤⃗(𝑎 − 2) + 𝚥⃗ (−2𝑏) + 𝑘⃗ (𝑏) ∙ −8𝚤⃗ + 4𝚥⃗ + 12𝑘⃗ = 0

⇒ −8 (𝑎 − 2) − 8𝑏 + 12𝑏 = 0
⇒ −8𝑎 + 16 − 8𝑏 + 12𝑏 = 0
⇒ −8𝑎 + 16 + 4𝑏 = 0
÷ by 4 ⇒ −2𝑎 + 4 + 𝑏 = 0
⇒ 2𝑎 − 𝑏 − 4 = 0 … (1)
To find 𝑎 and 𝑏 we need another equation in 𝑎 and 𝑏.
The point (1, −1, 2) lies in 𝑎𝑥 − 𝑏𝑦𝑧 − (𝑎 + 2)𝑥 = 0
∴ 𝑎 − 𝑏 (−1) (2) − (𝑎 + 2) (1) = 0
⇒ 𝑎 + 2𝑏 − 𝑎 − 2 = 0
⇒ 2𝑏 − 2 = 0
⇒𝑏=1
Substitute 𝑏 = 1 in (1) we get
⇒ 2𝑎 − 1 − 4 = 0
⇒ 2𝑎 − 5 = 0
⇒𝑎=

Example: 2.19 Find the values of 𝒂 and 𝒃 so that the surfaces 𝒂𝒙𝟑 − 𝒃𝒚𝟐 𝒛 = (𝒂 + 𝟑)𝒙𝟐 and
𝟒𝒙𝟐 𝒚 − 𝒛𝟑 = 𝟏𝟏 may cut orthogonally at (𝟐, −𝟏, −𝟑).
Solution:
Given 𝑎𝑥 − 𝑏𝑦 𝑧 = (𝑎 + 3)𝑥
Let 𝜑 = 𝑎𝑥 − 𝑏𝑦 𝑧 − (𝑎 + 3)𝑥

∇𝜑 = 𝚤⃗ + 𝚥⃗ + 𝑘⃗

= 𝚤⃗ 3𝑎𝑥 − 2𝑥(𝑎 + 3) + 𝚥⃗ (−2𝑏𝑦𝑧) + 𝑘⃗ (−𝑏𝑦 )

∴ (∇ 𝜑 )( , , ) = 𝚤⃗(8𝑎 − 12) + 𝚥⃗ (−6𝑏) + 𝑘⃗ (−𝑏)

Let 𝜑 = 4𝑥 𝑦 − 𝑧 − 11

∇𝜑 = 𝚤⃗ + 𝚥⃗ + 𝑘⃗

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= 𝚤⃗ (8𝑥𝑦) + 𝚥⃗ (4𝑥 ) + 𝑘⃗ (−3𝑧 )

∴ (∇ 𝜑 )( , , ) = −16𝚤⃗ + 16𝚥⃗ − 27𝑘⃗
Given the two surfaces cut orthogonally if ∇𝜑 ∙ ∇ 𝜑 = 0

⇒ 𝚤⃗(8𝑎 − 12) + 𝚥⃗ (−6𝑏) − 𝑘⃗ (𝑏) ∙ −16𝚤⃗ + 16𝚥⃗ − 27𝑘⃗ = 0

⇒ −16 (8𝑎 − 12) − 16(6𝑏) + 27𝑏 = 0

⇒ −128𝑎 + 192 − 69𝑏 = 0
⇒ 128𝑎 + 69𝑏 − 192 = 0 … (1)
To find 𝑎 and 𝑏 we need another equation in 𝑎 and 𝑏.
The point (2, −1, −3) lies in 𝑎𝑥 − 𝑏𝑦 𝑧 − (𝑎 + 3)𝑥 = 0
∴ 8𝑎 − 𝑏 (1) (−3) − (𝑎 + 3) (4) = 0
⇒ 4𝑎 + 3𝑏 − 12 = 0 … (2)
Solving (1) and (2) we get, 𝑎 = − & 𝑏 =

Equation of the tangent plane and normal to the surface

Equation of the tangent plane is (𝑟⃗ − 𝑎⃗) ∙ ∇𝜑 = 0
Equation of the normal line is (𝑟⃗ − 𝑎⃗) × ∇𝜑 = 0⃗
Problems based on tangent plane
Example: 2.20 Find the equation of the tangent plane and normal line to the surface 𝒙𝒚𝒛 = 𝟒 at the
point ⃗ + 𝟐⃗ + 𝟐𝒌⃗ .
Solution:
Given 𝜑 = 𝑥𝑦𝑧 − 4

∇𝜑 = 𝚤⃗ + 𝚥⃗ + 𝑘⃗

= 𝚤⃗ (𝑦𝑧) + 𝚥⃗ (𝑥𝑧) + 𝑘⃗ (𝑥𝑦)

∴ (∇ 𝜑 )( , , ) = 4𝚤⃗ + 2𝚥⃗ + 2𝑘⃗

Equation of the tangent plane at the point 𝑎⃗ = 𝚤⃗ + 2𝚥⃗ + 2𝑘⃗ is (𝑟⃗ − 𝑎⃗) ∙ ∇𝜑 = 0
⇒ 𝑥𝚤⃗ + 𝑦𝚥⃗ + 𝑧𝑘⃗ − 𝚤⃗ + 2𝚥⃗ + 2𝑘⃗ ∙ 4𝚤⃗ + 2𝚥⃗ + 2𝑘⃗ = 0

⇒ (𝑥 − 1) 𝚤⃗ + (𝑦 − 2) 𝚥⃗ + (𝑧 − 2) 𝑘⃗ ∙ 4𝚤⃗ + 2𝚥⃗ + 2𝑘⃗ = 0

⇒ 4(𝑥 − 1) + 2(𝑦 − 2) + 2(𝑧 − 2) = 0
⇒ 4𝑥 − 4 + 2𝑦 − 4 + 2𝑧 − 4 = 0
⇒ 4𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 2𝑧 = 12
⇒ 2𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 = 6
Equation of the normal line (𝑟⃗ − 𝑎⃗) × ∇𝜑 = 0⃗

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𝚤⃗ 𝚥⃗ 𝑘⃗
𝑥 − 1 𝑦 − 2 𝑧 − 2 = 0⃗
4 2 2
⇒ 𝚤⃗ [2 (𝑦 − 2) − 2 (𝑧 − 2)] − 𝚥⃗ [2 (𝑥 − 1) − 4 (𝑧 − 2)] + 𝑘⃗ [2 (𝑥 − 1) − 4 (𝑦 − 2)]
= 0 𝚤⃗ + 0 𝚥⃗ + 0𝑘⃗
Equating the coefficients of 𝚤⃗, 𝚥⃗, 𝑘⃗ we get
⇒ 2 (𝑦 − 2 ) − 2 (𝑧 − 2 ) = 0
⇒ (𝑦 − 2) = (𝑧 − 2) … (1)
⇒ 2 (𝑥 − 1 ) − 4 (𝑧 − 2 ) = 0
⇒ (𝑥 − 1) = 2 (𝑧 − 2 )
⇒ = (𝑧 − 2) … (2)

⇒ 2 (𝑥 − 1 ) − 4 (𝑦 − 2) = 0
⇒ (𝑥 − 1) = 2 (𝑦 − 2 )
⇒ = (𝑦 − 2) … (3)

From (1), (2) 𝑎𝑛𝑑 (3) we get = =

Which is the required equation of the normal line.

Exercise: 2.1
⃗
1. Find ∇𝜑 if 𝜑 = log(𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 ) Ans:

2. Find the directional derivative of

(i) 𝜑 = 2𝑥𝑦 + 𝑧 at the point (1, −1, 3) in the direction 𝚤⃗ + 2𝚥⃗ + 2𝑘⃗ . Ans:

(ii) 𝜑 = 𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦𝑧 at the point (2, −1, 1) in the direction of PQ where Q is the point
(3, 1, 3) . Ans:

3. Prove that the directional derivative of 𝜑 = 𝑥 𝑦 𝑧 at (1, 2, 3)is maximum along the
direction 9𝚤⃗ + 3𝚥⃗ + 𝑘⃗. Also, find the maximum directional derivative. Ans: 4√91
4. Find the unit tangent vector to the curve 𝑟⃗ = (𝑡 + 1)𝚤⃗ + (4𝑡 − 3)𝚥⃗ + (2𝑡 − 65)𝑘⃗ at
⃗ ⃗ ⃗
𝑡 = 1. Ans:
√

5. Find a unit normal to the following surfaces at the specified points.

(i) 𝑥 𝑦 + 2𝑥𝑧 = 4 at (2, −2, 3) Ans: ± 𝚤⃗ − 2𝚥⃗ − 2𝑘⃗

(ii) 𝑥 + 𝑦 = 𝑧 at (1, −2, 5) Ans: 2𝚤⃗ − 4𝚥⃗ − 𝑘⃗

√

(ii) 𝑥𝑦 𝑧 = 4 at (−1, −1, 2) Ans: −𝚤⃗ − 3𝚥⃗ + 𝑘⃗

√

(iv) 𝑥 + 𝑦 = 𝑧 at (1, 1, 2) Ans: 2𝚤⃗ + 2𝚥⃗ − 𝑘⃗

6. Find the angle between the surfaces 𝑥 − 𝑦 − 𝑧 = 𝑧 and 𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦𝑧 − 𝑧𝑥 − 18 = 0 at the

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point (6, 4, 3). Ans: 𝑐𝑜𝑠

√ √

7. Find the angle between the surfaces 𝑥𝑦 𝑧 = 3𝑥 + 𝑧 and 3𝑥 − 𝑦 + 2𝑧 = 1 at the point

(1, −2, 1). Ans: 𝑐𝑜𝑠

√

8. Find the equation of the tangent plane to the surfaces 2𝑥𝑧 − 3𝑥𝑦 − 4𝑥 = 7 at the point
(1, −1, 2). Ans: 7𝑥 − 3𝑦 + 8𝑧 − 26 = 0
9. Find the equation of the tangent plane to the surfaces 𝑥𝑧 + 𝑥 𝑦 = 𝑧 − 1 at the point
(1, −3, 2). Ans: 2𝑥 − 𝑦 − 3𝑧 + 1 = 0
10. Find the angle between the surfaces 𝑥 log 𝑧 = 𝑦 − 1 and 𝑥 𝑦 = 2 − 𝑧 at the point

(1, 1, 1). Ans: 𝑐𝑜𝑠

√

2.2 DIVERGENCE, CURL – IRROTATIONAL AND SOLENOIDAL VECTORS

Divergence of a vector function
If F⃗(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) is a continuously differentiable vector point function in a given region of space, then the
divergence of F⃗ is defined by

∇. F⃗ = div F⃗ = 𝚤⃗ + ⃗ȷ + k⃗ . F ⃗ı + F ⃗ȷ + F k⃗

divF⃗ = + + where𝐹⃗ = 𝐹 𝚤⃗ + 𝐹 𝚥⃗ + 𝐹 𝑘⃗

Note: ∇. F⃗ Is a scalar point function.

Solenoidal vector
A vector F⃗ is said to be solenoidal if 𝑑𝑖𝑣 F⃗= 0 (i.e)∇. F⃗ = 0
Curl of a vector function
If F⃗(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) is a differentiable vector point function defines at each point (𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) in some region of
space, then the curl of F⃗ is defined by
𝚤⃗ 𝚥⃗ 𝑘⃗
Curl F⃗ = ∇ × F⃗ =
𝐹 𝐹 𝐹

= 𝚤⃗ − − 𝚥⃗ − + 𝑘⃗ −

Where 𝐹⃗ = 𝐹 𝚤⃗ + 𝐹 𝚥⃗ + 𝐹 𝑘⃗
Note: ∇ × F⃗ Is a vector point function.
Irrotational vector
A vector is said to be irrotational if Curl F⃗ = 0 (𝑖. 𝑒) ∇ × F⃗ = 0
Scalar potential

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If F⃗ is an irrotational vector, then there exists a scalar function φ such that F⃗ = ∇φ. Such a scalar
function is called scalar potential of F⃗.
Problems based on Divergence and Curl of a vector
Example: 2.21 If 𝒓⃗ = 𝒙⃗ + 𝒚⃗ + 𝒛𝒌⃗ then find div 𝐫⃗ and curl𝐫⃗
Solution:
Given 𝑟⃗ = 𝑥𝚤⃗ + 𝑦𝚥⃗ + 𝑧𝑘⃗
Now div r⃗ = ∇ ∙ 𝑟⃗

= (𝑥 ) + (y) + (z)

= 1+1+1= 3
And curl 𝑟⃗= ∇ × r⃗
𝚤⃗ 𝚥⃗ 𝑘⃗
∇ × r⃗ =
𝑥 𝑦 𝑧

= 𝚤⃗ (𝑧) − (𝑦) − 𝚥⃗ (𝑧) − (𝑥) + 𝑘⃗ (𝑦) − (𝑥)

= 𝚤⃗(0) + 𝚥⃗(0) + 𝑘⃗ (0) = 0⃗.

Example: 2.22 If 𝐅⃗ = 𝒙𝒚𝟐 ⃗ + 𝟐𝒙𝟐 𝒚𝒛⃗ − 𝟑𝒚𝒛𝟐 𝒌⃗ find 𝛁. 𝐅⃗ and 𝛁 × 𝐅⃗ at the point (1,-1, 1).
Solution:
Given F⃗ = 𝑥𝑦 𝚤⃗ + 2𝑥 𝑦𝑧𝚥⃗ − 3𝑦𝑧 𝑘⃗

(i) ∇. F⃗ = (𝑥𝑦 ) + (2𝑥 𝑦𝑧) + (−3𝑦𝑧 )

= y +2x z − 6yz
∇. F⃗( , , ) = 1+2+6 = 9

𝚤⃗ 𝚥⃗ 𝑘⃗
(ii) ∇ × r⃗ =
𝑥𝑦 2𝑥 𝑦𝑧 3𝑦𝑧

= ⃗ı − -ȷ⃗ − +k⃗ −

= 𝚤⃗(−3𝑧 − 2𝑥 𝑦) − 𝚥⃗(0) + 𝑘⃗ (4𝑥𝑦𝑧 − 2𝑥𝑦)

∇ × F⃗( , , ) = 𝚤⃗(−3 + 2) + 𝑘⃗ (−4 + 2)

= −𝚤⃗ − 2𝑘⃗
⃗ , then find 𝛁 ∙ 𝐅⃗ , 𝛁(𝛁 ∙ 𝐅⃗), 𝛁 × 𝐅⃗,
Example: 2.23 If 𝐅⃗ = (𝒙 2− 𝒚 2+2 𝒙 𝒛)⃗ +( 𝒙 z− 𝒙 𝒚 + 𝒚 z) ⃗ +(z2+ 𝒙 2)𝐤
𝛁 ∙ (𝛁 × 𝐅⃗), and 𝛁 × (𝛁 × 𝐅⃗) at the point (1,1,1).
Solution:
Given F⃗ = (𝑥 2− 𝑦 2+2 𝑥 z)ı⃗ +( 𝑥 z− 𝑥 𝑦 +yz)ȷ⃗ +(z2+ 𝑥 2)k⃗

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(i) ∇ ∙ F⃗ = (𝑥 − y + 2𝑥z) + ( 𝑥 z − 𝑥 𝑦 + 𝑦z) + (z + 𝑥 )

= (2𝑥 + 2𝑧) + (−𝑥 + 𝑧) + 2𝑧

= 𝑥 + 5𝑧
∴ ∇ ∙ F⃗( , , ) =6

⃗ı ⃗ȷ k⃗
(ii) ∇ × F⃗ =
𝑥 − y + 2𝑥z 𝑥 z − 𝑥 𝑦 + 𝑦z z +𝑥
( ) ( )
= ⃗ı − − ⃗ȷ − + k⃗ −

= −(𝑥 + 𝑦)𝚤⃗ − (2𝑥 − 2𝑥 )𝚥⃗ + (𝑦 + 𝑧)𝑘⃗

∴ ∇ × F⃗( , , ) = −2𝚤⃗ + 2𝑘⃗

(iii) ∇(∇ ∙ F⃗) = ⃗ı (x + 5z) + ⃗ȷ (x + 5z) + k⃗ (x + 5z)

= 𝚤⃗ + 5𝑘⃗
∴ ∇(∇ ∙ F⃗)( , , ) = 𝚤⃗ + 5𝑘⃗

(iv) ∇ ∙ (∇ × F⃗) = (−(x + y)) + (0) + (y + z)

= −1 + 0 + 1
∇ ∙ (∇ × F⃗)(1, 1, 1) = 0
⃗ı ⃗ȷ k⃗
(v) ∇ × (∇ × F⃗) =
−(x + y) 0 y+z
∴∇ × (∇ × F⃗)(1,1,1) = 𝚤⃗ + 𝑘⃗
Example: 2.24 Find div 𝐅⃗ and curl 𝐅⃗, where 𝐅⃗ = grad(𝒙3+𝒚3+𝒛3−3𝒙𝒚𝒛)
Solution:
Given F⃗ = grad(𝑥3+𝑦3+𝑧3−3𝑥𝑦𝑧)

= ⃗ı (x + y + z − 3xyz) + ⃗ȷ (x + y + z − 3xyz) + k⃗ (x + y + z − 3xyz)

F⃗ = ⃗ı(3x − 3yz) + ⃗ȷ(3y − 3xz) + k⃗(3z − 3xy)

Now div F⃗ = ∇ ∙ F⃗ = (3x − 3yz) + (3y − 3xz) + (3z − 3xy)

= 6𝑥 + 6𝑦 + 6𝑧
= 6(𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧)
⃗ı ⃗ȷ k⃗
Curl F⃗ = ∇ × F⃗ =
3x − 3yz 3y − 3xz 3z − 3xy
= ⃗ı[−3x + 3x] − ⃗ȷ[−3y + 3y] + k⃗ [−3z + 3z]
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= 0⃗
Example: 2.25 Find div(grad 𝛗) and curl(grad 𝛗) at (1,1,1) for 𝛗 = 𝐱 𝟐 𝐲 𝟑 𝐳 𝟒
Solution:
Given φ = x y z
φ φ φ
grad φ = ∇ φ = ⃗ı + ⃗ȷ + k⃗

= ⃗ı(2xy z ) + ⃗ȷ(x 3y z ) + k⃗(x y 4z )

Div(grad φ) = ∇ ∙ (grad φ)

= (2xy z ) + (x 3y z ) + (x y 4z )

= 2𝑦 𝑧 +6x2 yz4 +12x2 y3z4

∴Div(grad φ)(1,1,1) = 2 + 6 + 12 = 20
⃗ı ⃗ȷ k⃗
Curl(grad φ) =
2xy z x 3y z x y 4z
= ı⃗(12x y z − 12x y z ) − ȷ⃗(8xy z − 8xy z )+k⃗(6xy z − 6xy z )
= 0⃗
∴Curl gradφ( , , )
= 0⃗

Vector Identities
1) ∇ ∙ (φ F⃗) = φ ∇ ∙ F⃗ + F⃗ ∙ ∇φ

2) ∇ × (φ F⃗) = φ ∇ × F⃗ + (∇φ)× F⃗

3) ∇ ∙ (A⃗ × B⃗) = B⃗ ∙ (∇ × A⃗) −A⃗ ∙ (∇ × B⃗)

4) ∇ × (A⃗ × B⃗) = A⃗(∇ ∙ B⃗)−B⃗(∇ ∙ A⃗) + B⃗ ∙ ∇ A⃗ − (A⃗ ∙ ∇)B⃗

5) ∇(A⃗ ∙ B⃗) = A⃗ × (∇ × B⃗)−(A⃗ ∙ ∇)B⃗ +B⃗ × ∇ × A⃗ − (B⃗ ∙ ∇)A⃗

6) ∇ ∙ (∇φ) = 0⃗
7) ∇ ∙ (∇ × F⃗) = 0
8) ∇ × (∇ × F⃗) = ∇ ∇ ∙ F⃗ − ∇ F⃗

9) ∇ ∙ ∇φ = (∇ ∙ ∇)φ = ∇ φ where ∇ = + + is a laplacian operator

1) If 𝛗 is a scalar point function, 𝐅⃗ is a vector point function, then 𝛁. (𝛗 𝐅⃗) = 𝛗 𝛁 ∙ 𝐅⃗ + 𝐅⃗ ∙ 𝛁𝛗

Proof:

∇ ∙ (φ F⃗) = 𝚤⃗ + ⃗ȷ + k⃗ ∙ (φ F⃗)

= ∑ 𝚤⃗ ∙ (φ F⃗)
⃗ φ
= ∑ 𝚤⃗ ∙ φ + F⃗

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⃗ φ φ
= φ ∑ 𝚤⃗ ∙ + F⃗ + F⃗ ∙ ∑ 𝚤⃗

∴∇ ∙ (φ F⃗) = φ ∇ ∙ F⃗ + F⃗ ∙ ∇φ

2) If 𝛗 is a scalar point fuction, 𝐅⃗ is a vector point function, then𝛁 × (𝛗 𝐅⃗) = 𝛗 𝛁 × 𝐅⃗ + (𝛁𝛗)× 𝐅⃗

Proof:

∇ × (φ F⃗) = ∑ 𝚤⃗ × (φ F⃗)
⃗ φ
=∑ 𝚤⃗ × φ + F⃗
φ ⃗
=∑ 𝚤⃗ × F⃗ + φ
φ ⃗
= ∑ 𝚤⃗ × F⃗ + φ ∑ 𝚤⃗ ×

∴∇ × (φ F⃗) = ∇φ × F⃗ + φ(∇ × F⃗)

3) If 𝐀⃗ and 𝐁⃗ are vector point functions, then 𝛁 ∙ (𝐀⃗ × 𝐁⃗) = 𝐁⃗ ∙ (𝛁 × 𝐀⃗) −𝐀⃗ ∙ (𝛁 × 𝐁⃗)
Proof:

∇. (A⃗ × B⃗) = ∑ 𝚤⃗ ∙ (A⃗ × B⃗)

⃗ ⃗
=∑ 𝚤⃗ ∙ A⃗ × + × B⃗
⃗ ⃗
=∑ 𝚤⃗ ∙ A⃗ × + ∑ 𝚤⃗ ∙ × B⃗
⃗ ⃗
= − ∑ 𝚤⃗ × ∙ A⃗ + ∑ 𝚤⃗ × . B⃗

= − ∇ × B⃗ . A⃗ + (∇ × A⃗) ∙ B⃗

∴ ∇ ∙ (A⃗ × B⃗) = B⃗ ∙ (∇ × A⃗) −A⃗ ∙ (∇ × B⃗) ∵ ∇ × A⃗ ∙ B⃗ = B⃗ ∙ (∇ × A⃗)

(4) If 𝐀⃗ and 𝐁⃗ are vector point functions, then

𝛁 × (𝐀⃗ × 𝐁⃗) = 𝐀⃗(𝛁 ∙ 𝐁⃗)−𝐁⃗(𝛁 ∙ 𝐀⃗) + 𝐁⃗ ∙ 𝛁 𝐀⃗ − (𝐀⃗ ∙ 𝛁)𝐁⃗
Proof:

∇ × (A⃗ × B⃗) = ∑ 𝚤⃗ × (A⃗ × B⃗)

⃗ ⃗
=∑ 𝚤⃗ × × B⃗ + A⃗ ×
⃗ ⃗
=∑ 𝚤⃗ × × B⃗ + ∑ 𝚤⃗ × A⃗ ×

We know that 𝑎⃗ × 𝑏⃗ × 𝑐⃗ = (𝑎⃗ ∙ 𝑐⃗) 𝑏⃗ − 𝑎⃗ ∙ 𝑏⃗ 𝑐⃗

⃗ ⃗ ⃗ ⃗
∇ × (A⃗ × B⃗) =∑ 𝚤⃗ ∙ B⃗ − 𝚤⃗ ∙ B⃗ +∑ 𝚤⃗ ∙ A⃗ − 𝚤⃗ ∙ A⃗
⃗ ⃗ ⃗ ⃗
= ∑ 𝚤⃗ ∙ A⃗ − ∑ 𝚤⃗ ∙ B⃗ + ∑ B⃗ ∙ 𝚤⃗ − ∑ A⃗ ∙ 𝚤⃗
⃗ ⃗
= ∑ 𝚤⃗ ∙ A⃗ − ∑ 𝚤⃗ ∙ B⃗ + B⃗ ∙ ∑ 𝚤⃗ A⃗ − A⃗ ∙ ∑ 𝚤⃗ B⃗

∴ ∇ × (A⃗ × B⃗) = A⃗(∇ ∙ B⃗)−B⃗(∇ ∙ A⃗) + B⃗ ∙ ∇ A⃗ − (A⃗ ∙ ∇)B⃗

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(5) If 𝑨⃗ and 𝑩⃗ are vector point functions, then

𝛁 𝑨⃗ ∙ 𝑩⃗ = 𝑨⃗ × 𝛁 × 𝑩⃗ + 𝑨⃗ ∙ 𝛁 𝑩⃗ + 𝑩⃗ × 𝛁 × 𝑨⃗ + 𝑩⃗ ∙ 𝛁 𝑨⃗
Proof:

∇ 𝐴⃗ ∙ 𝐵⃗ = ∑ 𝚤⃗ 𝐴⃗ ∙ 𝐵⃗
⃗ ⃗
= ∑ 𝚤⃗ ∙ 𝐵⃗ + 𝐴⃗ ∙
⃗ ⃗
= ∑ 𝚤⃗ 𝐵⃗ ∙ + ∑ 𝚤⃗ 𝐴⃗ ∙
⃗ ⃗
= ∑ 𝐵⃗ ∙ 𝚤⃗ + ∑ 𝐴⃗ ∙ 𝚤⃗ … (1)

We know that 𝑎⃗ × 𝑏⃗ × 𝑐⃗ = (𝑎⃗ ∙ 𝑐⃗) 𝑏⃗ − 𝑎⃗ ∙ 𝑏⃗ 𝑐⃗

∴ 𝑎⃗ ∙ 𝑏⃗ 𝑐⃗ = (𝑎⃗ ∙ 𝑐⃗) 𝑏⃗ − 𝑎⃗ × 𝑏⃗ × 𝑐⃗
⃗ ⃗ ⃗
Consider ∑ 𝐵⃗ ∙ 𝚤⃗ = ∑ 𝐵⃗ ∙ 𝚤⃗ − 𝐵⃗ × × 𝚤⃗
⃗
= ∑ 𝐵⃗ ∙ 𝚤⃗ 𝐴⃗ + ∑ 𝐵⃗ × 𝚤⃗ ×

= 𝐵⃗ ∙ ∇ 𝐴⃗ + ∑ 𝐵⃗ × 𝚤⃗ × 𝐴⃗

= 𝐵⃗ ∙ ∇ 𝐴⃗ + 𝐵⃗ × ∇ × 𝐴⃗ … (2)

In (2) interchanging 𝐴⃗ and 𝐵⃗ we get,

⃗
∑ 𝐴⃗ ∙ 𝚤⃗ = 𝐴⃗ ∙ ∇ 𝐵⃗ + 𝐴⃗ × ∇ × 𝐵⃗ … (3)

Substitute in equation (1)

(1) ⇒ ∇ 𝐴⃗ ∙ 𝐵⃗ = 𝐵⃗ ∙ ∇ 𝐴⃗ + 𝐵⃗ × ∇ × 𝐴⃗ + 𝐴⃗ ∙ ∇ 𝐵⃗ + 𝐴⃗ × ∇ × 𝐵⃗

(6) If 𝝋 is a scalar point function, then 𝛁 × (𝛁𝝋) = 𝟎⃗.

(or)
Prove that 𝒄𝒖𝒓𝒍(𝒈𝒓𝒂𝒅 𝝋) = 𝟎.
Solution:

∇𝜑 = 𝚤⃗ + 𝚥⃗ + 𝑘⃗

𝚤⃗ 𝚥⃗ 𝑘⃗
∇ × ∇𝜑 =

= ∑ 𝚤⃗ −

= ∑ 𝚤⃗ 0⃗ = 0⃗

(7) If 𝑭⃗ is a vector point function, then 𝛁 ∙ 𝛁 × 𝑭⃗ = 𝟎.

(or)

Vector Calculus Page 18

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Prove that 𝒅𝒊𝒗 𝒄𝒖𝒓𝒍 𝑭⃗ = 𝟎.

Solution:
Let 𝐹⃗ = 𝐹 𝚤⃗ + 𝐹 𝚥⃗ + 𝐹 𝑘⃗
𝚤⃗ 𝚥⃗ 𝑘⃗
∇ × F⃗ =
𝐹 𝐹 𝐹

= 𝚤⃗ − − 𝚥⃗ − + 𝑘⃗ −

∇ ∙ ∇ × 𝐹⃗ = 𝚤⃗ + 𝚥⃗ + 𝑘⃗ ∙

𝚤⃗ − − 𝚥⃗ − + 𝑘⃗ −

= − − + + −

=0
(8) If is a vector point function, then 𝛁 × 𝛁 × 𝑭⃗ = 𝛁 𝛁 ∙ 𝑭⃗ − 𝛁 𝟐 𝑭⃗
(or)
Prove that 𝒄𝒖𝒓𝒍 𝒄𝒖𝒓𝒍 𝑭⃗ = 𝒈𝒓𝒂𝒅 𝒅𝒊𝒗 𝑭⃗ − 𝛁 𝟐 𝑭⃗
Solution:
Let 𝐹⃗ = 𝐹 𝚤⃗ + 𝐹 𝚥⃗ + 𝐹 𝑘⃗

∇ × ∇ × 𝐹⃗ = 𝚤⃗ − − 𝚥⃗ − + 𝑘⃗ −

And ∇ ∙ 𝐹⃗ = + +

𝚤⃗ 𝚥⃗ 𝑘⃗
L.H.S ∇ × ∇ × F⃗ =
− − + −

= 𝚤⃗ − − + − 𝚥⃗ − − +

+𝑘⃗ − + − +

R.H.S ∇ ∇ ∙ 𝐹⃗ − ∇ 𝐹⃗

= 𝚤⃗ + 𝚥⃗ + 𝑘⃗ + + − + + 𝐹 𝚤⃗ + 𝐹 𝚥⃗ + 𝐹 𝑘⃗

= 𝚤⃗ + + + 𝚥⃗ + + + 𝑘⃗ + +

− + + 𝐹 𝚤⃗ + 𝐹 𝚥⃗ + 𝐹 𝑘⃗

= 𝚤⃗ + − − − 𝚥⃗ − − + +

𝑘⃗ − + − +

Vector Calculus Page 19

Engineering Mathematics - II

L.H.S = R.H.S
∴ ∇ × ∇ × 𝐹⃗ = ∇ ∇ ∙ 𝐹⃗ − ∇ 𝐹⃗
(9) 𝛁 ∙ (𝛁𝝋) = (𝛁 ∙ 𝛁) 𝝋 = 𝛁 𝟐 𝝋
Proof:

∇𝜑 = 𝚤⃗ + 𝚥⃗ + 𝑘⃗

∴ ∇ ∙ (∇𝜑) = + +

= + +

∇ ∙ ∇= ∇ = + +

∇ ∙ (∇𝜑) = + + 𝜑= ∇ 𝜑

Example: 2.26 Find (i) 𝛁 ∙ 𝒓⃗ (ii) 𝛁 × 𝒓⃗

Solution:
Let 𝑟⃗ = 𝑥 𝚤⃗ + 𝑦 𝚥⃗ + 𝑧 𝑘⃗

(i) ∇ ∙ 𝑟⃗ = 𝚤⃗ + 𝚥⃗ + 𝑘⃗ ∙ 𝑥 𝚤⃗ + 𝑦 𝚥⃗ + 𝑧 𝑘⃗

= (𝑥 ) + (𝑦 ) + (𝑧 )

= 1+1+1= 3
𝚤⃗ 𝚥⃗ 𝑘⃗
(ii) ∇ × 𝑟⃗ =
𝑥 𝑦 𝑧
= 𝚤⃗(0) + 𝚥⃗ (0) + 𝑘⃗ (0) = 0⃗
𝟏
Example: 2.27 Find 𝛁 ∙ 𝒓
𝒓⃗ where 𝒓⃗ = 𝒙 ⃗ + 𝒚 ⃗ + 𝒛 𝒌⃗

Solution:

∇ ∙ 𝑟⃗ = ∇ ∙ 𝑥 𝚤⃗ + 𝑦 𝚥⃗ + 𝑧 𝑘⃗

= 𝚤⃗ + 𝚥⃗ + 𝑘⃗ ∙ 𝚤⃗ + 𝚥⃗ + 𝑘⃗

= ∑

=∑ (1) + 𝑥 −

= ∑ − ∵ =

` = ∑ −

= − (𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 )

= − ∵ 𝑟 = (𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 )

Vector Calculus Page 20

Engineering Mathematics - II

= − =

Example: 2.28 If is a constant vector and is the position vector of any point, prove that
(i) 𝛁 ∙ (𝒂⃗ × 𝒓⃗) = 𝟎 (ii) 𝛁 × (𝒂⃗ × 𝒓⃗) = 𝟐𝒂⃗
Solution:
Let 𝑟⃗ = 𝑥 𝚤⃗ + 𝑦 𝚥⃗ + 𝑧 𝑘⃗
𝑎⃗ = 𝑎 𝚤⃗ + 𝑎 𝚥⃗ + 𝑎 𝑘⃗
𝚤⃗ 𝚥⃗ 𝑘⃗
𝑎⃗ × 𝑟⃗ = 𝑎 𝑎 𝑎
𝑥 𝑦 𝑧

= 𝚤⃗(𝑎 𝑧 − 𝑎 𝑦) − 𝚥⃗(𝑎 𝑧 − 𝑎 𝑥 ) + 𝑘⃗ (𝑎 𝑦 − 𝑎 𝑥 )

(i) ∇ ∙ (𝑎⃗ × 𝑟⃗) = (𝑎 𝑧 − 𝑎 𝑦 ) + (−𝑎 𝑧 + 𝑎 𝑥 ) + (𝑎 𝑦 − 𝑎 𝑥 )

= 0+0+0= 0
𝚤⃗ 𝚥⃗ 𝑘⃗
(ii) ∇ × (𝑎⃗ × 𝑟⃗) =
𝑎 𝑧−𝑎 𝑦 −𝑎 𝑧 + 𝑎 𝑥 𝑎 𝑦−𝑎 𝑥
`= 𝚤⃗(𝑎 + 𝑎 ) − 𝚥⃗(−𝑎 − 𝑎 ) + 𝑘⃗ (𝑎 + 𝑎 )
= 2𝑎 𝚤⃗ + 2𝑎 𝚥⃗ + 2𝑎 𝑘⃗
= 2 𝑎 𝚤⃗ + 𝑎 𝚥⃗ + 𝑎 𝑘⃗ = 2𝑎⃗

Example: 2.29 Prove that 𝒄𝒖𝒓𝒍(𝒇(𝒓)𝒓⃗) = 𝟎⃗

Solution:
Let 𝑓 (𝑟)𝑟⃗ = 𝑓 (𝑟) 𝑥 𝚤⃗ + 𝑦 𝚥⃗ + 𝑧 𝑘⃗

= 𝑥𝑓 (𝑟)𝚤⃗ + 𝑦𝑓(𝑟)𝚥⃗ + 𝑧𝑓(𝑟)𝑘⃗

𝚤⃗ 𝚥⃗ 𝑘⃗
∇ × (𝑓(𝑟)𝑟⃗) =
𝑥𝑓(𝑟) 𝑦𝑓(𝑟) 𝑧𝑓 (𝑟)

= ∑ 𝚤⃗ 𝑧𝑓 (𝑟) − 𝑦𝑓 (𝑟)

= ∑ 𝚤⃗ 𝑧𝑓 (𝑟) − 𝑦𝑓 (𝑟)

= ∑ 𝚤⃗ 𝑓 (𝑟 ) − 𝑓 (𝑟 )

= ∑ 𝚤⃗ (0)
= 0 𝚤⃗ + 0 𝚥⃗ + 0 𝑘⃗ = 0⃗
Example: 2.30 Prove that 𝒄𝒖𝒓𝒍[𝝋 𝛁𝝋] = 𝟎⃗
(or)
Prove that 𝛁 × [𝝋 𝛁𝝋] = 𝟎⃗

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Solution:

𝜑∇𝜑 = 𝜑 𝚤⃗ + 𝚥⃗ + 𝑘⃗

= 𝚤⃗ 𝜑 + 𝚥⃗ 𝜑 + 𝑘⃗ 𝜑

𝚤⃗ 𝚥⃗ 𝑘⃗
∇ × (𝜑𝛻𝜑) =
𝜑 𝜑 𝜑

= ∑ 𝚤⃗ 𝜑 − 𝜑

= ∑ 𝚤⃗ 𝜑 + ∙ −𝜑 − ∙

= ∑ 𝚤⃗ (0)
= 0 𝚤⃗ + 0 𝚥⃗ + 0 𝑘⃗ = 0⃗
𝟏
Example: 2.31 If 𝝎⃗ is a constant vector and 𝒗⃗ = 𝝎⃗ × 𝒓⃗, then prove that 𝝎⃗ = 𝟐
(𝛁 × 𝒗⃗).

Solution:
Let 𝑟⃗ = 𝑥 𝚤⃗ + 𝑦 𝚥⃗ + 𝑧 𝑘⃗
𝜔⃗ = 𝜔 𝚤⃗ + 𝜔 𝚥⃗ + 𝜔 𝑘⃗
𝚤⃗ 𝚥⃗ 𝑘⃗
𝜔⃗ × 𝑟⃗ = 𝜔 𝜔 𝜔
𝑥 𝑦 𝑧

= 𝚤⃗(𝜔 𝑧 − 𝜔 𝑦) − 𝚥⃗(𝜔 𝑧 − 𝜔 𝑥 ) + 𝑘⃗ (𝜔 𝑦 − 𝜔 𝑥 )
𝚤⃗ 𝚥⃗ 𝑘⃗
∇ × 𝑣⃗ =
𝜔 𝑧−𝜔 𝑦 −𝜔 𝑧 + 𝜔 𝑥 𝜔 𝑦−𝜔 𝑥
= 𝚤⃗(𝜔 + 𝜔 ) − 𝚥⃗(−𝜔 − 𝜔 ) + 𝑘⃗ (𝜔 + 𝜔 )
= 2𝜔 𝚤⃗ + 2𝜔 𝚥⃗ + 2𝜔 𝑘⃗
= 2 𝜔 𝚤⃗ + 𝜔 𝚥⃗ + 𝜔 𝑘⃗ = 2𝜔⃗

𝜔⃗ = (∇ × 𝑣⃗)

Problems based on solenoidal vector and irrotational vector and scalar potential
Example: 2.32 Prove that the vector 𝑭⃗ = 𝒛 ⃗ + 𝒙 ⃗ + 𝒚 𝒌⃗ is solenoidal.
Solution:
Given 𝐹⃗ = 𝑧 𝚤⃗ + 𝑥 𝚥⃗ + 𝑦 𝑘⃗
To prove ∇ ∙ 𝐹⃗ = 0

∇ ∙ 𝐹⃗ = (𝑧 ) + (𝑥 ) + (𝑦 )

=0
Vector Calculus Page 22
Engineering Mathematics - II

∴ 𝐹⃗ is solenoidal.
Example: 2.33 Show that the vector 𝑭⃗ = 𝟑𝒚𝟒 𝒛𝟐 ⃗ + 𝟒𝒙𝟑 𝒛𝟐 ⃗ − 𝟑𝒙𝟐 𝒚𝟐 𝒌⃗ is solenoidal.
Solution:
Given 𝑭⃗ = 𝟑𝒚𝟒 𝒛𝟐 ⃗ + 𝟒𝒙𝟑 𝒛𝟐 ⃗ − 𝟑𝒙𝟐 𝒚𝟐 𝒌⃗
To prove ∇ ∙ 𝐹⃗ = 0

∇ ∙ 𝐹⃗ = (3𝑦 𝑧 ) + (4𝑥 𝑧 ) + (3𝑥 𝑦 )

= 0+0+0= 0
∴ 𝐹⃗ is solenoidal.
Example: 2.34 If 𝑭⃗ = (𝒙 + 𝟑𝒚) ⃗ + (𝒚 − 𝟐𝒛) ⃗ + (𝒙 + 𝝀𝒛)𝒌⃗ is solenoidal, then find the value of 𝝀.
Solution:
Given 𝐹⃗ is solenoidal.
(𝑖𝑒)∇ ∙ 𝐹⃗ = 0

⇒ (𝑥 + 3𝑦) + (𝑦 − 2𝑧) + (𝑥 + 𝜆𝑧) = 0

⇒1+1+𝜆 = 0
∴ 𝜆 = −2
Example: 2.35 Find a such that (𝟑𝒙 − 𝟐𝒚 + 𝒛) ⃗ + (𝟒𝒙 + 𝒂𝒚 − 𝒛) ⃗ + (𝒙 − 𝒚 + 𝟐𝒛)𝒌⃗ is solenoidal.
Solution:
Given (3𝑥 − 2𝑦 + 𝑧)𝚤⃗ + (4𝑥 + 𝑎𝑦 − 𝑧)𝚥⃗ + (𝑥 − 𝑦 + 2𝑧)𝑘⃗ is solenoidal.
(𝑖𝑒)∇ ∙ 𝐹⃗ = 0

⇒ (3𝑥 − 2𝑦 + 𝑧) + (4𝑥 + 𝑎𝑦 − 𝑧) + (𝑥 − 𝑦 + 2𝑧) = 0

⇒3+𝑎+2 =0
∴ 𝑎 = −5
Example: 2.36 Show that the vector 𝑭⃗ = (𝟔𝒙𝒚 + 𝒛𝟑 ) ⃗ + (𝟑𝒙𝟐 − 𝒛) ⃗ + (𝟑𝒙𝒛𝟐 − 𝒚)𝒌⃗ is irrotational.
Solution:
Given 𝐹⃗ = (6𝑥𝑦 + 𝑧 )𝚤⃗ + (3𝑥 − 𝑧)𝚥⃗ + (3𝑥𝑧 − 𝑦)𝑘⃗
To prove 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑙 𝐹⃗ = 0
(𝑖. 𝑒)𝑇𝑜 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑒 ∇ × 𝐹⃗ = 0

𝚤⃗ 𝚥⃗ 𝑘⃗
∇ × 𝐹⃗ =
6𝑥𝑦 + 𝑧 3𝑥 − 3𝑧 3𝑥𝑧 − 𝑦
= 𝚤⃗(−1 + 1) − 𝚥⃗(3𝑧 − 3𝑧 ) + 𝑘⃗ (6𝑥 − 6𝑥 ) = 0⃗
∴ 𝐹⃗ is irrotational.
Example: 2.37 Find the constants 𝒂, 𝒃, 𝒄 so that the vectors is irrotational
Vector Calculus Page 23
Engineering Mathematics - II

𝑭⃗ = (𝒙 + 𝟐𝒚 + 𝒂𝒛) ⃗ + (𝒃𝒙 + 𝟑𝒚 − 𝒛) ⃗ + (𝟒𝒙 + 𝒄𝒚 + 𝟐𝒛)𝒌⃗ .

Solution:
Given 𝑭⃗ = (𝒙 + 𝟐𝒚 + 𝒂𝒛) ⃗ + (𝒃𝒙 + 𝟑𝒚 − 𝒛) ⃗ + (𝟒𝒙 + 𝒄𝒚 + 𝟐𝒛)𝒌⃗ is irrotational.
(𝑖𝑒)∇ × 𝐹⃗ = 0
𝚤⃗ 𝚥⃗ 𝑘⃗
∇ × 𝐹⃗ = = 0⃗
𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 𝑎𝑧 𝑏𝑥 + 3𝑦 − 𝑧 4𝑥 + 𝑐𝑦 + 2𝑧
⇒ 𝚤⃗(𝑐 + 1) − 𝚥⃗(4 − 𝑎) + 𝑘⃗ (𝑏 − 2) = 0⃗
⇒𝑐+1 =0 ; 4−𝑎 =0 ; 𝑏−2=0
⇒ 𝑐 = −1 ; 4=𝑎; 𝑏=2
Example: 2.38 Prove that 𝑭⃗ = (𝟔𝒙𝒚 + 𝒛𝟑 ) ⃗ + (𝟑𝒙𝟐 − 𝒛) ⃗ + (𝟑𝒙𝒛𝟐 − 𝒚)𝒌⃗ is irrotational and find 𝝋
such that 𝑭⃗ = 𝛁𝝋.
Solution:
Given 𝐹⃗ = (6𝑥𝑦 + 𝑧 )𝚤⃗ + (3𝑥 − 𝑧)𝚥⃗ + (3𝑥𝑧 − 𝑦)𝑘⃗
To prove ∇ × 𝐹⃗ = 0
𝚤⃗ 𝚥⃗ 𝑘⃗
∇ × 𝐹⃗ =
6𝑥𝑦 + 𝑧 3𝑥 − 𝑧 3𝑥𝑧 − 𝑦
= 𝚤⃗(−1 + 1) − 𝚥⃗(3𝑧 − 3𝑧 ) + 𝑘⃗ (6𝑥 − 6𝑥 )
= 0⃗
∴ 𝐹⃗ is irrotational.
To find 𝜑 such that 𝐹⃗ = ∇𝜑.

∇𝜑 = 𝚤⃗ + 𝚥⃗ + 𝑘⃗

Equating the coefficients of 𝚤⃗, 𝚥⃗ and 𝑘⃗ we get,

= 6𝑥𝑦 + 𝑧 ; = 3𝑥 − 𝑧; = 3𝑥𝑧 − 𝑦

Integrating the above equations partially with respect to 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧 respectively

𝜑 = 3𝑥 𝑦 + 𝑥𝑧 + 𝑓 (𝑦, 𝑧)
𝜑 = 3𝑥 𝑦 − 𝑦𝑧 + 𝑓 (𝑥, 𝑧)
𝜑 = 𝑥𝑧 − 𝑦𝑧 + 𝑓 (𝑥, 𝑦)
∴ 𝜑 = 3𝑥 𝑦 + 𝑥𝑧 − 𝑦𝑧 + 𝑐 where c is constant.
Example: 2.39 Prove that 𝑭⃗ = (𝒚𝟐 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒙 + 𝒛𝟑 ) ⃗ + (𝟐𝒚 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒛 − 𝟒) ⃗ + (𝟑𝒙𝒛𝟐 )𝒌⃗ is irrotational and find
its scalar potential.
Solution:

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Given 𝐹⃗ = (𝑦 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 + 𝑧 )𝚤⃗ + (2𝑦 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑧 − 4)𝚥⃗ + (3𝑥𝑧 )𝑘⃗

To prove ∇ × 𝐹⃗ = 0
𝚤⃗ 𝚥⃗ 𝑘⃗
∇ × 𝐹⃗ =
𝑦 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 + 𝑧 2𝑦 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑧 − 4 3𝑥𝑧
= 𝚤⃗(0 − 0) − 𝚥⃗(3𝑧 − 3𝑧 ) + 𝑘⃗ (2𝑦 cos 𝑥 − 2𝑦𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 )
= 0⃗
∴ 𝐹⃗ is irrotational.
To find 𝜑 such that 𝐹⃗ = ∇𝜑.

∇𝜑 = 𝚤⃗ + 𝚥⃗ + 𝑘⃗

Equating the coefficients of 𝚤⃗, 𝚥⃗ and 𝑘⃗ we get,

= 𝑦 cos 𝑥 + 𝑧 ; = 2𝑦𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 − 4; = 3𝑥𝑧

Integrating the above equations partially with respect to 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧 respectively

𝜑 = 𝑦 sin 𝑥 + 𝑧 𝑥 + 𝑓 (𝑦, 𝑧)
𝜑 = 𝑦 sin 𝑥 − 4𝑦 + 𝑓 (𝑥, 𝑧)
𝜑 = 𝑥𝑧 + 𝑓 (𝑥, 𝑦)
∴ 𝜑 = 𝑦 sin 𝑥 + 𝑧 𝑥 − 4𝑦 + 𝑐 is scalar potential.
Example: 2.40 Prove that 𝑭⃗ = (𝟐𝒙 + 𝒚𝒛) ⃗ + (𝟒𝒚 + 𝒛𝒙) ⃗ + (𝟔𝒛 − 𝒙𝒚)𝒌⃗ is solenoidal as well as
irrotational also find the scalar potential of 𝑭⃗.
Solution:
Given 𝐹⃗ = (2𝑥 + 𝑦𝑧)𝚤⃗ + (4𝑦 + 𝑧𝑥 )𝚥⃗ + (6𝑧 − 𝑥𝑦)𝑘⃗
(i) To prove 𝐹⃗ is solenoidal.
(𝑖𝑒) 𝑇𝑜 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑒 ∇ ∙ 𝐹⃗ = 0
𝜕 𝜕 𝜕
∇ ∙ 𝐹⃗ = (2𝑥 + 𝑦𝑧) + (4𝑦 + 𝑧𝑥 ) + (−6𝑧 + 𝑥𝑦)
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
= 2+4−6= 0
∴ 𝐹⃗ is solenoidal.
(ii) To prove 𝐹⃗ is irrotational.
(𝑖𝑒) 𝑇𝑜 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑒 ∇ × 𝐹⃗ = 0

𝚤⃗ 𝚥⃗ 𝑘⃗
∇ × 𝐹⃗ =
2𝑥 + 𝑦𝑧 4𝑦 + 𝑧𝑥 −6𝑧 + 𝑥𝑦
= 𝚤⃗(𝑥 − 𝑥 ) − 𝚥⃗(𝑦 − 𝑦) + 𝑘⃗ (𝑧 − 𝑧)

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= 0⃗
∴ 𝐹⃗ is irrotational.
(iii) To find 𝜑 such that 𝐹⃗ = ∇𝜑.

(2𝑥 + 𝑦𝑧)𝚤⃗ + (4𝑦 + 𝑧𝑥 )𝚥⃗ + (6𝑧 − 𝑥𝑦)𝑘⃗ = 𝚤⃗ + 𝚥⃗ + 𝑘⃗

Equating the coefficients of 𝚤⃗, 𝚥⃗ and 𝑘⃗ we get,

= 2𝑥 + 𝑦𝑧; = 4𝑦 + 𝑧𝑥; = −6𝑧 + 𝑥𝑦

Integrating the above equations partially with respect to 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧 respectively

𝜑 = 𝑥 + 𝑥𝑦𝑧 + 𝑓 (𝑦, 𝑧)
𝜑 = 2𝑦 + 𝑥𝑦𝑧 + 𝑓 (𝑥, 𝑧)
𝜑 = −3𝑧 + 𝑥𝑦𝑧 + 𝑓 (𝑥, 𝑦)
∴ 𝜑 = 𝑥 + 2𝑦 − 3𝑧 + 𝑥𝑦𝑧 + 𝑐 where c is a constant.
∴ 𝜑 is a scalar potential of 𝐹⃗.
Example: 2.41 If 𝛁𝝋 = 𝟐𝒙𝒚𝒛𝟑 ⃗ + 𝒙𝟐 𝒛𝟑 ⃗ + 𝟑𝒙𝟐 𝒚𝒛𝟐 𝒌⃗ find 𝝋 if 𝝋(−𝟏, 𝟐, 𝟐) = 𝟒
Solution:
Given ∇𝜑 = 2𝑥𝑦𝑧 𝚤⃗ + 𝑥 𝑧 𝚥⃗ + 3𝑥 𝑦𝑧 𝑘⃗ … (1)

We know that ∇𝜑 = 𝚤⃗ + 𝚥⃗ + 𝑘⃗ … (2)

Comparing (1) and (2)

= 2𝑥𝑦𝑧 ; = 𝑥 𝑧 ; = 3𝑥 𝑦𝑧

Integrating the above equations partially with respect to 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧 respectively

𝜑 = 𝑥 𝑦𝑧 + 𝑓 (𝑦, 𝑧)
𝜑 = 𝑥 𝑦𝑧 + 𝑓 (𝑥, 𝑧)
𝜑 = 𝑥 𝑦𝑧 + 𝑓 (𝑥, 𝑦)
∴ 𝜑 = 𝑥 𝑦𝑧 + 𝑐 where c is a constant.
Given 𝜑(−1, 2, 2) = 4
⇒ 16 + 𝑐 = 4
⇒ 𝑐 = −12
∴ 𝜑 = 𝑥 𝑦𝑧 − 12
Example: 2.42 If 𝑨⃗ and 𝑩⃗ are irrotational, then prove that 𝑨⃗ × 𝑩⃗ is solenoidal.
Solution:
Given 𝐴⃗ and 𝐵⃗ are irrotational.
(𝑖𝑒)∇ × 𝐴⃗ = 0 and ∇ × 𝐵⃗ = 0
We know that ∇ ∙ 𝐴⃗ × 𝐵⃗ = ∇ × 𝐴⃗ ∙ 𝐵⃗ − ∇ × 𝐵⃗ ∙ 𝐴⃗

= 0 ∙ 𝐴⃗ − 0 ∙ 𝐵⃗
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=0
Hence 𝐴⃗ × 𝐵⃗ is solenoidal.
Example: 2.43 if 𝑨⃗ is a constant vector, then prove that (i) 𝒅𝒊𝒗 𝑨⃗ = 𝟎 and (ii) 𝒄𝒖𝒓𝒍 𝑨⃗ = 𝟎
Solution:
Let 𝐴⃗ = 𝐴 𝚤⃗ + 𝐴 𝚥⃗ + 𝐴 𝑘⃗

= 0; = 0; =0

(i) ∇ ∙ 𝐴⃗ = + +

= 0+0+0= 0
Hence 𝑑𝑖𝑣 𝐴⃗ = 0.
𝚤⃗ 𝚥⃗ 𝑘⃗
(ii) ∇ × 𝐴⃗ =
𝐴 𝐴 𝐴
= 𝚤⃗(0 − 0) − 𝚥⃗(0 − 0) + 𝑘⃗ (0 − 0)
= 0⃗
∴ 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑙 𝐹⃗ = 0⃗
Example: 2.44 If 𝝋 and 𝝌 are differentiable scalar fields, prove 𝛁𝝋 × 𝛁𝝌 is solenoidal.
Solution:
Consider ∇ ∙ (𝛻𝜑 × 𝛻𝜒)
= 𝛻𝜒 ∙ 𝛻 × (∇𝜑) − ∇𝜑 ∙ [∇ × (𝛻𝜒)] ∵ ∇ ∙ 𝐴⃗ × 𝐵⃗ = 𝐵⃗ ∙ ∇ × 𝐴⃗ − 𝐴⃗ ∙ ∇ × 𝐵⃗
= 𝛻𝜒 ∙ 0 − ∇𝜑 ∙ 0
=0
∴ 𝛻𝜑 × 𝛻𝜒 is solenoidal.
Example: 2.45 Find 𝒇(𝒓) if the vector 𝒇(𝒓)𝒓⃗ is both solenoidal and irrotational.
Solution:
(i) Given 𝑓 (𝑟)𝑟⃗ is solenoidal.
∴ ∇ ∙ (𝑓 (𝑟)𝑟⃗) = 0
We know that 𝑟⃗ = 𝑥𝚤⃗ + 𝑦 𝚥⃗ + 𝑧 𝑘⃗
∴ 𝑓(𝑟)𝑟⃗ = 𝑓 (𝑟) 𝑥𝚤⃗ + 𝑓(𝑟) 𝑦 𝚥⃗ + 𝑓(𝑟) 𝑧 𝑘⃗
Now ∇ ∙ (𝑓 (𝑟)𝑟⃗) = 0

⇒ 𝚤⃗ + 𝚥⃗ + 𝑘⃗ ∙ 𝑓 (𝑟) 𝑥 𝚤⃗ + 𝑓 (𝑟) 𝑦 𝚥⃗ + 𝑓(𝑟) 𝑧 𝑘⃗ = 0

⇒ (𝑓 (𝑟 ) 𝑥 ) + (𝑓 ( 𝑟 ) 𝑦 ) + ( 𝑓 (𝑟 ) 𝑧 ) = 0

⇒∑ (𝑓 (𝑟 ) 𝑥 ) = 0

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⇒ ∑ 𝑓 (𝑟 ) ∙ 1 + 𝑥 𝑓 (𝑟 ) =0

⇒ ∑ 𝑓 (𝑟 ) + 𝑥 𝑓 (𝑟 ) =0

⇒ ∑ 𝑓 (𝑟 ) + 𝑓 (𝑟 ) = 0

⇒ 3𝑓(𝑟) + 𝑓 (𝑟) + + =0
( )
⇒ 3𝑓(𝑟) + [𝑟 ] = 0 [∵ 𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 = 𝑟 ]

⇒ 3𝑓(𝑟) + 𝑓 (𝑟) 𝑟 = 0
⇒ 𝑓 (𝑟) 𝑟 = −3𝑓(𝑟)
( )
⇒ ( )
=

Integrating with respect to r, we get

( )
⇒∫ ( )
𝑑𝑟 = ∫ 𝑑𝑟

⇒ log 𝑓 (𝑟) = −3 log 𝑟 + log 𝑐

= log 𝑟 + log 𝑐

= log + log 𝑐

= log

∴ 𝑓 (𝑟 ) =

(ii) Given 𝑓 (𝑟)𝑟⃗ is irrotational.

𝚤⃗ 𝚥⃗ 𝑘⃗
∇ × 𝑓(𝑟)𝑟⃗ =
𝑥𝑓(𝑟) 𝑦𝑓(𝑟) 𝑧𝑓 (𝑟)

= ∑ 𝚤⃗ 𝑧 𝑓 (𝑟 ) − 𝑦 𝑓 (𝑟 )

= ∑ 𝚤⃗ 𝑧𝑓 (𝑟) − 𝑦 𝑓 (𝑟 )

= ∑ 𝚤⃗ 𝑧𝑓 (𝑟) − 𝑦 𝑓 (𝑟 )

= ∑ 𝚤⃗ 𝑓 (𝑟) −

= 0⃗ for all 𝑓 (𝑟)

Example: 2.46 Prove that 𝒓𝒏 𝒓⃗ is irrotational for every n and solenoidal only for 𝒏 = −𝟑.
Solution:
We know that 𝑟⃗ = 𝑥𝚤⃗ + 𝑦 𝚥⃗ + 𝑧 𝑘⃗
∴ 𝑟 𝑟⃗ = 𝑟 𝑥𝚤⃗ + 𝑟 𝑦 𝚥⃗ + 𝑟 𝑧 𝑘⃗
(i) To prove 𝑟 𝑟⃗ is irrotational.

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𝚤⃗ 𝚥⃗ 𝑘⃗
∇ × (𝑟 𝑟⃗) =
𝑟 𝑥 𝑟 𝑦 𝑟 𝑧

= ∑ 𝚤⃗ 𝑧 𝑛𝑟 − 𝑦 𝑛𝑟

= ∑ 𝚤⃗ 𝑧 𝑛𝑟 − 𝑦 𝑛𝑟

= ∑ 𝚤⃗ 𝑛𝑟 − 𝑛𝑟

= ∑ 𝚤⃗ (0)
= 0 𝚤⃗ + 0 𝚥⃗ + 0 𝑘⃗ = 0⃗
∴ 𝑟 𝑟⃗ is irrotational for every n.
(ii) To prove 𝑟 𝑟⃗ is solenoidal.
∇ ∙ (𝑟 𝑟⃗) = ∇ ∙ 𝑟 𝑥𝚤⃗ + 𝑟 𝑦 𝚥⃗ + 𝑟 𝑧 𝑘⃗

= ∑ (𝑟 𝑥 )

= ∑ 𝑟 (1) + 𝑥𝑛𝑟

= ∑ 𝑟 + 𝑥𝑛𝑟

= ∑[𝑟 + 𝑥 𝑛𝑟 ]
= 3𝑟 + 𝑛𝑟 (𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 )
= 3𝑟 + 𝑛𝑟 (𝑟 )
= 3𝑟 + 𝑛𝑟
= 𝑟 (3 + 𝑛 )
When 𝑛 = −3, we get ∇ ∙ (𝑟 𝑟⃗) = 0
∴ 𝑟 𝑟⃗ is solenoidal only if 𝑛 = −3.
Problems based on Laplace operator
Example: 2.47 Find 𝛁 𝟐 (𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒓)
Solution:

∇ (log 𝑟) = ∑ (log 𝑟)

= ∑

= ∑ 𝑥

=∑ (1) + 𝑥 −

=∑ − 𝑥

=∑ −

= − (𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 )
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= − (𝑟 )

= − =

Example: 2.48 Prove that 𝛁 𝟐 (𝒓𝒏 ) = 𝒏(𝒏 + 𝟏)𝒓𝒏 𝟐 , where 𝒓⃗ = 𝒙⃗ + 𝒚 ⃗ + 𝒛 𝒌⃗ and

𝟏
𝒓 = |𝒓⃗|and hence deduce 𝛁 𝟐 𝒓
.

(or)
Prove that 𝒅𝒊𝒗 (𝒈𝒓𝒂𝒅 𝒓𝒏 ) = 𝒏(𝒏 + 𝟏) 𝒓𝒏 𝟐

Solution:
Let 𝑟 = |𝑟⃗| = 𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧

Hence = ; = ; =

∇ (𝑟 ) = ∑ (𝑟 )

= ∑ 𝑛𝑟

= ∑ 𝑛𝑟

= ∑ [𝑛 𝑥𝑟 ]

= ∑ 𝑛 𝑥 (𝑛 − 2)𝑟 + 𝑟 (1)

= ∑ 𝑛 𝑥 (𝑛 − 2)𝑟 + 𝑟

= ∑[𝑛[(𝑛 − 2)𝑟 𝑥 + 𝑟 ]]
= ∑[𝑛(𝑛 − 2)𝑟 𝑥 + 𝑛𝑟 ]
= 𝑛 (𝑛 − 2)𝑟 (𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 ) + 3 𝑛 𝑟
= 𝑛 (𝑛 − 2)𝑟 𝑟 +3𝑛𝑟
= 𝑛 (𝑛 − 2)𝑟 +3𝑛𝑟
= 𝑛𝑟 (𝑛 − 2 + 3)
= 𝑛𝑟 (𝑛 + 1) … (1)

(ii) ∇ = ∇ (𝑟 )

= (−1) (−1 + 1) 𝑟 by (1)

= (−1) (0) 𝑟 =0
Example: 2.49 Prove that 𝛁 𝟐 (𝒓𝒏 𝒓⃗) = 𝒏 (𝒏 + 𝟑)𝒓𝒏 𝟐 𝒓⃗
Solution:
We have 𝑟⃗ = 𝑥𝚤⃗ + 𝑦 𝚥⃗ + 𝑧 𝑘⃗
⃗ ⃗ ⃗
Hence = 𝚤⃗; = 𝚥⃗; = 𝑘⃗

Also 𝑟 = |𝑟⃗| = 𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧

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Hence = ; = ; =

∇ (𝑟 𝑟⃗) = ∑ (𝑟 𝑟⃗)
⃗
= ∑ 𝑟 +𝑛𝑟 𝑟⃗

= ∑ 𝑟 𝚤⃗ + 𝑛 𝑟 𝑟⃗

= ∑ [𝑟 𝚤⃗ + 𝑛 𝑟 𝑥 𝑟⃗]
⃗
=∑ 𝑛𝑟 𝚤⃗ + 𝑛 𝑟 𝑥 +𝑟 (1)𝑟⃗ + (𝑛 − 2) 𝑟 𝑥𝑟⃗

= ∑ 𝑛𝑟 𝚤⃗ + 𝑛 𝑟 𝑥𝚤⃗ + 𝑛 𝑟 𝑟⃗ + 𝑛(𝑛 − 2) 𝑟 𝑥𝑟⃗

= ∑[𝑛 𝑟 𝑥𝚤⃗ + 𝑛 𝑟 𝑥𝚤⃗ + 𝑛 𝑟 𝑟⃗ + 𝑛(𝑛 − 2) 𝑟 𝑥 𝑟⃗]

=𝑛𝑟 𝑥𝚤⃗ + 𝑦 𝚥⃗ + 𝑧 𝑘⃗ + 𝑛 𝑟 𝑥𝚤⃗ + 𝑦 𝚥⃗ + 𝑧 𝑘⃗ + 3𝑛 𝑟 𝑟⃗
𝑛(𝑛 − 2 ) 𝑟 𝑟⃗(𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 )
=𝑛𝑟 𝑟⃗ + 𝑛 𝑟 𝑟⃗ + 3𝑛 𝑟 𝑟⃗ + 𝑛(𝑛 − 2)𝑟 𝑟⃗𝑟
= 5𝑛 𝑟 𝑟⃗ + 𝑛(𝑛 − 2)𝑟 𝑟⃗
=𝑛𝑟 𝑟⃗(5 + 𝑛 − 2)
=𝑛𝑟 𝑟⃗(𝑛 + 3)
= 𝑛(𝑛 + 3)𝑟 𝑟⃗
𝟐
Example: 2.50 Prove that 𝛁 𝟐 𝒇(𝒓) = 𝒇 (𝒓) + 𝒓
𝒇 ( 𝒓)

Solution:

∇ 𝑓 (𝑟 ) = ∑ 𝑓 (𝑟 )

= ∑ 𝑓 (𝑟 )

= ∑ 𝑓 (𝑟 )

= ∑ 𝑓 (𝑟 )𝑥

= ∑ 𝑓 (𝑟 )𝑥 + 𝑓 (𝑟 ) (1) + 𝑓 (𝑟 ) 𝑥

= ∑ 𝑓 (𝑟 )𝑥 + 𝑓 (𝑟 ) + 𝑓 (𝑟 ) 𝑥

= ∑ 𝑓 (𝑟 ) 𝑥 + 𝑓 (𝑟 ) + 𝑓 (𝑟 ) 𝑥

= 𝑓 (𝑟 ) (𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 ) + 𝑓 (𝑟 ) + 𝑓 (𝑟 ) (𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 )

= −𝑓 (𝑟) (𝑟 ) + 𝑓 (𝑟 ) + 𝑓 (𝑟 ) (𝑟 )

= −𝑓 (𝑟) + 𝑓 (𝑟 ) + 𝑓 (𝑟 )

= 𝑓 (𝑟 ) + 𝑓 (𝑟 )

Exercise: 2.2
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1. When 𝜑 = 𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 − 3𝑥𝑦𝑧, find ∇𝜑, ∇ ∙ ∇𝜑, ∇ × ∇𝜑 at the point (1, 2, 3).

Ans: (∇𝜑)( , , ) = −15𝚤⃗ + 3𝚥⃗ + 21𝑘⃗
(∇ ∙ 𝜑 )( , , ) = 36
(∇ × ∇𝜑)( , , ) = 0⃗
⃗
2. Show that, 𝑑𝑖𝑣 =

3. Find ∇ ∙ 𝐹⃗ 𝑎𝑛𝑑 ∇ × 𝐹⃗ of the vector point function 𝐹⃗ = 𝑥𝑧 𝚤⃗ − 2𝑥 𝑦𝑧 𝚥⃗ + 2𝑦𝑧 𝑘⃗ at

(1, −1, 1). Ans: ∇ ∙ 𝐹⃗ ( , , )
= −9, ∇ × 𝐹⃗ ( , , )
= 3𝚥⃗ + 4𝑘⃗

4. Show that the vector 𝐹⃗ = (sin 𝑦 + 𝑧)𝚤⃗ + (𝑥 cos 𝑦 − 𝑧) 𝚥⃗ + (𝑥 − 𝑦) 𝑘⃗ is irrotational.

5. Show that the vector 𝐹⃗ = (2𝑥𝑦 − 𝑧 )𝚤⃗ + (𝑥 + 2𝑦𝑧) 𝚥⃗ + (𝑦 − 2𝑧𝑥 ) 𝑘⃗ is irrotational
and find its scalar potential. Ans: 𝑥 𝑦 − 𝑥𝑧 + 𝑦 𝑧 + 𝑐
6. Show that the vector 𝐹⃗ = (3𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 1)𝚤⃗ + (4𝑥𝑦 − 3𝑦 𝑧 − 3) 𝚥⃗ + (2 − 𝑦 ) 𝑘⃗ is
irrotational and find its scalar potential. Ans: 𝑥 + 2𝑦 𝑥 + 𝑥 − 𝑦 𝑧 − 3𝑦 + 2𝑧 + 𝑐
7. Show that the vector 𝐹⃗ = (𝑦 + 2𝑥𝑧 )𝚤⃗ + (2𝑥𝑦 − 𝑧) 𝚥⃗ + (2𝑥 𝑧 − 𝑦 + 2𝑧) 𝑘⃗ is
irrotational and find its scalar potential. Ans: 𝑥𝑦 + 𝑥 𝑧 − 𝑦𝑧 + 𝑧 + 𝑐
8. Prove that 𝐹⃗ = (𝑥 − 𝑦 + 𝑥 )𝚤⃗ − (2𝑥𝑦 + 𝑧) 𝚥⃗ is irrrotational and hence, find its scalar

potential. Ans: − 𝑥𝑦 + − + 𝑐
9. Find the constants a, b, c so that the following vector is irrotational.
(i) 𝐹⃗ = (𝑎𝑥𝑦 + 𝑏𝑧 )𝚤⃗ + (3𝑥 − 𝑐𝑧) 𝚥⃗ + (3𝑥𝑧 − 𝑦) 𝑘⃗ Ans: 𝑎 = 6, 𝑏 = 1, 𝑐 = 1
(ii) 𝐴⃗ = (𝑎𝑥𝑦 − 𝑧 )𝚤⃗ + (𝑎 − 2)𝑥 𝚥⃗ + (1 − 𝑎)𝑥𝑧 𝑘⃗ Ans: 𝑎 = 4
10. Show that the following vectors are solenoidal.
(i) 𝑎⃗ = (𝑥 + 3𝑦)𝚤⃗ + (𝑦 − 3𝑧) 𝚥⃗ + (𝑥 − 2𝑧) 𝑘⃗
(ii) 𝑎⃗ = 5𝑦 𝑧 𝚤⃗ + 8𝑥𝑧 𝚥⃗ − 𝑦 𝑥 𝑘⃗
2.3 VECTOR INTEGRATION
Line Integral
An integral which is evaluated along a curve then it is called line integral.
Let C be the curve in same region of space described by a vector valued function
𝑟⃗ = 𝑥𝚤⃗ + 𝑦 𝚥⃗ + 𝑧 𝑘⃗ of a point (𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) and let 𝐹⃗ = 𝐹 𝚤⃗ + 𝐹 𝚥⃗ + 𝐹 𝑘⃗ be a continuous vector valued
function defined along a curve C. Then the line integral 𝐹⃗ over C is denoted by


c
𝐹⃗ ∙ 𝑑𝑟⃗.

Work done by a Force

If 𝐹⃗ (𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) is a force acting on a particle which moves along a given curve C, then

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
c
𝐹⃗ ∙ 𝑑𝑟⃗ gives the total work done by the force 𝐹⃗ in the displacement along C.

Thus work done by force 𝐹⃗ = 

c
𝐹⃗ ∙ 𝑑𝑟⃗

Conservative force field

The line integral ∫ 𝐹⃗ ∙ 𝑑𝑟⃗ depends not only on the path C but also on the end points A and B.

If the integral depends only on the end points but not on the path C, then 𝐹⃗ is said to be conservative vector
field.
If 𝐹⃗ is conservative force field, then it can be expressed as the gradient of some scalar function 𝜑.
(𝑖𝑒) 𝐹⃗ = ∇𝜑

𝐹⃗ = ∇𝜑 = 𝚤⃗ + 𝚥⃗ + 𝑘⃗

𝐹⃗ ∙ 𝑑𝑟⃗ = 𝚤⃗ + 𝚥⃗ + 𝑘⃗ ∙ 𝑑𝑥 𝚤⃗ + 𝑑𝑦 𝚥⃗ + 𝑑𝑧 𝑘⃗

= 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑑𝑦 + 𝑑𝑧 = 𝜕𝜑


c
𝐹⃗ ∙ 𝑑𝑟⃗ = ∫ 𝜕𝜑

= [𝜑 ]
= 𝜑 [𝐵 ] − 𝜑 [𝐴]
∴ work done by 𝐹⃗ = 𝜑[𝐵] − 𝜑[𝐴]
Note:
If 𝐹⃗ is conservative, then ∇ × 𝐹⃗ = ∇ × (∇𝜑) = 0⃗ and hence 𝐹⃗ is irrotational.
Problems based on line integral
Example: 2.51 If 𝑭⃗ = 𝟑𝒙𝒚⃗ − 𝒚𝟐 ⃗, evaluate 
c
𝑭⃗ ∙ 𝒅𝒓⃗ where c is the curve 𝒚 = 𝟐𝒙𝟐 from (𝟎, 𝟎) to

(𝟏, 𝟐).
Solution:
Given 𝐹⃗ = 3𝑥𝑦𝚤⃗ − 𝑦 𝚥⃗
𝑑𝑟⃗ = 𝑑𝑥𝚤⃗ + 𝑑𝑦 𝚥⃗
𝐹⃗ ∙ 𝑑𝑟⃗ = 3𝑥𝑦 𝑑𝑥 − 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
Given C is 𝑦 = 2𝑥
∴ 𝑑𝑦 = 4𝑥𝑑𝑥
Along C, 𝑥 varies from 0 to 1.


c
𝐹⃗ ∙ 𝑑𝑟⃗ = ∫ 3𝑥 (2𝑥 )𝑑𝑥 − 4𝑥 (4𝑥𝑑𝑥 )

= ∫ 6𝑥 − 16𝑥 𝑑𝑥

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= 6 − 16

= − = − units.

Example: 2.52 Find the work done, when a force 𝑭⃗ = (𝒙𝟐 − 𝒚𝟐 + 𝒙) ⃗ − (𝟐𝒙𝒚 + 𝒚) ⃗ moves a particle
from the origin to the point (𝟏, 𝟏) along 𝒚𝟐 = 𝒙.
Solution:
Given 𝐹⃗ = (𝑥 − 𝑦 + 𝑥 )𝚤⃗ − (2𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦)𝚥⃗
𝑑𝑟⃗ = 𝑑𝑥𝚤⃗ + 𝑑𝑦𝚥⃗
𝐹⃗ ∙ 𝑑𝑟⃗ = (𝑥 − 𝑦 + 𝑥 )𝑑𝑥 − (2𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦)𝑑𝑦
Given 𝑦 = 𝑥 ⇒ 2𝑦𝑑𝑦 = 𝑑𝑥
Along the curve C, 𝑦 varies from 0 to 1.


c
𝐹⃗ ∙ 𝑑𝑟⃗ = ∫ ((𝑦 ) − 𝑦 + 𝑦 ) 2𝑦𝑑𝑦 − (2(𝑦 )𝑦 + 𝑦)𝑑𝑦

= ∫ (2𝑦 − 2𝑦 + 2𝑦 − 2𝑦 − 𝑦) 𝑑𝑦

= ∫ (2𝑦 − 2𝑦 − 𝑦) 𝑑𝑦

= 2 − 2 −

= − − = −

Example: 2.53 Find the work done in moving a particle in the force field
𝑭⃗ = 𝟑𝒙𝟐 ⃗ + (𝟐𝒙𝒛 − 𝒚) ⃗ − 𝒛𝒌⃗ from 𝒕 = 𝟎 to 𝒕 = 𝟏 along the curve 𝒙 = 𝟐𝒕𝟐 , 𝒚 = 𝒕, 𝒛 = 𝟒𝒕𝟑 .
Solution:
Given 𝐹⃗ = 3𝑥 𝚤⃗ + (2𝑥𝑧 − 𝑦)𝚥⃗ − 𝑧𝑘⃗
𝑑𝑟⃗ = 𝑑𝑥𝚤⃗ + 𝑑𝑦𝚥⃗ + 𝑑𝑧𝑘⃗
𝐹⃗ ∙ 𝑑𝑟⃗ = 3𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + (2𝑥𝑧 − 𝑦)𝑑𝑦 − 𝑧𝑑𝑧
Given 𝑥 = 2𝑡 , 𝑦 = 𝑡, 𝑧 = 4𝑡
𝑑𝑥 = 4𝑡𝑑𝑡 , 𝑑𝑦 = 𝑑𝑡, 𝑑𝑧 = 12𝑡 𝑑𝑡


c
𝐹⃗ ∙ 𝑑𝑟⃗ = ∫ 48𝑡 𝑑𝑡 + (16𝑡 − 𝑡)𝑑𝑡 − 48𝑡 𝑑𝑡

= ∫ (16𝑡 − 𝑡)𝑑𝑡

= − = − =

Example: 2.54 If 𝑭⃗ = (𝟑𝒙𝟐 + 𝟔𝒚) ⃗ + 𝟏𝟒𝒚𝒛⃗ + 𝟐𝟎𝒙𝒛𝟐 𝒌⃗, evaluate 

c
𝑭⃗ ∙ 𝒅𝒓⃗ from (𝟎, 𝟎, 𝟎) to (𝟏, 𝟏, 𝟏)

along the curve 𝒙 = 𝒕, 𝒚 = 𝒕𝟐 , 𝒛 = 𝒕𝟑 .

Solution:

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Given 𝐹⃗ = (3𝑥 + 6𝑦)𝚤⃗ + 14𝑦𝑧𝚥⃗ + 20𝑥𝑧 𝑘⃗

𝑑𝑟⃗ = 𝑑𝑥𝚤⃗ + 𝑑𝑦𝚥⃗ + 𝑑𝑧𝑘⃗
𝐹⃗ ∙ 𝑑𝑟⃗ = (3𝑥 + 6𝑦)𝑑𝑥 + 14𝑦𝑧𝑑𝑦 + 20𝑥𝑧 𝑑𝑧
Given 𝑥 = 𝑡 , 𝑦=𝑡 , 𝑧=𝑡
𝑑𝑥 = 𝑑𝑡 , 𝑑 𝑦 = 2𝑡𝑑𝑡, 𝑑𝑧 = 3𝑡 𝑑𝑡
The point (0, 0, 0) to (1, 1,1) on the curve correspond to 𝑡 = 0 and 𝑡 = 1.


c
𝐹⃗ ∙ 𝑑𝑟⃗ = ∫ (3𝑡 + 6𝑡 )𝑑𝑡 + 14𝑡 (2𝑡 𝑑𝑡) + 20𝑡 (3𝑡 )𝑑𝑡

= ∫ (9𝑡 + 28 𝑡 + 60𝑡 ) 𝑑𝑡

= 9 + 28 + 60

= + + = 3 + 4 + 6 = 13units.

Example: 2.55 Find 

c
𝑭⃗ ∙ 𝒅𝒓⃗ where 𝑭⃗ = (𝟐𝒚 + 𝟑) ⃗ + 𝒙𝒛⃗ + (𝒚𝒛 − 𝒙)𝒌⃗ along the line joining the

points (𝟎, 𝟎, 𝟎) to (𝟐, 𝟏, 𝟏).

Solution:
Given 𝐹⃗ = (2𝑦 + 3)𝚤⃗ + 𝑥𝑧𝚥⃗ + (𝑦𝑧 − 𝑥 )𝑘⃗
𝑑𝑟⃗ = 𝑑𝑥𝚤⃗ + 𝑑𝑦𝚥⃗ + 𝑑𝑧𝑘⃗
𝐹⃗ ∙ 𝑑𝑟⃗ = (2𝑦 + 3)𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥𝑧𝑑𝑦 + (𝑦𝑧 − 𝑥 )𝑑𝑧
Equation of Straight line = =

The equation of the straight line joining (0, 0, 0) to (2, 1, 1).

⇒ = =

⇒ = = = 𝑡 (say)

𝑥 = 2𝑡 , 𝑦 = 𝑡, 𝑧=𝑡
𝑑𝑥 = 2𝑑𝑡 , 𝑑 𝑦 = 𝑑𝑡, 𝑑𝑧 = 𝑑𝑡
When t = 0 we get (0, 0, 0)
When t = 1 we get (2, 1, 1)
∴ 𝑡 varies from 0 to 1.


c
𝐹⃗ ∙ 𝑑𝑟⃗ = ∫ (2𝑡 + 3)2𝑑𝑡 + (2𝑡)𝑡𝑑𝑡 + (𝑡 − 2𝑡)𝑑𝑡

= ∫ (4𝑡 + 6 + 2𝑡 + 𝑡 − 2𝑡) 𝑑𝑡

= ∫ (3𝑡 + 2𝑡 + 6) 𝑑𝑡

= 3 +2 + 6𝑡

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= + + 6 = 8 units
Example: 2.56 Find the work done in moving a particle in the force field
𝑭⃗ = 𝟑𝒙𝟐 ⃗ + (𝟐𝒙𝒛 − 𝒚) ⃗ + 𝒛𝒌⃗ along the straight line (𝟎, 𝟎, 𝟎) to (𝟐, 𝟏, 𝟑).
Solution:
Given 𝐹⃗ = 3𝑥 𝚤⃗ + (2𝑥𝑧 − 𝑦)𝚥⃗ + 𝑧𝑘⃗
𝑑𝑟⃗ = 𝑑𝑥𝚤⃗ + 𝑑𝑦𝚥⃗ + 𝑑𝑧𝑘⃗
𝐹⃗ ∙ 𝑑𝑟⃗ = 3𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + (2𝑥𝑧 − 𝑦)𝑑𝑦 + 𝑧𝑑𝑧
Equation of Straight line = =

The equation of the line joining two points (0, 0, 0) to (2, 1, 3) is

⇒ = =

⇒ = = = 𝑡 (say)

𝑥 = 2𝑡 , 𝑦 = 𝑡, 𝑧 = 3𝑡
𝑑𝑥 = 2𝑑𝑡 , 𝑑 𝑦 = 𝑑𝑡, 𝑑𝑧 = 3𝑑𝑡
When 𝑡 = 0 we get (0, 0, 0)
When 𝑡 = 1 we get (2, 1, 3)


c
𝐹⃗ ∙ 𝑑𝑟⃗ = ∫ 3(4𝑡 )2𝑑𝑡 + [2(2𝑡)(3𝑡) − 𝑡]𝑑𝑡 + (3𝑡)3𝑑𝑡

= ∫ (24𝑡 + 12𝑡 − 𝑡 + 9𝑡) 𝑑𝑡

= ∫ (36𝑡 + 8𝑡) 𝑑𝑡

= 36 +8

= 12 + 4 = 16 units
Example: 2.57 Find 
c
𝑭⃗ ∙ 𝒅𝒓⃗ where c is the circle 𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 = 𝟒 in the 𝒙𝒚 plane where

𝑭⃗ = (𝟐𝒙𝒚 + 𝒛𝟑 ) ⃗ + 𝒙𝟐 ⃗ + 𝟑𝒙𝒛𝟐 𝒌⃗.

Solution:
Given 𝐹⃗ = (2𝑥𝑦 + 𝑧 )𝚤⃗ + 𝑥 𝚥⃗ + 3𝑥𝑧 𝑘⃗
In 𝑥𝑦 plane 𝑧 = 0 ⇒ 𝑑𝑧 = 0
𝑑𝑟⃗ = 𝑑𝑥𝚤⃗ + 𝑑𝑦𝚥⃗ + 𝑑𝑧𝑘⃗
𝐹⃗ ∙ 𝑑𝑟⃗ = 2𝑥𝑦𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥 𝑑𝑦
Given C is 𝑥 + 𝑦 = 4
The parametric form of circle is
𝑥 = 2 cos 𝜃 , 𝑦 = 2 sin 𝜃
𝑑𝑥 = −2 sin 𝜃𝑑𝜃, 𝑑𝑦 = 2 cos 𝜃𝑑𝜃

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And 𝜃 varies from 0 to 2𝜋


c
𝐹⃗ ∙ 𝑑𝑟⃗ = ∫ [2(2 cos 𝜃)(2 sin 𝜃 )] (−2 sin 𝜃𝑑𝜃 ) + (2 cos 𝜃 ) 2 cos 𝜃 𝑑𝜃

=∫ −16 cos 𝜃𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 + 8 cos 𝜃 𝑑𝜃

=∫ −16 cos 𝜃 (1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃) + 8 cos 𝜃 𝑑𝜃

=∫ −16 cos 𝜃 + 16 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 + 8 cos 𝜃 𝑑𝜃

= −16 ∫ cos 𝜃 𝑑𝜃 + 24 ∫ cos 𝜃 𝑑𝜃

= −16 ∫ cos 𝜃 𝑑𝜃 + 24 ∫ 𝑑𝜃

= 16 [sin 𝜃] + 3 sin 𝜃 +

=0 [∵ sin 𝑛𝜋 = 0, 𝑠𝑖𝑛0 = 0]
𝑩
Example: 2.58 State the physical interpretation of the line integral ∫𝑨 𝑭⃗ ∙ 𝒅𝒓⃗.
Solution:
Physically ∫ 𝐹⃗ ∙ 𝑑𝑟⃗ denotes the total work done by the force 𝐹⃗, displacing a particle from A to B
along the curve C.
Example: 2.59 If 𝑭⃗ = (𝟒𝒙𝒚 − 𝟑𝒙𝟐 𝒛𝟐 ) ⃗ + 𝟐𝒙𝟐 ⃗ − 𝟐𝒙𝟐 𝒛𝒌⃗, check whether the integral


c
𝑭⃗ ∙ 𝒅𝒓⃗ is independent of the path C.

Solution:
Given 𝐹⃗ = (4𝑥𝑦 − 3𝑥 𝑧 )𝚤⃗ + 2𝑥 𝚥⃗ − 2𝑥 𝑧𝑘⃗
𝑑𝑟⃗ = 𝑑𝑥𝚤⃗ + 𝑑𝑦𝚥⃗ + 𝑑𝑧𝑘⃗
𝐹⃗ ∙ 𝑑𝑟⃗ = (4𝑥𝑦 − 3𝑥 𝑧 )𝑑𝑥 + 2𝑥 𝑑𝑦 − 2𝑥 𝑧𝑑𝑧
Then 
c
𝐹⃗ ∙ 𝑑𝑟⃗ is independent of path C if ∇ × 𝐹⃗ = 0

𝚤⃗ 𝚥⃗ 𝑘⃗
∇ × 𝐹⃗ =
4𝑥𝑦 − 3𝑥 𝑧 2𝑥 −2𝑥 𝑧
= 𝚤⃗(0 − 0) − 𝚥⃗(−6𝑥 𝑧 + 6𝑥 𝑧) + 𝑘⃗ (4𝑥 − 4𝑥 )
= 0⃗
Hence the line integral is independent of path.
Example: 2.60 Show that 𝑭⃗ = 𝒙𝟐 ⃗ + 𝒚𝟐 ⃗ + 𝒛𝟐 𝒌⃗ is a conservative vector field.
Solution:
If 𝐹⃗ is conservative, then ∇ × 𝐹⃗ = 0⃗.

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𝚤⃗ 𝚥⃗ 𝑘⃗
Now, ∇ × 𝐹⃗ =
𝑥 𝑦 𝑧
= 𝚤⃗(0 − 0) − 𝚥⃗(0 − 0) + 𝑘⃗ (0 − 0)
= 0⃗
∴ 𝐹⃗ is a conservative vector field.
Surface Integral
An integral which is evaluated over a surface is called a surface integral.
Consider a surface S. Let 𝐹⃗ be a vector valued function which is defined at each point on the surface and let P
be any point on the surface and 𝑛⃗ be the unit outward normal to the surface at P. The normal component of 𝐹⃗
at P is 𝐹⃗ ∙ 𝑛⃗.
The integral of the normal component of 𝐹⃗ is denoted by 
S
𝐹⃗ ∙ 𝑛⃗ 𝑑𝑠 and is called the surface integral.

Evaluation of surface integral

Let 𝑅 be the projection of S on the 𝑥𝑦 − plane, 𝑘⃗ is the unit vector normal to the 𝑥𝑦 − plane then

𝑑𝑠 = ⃗∙ ⃗

∴ 
S
𝐹⃗ ∙ 𝑛⃗ 𝑑𝑠 =  𝐹⃗ ∙ 𝑛⃗ ⃗∙ ⃗
R1

If 𝑅 be the projection of s on 𝑦𝑧 − plane

∴ 
S
𝐹⃗ ∙ 𝑛⃗ 𝑑𝑠 =  𝐹⃗ ∙ 𝑛⃗ | ⃗ ∙ ⃗|
R2

If 𝑅 be the projection of s on 𝑥𝑧 − plane

∴ 
S
𝐹⃗ ∙ 𝑛⃗ 𝑑𝑠 =  𝐹⃗ ∙ 𝑛⃗ | ⃗ ∙ ⃗|
R3

Problems based on surface integral

Example: 2.61 Evaluate 
S
𝑭⃗ ∙ 𝒏⃗ 𝒅𝒔 if 𝑭⃗ = (𝒙 + 𝒚𝟐 ) ⃗ − 𝟐𝒙⃗ + 𝟐𝒚𝒛𝒌⃗ and s is the surface of the plane

𝟐𝒙 + 𝒚 + 𝟐𝒛 = 𝟔 in the first octant.

Solution:
Given 𝐹⃗ = (𝑥 + 𝑦 )𝚤⃗ − 2𝑥𝚥⃗ + 2𝑦𝑧𝑘⃗
Let 𝜑 = 2𝑥 + 𝑦 + 2𝑧 − 6

Then ∇𝜑 = 𝚤⃗ + 𝚥⃗ + 𝑘⃗

= 2𝚤⃗ + 1𝚥⃗ + 2𝑘⃗

|∇𝜑| = √4 + 1 + 4 = √9 = 3

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∇ ⃗ ⃗ ⃗
n̂ = |∇ |
=

⃗ ⃗ ⃗
𝐹⃗ ∙ n̂ = (𝑥 + 𝑦 )𝚤⃗ − 2𝑥𝚥⃗ + 2𝑦𝑧 𝑘⃗ ∙

= [2(𝑥 + 𝑦 ) − 2𝑥 + 4𝑦𝑧]

= [𝑦 + 2𝑦𝑧]

= 𝑦[𝑦 + 2𝑧]

= 𝑦[𝑦 + 6 − 2𝑥 − 𝑦] [∵ 2𝑧 = 6 − 2𝑥 − 𝑦]

= 𝑦[6 − 2𝑥]

= 𝑦[ 3 − 𝑥 ]

Let R be the projection of S on the 𝑥𝑦 − plane

∴ 𝑑𝑠 =
n̂ ∙ ⃗

⃗ ⃗ ⃗
n̂ ∙ k⃗ = ∙ k⃗ =

∴ 
S
𝐹⃗ ∙ n̂ 𝑑𝑠 =  𝐹⃗ ∙ n̂
n̂ ∙ ⃗
R

=  𝑦 (3 − 𝑥 )
R

= 2 ∫ ∫(3 − 𝑥 )𝑦 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦
In 𝑅 (2𝑥 + 𝑦 = 6), 𝑥 varies from 0 to

𝑦 varies from 0 to 6

=2 ∫ ∫ 𝑦 (3 − 𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦

= 2 ∫ 𝑦 3𝑥 − 𝑑𝑦

= 2∫ 𝑦 3 − 𝑑𝑦

=2 ∫ (18𝑦 − 3𝑦 ) − (6 − 𝑦) 𝑑𝑦
( )
= 18 − − ( )

= 9 (6) − (6) + (0) − 0 − 0 + (6)

= 81 units


𝟑
Example: 2.62 Show that 𝒚𝒛 ⃗ + 𝒛𝒙 ⃗ + 𝒙𝒚 𝒌⃗ ∙ n̂ 𝒅𝒔 = where s is the surface of the sphere
𝟖
S

𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 + 𝒛𝟐 = 𝟏 in the first octant.

Solution:

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Given 𝐹⃗ = 𝑦𝑧 𝚤⃗ + 𝑧𝑥 𝚥⃗ + 𝑥𝑦 𝑘⃗
Let 𝜑 = 𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 − 1

∇𝜑 = 𝚤⃗ + 𝚥⃗ + 𝑘⃗

= 2𝑥𝚤⃗ + 2𝑦𝚥⃗ + 2𝑧𝑘⃗

|∇𝜑| = 4𝑥 + 4𝑦 + 4𝑧 = 2(1)
∇ ⃗ ⃗ ⃗
∴ The unit outward normal is n̂ = |∇ |
=

𝐹⃗ ∙ n̂ = 𝑦𝑧𝚤⃗ + 𝑧𝑥𝚥⃗ + 𝑥𝑦 𝑘⃗ ∙ 𝑥𝚤⃗ + 𝑦𝚥⃗ + 𝑧𝑘⃗

= 3𝑥𝑦𝑧
Let R be the projection of S on 𝑥𝑦 −plane

∴ 𝑑𝑠 =
n̂ ∙ ⃗

n̂ ∙ k⃗ = 𝑥𝚤⃗ + 𝑦𝚥⃗ + 𝑧𝑘⃗ ∙ 𝑘⃗ =𝑧

∴ 
S
𝐹⃗ ∙ n̂ 𝑑𝑠 =  𝐹⃗ ∙ n̂
n̂ ∙ ⃗
R

= ∫ ∫ 3𝑥𝑦𝑧

= ∫ ∫ 3𝑥𝑦 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦
In 𝑅 (𝑥 + 𝑦 = 1), 𝑥 varies from 0 to 1− 𝑦
𝑦 varies from 0 to 1

= ∫ ∫ 3𝑥𝑦 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦

=3 ∫ 𝑦 𝑑𝑦

= ∫ 𝑦(1 − 𝑦 )𝑑𝑦

= ∫ 𝑦 − 𝑦 𝑑𝑦

= −

= − =

Volume integral
An integral which is evaluated over a volume bounded by a surface is called a volume integral.
If 𝐹⃗ = 𝐹 𝚤⃗ + 𝐹 𝚥⃗ + 𝐹 𝑘⃗ is a vector field in V, then the volume integral is defined by

 
V
𝐹⃗ 𝑑𝑣

Problems based on volume integral

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Example: 2.63 If 𝑭⃗ = (𝟐𝒙𝟐 − 𝟑𝒛) ⃗ − 𝟐𝒙𝒚⃗ − 𝟒𝒙𝒌⃗, evaluate  V

𝛁 × 𝑭⃗ 𝒅𝒗 where v is the volume of

the region bounded by 𝒙 = 𝟎, 𝒚 = 𝟎, 𝒛 = 𝟎 and 𝟐𝒙 + 𝟐𝒚 + 𝒛 = 𝟒.

Solution:
Given 𝐹⃗ = (2𝑥 − 3𝑧)𝚤⃗ − 2𝑥𝑦𝚥⃗ − 4𝑥𝑘⃗
𝚤⃗ 𝚥⃗ 𝑘⃗
∇ × 𝐹⃗ =
2𝑥 − 3𝑧 −2𝑥𝑦 −4𝑥
= 𝚤⃗(0 − 0) − 𝚥⃗(−4 + 3) + 𝑘⃗ (−2𝑦 − 0)
= 𝚥⃗ − 2𝑦𝑘⃗
For limits
Given 𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 = 0, 𝑧 = 0 and 2𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 𝑧 = 4
∴ 𝑧 ∶ 0 → 4 − 2𝑥 − 2𝑦
Put 𝑧 = 0 ⇒ 2𝑥 + 2𝑦 = 4 (𝑜𝑟) 𝑥 + 𝑦 = 4
∴𝑦 ∶0 →2−𝑥
Put 𝑧 = 0, 𝑦 = 0 ⇒ 2𝑥 = 4 (𝑜𝑟) 𝑥 = 2
∴𝑥∶0 →2
∴ ∫ ∫ ∫ ∇ × 𝐹⃗ 𝑑𝑣 = ∫ ∫ ∫ 𝚥⃗ − 2𝑦𝑘⃗ 𝑑𝑧𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥

=∫ ∫ 𝚥⃗ − 2𝑦𝑘⃗ [𝑧] 𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥

=∫ ∫ (4 − 2𝑥 − 2𝑦)𝚥⃗ − 2𝑦(4 − 2𝑥 − 2𝑦)𝑘⃗ 𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥

=∫ 4𝑦 − 2𝑥𝑦 − 𝚥⃗ − 4𝑦 − 2𝑥𝑦 − 𝑘⃗ 𝑑𝑥

= ∫ {[4(2 − 𝑥 ) − 2𝑥(2 − 𝑥 ) − (2 − 𝑥 ) ] 𝚥⃗ −

4(2 − 𝑥 ) − 2𝑥(2 − 𝑥 ) − (2 − 𝑥 ) 𝑘⃗ } 𝑑𝑥

= ∫ [8 − 4𝑥 − 4𝑥 + 2𝑥 − 4 + 4𝑥 − 𝑥 ] 𝚥⃗ −

16 − 16𝑥 + 4𝑥 − 8𝑥 + 8𝑥 − 2𝑥 − (8 − 12𝑥 + 6𝑥 − 𝑥 ) 𝑘⃗ 𝑑𝑥
⃗
= ∫ (4 − 4𝑥 + 𝑥 ) 𝚥⃗ − (16 − 24𝑥 + 12𝑥 − 2𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑥

⃗
= 4𝑥 − 2𝑥 + 𝚥⃗ + 16𝑥 − 12𝑥 + 4𝑥 −
⃗
= 8−8+ 𝚥⃗ − (32 − 48 + 32 − 8)

= 𝚥⃗ − 𝑘⃗

Exercise: 2.3

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1. If 𝐹⃗ = 𝑥 𝚤⃗ + 𝑥𝑦 𝚥⃗, evaluate the line integral 

c
𝐹⃗ ∙ 𝑑𝑟⃗ from (0, 0) 𝑡𝑜 (1, 1)along the

path 𝑦 = 𝑥. Ans:

2. Evaluate 
c
𝐹⃗ ∙ 𝑑𝑟⃗,where 𝐹⃗ = 𝑥 𝑦 𝚤⃗ + 𝑦 𝚥⃗and C is 𝑦 = 4𝑥 in the XY plane from

(0, 0) 𝑡𝑜 (4, 4). Ans: 264

3. If 𝐹⃗ = 𝑥𝑦𝚤⃗ + (𝑥 + 𝑦 ) 𝚥⃗, then find c
𝐹⃗ ∙ 𝑑𝑟⃗, where C is the arc of the parabola

𝑦 = 𝑥 − 4 from (2, 0) 𝑡𝑜 (4, 12) Ans: 732

4. If 𝐹⃗ = 𝑥𝑦𝚤⃗ + 𝑧 𝚥⃗ − 𝑥𝑦𝑧 𝑘⃗ , then evaluate 
c
𝐹⃗ ∙ 𝑑𝑟⃗, from the point (0, 0, 0) 𝑡𝑜 (1, 1, 1) where C is the

curve 𝑥 = 𝑡, 𝑦 = 𝑡 , 𝑧 = 𝑡 Ans:
5. Find the work done in moving a particle in the field
𝐹⃗ = 3𝑥 𝚤⃗ + (2𝑥𝑧 − 𝑦) 𝚥⃗ + (𝑥 + 𝑦 ) 𝑘⃗ along the straight line from (0, 0, 0) 𝑡𝑜 (2, 1, 3).
Ans: 16

6. Evaluate the line integral ∫ (𝑥 + 𝑥𝑦)𝑑𝑥 + (𝑥 + 𝑦 )𝑑𝑦, where C is the square formed
by the lines 𝑥 = ±1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦 = ±1. Ans: 0
7. Find the total work done in moving a particle by a force field 𝐹⃗ = 𝑦𝑧𝚤⃗ + 𝑥𝑧 𝚥⃗ + 𝑥𝑦 𝑘⃗
along the curve 𝑥 = 𝑡, 𝑦 = 𝑡 , 𝑧 = 𝑡 from (0, 0, 0) 𝑡𝑜 (2, 4, 8) Ans: 64

8. Evaluate  S
𝐹⃗ ∙ n̂ 𝑑𝑠 where 𝐹⃗ = 18𝑧𝚤⃗ − 12 𝚥⃗ + 3𝑦 𝑘⃗ and S is the part of the plane

2𝑥 + 3𝑦 + 6𝑧 = 12 which is in the first order. Ans:24

9. Evaluate  S
𝐹⃗ ∙ n̂ 𝑑𝑠 where 𝐹⃗ = (𝑥 + 𝑦 )𝚤⃗ − 2𝑥 𝚥⃗ + 2𝑦𝑧 𝑘⃗ and S is the surface of the

plane 2𝑥 + 𝑦 + 2𝑧 = 6 which is in the first order. Ans:24

10. Evaluate  
V
∇ × 𝐹⃗ 𝑑𝑣 where 𝐹⃗ = (2𝑥 − 3𝑧)𝚤⃗ − 2𝑦 𝚥⃗ − 4𝑥𝑧 𝑘⃗ and V is bounded

by the planes 𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 = 0, 𝑧 = 0 and 2𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 𝑧 = 4 Ans:

2.4 Green’s Theorem

Green’s theorem relates a line integral to the double integral taken over the region bounded by the closed
curve.
Statement
If 𝑀(𝑥, 𝑦) and 𝑁(𝑥, 𝑦) are continuous functions with continuous, partial derivatives in a region R of the 𝑥𝑦 –
plane bounded by a simple closed curve C, then


c
𝑀𝑑𝑥 + 𝑁𝑑𝑦 =  − 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦,where C is the curve described in the positive direction.
R

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Vector form of Green’s theorem


c
𝐹⃗ ∙ 𝑑𝑟⃗ =  ∇ × 𝐹⃗ ∙ k⃗ dR
R

Problems based on Green’s theorem

Example: 2.64 Verify Green’s theorem in the plane for 
c
(𝟑𝒙𝟐 − 𝟖𝒚𝟐 )𝒅𝒙 + (𝟒𝒚 − 𝟔𝒙𝒚)𝒅𝒚 where C

is the boundary of the region defined by 𝒙 = 𝟎, 𝒚 = 𝟎, 𝒙 + 𝒚 = 𝟏.

Solution:

We have to prove that 

c
𝑀 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑁 𝑑𝑦 = 
R
− 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦

Here, 𝑀 = 3𝑥 − 8𝑦 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑁 = 4𝑦 − 6𝑥𝑦

⇒ = −16𝑦 ⇒ = −6𝑦

∴ 
c
(3𝑥 − 8𝑦 )𝑑𝑥 + (4𝑦 − 6𝑥𝑦)𝑑𝑦 = 
c
𝑀 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑁 𝑑𝑦

By Green’s theorem in the plane,


c
𝑀 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑁 𝑑𝑦 = 
R
− 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦

= ∫ ∫ (10𝑦) 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥

= 10 ∫ 𝑑𝑥

= 5 ∫ (1 − 𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑥
( )
=5 = … (1)

Consider ∫ 𝑀 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑁 𝑑𝑦 = 
OA
+ 
AB
+ 
BO

Along 𝑂𝐴, 𝑦 = 0 ⇒ 𝑑𝑦 = 0, 𝑥 varies from 0 to 1

∴
OA
 𝑀 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑁 𝑑𝑦 = ∫ 3𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = [𝑥 ] = 1

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Along 𝐴𝐵, 𝑦 = 1 − 𝑥 ⇒ 𝑑𝑦 = −𝑑𝑥 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑥 varies from 1 to 0

∴ 
AB
𝑀 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑁 𝑑𝑦 = ∫ [3𝑥 − 8 (1 − 𝑥 ) − 4(1 − 𝑥 ) + 6𝑥(1 − 𝑥 )]𝑑𝑥

( ) ( )
= − − + 3𝑥 − 2𝑥

= + 2−1−3+2 =

Along 𝐵𝑂, 𝑥 = 0 ⇒ 𝑑𝑥 = 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦 varies from 1 to 0

∴ 
BO
𝑀 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑁 𝑑𝑦 = ∫ 4𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = [2𝑦 ] = −2

∴ 
c
𝑀 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑁 𝑑𝑦 = 1 + − 2= … (2)

∴ From (1) and (2)

∴ 
c
𝑀 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑁 𝑑𝑦 =  R
− 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦

Hence Green’s theorem is verified.

Example: 2.65 Verify Green’s theorem in the 𝑿𝒀 −plane for 
c
(𝒙𝒚 + 𝒚𝟐 )𝒅𝒙 + 𝒙𝟐 𝒅𝒚 where C is the

closed curve of the region bounded by 𝒚 = 𝒙, 𝒚 = 𝒙𝟐 .

Solution:

We have to prove that 

c
𝑀 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑁 𝑑𝑦 = 
R
− 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦

Here, 𝑀 = 𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑁 = 𝑥

⇒ = 𝑥 + 2𝑦 ⇒ = 2𝑥

R.H.S = 
R
− 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦

Limits:
𝑥 varies from 𝑦 to 𝑦

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𝑦 varies from 0 to 1


√
∴ − 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 = ∫ ∫ 2𝑥 − (𝑥 + 2𝑦) 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
R

√
= ∫ − 2𝑥𝑦 𝑑𝑦

= ∫ − 2𝑦 𝑦 − − 2𝑦 𝑑𝑦

= ∫ − 2𝑦 + 3 𝑑𝑦

= − +

= − + = −

L.H.S = 
c
𝑀 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑁 𝑑𝑦

Consider ∫ 𝑀 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑁 𝑑𝑦 = 
OA
+ 
AO

Along 𝑂𝐴, 𝑦 = 𝑥 ⇒ 𝑑𝑦 = 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥, 𝑥 varies from 0 to 1

∴ 
OA
𝑀 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑁 𝑑𝑦 = ∫ [(𝑥(𝑥 ) + (𝑥 ) )𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥 ∙ 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 ]

= ∫ (3𝑥 + 𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑥

= +

= + =

Along 𝐴𝑂, 𝑦 = 𝑥 ⇒ 𝑑𝑦 = 𝑑𝑥 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑥 varies from 1 to 0

∴ 
A0
𝑀 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑁 𝑑𝑦 = ∫ (𝑥 + 𝑥 )𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

= ∫ 3𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = [𝑥 ] = −1

L.H.S = 
c
𝑀 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑁 𝑑𝑦 = − 1= −

∴ L.H.S = R.H.S
Hence Green’s theorem is verified.
Example: 2.66 Verify Green’s theorem in the plane for 
c
(𝟑𝒙𝟐 − 𝟖𝒚𝟐 )𝒅𝒙 + (𝟒𝒚 − 𝟔𝒙𝒚)𝒅𝒚 where C

is the boundary of the region defined by 𝒚 = 𝒙𝟐 , 𝒙 = 𝒚𝟐 .

Solution:

Vector Calculus Page 45

Engineering Mathematics - II

We have to prove that 

c
𝑀 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑁 𝑑𝑦 = 
R
− 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦

Here, 𝑀 = 3𝑥 − 8𝑦 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑁 = 4𝑦 − 6𝑥𝑦

⇒ = −16𝑦 ⇒ = −6𝑦

R.H.S = 
R
− 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦

Limits:
𝑥 varies from 𝑦 to 𝑦
𝑦 varies from 0 to 1


√
∴ − 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 = ∫ ∫ (−6𝑦 + 16𝑦) 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
R

= ∫ [10𝑥𝑦]√ 𝑑𝑦

= 10 ∫ 𝑦 𝑦 − 𝑦 𝑑𝑦

= 10 −

= 10 − =

L.H.S = 
c
𝑀 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑁 𝑑𝑦

Consider ∫ 𝑀 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑁 𝑑𝑦 = 
OA
+ 
AO

Along 𝑂𝐴, 𝑦 = 𝑥 ⇒ 𝑑𝑦 = 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥, 𝑥 varies from 0 to 1

∴ 
OA
𝑀 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑁 𝑑𝑦 = ∫ (3𝑥 − 8𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑥 + (4𝑥 − 6𝑥 )(2𝑥)𝑑𝑥

= ∫ (3𝑥 − 8𝑥 + 8𝑥 − 12𝑥 )𝑑𝑥

= ∫ (−20𝑥 + 8𝑥 + 3𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑥

Vector Calculus Page 46

Engineering Mathematics - II

= −20 +8 +3

= −4 + 2 + 1 = −1
Along 𝐴𝑂, 𝑥 = 𝑦 ⇒ 𝑑𝑥 = 2𝑦𝑑𝑦 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦 varies from 1 to 0

∴ 
Ao
𝑀 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑁 𝑑𝑦 = ∫ (3𝑦 − 8𝑦 )2𝑦𝑑𝑦 + (4𝑦 − 6𝑦𝑦 ) 𝑑𝑦

= ∫ (6𝑦 − 16𝑦 + 4𝑦 − 6𝑦 )𝑑𝑥

= ∫ (6𝑦 − 22𝑦 + 4𝑦)𝑑𝑥

= 6 − 22 +4

=0− 1− + 2

= − 3− =

L.H.S = 
c
𝑀 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑁 𝑑𝑦 = − 1 + =

∴ L.H.S = R.H.S
Hence Green’s theorem is verified.
Example: 2.67 Verify Green’s theorem in the plane for the integral 
c
(𝒙 − 𝟐𝒚)𝒅𝒙 + 𝒙𝒅𝒚 taken

around the circle 𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 = 𝟏.

Solution:

We have to prove that  c

𝑀 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑁 𝑑𝑦 = 
R
− 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦

Here, 𝑀 = 𝑥 − 2𝑦 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑁 = 𝑥

⇒ = −2 ⇒ = 1

R.H.S = 
R
− 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦

∴ 
R
− 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 = 
R
(1 + 2)𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦

=3 
R
𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦

= 3 (Area of the circle)

= 3𝜋𝑟
= 3𝜋 (∵ 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑢𝑠 = 1)

L.H.S = 
c
𝑀 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑁 𝑑𝑦

Given C is 𝑥 + 𝑦 = 1

Vector Calculus Page 47

Engineering Mathematics - II

The parametric equation of circle is

𝑥 = cos 𝜃, 𝑦 = sin 𝜃
𝑑𝑥 = −sin 𝜃𝑑𝜃, 𝑑𝑦 = cos 𝜃 𝑑𝜃
Where 𝜃 varies from 0 to 2𝜋

∴ 
c
𝑀 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑁 𝑑𝑦 = ∫ (cos 𝜃 − 2 sin 𝜃 ) (– sin 𝜃 𝑑𝜃 ) + cos 𝜃 (cos 𝜃 𝑑𝜃)

= ∫ (− sin 𝜃 cos 𝜃 + 2 sin 𝜃 + cos 𝜃 ) 𝑑𝜃

= ∫ (− sin 𝜃 cos 𝜃 + sin 𝜃 + 1) 𝑑𝜃 (∵ sin 𝜃 + cos 𝜃 = 1)

=∫ − + + 1 𝑑𝜃

= − − + − + 𝜃
( )
= + − + 2𝜋 − + − + 0

= + 𝜋 + 2𝜋 − = 3𝜋 [∵ sin 𝑛𝜋 = 0, sin 0 = 0, cos 0 = 1], [cos 𝑛𝜋 = (−1) ]

∴ L.H.S = R.H.S
Hence Green’s theorem is verified.
Example: 2.68 Using Green’s theorem evaluate 
c
(𝒚 − 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒙)𝒅𝒙 + 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒙 𝒅𝒚 where C is the triangle

𝝅 𝟐𝒙
bounded by 𝒚 = 𝟎, 𝒙 = 𝟐
,𝒚 = 𝝅
.

Solution:

We have to prove that c

𝑀 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑁 𝑑𝑦 = 
R
− 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦

Here, 𝑀 = 𝑦 − sin 𝑥 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑁 = cos 𝑥

⇒ = 1−0 ⇒ = − sin 𝑥

Limits:
𝑥 varies from to

𝑦 varies from 0 to 1

Vector Calculus Page 48

Engineering Mathematics - II

Hence 
c
(𝑦 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 )𝑑𝑥 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 𝑑𝑦 = ∫ ∫ (− sin 𝑥 − 1) 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦

= ∫ (cos 𝑥 − 𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑦

= ∫ cos − − cos − 𝑑𝑦

=∫ 0− − cos + 𝑑𝑦

= − 𝑦− +

= − − sin +

= − − +

= − − = − +

Example: 2.69 Evaluate by Green’s theorem 

c
[𝒆 𝒙 (𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒚 𝒅𝒙 + 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒚 𝒅𝒚)] where C being the

𝝅 𝝅
rectangle with vertices (𝟎, 𝟎), (𝝅, 𝟎), 𝝅, 𝟐 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝟎, 𝟐 .

Solution:

We have to prove that c

𝑀 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑁 𝑑𝑦 = 
R
− 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦

Here, 𝑀 = 𝑒 sin 𝑦 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑁 = 𝑒 cos 𝑦

⇒ = 𝑒 cos 𝑦 ⇒ = −𝑒 cos 𝑦

Limits:
𝑥 varies from 0 to 𝜋
𝑦 varies from 0 to

∴ 
c
[𝑒 (𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑦 𝑑𝑦)] = ∫ ∫ (−𝑒 cos 𝑦 − 𝑒 cos 𝑦) 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦

Vector Calculus Page 49

Engineering Mathematics - II

= ∫ ∫ −2 𝑒 cos 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦

= −2 ∫ 𝑑𝑦

= 2 ∫ [𝑒 cos 𝑦 − 𝑒 cos 𝑦]𝑑𝑦

= 2 ∫ [𝑒 cos 𝑦 − cos 𝑦]𝑑𝑦

= 2 [𝑒 sin 𝑦 − sin 𝑦]

=2 𝑒 sin − sin − (𝑒 sin 0 − sin 0)

= 2 [𝑒 − 1]
Example: 2.70 Prove that the area bounded by a simple closed curve C is given by
𝒙𝟐 𝒚𝟐

𝟏
(𝒙𝒅𝒚 − 𝒚𝒅𝒙). Hence find the area of the ellipse + = 𝟏 by using Green’s theorem.
𝟐 𝒂𝟐 𝒃𝟐
c

Solution:

By Green theorem,  c
𝑀 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑁 𝑑𝑦 = 
R
− 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦

Let 𝑀 = −𝑦 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑁 = 𝑥

⇒ = −1 ⇒ = 1

∴ 
c
(𝑥𝑑𝑦 − 𝑦𝑑𝑥 ) =  R
(1 + 1) 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦

= 2  𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 = 2 (Area enclosed by C)
R

∴ Area enclosed by 𝐶 = 
c
(𝑥𝑑𝑦 − 𝑦𝑑𝑥 )

Equation of ellipse in parametric form is 𝑥 = 𝑎 cos 𝜃 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦 = 𝑏 sin 𝜃 where 0 ≤ 𝜃 ≤ 2𝜋.

∴ Area of the ellipse = ∫ (acos 𝜃)(𝑏 cos 𝜃) − (𝑏𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃)(−𝑎 sin 𝜃 ) 𝑑𝜃

= 𝑎𝑏 ∫ (𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃) 𝑑𝜃

= 𝑎𝑏 ∫ 𝑑𝜃 = 𝑎𝑏 [𝜃] = 𝜋𝑎𝑏

Example: 2.71 Evaluate the integral using Green’s theorem

 c
(𝟐𝒙𝟐 − 𝒚𝟐 )𝒅𝒙 + (𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 )𝒅𝒚 where C is the boundary in the 𝒙𝒚 – plane of the area enclosed by

the 𝒙 – axis and the semicircle 𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 = 𝒂𝟐 in the upper half 𝒙𝒚 – plane.

Solution:

Vector Calculus Page 50

Engineering Mathematics - II

In this figure ′𝑎′ is represented as 1

By Green theorem, 
c
𝑀 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑁 𝑑𝑦 =  R
− 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦

Let 𝑀 = 2𝑥 − 𝑦 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑁 = 𝑥 + 𝑦

⇒ = −2𝑦 ⇒ = 2𝑥

Limits:
𝑦 varies from 0 to √𝑎 − 𝑥
𝑥 varies from −𝑎 to 𝑎
√
∴ 
R
− 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ ∫ (2𝑥 + 2𝑦)𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥

√
= 2∫ 𝑥𝑦 + 𝑑𝑥

=2 ∫ 𝑥 √𝑎 − 𝑥 + 𝑑𝑥

In the first integral, the function is odd function.

∴ The value is zero.

∴ we get 2 ∫ 𝑑𝑥

= 𝑎 𝑥−

= 𝑎 − − −𝑎 +

Exercise: 2.4
1. Using Green’s theorem in the plane, evaluate 
c
(𝑥 − 𝑦 )𝑑𝑥 + 2𝑥𝑦𝑑𝑦 where C is the

closed curve of the region bounded by 𝑦 = 𝑥 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦 = 𝑥 Ans:

2. Find by Green’s theorem the value of  c

(𝑥 𝑦𝑑𝑥 + 𝑦𝑑𝑦) along the closed curve formed

by 𝑦 = 𝑥 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦 = 𝑥 between (0, 0) 𝑡𝑜 (1, 1) Ans:

Vector Calculus Page 51

Engineering Mathematics - II

3. Verify Green’s theorem for the integral 

c
[(𝑥 − 𝑦)𝑑𝑥 + (𝑥 + 𝑦)𝑑𝑦] taken around the

boundary area in the first quadrant between the curves 𝑦 = 𝑥 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦 = 𝑥.

Ans: Common value =

4. Find the area of a circle of radius ‘a’ using Green’s theorem. Ans: 𝜋𝑎
5. Evaluate 
c
[(𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 − 𝑦)𝑑𝑥 − cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑦], where C is the triangle with vertices

(0, 0), , 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 ,1 Ans: +

6. Using Green’s theorem, find the value of 

c
[(𝑥𝑦 − 𝑥 )𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥 𝑦𝑑𝑦] along the closed

curve C formed by 𝑦 = 0, 𝑥 = 1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦 = 𝑥 Ans: −

7. Verify Green’s theorem for 

c
[(𝑥 − 𝑦 )𝑑𝑥 + 2𝑥𝑦𝑑𝑦], where C is the boundary of the

rectangle in the xoy – plane bounded by the lines 𝑥 = 0, 𝑥 = 𝑎, 𝑦 = 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦 = 𝑏.

Ans: Common value = 2𝑎𝑏
8. Verify Green’s theorem for 
c
[(2𝑥 − 𝑦)𝑑𝑥 + (𝑥 + 𝑦)𝑑𝑦], where C is the boundary of the

Circle 𝑥 + 𝑦 = 𝑎 in the xoy – plane. Ans: 2𝜋𝑎

2.5 STOKE’S THEOREM
Statement of Stoke’s theorem
If S is an open surface bounded by a simple closed curve C if 𝐹⃗ is continuous having continuous
partial derivatives in S and C, then


c
𝐹⃗ ∙ 𝑑𝑟⃗ = 
S
𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑙 𝐹⃗ ∙ n̂ 𝑑𝑠

(or)


c
𝐹⃗ ∙ 𝑑𝑟⃗ = 
S
∇ × 𝐹⃗ ∙ n̂ 𝑑𝑠

n̂ is the outward unit normal vector and C is traversed in the anti – clockwise direction.
Problems based on Stoke’s theorem
Example: 2.72 Verify stokes theorem for a vector field defined by 𝑭⃗ = (𝒙2 – 𝒚2)⃗ + 𝟐𝒙𝒚⃗ in a
rectangular region in the xoy plane bounded by the lines 𝒙 = 𝟎, 𝒙 = 𝒂, 𝒚 = 𝟎 , 𝒚 = 𝒃.
Solution:

Vector Calculus Page 52

Engineering Mathematics - II

By Stokes theorem, 
c
𝐹⃗ ∙ 𝑑𝑟⃗ =  S
𝐶𝑢𝑟𝑙 𝐹⃗ ∙ 𝑛 𝑑𝑆

To evaluate: 
S
𝐶𝑢𝑟𝑙 𝐹⃗ ∙ 𝑛 𝑑𝑆

Given 𝐹⃗ = (𝑥 2 – 𝑦2)𝚤⃗ + 2 𝑥 𝑦𝚥⃗

Curl 𝐹⃗ = ∇ × 𝐹⃗
𝚤⃗ 𝚥⃗ 𝑘⃗
=
𝑥 −𝑦 2𝑥𝑦 0
= 𝚤⃗ (0) − 𝚥⃗ (0 – 0) + 𝑘⃗ [ 2𝑦 – (0 −2𝑦)]
= 4y 𝑘⃗
Since the surface is a rectangle in the 𝑥𝑦 plane, 𝑛 = 𝑘⃗ , 𝑑𝑆 = 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦
Curl 𝐹⃗ ∙ 𝑛 = 4y 𝑘⃗ ∙ 𝑘⃗ = 4y
Order of integration is 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦
𝑥 varies from 𝑥 = 0 to 𝑥 = 𝑎
𝑦 varies from 𝑦 = 0 to 𝑦 = 𝑏

⇒  S
𝐶𝑢𝑟𝑙 𝐹⃗ ∙ 𝑛 𝑑𝑆 = ∫ ∫ 4𝑦 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦

= ∫ 4𝑦 [𝑥] dy

= ∫ 4𝑎𝑦dy

= 2𝑎𝑏

⇒ 
S
𝐶𝑢𝑟𝑙 𝐹⃗ ∙ 𝑛 𝑑𝑆 = 2𝑎𝑏 … (1)

Vector Calculus Page 53

Engineering Mathematics - II

Here the line integral over the simple closed curve C bounding the surface 𝑂𝐴𝐵𝐶𝑂 consisting of the edges
𝑂𝐴, 𝐴𝐵 ,𝐵𝐶 and 𝐶𝑂.
Curve Equation Limit
𝑂𝐴 𝑦 = 0 𝑥 = 0 to 𝑥 = 𝑎
𝐴𝐵 𝑥 = 𝑎 𝑦 = 0 to 𝑦 = 𝑏
𝐵𝐶 𝑦 = 𝑏 𝑥 = 𝑎 to 𝑥 = 0
𝐶𝑂 𝑥 = 0 𝑦 = 𝑏 to 𝑦 = 0

Therefore,  𝐹⃗ ∙ 𝑑𝑟⃗ =  𝐹⃗ ∙ 𝑑𝑟⃗

c OABCO


c
𝐹⃗ ∙ 𝑑𝑟⃗ = 
OA
+ 
AB
+ 
BC
+ 
CO

𝐹⃗ ∙ 𝑑𝑟⃗ = (𝑥 − 𝑦 ) + 2𝑥𝑦d𝑦 … (2)

On 𝑂𝐴: 𝑦 = 0, 𝑑𝑦 = 0, 𝑥 varies from 0 𝑡𝑜 𝑎
(2) ⇒ 𝐹⃗ . d𝑟⃗ = 𝑥2𝑑𝑥


OA
𝐹⃗ ∙ 𝑑𝑟⃗ = ∫ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

= =

On 𝐴𝐵: 𝑥 = 𝑎, 𝑑𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 varies from 0 𝑡𝑜 𝑏

(2) ⇒ 𝐹⃗ . d𝑟⃗ = 2𝑎𝑦 𝑑𝑦


AB
𝐹⃗ ∙ 𝑑𝑟⃗ = ∫ 2𝑎𝑦 𝑑𝑦

= = 𝑎𝑏2

On 𝐵𝐶: 𝑦 = 𝑏, 𝑑𝑦 = 0, 𝑥 varies from 𝑎 𝑡𝑜 0

(2) ⇒ 𝐹⃗ . d𝑟⃗ = (𝑥 − 𝑏 )𝑑𝑥


BC
𝐹⃗ ∙ 𝑑𝑟⃗ = ∫ 𝑥 − 𝑏 𝑑𝑥

= −𝑏 𝑥

=− +𝑎𝑏

On 𝐶𝑂: 𝑥 = 0, 𝑑𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 varies from 𝑏 𝑡𝑜 0

(2) ⇒ 𝐹⃗ . d𝑟⃗ = 0


CO
𝐹⃗ ∙ 𝑑𝑟⃗ = 0

(2) ⇒ 𝐹⃗ . d𝑟⃗ = + 𝑎𝑏 − + 𝑎𝑏 = 2𝑎𝑏 … (3)

Vector Calculus Page 54

Engineering Mathematics - II

From (3) and (1) 

c
𝐹⃗ ∙ 𝑑𝑟⃗ = 
S
𝐶𝑢𝑟𝑙 𝐹⃗ ∙ 𝑛 𝑑𝑆

Hence Stokes theorem is verified.

Example: 2.73 Verify Stoke’s theorem for 𝑭⃗ = (𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 ) ⃗ − 𝟐𝒙𝒚 ⃗ taken around the rectangle
bounded by the lines 𝒙 = ±𝒂, 𝒚 = 𝟎, 𝒚 = 𝒃.
Solution:

By Stokes theorem, 
c
𝐹⃗ ∙ 𝑑𝑟⃗ = 
S
𝐶𝑢𝑟𝑙 𝐹⃗ ∙ 𝑛 𝑑𝑆

Given 𝐹⃗ = (𝑥 + 𝑦 )𝚤⃗ − 2𝑥𝑦 𝚥⃗

𝑖 𝑗 𝑘
𝐶𝑢𝑟𝑙 𝐹⃗ =
𝑥 +𝑦 −2𝑥𝑦 0
= 𝚤⃗[0 − 0] − 𝚥⃗ [0 − 0] + 𝑘⃗ [−2𝑦 − 2𝑦]
= −4𝑦 𝑘⃗
Since the region is in 𝑥𝑜𝑦 plane we can take 𝑛 = 𝑘⃗ 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑑𝑆 = 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
Limits:
𝑥 varies from – 𝑎 to 𝑎.
𝑦 varies from 0 to 𝑏.

∴  S
𝐶𝑢𝑟𝑙 𝐹⃗ ∙ 𝑛 𝑑𝑆 = −4 ∫ ∫ 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦

= −4 ∫ [𝑥𝑦] 𝑑𝑦

= −8𝑎 = − 4𝑎𝑏 … (1)


c
𝐹⃗ ∙ 𝑑𝑟⃗ = 
AB
+ 
BC
+ 
CD
+ 
DA

Along 𝐴𝐵: 𝑦 = 0, 𝑑𝑦 = 0, 𝑥 varies from – 𝑎 𝑡𝑜 𝑎

Vector Calculus Page 55
Engineering Mathematics - II

𝑑𝑟⃗ = 𝑑𝑥 𝚤⃗ + 𝑑𝑦 𝚥⃗

AB
 𝐹⃗ ∙ 𝑑𝑟⃗ = ∫ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

= =

Along 𝐵𝐶, 𝑥 = 𝑎, 𝑑𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 varies from 0 𝑡𝑜 𝑏

BC
 𝐹⃗ ∙ 𝑑𝑟⃗ = ∫ (−2𝑎𝑦) 𝑑𝑦

= −𝑎[𝑦 ] = −𝑎𝑏
Along 𝐶𝐷: 𝑦 = 𝑏, 𝑑𝑦 = 0, 𝑥 varies from 𝑎 𝑡𝑜 − 𝑎

CD
 𝐹⃗ ∙ 𝑑𝑟⃗ = ∫ (𝑥 + 𝑏 ) 𝑑𝑥 = + 𝑏 𝑥

= − − 𝑎𝑏 − − 𝑎𝑏 = − − 2𝑎𝑏

Along 𝐷𝐶: 𝑥 = −𝑎, 𝑑𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 varies from 𝑏 𝑡𝑜 0

DC
 𝐹⃗ ∙ 𝑑𝑟⃗ = ∫ 2𝑎𝑦 𝑑𝑦

= 𝑎[𝑦 ] = −𝑏 𝑎

∴ 
c
𝐹⃗ ∙ 𝑑𝑟⃗ = − 𝑎𝑏 − − 2𝑎𝑏 − 𝑏 𝑎

= −4𝑎𝑏 … . (2)

From (1) and (2) 

c
𝐹⃗ ∙ 𝑑𝑟⃗ = 
S
𝐶𝑢𝑟𝑙 𝐹⃗ ∙ 𝑛⃗ 𝑑𝑆

Hence Stoke’s theorem is verified.

Example: 2.74 Verify Stoke’s theorem for 𝑭⃗ = (𝟐𝒙 − 𝒚) ⃗ − 𝒚𝒛𝟐 ⃗ − 𝒚𝟐 𝒛𝒌⃗ where S is the upper half of
the sphere 𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 + 𝒛𝟐 = 𝟏 and c is the Circular boundary on 𝒛 = 𝟎 plane.
Solution:

By Stokes theorem, 
c
𝐹⃗ ∙ 𝑑𝑟⃗ = 
S
𝐶𝑢𝑟𝑙 𝐹⃗ ∙ 𝑛 𝑑𝑆

Given 𝐹⃗ = (2𝑥 − 𝑦)𝚤⃗ − 𝑦𝑧 𝚥⃗ − 𝑦 𝑧𝑘⃗

𝑖 𝑗 𝑘
𝐶𝑢𝑟𝑙 𝐹⃗ =
2𝑥 − 𝑦 −𝑦𝑧 −𝑦 𝑧
= 𝚤⃗[−2𝑦𝑧 + 2𝑦𝑧] − 𝚥⃗ [0 − 0] + 𝑘⃗ [0 + 1]
= 𝑘⃗
Here 𝑛⃗ = 𝑘⃗ since C is the Circular boundary on 𝑧 = 0 plane.

∴ 
S
𝐶𝑢𝑟𝑙 𝐹⃗ ∙ 𝑛 𝑑𝑆 = 
S
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 = area of the circle

Vector Calculus Page 56

Engineering Mathematics - II

= 𝜋 (1) = 𝜋
Example: 2.75 Verify stokes theorem in a plane 𝒇𝒐𝒓 𝑭⃗ = (2 𝒙 𝒚 − 𝒙 2)⃗ − (𝒙 2 − 𝒚 2)⃗ Where C is the
boundary of the region bounded by the parabolas 𝒚𝟐 = 𝒙 and 𝒙𝟐 = 𝒚.
Solution:

By Stokes theorem, 
c
𝐹⃗ ∙ 𝑑𝑟⃗ = 
S
𝐶𝑢𝑟𝑙 𝐹⃗ ∙ 𝑛 𝑑𝑆

To evaluate: 
S
𝐶𝑢𝑟𝑙 𝐹⃗ ∙ 𝑛 𝑑𝑆

Given 𝐹⃗ = (2𝑥𝑦 − 𝑥 2)𝚤⃗ − (𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2)𝚥⃗

Curl 𝐹⃗ = ∇ × 𝐹⃗
𝚤⃗ 𝚥⃗ 𝑘⃗
=
(2𝑥y − 𝑥 ) −(𝑥 − 𝑦 ) 0

= 𝚤⃗ [ (0) − (−(𝑥 − 𝑦 )) ]− 𝚥⃗ [ (0) − (2𝑥𝑦 − 𝑥 )]

+ 𝑘⃗ [ (−(𝑥 − 𝑦 )) − (2𝑥𝑦 − 𝑥 )]

= 𝚤⃗ (0) − 𝚥⃗ (0 – 0) + 𝑘⃗ (− 2 𝑥 –2 𝑥)]
= −4𝑥𝑘⃗
Since the surface is a rectangle in the 𝑥𝑦 −plane, 𝑛 = 𝑘⃗ , 𝑑𝑆 = 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦
Curl 𝐹⃗ ∙ 𝑛 = − 4𝑥𝑘⃗ ∙ 𝑘⃗ = − 4 𝑥
Order of integration is 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦
Limits:
𝑥 varies from 𝑦 to 𝑦.
𝑦 varies from 0 to 1


√
⇒ 𝐶𝑢𝑟𝑙 𝐹⃗ ∙ 𝑛 𝑑𝑆 = ∫ ∫ −4𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
S

Vector Calculus Page 57

Engineering Mathematics - II

√
= −4 ∫ 𝑑𝑦

= −2 ∫ (𝑦 − 𝑦 )𝑑𝑦

= −2 −

= −2 −

=−

∴ 
S
𝐶𝑢𝑟𝑙 𝐹⃗ ∙ 𝑛 𝑑𝑆 = − … (1)

To evaluate: 
S
𝐶𝑢𝑟𝑙 𝐹⃗ ∙ 𝑛 𝑑𝑆

Here the line integral over the simple closed curve C bounding the surface 𝑂𝐴𝑂 consisting of the curves 𝑂𝐴
and 𝐴𝑂.


c
𝐹⃗ ∙ 𝑑𝑟⃗ = 
OA
+ 
AO
… (2)

𝐹⃗ ∙ 𝑑𝑟⃗ = (2𝑥𝑦 − 𝑥 2)𝚤⃗ − (𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2)𝚥⃗ … (3)

On 𝑂𝐴: 𝑦 = 𝑥 , 𝑑𝑦 = 2𝑥𝑑𝑥, 𝑥 varies from 0 𝑡𝑜 1
(3) ⇒ 𝐹⃗ . d𝑟⃗ = (2𝑥𝑥 − 𝑥 )𝑑𝑥 − (𝑥 − 𝑥 )2𝑥𝑑𝑥
= (2𝑥 − 𝑥 − 2𝑥 + 2𝑥 )𝑑𝑥
= (2𝑥 − 𝑥 )𝑑𝑥


OA
𝐹⃗ ∙ 𝑑𝑟⃗ = ∫ (2𝑥 − 𝑥 )𝑑𝑥

= − = − =0

On 𝐴𝑂: 𝑥 = 𝑦 , 𝑑𝑥 = 2𝑦𝑑𝑦, 𝑦 varies from 1 𝑡𝑜 0

(3) ⇒ 𝐹⃗ . d𝑟⃗ = (2𝑦 𝑦 − 𝑦 )2𝑦𝑑𝑦 − (𝑦 − 𝑦 )𝑑𝑦
= (4𝑦 − 2𝑦 )𝑑𝑦 − (𝑦 − 𝑦 )𝑑𝑦
= (4𝑦 − 2𝑦 − 𝑦 + 𝑦 )𝑑𝑦
= (3𝑦 − 2𝑦 + 𝑦 )𝑑𝑦


AO
𝐹⃗ ∙ 𝑑𝑟⃗ = ∫ (3𝑦 − 2𝑦 + 𝑦 )𝑑𝑦

= − + =− + − =−

(2) ⇒ 
c
𝐹⃗ ∙ 𝑑𝑟⃗ = 0 − = − … (3)

From (3) and (1) c

𝐹⃗ ∙ 𝑑𝑟⃗ = 
S
𝐶𝑢𝑟𝑙 𝐹⃗ ∙ 𝑛 𝑑𝑆

Vector Calculus Page 58

Engineering Mathematics - II

Hence Stokes theorem is verified.

Example: 2.76 Verify Stoke’s theorem in a plane for 𝑭⃗ = (𝒚 − 𝒛 + 𝟐) ⃗ − (𝒚𝒛 + 𝟒) ⃗ − 𝒙𝒛 𝒌⃗, where S is
the open surface of the cube formed by the planes 𝒙 = 𝟎, 𝒙 = 𝟐, 𝒚 = 𝟎, 𝒚 = 𝟐,
𝒛 = 𝟎, 𝒛 = 𝟐 above the 𝒙𝒚 – plane.
Solution:

Stoke’s theorem is 
c
𝐹⃗ ∙ 𝑑𝑟⃗ = 
S
𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑙 𝐹⃗ ∙ n̂ 𝑑𝑠

Given 𝐹⃗ = (𝑦 − 𝑧 + 2)𝚤⃗ − (𝑦𝑧 + 4)𝚥⃗ − 𝑥𝑧 𝑘⃗

𝐹⃗ ∙ 𝑑𝑟⃗ = (𝑦 − 𝑧 + 2)𝑑𝑥 − (𝑦𝑧 + 4)𝑑𝑦 − 𝑥𝑧 𝑑𝑧

L.H.S =  c
𝐹⃗ ∙ 𝑑𝑟⃗ = 
OA
+ 
AB
+ 
BC
+ 
CO

In 𝑥𝑦 plane 𝑧 = 0 ⇒ 𝑑𝑧 = 0
𝐹⃗ ∙ 𝑑𝑟⃗ = (𝑦 + 2𝑥 )𝑑𝑥 + 4𝑑𝑦
On 𝑂𝐴: 𝑦 = 0 ⇒ 𝑑𝑦 = 0, 𝑥 varies from 0 to 2.

⇒ 
OA
𝐹⃗ ∙ 𝑑𝑟⃗ = ∫ 2 𝑑𝑥

= 2[ 𝑥 ] = 4
On 𝐴𝐵: 𝑥 = 2 ⇒ 𝑑𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 varies from 0 to 2.

⇒ 
AB
𝐹⃗ ∙ 𝑑𝑟⃗ = ∫ 4 𝑑𝑦

= 4[ 𝑦 ] = 8
On 𝐵𝐶: 𝑦 = 2 ⇒ 𝑑𝑦 = 0, 𝑥 varies from 2 to 0.

⇒ 
BC
𝐹⃗ ∙ 𝑑𝑟⃗ = ∫ 4 𝑑𝑥

= 4[𝑥 ] = −8
On 𝐶𝑂: 𝑥 = 0 ⇒ 𝑑𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 varies from 2 to 0.

Vector Calculus Page 59

Engineering Mathematics - II

⇒ 
CO
𝐹⃗ ∙ 𝑑𝑟⃗ = ∫ 4 𝑑𝑦

= 4[𝑦] = −8

∴ 
c
𝐹⃗ ∙ 𝑑𝑟⃗ = 4 + 8 − 8 − 8 = −4 … (1)

R.H.S = 
S
𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑙 𝐹⃗ ∙ n̂ 𝑑𝑠

𝚤⃗ 𝚥⃗ 𝑘⃗
𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑙 𝐹⃗ =
𝑦−𝑧+2 𝑦𝑧 + 4 −𝑥𝑧
= 𝚤⃗ (0 − 𝑦) − 𝚥⃗ (– 𝑧 + 1) + 𝑘⃗ (0 − 1)
= 𝑦𝚤⃗ − (𝑧 − 1) 𝚥⃗ − 𝑘⃗
Given S is an open surface consisting of the 5 faces of the cube except, 𝑥𝑦 − plane.

∫ ∫ 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑙 𝐹⃗ ∙ n̂ 𝑑𝑠 = 
S1
+ 
S2
+ ⋯+ 
S5

𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑙 𝐹⃗ = 𝑦𝚤⃗ − (𝑧 − 1) 𝚥⃗ − 𝑘⃗
Faces Plane 𝑑𝑠 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑙 𝐹⃗ ∙ n̂
n̂
Top (𝑆 ) 𝑥𝑦 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦 𝑘⃗ −1
−1 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦

Left (𝑆 ) 𝑥𝑧 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑧 −𝚥⃗ −(𝑧 − 1)

(−𝑧 + 1) 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑧

Right (𝑆 ) 𝑥𝑧 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑧 𝚥⃗ (𝑧 − 1)
(𝑧 − 1) 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑧

Back (𝑆 ) 𝑦𝑧 𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑧 −𝚤⃗ 𝑦

𝑦 𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑧

Front (𝑆 ) 𝑦𝑧 𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑧 𝚤⃗ −𝑦
−𝑦 𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑧

On 𝑆 : ∫ ∫ (−1) 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦

= − ∫ [𝑥 ] 𝑑𝑦

= 2 ∫ 𝑑𝑦
= −2[𝑦] = −4

On 𝑆 : ∫ ∫ (−𝑧 + 1) 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑧

Vector Calculus Page 60

Engineering Mathematics - II

= ∫ (– 𝑧 + 1)[𝑥] 𝑑𝑧

= 2 ∫ (−𝑧 + 1) 𝑑𝑧

=2 − + 𝑧 = 2(0 ) = 0

On 𝑆 : ∫ ∫ (𝑧 − 1) 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑧

= ∫ (𝑧 − 1)[𝑥] 𝑑𝑧

= 2 ∫ (𝑧 − 1) 𝑑𝑧

=2 − 𝑧 = 2(0) = 0

On 𝑆 : ∫ ∫ 𝑦 𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑧

= ∫ 𝑑𝑦

= 2 ∫ 𝑑𝑧
= 2[ 𝑧 ] = 4

On 𝑆 : ∫ ∫ −𝑦 𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑧

= −∫ 𝑑𝑦

= −2 ∫ 𝑑𝑧
= −2[𝑧] =−4

∴ 
S
𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑙 𝐹⃗ ∙ n̂ 𝑑𝑠 = −4 + 0 + 0 + 4 − 4 = −4 … (2)

From (1) and (2) c

𝐹⃗ ∙ 𝑑𝑟⃗ = 
S
𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑙 𝐹⃗ ∙ n̂ 𝑑𝑠

Hence Stoke’s theorem is verified.

Example: 2.77 Verify Stoke’s theorem in a plane for 𝑭⃗ = 𝒙𝒚⃗ − 𝟐𝒚𝒛⃗ − 𝒛𝒙 𝒌⃗, where S is the open
surface of the rectangular parallelopiped formed by the planes 𝒙 = 𝟎, 𝒙 = 𝟏, 𝒚 = 𝟎, 𝒚 = 𝟐, 𝒛 = 𝟎,
𝒛 = 𝟑 above the 𝒙𝒐𝒚 – plane.
Solution:

Stoke’s theorem is 
c
𝐹⃗ ∙ 𝑑𝑟⃗ = 
S
𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑙 𝐹⃗ ∙ n̂ 𝑑𝑠

Given 𝐹⃗ = 𝑥𝑦𝚤⃗ − 2𝑦𝑧𝚥⃗ − 𝑧𝑥 𝑘⃗

𝐹⃗ ∙ 𝑑𝑟⃗ = 𝑥𝑦𝑑𝑥 − 2𝑦𝑧𝑑𝑦 − 𝑧𝑥 𝑑𝑧

L.H.S = c
𝐹⃗ ∙ 𝑑𝑟⃗ = 
OA
+ 
AB
+ 
BC
+ 
CO

Vector Calculus Page 61

Engineering Mathematics - II

In 𝑥𝑦 plane 𝑧 = 0 ⇒ 𝑑𝑧 = 0
𝐹⃗ ∙ 𝑑𝑟⃗ = 𝑥𝑦𝑑𝑥
On 𝑂𝐴: 𝑦 = 0 ⇒ 𝑑𝑦 = 0, 𝑥 varies from 0 to 1.

⇒ 
OA
𝐹⃗ ∙ 𝑑𝑟⃗ = ∫ 0 𝑑𝑥

=0
On 𝐴𝐵: 𝑥 = 1 ⇒ 𝑑𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 varies from 0 to 2.

⇒ 
AB
𝐹⃗ ∙ 𝑑𝑟⃗ = ∫ 0 𝑑𝑦

=0
On 𝐵𝐶: 𝑦 = 2 ⇒ 𝑑𝑦 = 0, 𝑥 varies from 1 to 0.

⇒ 
BC
𝐹⃗ ∙ 𝑑𝑟⃗ = ∫ 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥

=2 = −1

On 𝐶𝑂: 𝑥 = 0 ⇒ 𝑑𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 varies from 2 to 0.

⇒ 
CO
𝐹⃗ ∙ 𝑑𝑟⃗ = ∫ 0 𝑑𝑦

=0

∴ 
c
𝐹⃗ ∙ 𝑑𝑟⃗ = 0 + 0 − 1 + 0 = −1 … (1)

R.H.S = 
S
𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑙 𝐹⃗ ∙ n̂ 𝑑𝑠

Vector Calculus Page 62

Engineering Mathematics - II

𝚤⃗ 𝚥⃗ 𝑘⃗
𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑙 𝐹⃗ =
𝑥𝑦 −2𝑦𝑧 −𝑥𝑧

= 𝚤⃗ (0 + 2𝑦) − 𝚥⃗ (– 𝑧 − 0) + 𝑘⃗ (0 − 𝑥 )
= 2𝑦𝚤⃗ + 𝑧 𝚥⃗ − 𝑥 𝑘⃗
Given S is an open surface consisting of the 5 faces of the cube except, 𝑥𝑦 − plane.

∫ ∫ 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑙 𝐹⃗ ∙ n̂ 𝑑𝑠 = 
S1
+ 
S2
+ ⋯+ 
S5

𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑙 𝐹⃗ = 2𝑦𝚤⃗ + 𝑧 𝚥⃗ − 𝑥 𝑘⃗
Faces Plane 𝑑𝑠 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑙 𝐹⃗ ∙ n̂
n̂
Top (𝑆 ) 𝑥𝑦 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦 𝑘⃗ −𝑥
−𝑥 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦

Left (𝑆 ) 𝑥𝑧 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑧 −𝚥⃗ −𝑧

−𝑧 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑧

Right (𝑆 ) 𝑥𝑧 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑧 𝚥⃗ 𝑧
𝑧 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑧

Back (𝑆 ) 𝑦𝑧 𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑧 −𝚤⃗ −2𝑦

−2𝑦 𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑧

Front (𝑆 ) 𝑦𝑧 𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑧 𝚤⃗ 2𝑦
2𝑦 𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑧

On 𝑆 : ∫ ∫ (−1) 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦

= −∫ 𝑑𝑦

= − ∫ 𝑑𝑦

= − [𝑦 ] = −1

On 𝑆 : ∫ ∫ −𝑧 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑧

= − ∫ [𝑧𝑥 ] 𝑑𝑧

= − ∫ 𝑧 𝑑𝑧

=− =−

On 𝑆 : ∫ ∫ 𝑧 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑧

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= ∫ [𝑧𝑥 ] 𝑑𝑧

= 2 ∫ 𝑧 𝑑𝑧

= =

On 𝑆 : ∫ ∫ −2𝑦 𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑧

= −2 ∫ 𝑑𝑧

= −4 ∫ 𝑑𝑧
= −4[𝑧] = −12

On 𝑆 : ∫ ∫ 2𝑦 𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑧

= 2∫ 𝑑𝑧

= 4 ∫ 𝑑𝑧
= 4[ 𝑧 ] = 12

∴ 
S
𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑙 𝐹⃗ ∙ n̂ 𝑑𝑠 = −1 − + − 12 + 12 = −1 … (2)

From (1) and (2) c

𝐹⃗ ∙ 𝑑𝑟⃗ = 
S
𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑙 𝐹⃗ ∙ n̂ 𝑑𝑠

Hence Stoke’s theorem is verified.

Example: 2.78 Verify Stoke’s theorem for 𝑭⃗ = 𝒚𝟐 𝒛⃗ + 𝒛𝟐 𝒙⃗ + 𝒙𝟐 𝒚 𝒌⃗, where S is the open surface of
the cube formed by the planes 𝒙 = ±𝒂, 𝒚 = ±𝒂, and 𝒛 = ±𝒂 in which the plane 𝒛 = −𝒂 is a cut.
Solution:

Stoke’s theorem is 
c
𝐹⃗ ∙ 𝑑𝑟⃗ = 
S
𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑙 𝐹⃗ ∙ n̂ 𝑑𝑠

Given 𝐹⃗ = 𝑦 𝑧𝚤⃗ + 𝑧 𝑥𝚥⃗ + 𝑥 𝑦 𝑘⃗

𝐹⃗ ∙ 𝑑𝑟⃗ = 𝑦 𝑧𝑑𝑥 + 𝑧 𝑥𝑑𝑦 + 𝑥 𝑦 𝑑𝑧
This square ABCD lies in the plane 𝑧 = −𝑎 ⇒ 𝑑𝑧 = 0
∴ 𝐹⃗ ∙ 𝑑𝑟⃗ = −𝑎𝑦 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑎 𝑥 𝑑𝑦

L.H.S = 
c
𝐹⃗ ∙ 𝑑𝑟⃗ = 
AB
+ 
BC
+ 
CD
+ 
DA

On 𝐴𝐵: 𝑦 = −𝑎 ⇒ 𝑑𝑦 = 0, 𝑥 varies from −𝑎 to 𝑎.

⇒ 
AB
𝐹⃗ ∙ 𝑑𝑟⃗ = ∫ −𝑎 𝑑𝑥

= −𝑎 [𝑥 ]
= −𝑎 (2𝑎) = −2𝑎

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On 𝐵𝐶: 𝑥 = 𝑎 ⇒ 𝑑𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 varies from −𝑎 to 𝑎.

⇒ 
BC
𝐹⃗ ∙ 𝑑𝑟⃗ = ∫ 𝑎 𝑑𝑦

= 𝑎 [𝑦 ]
= 𝑎 (2𝑎) = 2𝑎
On 𝐶𝐷: 𝑦 = 𝑎 ⇒ 𝑑𝑦 = 0, 𝑥 varies from 𝑎 to −𝑎.

⇒ 
CD
𝐹⃗ ∙ 𝑑𝑟⃗ = ∫ −𝑎 𝑑𝑥

= −𝑎 [𝑥 ]
= −𝑎 (−2𝑎) = 2𝑎
On 𝐷𝐴: 𝑥 = −𝑎 ⇒ 𝑑𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 varies from 𝑎 to −𝑎.

⇒ 
DA
𝐹⃗ ∙ 𝑑𝑟⃗ = ∫ −𝑎 𝑑𝑦

= −𝑎 [𝑦]
= −𝑎 (−2𝑎) = 2𝑎

∴ 
c
𝐹⃗ ∙ 𝑑𝑟⃗ = −2𝑎 + 2𝑎 + 2𝑎 + 2𝑎 = 4𝑎 … (1)

R.H.S = 
S
𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑙 𝐹⃗ ∙ n̂ 𝑑𝑠

𝚤⃗ 𝚥⃗ 𝑘⃗
𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑙 𝐹⃗ =
𝑦 𝑧 𝑧 𝑥 𝑥 𝑦
= 𝚤⃗ (𝑥 − 2𝑥𝑧) − 𝚥⃗ (𝑦 − 2𝑥𝑦) + 𝑘⃗ (𝑧 − 2𝑦𝑧)
Given S is an open surface consisting of the 5 faces of the cube except, 𝑧 = −𝑎.

∫ ∫ 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑙 𝐹⃗ ∙ n̂ 𝑑𝑠 = 
S1
+ 
S2
+ ⋯+ 
S5

𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑙 𝐹⃗ = 2𝑦𝚤⃗ + 𝑧 𝚥⃗ − 𝑥 𝑘⃗
Faces Plane 𝑑𝑠 Eqn 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑙 𝐹⃗ ∙ n̂ ∇ × 𝐹⃗ ∙ n̂
n̂
Top (𝑆 ) 𝑥𝑦 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦 𝑘⃗ 𝑧= 𝑎 𝑧 − 2𝑦𝑧 𝑎 − 2𝑎𝑦
Left (𝑆 ) 𝑥𝑧 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑧 −𝚥⃗ 𝑦 = −𝑎 𝑦 − 2𝑥𝑦 𝑎 + 2𝑎𝑥
Right (𝑆 ) 𝑥𝑧 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑧 𝚥⃗ 𝑦= 𝑎 −(𝑦 − 2𝑥𝑦) −(𝑎 − 2𝑎𝑥 )
Back (𝑆 ) 𝑦𝑧 𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑧 −𝚤⃗ 𝑥 = −𝑎 −(𝑥 − 2𝑥𝑧) −(𝑎 + 2𝑎𝑧)
Front (𝑆 ) 𝑦𝑧 𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑧 𝚤⃗ 𝑥= 𝑎 𝑥 − 2𝑥𝑧 𝑎 − 2𝑎𝑧
On 𝑆 : ∫ ∫ (𝑎 − 2𝑎𝑦) 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦

= ∫ [(𝑎 𝑥 − 2𝑎𝑦𝑥 )] 𝑑𝑦

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= ∫ (𝑎 − 2𝑎 𝑦) − (−𝑎 + 2𝑎 𝑦) 𝑑𝑦

= ∫ 2𝑎 − 4𝑎 𝑦 𝑑𝑦

= 2𝑎 𝑦 − 4𝑎

= (2𝑎 − 2𝑎 ) − (−2𝑎 − 2𝑎 )
= 2𝑎 − 2𝑎 + 2𝑎 + 2𝑎
= 4𝑎
On 𝑆 + 𝑆 ∶ ∫ ∫ (𝑎 + 2𝑎𝑥) 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑧 + ∫ ∫ −(𝑎 − 2𝑎𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑧

= ∫ ∫ (𝑎 + 2𝑎𝑥 − 𝑎 + 2𝑎𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑧

= ∫ ∫ 4𝑎𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑧

= 4𝑎 ∫ 𝑑𝑧

= 2𝑎 ∫ 𝑑𝑧
= 2𝑎 [𝑧]
= 2𝑎 (0) = 0
On 𝑆 + 𝑆 : ∫ ∫ −(𝑎 + 2𝑎𝑧) 𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑧 + ∫ ∫ (𝑎 − 2𝑎𝑧) 𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑧

= ∫ ∫ (−𝑎 − 2𝑎𝑧 + 𝑎 − 2𝑎𝑧) 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑧

= ∫ ∫ −4𝑎𝑧 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑧

= −4𝑎 ∫ [𝑧𝑦] 𝑑𝑧

= −4𝑎 ∫ 𝑧(2𝑎)𝑑𝑧

= −6𝑎

= −3𝑎 (𝑎 − 𝑎 ) = 0

∴ 
S
𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑙 𝐹⃗ ∙ n̂ 𝑑𝑠 = 4𝑎 + 0 + 0 = 4𝑎 … (2)

From (1) and (2) 

c
𝐹⃗ ∙ 𝑑𝑟⃗ = 
S
𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑙 𝐹⃗ ∙ n̂ 𝑑𝑠

Hence Stoke’s theorem is verified.

Example: 2.79 Evaluate  𝑭⃗ ∙ 𝒅𝒓⃗ by stoke’s theorem, where 𝑭⃗ = 𝒚𝟐 ⃗ + 𝒙𝟐 ⃗ + (𝒙 + 𝒛) 𝒌⃗, and C is the
c

boundary of the triangle with vertices at (𝟎, 𝟎, 𝟎), (𝟏, 𝟎, 𝟎) 𝒂𝒏𝒅 (𝟏, 𝟏, 𝟎).
Solution:

Stoke’s theorem is 
c
𝐹⃗ ∙ 𝑑𝑟⃗ = 
S
𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑙 𝐹⃗ ∙ n̂ 𝑑𝑠 … (1)

Given 𝐹⃗ = 𝑦 𝚤⃗ + 𝑥 𝚥⃗ + (𝑥 + 𝑧) 𝑘⃗

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And C is triangle (0, 0, 0), (1, 0, 0) 𝑎𝑛𝑑 (1, 1, 0).

Since 𝑧 −coordinate of each vertex is zero the triangle lies in 𝑥𝑦 − plane with corners
(0, 0), (1, 0) 𝑎𝑛𝑑 (1, 1).

To evaluate : 
S
𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑙 𝐹⃗ ∙ n̂ 𝑑𝑠

𝐼𝑛 𝑥𝑦 − 𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑒 n̂ = 𝑘⃗ , 𝑑𝑠 = 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦
𝚤⃗ 𝚥⃗ 𝑘⃗
𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑙 𝐹⃗ =
𝑦 𝑥 −(𝑥 + 𝑧)
= 𝚤⃗ (0) − 𝚥⃗ (−1) + 𝑘⃗ (2𝑥 − 2𝑦)
= 𝚥⃗ + 2(𝑥 − 𝑦)𝑘⃗
𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑙 𝐹⃗ ∙ n̂ = 𝚥⃗ + 2(𝑥 − 𝑦)𝑘⃗ ∙ 𝑘⃗
= 2(𝑥 − 𝑦 )
Limits:
𝑥 varies from 𝑦 to 1.
𝑦 varies from 0 to 1.

∴ 
S
𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑙 𝐹⃗ ∙ n̂ 𝑑𝑠 = ∫ ∫ 2(𝑥 − 𝑦)𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦

= 2∫ − 𝑥𝑦 𝑑𝑦

=2 ∫ − 𝑦− + 𝑦 𝑑𝑦

=2 − − +

=2 − − +

=2 =

From (1), c
𝐹⃗ ∙ 𝑑𝑟⃗ =

Example: 2.80 Evaluate the integral 

c
(𝒙 + 𝒚)𝒅𝒙 + (𝟐𝒙 − 𝒛)𝒅𝒚 + (𝒚 + 𝒛)𝒅𝒛, where C is the

boundary of the triangle with vertices (𝟐, 𝟎, 𝟎), (𝟎, 𝟑, 𝟎) 𝒂𝒏𝒅 (𝟎, 𝟎, 𝟔) using stoke’s theorem.
Solution:

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Stoke’s theorem is 
c
𝐹⃗ ∙ 𝑑𝑟⃗ = 
S
𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑙 𝐹⃗ ∙ n̂ 𝑑𝑠

Given 𝐹⃗ ∙ 𝑑𝑟⃗ = (𝑥 + 𝑦)𝑑𝑥 + (2𝑥 − 𝑧)𝑑𝑦 + (𝑦 + 𝑧)𝑑𝑧

∴ 𝐹⃗ = (𝑥 + 𝑦)𝚤⃗ + (2𝑥 − 𝑧)𝚥⃗ + (𝑦 + 𝑧) 𝑘⃗
𝚤⃗ 𝚥⃗ 𝑘⃗
𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑙 𝐹⃗ =
𝑥+𝑦 2𝑥 − 𝑧 𝑦+𝑧
= 𝚤⃗ (1 − 1) − 𝚥⃗ (0) + 𝑘⃗ (2 − 1)
= 2𝚤⃗ + 𝑘⃗
Given C is the triangle with vertices (2, 0, 0), (0, 3, 0) 𝑎𝑛𝑑 (0, 0, 6).
Equation of the plane is + + =1

⇒ 3𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 𝑧 = 6

Let 𝜑 = 3𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 𝑧 − 6

∇𝜑 = 𝚤⃗ + 𝚥⃗ + 𝑘⃗

= 3𝚤⃗ + 2𝚥⃗ + 𝑘⃗
|∇𝜑| = √9 + 4 + 1 = √14
∇ ⃗ ⃗ ⃗
n̂ = |∇ |
=
√
Let R be the projection on 𝑋𝑌 −plane.

∴ 𝑑𝑠 = =
n̂ ∙ ⃗ √

Where n̂ ∙ 𝑘⃗ = ⃗ ⃗ ⃗
∙ 𝑘⃗
√

=
√

⃗ ⃗ ⃗
Now 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑙 𝐹⃗ ∙ n̂ = 2𝚤⃗ + 𝑘⃗ ∙
√

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= =
√ √

⇒ 
S
𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑙 𝐹⃗ ∙ n̂ 𝑑𝑠 =  R
√
√

= 7  𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦
R

= 7 [𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒]

=7 (2) (3) = 21 ∵ 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 = 𝑏ℎ

Example: 2.81 Evaluate by Stoke’s theorem c

(𝒆𝒙 𝒅𝒙 + 𝟐𝒚𝒅𝒚 − 𝒅𝒛), where C is the

Curve 𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 = 𝟒, 𝒛 = 𝟐.
Solution:

Stoke’s theorem is  c
𝐹⃗ ∙ 𝑑𝑟⃗ = 
S
𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑙 𝐹⃗ ∙ n̂ 𝑑𝑠 … (1)

Given 𝐹⃗ ∙ 𝑑𝑟⃗ = 𝑒 𝑑𝑥 + 2𝑦𝑑𝑦 − 𝑑𝑧

∴ 𝐹⃗ = 𝑒 𝚤⃗ + 2𝑦𝚥⃗ − 𝑘⃗
𝚤⃗ 𝚥⃗ 𝑘⃗
𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑙 𝐹⃗ =
𝑒 2𝑦 −1
= 𝚤⃗ (0 − 0) − 𝚥⃗ (0 − 0) + 𝑘⃗ (0 − 1)
= 0⃗

∴ (1) ⇒ 
c
𝐹⃗ ∙ 𝑑𝑟⃗ = 0

(𝑖. 𝑒)  (𝑒 𝑑𝑥 + 2𝑦𝑑𝑦 − 𝑑𝑧) = 0

c

Example: 2.82 Evaluate 

c
𝒚𝒛⃗ + 𝒙𝒛⃗ + 𝒙𝒚𝒌⃗ ∙ 𝒅𝒓⃗, where C is the boundary of the surface S.

Solution:
Given 𝐹⃗ = 𝑦𝑧𝚤⃗ + 𝑥𝑧𝚥⃗ + 𝑥𝑦 𝑘⃗

Stoke’s theorem is 
c
𝐹⃗ ∙ 𝑑𝑟⃗ = 
S
∇ × 𝐹⃗ ∙ n̂ 𝑑𝑠 … (1)

𝚤⃗ 𝚥⃗ 𝑘⃗
𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑙 𝐹⃗ =
𝑦𝑧 𝑥𝑧 𝑥𝑦
= 𝚤⃗ (𝑥 − 𝑥 ) − 𝚥⃗ (𝑦 − 𝑦) + 𝑘⃗ (𝑧 − 𝑧)
= 0⃗

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∴ (1) ⇒  c
𝐹⃗ ∙ 𝑑𝑟⃗ = 0

Exercise: 2.5
1. Verify Stoke’s theorem for the function 𝐹⃗ = 𝑥 𝚤⃗ + 𝑥𝑦𝚥⃗, integrated round the square in

the 𝑧 = 0 plane whose sides are along the lines 𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 = 0, 𝑥 = 𝑎, 𝑦 = 𝑎. Ans:

2. Verify Stoke’s theorem for 𝐹⃗ = 𝑦𝚤⃗ + 𝑧𝚥⃗ + 𝑥 𝑘⃗ , where S is the upper half surface of the
sphere 𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 = 1 and C is its boundary. Ans: −𝜋

3. Evaluate 
c
[𝑥𝑦𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥𝑦 𝑑𝑦] by Stoke’s theorem where C is the square in 𝑥𝑦 plane with vertices

(1, 0), (−1, 0), (0, 1) 𝑎𝑛𝑑 (0, −1) Ans:

4. Verify Stoke’s theorem for 𝐹⃗ = (𝑦 − 𝑧 + 2)𝚤⃗ + (𝑦𝑧 + 4)𝚥⃗ − 𝑥𝑧 𝑘⃗ , where S is the open
surface of the cube 𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 = 0, 𝑧 = 0, 𝑥 = 2, 𝑦 = 2, 𝑧 = 2 above the 𝑥𝑦 plane.
Ans: Common value = −4
5. Verify Stoke’s theorem for 𝐹⃗ = (𝑥 − 𝑦 )𝚤⃗ + 2𝑥𝑦𝚥⃗ + 𝑥𝑦𝑧 𝑘⃗ , over the surface of the box
bounded by the planes 𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 = 0, 𝑥 = 𝑎, 𝑦 = 𝑏, 𝑧 = 𝑐 above the 𝑥𝑦 plane.
Ans: Common value 2𝑎𝑏
6. Verify Stoke’s theorem for 𝐹⃗ = 𝑥𝑦𝚤⃗ − 2𝑦𝑧𝚥⃗ − 𝑧𝑥 𝑘⃗ , where S is the open surface of the rectangular
parallelepiped formed by the planes 𝑥 = 0, 𝑥 = 1, 𝑦 = 0, 𝑦 = 2, 𝑧 = 3 above the 𝑥𝑜𝑦 plane.
Ans: Common value −1
7. Verify Stoke’s theorem for 𝐹⃗ = −𝑦𝚤⃗ + 2𝑦𝑧𝚥⃗ + 𝑦 𝑘⃗ , where S is the half of the sphere
𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 = 𝑎 and C is the circular boundary on the xoy plane.
Ans: Common value = 𝜋𝑎
8. Using Stoke’s theorem 
c
𝐹⃗ ∙ 𝑑𝑟⃗ where 𝐹⃗ = (sin 𝑥 − 𝑦)𝚤⃗ − cos 𝑥 𝚥⃗ and C is the boundary

of the triangle whose vertices (0, 0), , 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 ,1 Ans: +

2.6 GAUSS DIVERGENCE THEOREM

This theorem enables us to convert a surface integral of a vector function on a closed surface
into volume integral.
Statement of Gauss Divergence theorem
If V is the volume bounded by a closed surface S and if a vector function 𝐹⃗ is continuous and has continuous
partial derivatives in V and on S, then


S
𝐹⃗ ∙ n̂ 𝑑𝑠 = 
V
∇ ∙ 𝐹⃗ 𝑑𝑣

Where 𝑛 is the unit outward normal to the surface S and 𝑑𝑉 = 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑧

Vector Calculus Page 70

Engineering Mathematics - II

Problems based on gauss Divergence theorem

Example: 2.83 Verify the G.D.T for 𝑭⃗ = 𝟒𝒙𝒛⃗ − 𝒚𝟐 ⃗ + 𝒚𝒛𝒌⃗ over the cube bounded by 𝒙 = 𝟎, 𝒙 = 𝟏,
𝒚 = 𝟎, 𝒚 = 𝟏, 𝒛 = 𝟎, 𝒛 = 𝟏.
Solution:

Gauss divergence theorem is S

𝐹⃗ ∙ n̂ 𝑑𝑠 = 
V
∇ ∙ 𝐹⃗ 𝑑𝑣

Given 𝐹⃗ = 4𝑥𝑧𝚤⃗ − 𝑦 𝚥⃗ + 𝑦𝑧𝑘⃗

∇ ∙ 𝐹⃗ = 4𝑧 − 2𝑦 + 𝑦
= 4𝑧 − 𝑦

Now, R.H.S = 

V
∇ ∙ 𝐹⃗ 𝑑𝑣

= ∫ ∫ ∫ (4𝑧 − 𝑦)𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑧

= ∫ ∫ [(4𝑥𝑧 − 𝑦𝑧)] 𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑧

= ∫ ∫ (4𝑧 − 𝑦)𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑧

=∫ 4𝑧𝑦 − 𝑑𝑧

=∫ 4𝑧 − 𝑑𝑧

= 4 − 𝑧 = 2− −0 =

Now, L.H.S = 
S
𝐹⃗ ∙ n̂ 𝑑𝑠 = 
S1
+ 
S2
+ 
S3
+ 
S4
+ 
S5
+ 
S6

Faces Plane 𝑭⃗ ⋅ 𝒏 Equation 𝑭⃗ ⋅ 𝒏 on S

𝒅𝑺 𝒏 = 
S
𝐹⃗ ∙ n̂ 𝑑𝑠

𝑆 (Bottom) 𝑥𝑦 dxdy −𝑘⃗ −𝑦𝑧 𝑧=0 0

0 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦

𝑆 (Top) 𝑥𝑦 dxdy 𝑘⃗ 𝑦𝑧 𝑧=1 𝑦

𝑦 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦

Vector Calculus Page 71

Engineering Mathematics - II

𝑆 (𝐿𝑒𝑓𝑡) 𝑥𝑧 dxdz −𝚥⃗ 𝑦 𝑦=0 0

0 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑧

𝑆 (𝑅𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡) 𝑥𝑧 dxdz 𝚥⃗ −𝑦 𝑦=1 −1

−1𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑧

𝑆 (𝐵𝑎𝑐𝑘) 𝑦𝑧 dydz −𝚤⃗ −4𝑥𝑧 𝑥=0 0

0 𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑧

𝑆 (𝐹𝑟𝑜𝑛𝑡) 𝑦𝑧 dydz 𝚤⃗ 4𝑥𝑧 𝑥=1 4𝑧

4𝑧 𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑧

(𝑖 )  𝐹⃗ ∙ n̂ 𝑑𝑠 +  𝐹⃗ ∙ n̂ 𝑑𝑠 = ∫ ∫ 0 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦 + ∫ ∫ 𝑦 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦
S1 S2

= 0 + ∫ ∫ 𝑦 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦

= ∫ [𝑦𝑥 ] 𝑑𝑦

= ∫ 𝑦 𝑑𝑦

= = −0 =

(𝑖𝑖 )  𝐹⃗ ∙ n̂ 𝑑𝑠 +  𝐹⃗ ∙ n̂ 𝑑𝑠 = ∫ ∫ 0 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑧 + ∫ ∫ −1 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑧

S3 S4

= 0 + ∫ ∫ −1 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑧

= − ∫ [𝑥 ] 𝑑𝑧

= − ∫ 𝑑𝑧
= −[𝑧] = −[1]

(𝑖𝑖𝑖 )  𝐹⃗ ∙ n̂ 𝑑𝑠 +  𝐹⃗ ∙ n̂ 𝑑𝑠 = ∫ ∫ 0 𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑧 + ∫ ∫ 4𝑧𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑧

S5 S6

= 0 + ∫ ∫ 4𝑧 𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑧

= ∫ [4𝑧𝑦] 𝑑𝑧

= ∫ 4𝑧 𝑑𝑧

=4 =4 −0 =2

∴ 
S
𝐹⃗ ∙ n̂ 𝑑𝑠 = 
S1
+ 
S2
+ 
S3
+ 
S4
+ 
S5
+ 
S6

= (𝑖) + (𝑖𝑖) + (𝑖𝑖𝑖)

= −1+2 =

∴  𝐹⃗ ∙ n̂ 𝑑𝑠 =  ∇ ∙ 𝐹⃗ 𝑑𝑣
S V

Hence Gauss divergence theorem is verified.

Vector Calculus Page 72

Engineering Mathematics - II

Example: 2.84 Verify the G.D.T for 𝑭⃗ = (𝒙𝟐 − 𝒚𝒛) ⃗ + (𝒚𝟐 − 𝒙𝒛) ⃗ + (𝒛𝟐 − 𝒙𝒚)𝒌⃗ over the rectangular
parallelopiped 𝟎 ≤ 𝒙 ≤ 𝒂, 𝟎 ≤ 𝒚 ≤ 𝒃, 𝟎 ≤ 𝒛 ≤ 𝒄. (OR)
Verify the G.D.T for 𝑭⃗ = (𝒙𝟐 − 𝒚𝒛) ⃗ + (𝒚𝟐 − 𝒙𝒛) ⃗ + (𝒛𝟐 − 𝒙𝒚)𝒌⃗ over the rectangular parallelopiped
bounded by 𝒙 = 𝟎, 𝒙 = 𝒂, 𝒚 = 𝟎, 𝒚 = 𝒃, 𝒛 = 𝟎, 𝒛 = 𝒄 .
Solution:

Gauss divergence theorem is 

S
𝐹⃗ ∙ n̂ 𝑑𝑠 = 
V
∇ ∙ 𝐹⃗ 𝑑𝑣

Given 𝐹⃗ = (𝑥 − 𝑦𝑧)𝚤⃗ + (𝑦 − 𝑥𝑧)𝚥⃗ + (𝑧 − 𝑥𝑦)𝑘⃗

∇ ∙ 𝐹⃗ = 2𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 2𝑧 = 2(𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧)

Now, R.H.S = 

V
∇ ∙ 𝐹⃗ 𝑑𝑣

= 2 ∫ ∫ ∫ (𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧)𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑧

` = 2∫ ∫ + 𝑥𝑦 + 𝑥𝑧 𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑧

= 2∫ ∫ + 𝑎𝑦 + 𝑎𝑧 𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑧

= 2∫ + + 𝑎𝑧𝑦 𝑑𝑧

= 2∫ + + 𝑎𝑧𝑏 𝑑𝑧

=2 + +

=2 + +

= 𝑎𝑏𝑐(𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐)

Now, L.H.S = 
S
𝐹⃗ ∙ n̂ 𝑑𝑠 = 
S1
+ 
S2
+ 
S3
+ 
S4
+ 
S5
+ 
S6

Faces Plane 𝑭⃗ ⋅ 𝒏 Eqn 𝑭⃗ ⋅ 𝒏 on S

𝒅𝑺 𝒏 = 
S
𝑭⃗ ∙ n̂ 𝒅𝒔

𝑆 (Bottom) 𝑥𝑦 dxdy −𝑘⃗ −(𝑧 − 𝑥𝑦) 𝑧=0 𝑥𝑦

𝑥𝑦 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦

𝑆 (Top) 𝑥𝑦 dxdy 𝑘⃗ (𝑧 − 𝑥𝑦) 𝑧=𝑐 𝑐 − 𝑥𝑦

𝑐 − 𝑥𝑦 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦

𝑆 (𝐿𝑒𝑓𝑡) 𝑥𝑧 dxdz −𝚥⃗ −(𝑦 − 𝑥𝑧) 𝑦=0 𝑥𝑧

𝑥𝑧 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑧

𝑆 (𝑅𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡) 𝑥𝑧 dxdz 𝚥⃗ (𝑦 − 𝑥𝑧) 𝑦=𝑏 𝑏 − 𝑥𝑧

𝑏 − 𝑥𝑧 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑧

Vector Calculus Page 73

Engineering Mathematics - II

𝑆 (𝐵𝑎𝑐𝑘) 𝑦𝑧 dydz −𝚤⃗ −(𝑥 − 𝑦𝑧) 𝑥=0 𝑦𝑧

𝑦𝑧 𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑧

𝑆 (𝐹𝑟𝑜𝑛𝑡) 𝑦𝑧 dydz 𝚤⃗ (𝑥 − 𝑦𝑧) 𝑥=𝑎 𝑎 − 𝑦𝑧

𝑎 − 𝑦𝑧 𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑧

(𝑖 )  𝐹⃗ ∙ n̂ 𝑑𝑠 +  𝐹⃗ ∙ n̂ 𝑑𝑠 = ∫ ∫ 𝑥𝑦 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦 + ∫ ∫ 𝑐 − 𝑥𝑦 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦
S1 S2

= ∫ ∫ 𝑐 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦

= 𝑐 ∫ 𝑑𝑥 ∫ 𝑑𝑦

= 𝑐 [𝑥 ] [𝑦 ] = 𝑐 𝑎𝑏

(𝑖𝑖 )  𝐹⃗ ∙ n̂ 𝑑𝑠 +  𝐹⃗ ∙ n̂ 𝑑𝑠 = ∫ ∫ 𝑥𝑧 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑧 + ∫ ∫ 𝑏 − 𝑥𝑧 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑧

S3 S4

= ∫ ∫ 𝑏 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑧

= 𝑏 ∫ 𝑑𝑥 ∫ 𝑑𝑧

= 𝑏 [𝑥 ] [𝑧 ] = 𝑏 𝑎𝑐

(𝑖𝑖𝑖 )  𝐹⃗ ∙ n̂ 𝑑𝑠 +  𝐹⃗ ∙ n̂ 𝑑𝑠 = ∫ ∫ 𝑦𝑧 𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑧 + ∫ ∫ 𝑎 − 𝑦𝑧 𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑧

S5 S6

= ∫ ∫ 𝑎 𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑧

= 𝑎 ∫ 𝑑𝑦 ∫ 𝑑𝑧

= 𝑎 [𝑦] [𝑧] = 𝑎 𝑏𝑐

∴ 
S
𝐹⃗ ∙ n̂ 𝑑𝑠 = 
S1
+ 
S2
+ 
S3
+ 
S4
+ 
S5
+ 
S6

= (𝑖) + (𝑖𝑖) + (𝑖𝑖𝑖)

= 𝑎𝑏𝑐(𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐)

∴ 
S
𝐹⃗ ∙ n̂ 𝑑𝑠 = 
V
∇ ∙ 𝐹⃗ 𝑑𝑣

Hence Gauss divergence theorem is verified.

Example: 2.85 Verify divergence theorem for 𝑭⃗ = (𝟐𝒙 − 𝒛) ⃗ + 𝒙𝟐 𝒚⃗ − 𝒙𝒛𝟐 𝒌⃗ over the cube bounded by
𝒙 = 𝟎, 𝒙 = 𝟏, 𝒚 = 𝟎, 𝒚 = 𝟏, 𝒛 = 𝟎, 𝒛 = 𝟏.
Solution:

Vector Calculus Page 74

Engineering Mathematics - II

Gauss divergence theorem is  S

𝐹⃗ ∙ n̂ 𝑑𝑠 = 
V
∇ ∙ 𝐹⃗ 𝑑𝑣

Given 𝐹⃗ = (2𝑥 − 𝑧)𝚤⃗ + 𝑥 𝑦𝚥⃗ − 𝑥𝑧 𝑘⃗

∇ ∙ 𝐹⃗ = 2 + 𝑥 − 2𝑥𝑧

Now, R.H.S = 

V
∇ ∙ 𝐹⃗ 𝑑𝑣

= ∫ ∫ ∫ (2 + 𝑥 − 2𝑥𝑧)𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑧

=∫ ∫ 2𝑥 + − 𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑧

=∫ ∫ 2 + − 𝑧 𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑧

=∫ 2𝑦 + 𝑦 − 𝑧𝑦 𝑑𝑧

=∫ 2 + − 𝑧 𝑑𝑧

= 2𝑧 + 𝑧 −

= 2+ − −0 =

Now, L.H.S = 
S
𝐹⃗ ∙ n̂ 𝑑𝑠 = 
S1
+ 
S2
+ 
S3
+ 
S4
+ 
S5
+ 
S6

Faces Plane 𝑭⃗ ⋅ 𝒏 Equation 𝑭⃗ ⋅ 𝒏 on S

𝒅𝑺 𝒏 = 
S
𝑭⃗ ∙ n̂ 𝒅𝒔

𝑆 (Bottom) 𝑥𝑦 dxdy −𝑘⃗ 𝑥𝑧 𝑧=0 0

0 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦

𝑆 (Top) 𝑥𝑦 dxdy 𝑘⃗ −𝑥𝑧 𝑧=1 −𝑥

(−𝑥) 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦

𝑆 (𝐿𝑒𝑓𝑡) 𝑥𝑧 dxdz −𝚥⃗ −𝑥 𝑦 𝑦=0 0

0 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑧

𝑆 (𝑅𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡) 𝑥𝑧 dxdz 𝚥⃗ 𝑥 𝑦 𝑦=1 𝑥

𝑥 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑧

𝑆 (𝐵𝑎𝑐𝑘) 𝑦𝑧 dydz −𝚤⃗ −(2𝑥 − 𝑧) 𝑥=0 𝑧

𝑧 𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑧

𝑆 (𝐹𝑟𝑜𝑛𝑡) 𝑦𝑧 dydz 𝚤⃗ (2𝑥 − 𝑧) 𝑥=1 2−𝑧

2 − 𝑧 𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑧

(𝑖 )  𝐹⃗ ∙ n̂ 𝑑𝑠 +  𝐹⃗ ∙ n̂ 𝑑𝑠 = ∫ ∫ 0 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦 + ∫ ∫ (−𝑥) 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦

S1 S2

= ∫ ∫ (−𝑥) 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦

Vector Calculus Page 75

Engineering Mathematics - II

= −∫ 𝑑𝑦

= −∫ 𝑑𝑦

=− 𝑦 =− −0 =

(𝑖𝑖 )  𝐹⃗ ∙ n̂ 𝑑𝑠 +  𝐹⃗ ∙ n̂ 𝑑𝑠 = ∫ ∫ 0 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑧 + ∫ ∫ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑧

S3 S4

= ∫ ∫ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑧

=∫ 𝑑𝑧

=∫ 𝑑𝑧

= 𝑧 = −0 =

(𝑖𝑖𝑖 )  𝐹⃗ ∙ n̂ 𝑑𝑠 +  𝐹⃗ ∙ n̂ 𝑑𝑠 = ∫ ∫ 𝑧 𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑧 + ∫ ∫ (2 − 𝑧)𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑧

S5 S6

= ∫ ∫ 2 𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑧

= 2 ∫ [𝑦] 𝑑𝑧

= 2 ∫ 𝑑𝑧
= 2 [𝑧 ] =2

∴ 
S
𝐹⃗ ∙ n̂ 𝑑𝑠 = 
S1
+ 
S2
+ 
S3
+ 
S4
+ 
S5
+ 
S6

= (𝑖) + (𝑖𝑖) + (𝑖𝑖𝑖)

= − + +2 =

∴  S
𝐹⃗ ∙ n̂ 𝑑𝑠 = 
V
∇ ∙ 𝐹⃗ 𝑑𝑣

Hence Gauss divergence theorem is verified.

Example: 2.86 Verify divergence theorem for 𝑭⃗ = 𝒙𝟐 ⃗ + 𝒛⃗ + 𝒚𝒛𝒌⃗ over the cube bounded by 𝒙 = ±𝟏,
𝒚 = ±𝟏, 𝒛 = ±𝟏.
Solution:

Gauss divergence theorem is 

S
𝐹⃗ ∙ n̂ 𝑑𝑠 = 
V
∇ ∙ 𝐹⃗ 𝑑𝑣

Given 𝐹⃗ = 𝑥 𝚤⃗ + 𝑧𝚥⃗ + 𝑦𝑧𝑘⃗

∇ ∙ 𝐹⃗ = 2𝑥 + 𝑦

Now, R.H.S = V

∇ ∙ 𝐹⃗ 𝑑𝑣

= ∫ ∫ ∫ (2𝑥 + 𝑦)𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑧

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Engineering Mathematics - II

=∫ ∫ 2 + 𝑦𝑥 𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑧

= ∫ ∫ [(1 + 𝑦) − (1 − 𝑦)]𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑧

= ∫ ∫ [2𝑦]𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑧

=∫ 2 𝑑𝑧

= ∫ [(1) − ((−1) )] 𝑑𝑧

= ∫ [0] 𝑑𝑧
=0

Now, L.H.S = 
S
𝐹⃗ ∙ n̂ 𝑑𝑠 = 
S1
+ 
S2
+ 
S3
+ 
S4
+ 
S5
+ 
S6

Faces Plane 𝑭⃗ ⋅ 𝒏 Equation 𝑭⃗ ⋅ 𝒏 on S

𝒅𝑺 𝒏 = 
S
𝑭⃗ ∙ n̂ 𝒅𝒔

𝑆 (Bottom) 𝑥𝑦 dxdy −𝑘⃗ −𝑦𝑧 𝑧 = −1 𝑦

𝑦 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦

𝑆 (Top) 𝑥𝑦 dxdy 𝑘⃗ 𝑦𝑧 𝑧=1 𝑦

𝑦 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦

𝑆 (𝐿𝑒𝑓𝑡) 𝑥𝑧 dxdz −𝚥⃗ −𝑧 𝑦 = −1 −𝑧

−𝑧 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑧

𝑆 (𝑅𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡) 𝑥𝑧 dxdz 𝚥⃗ 𝑧 𝑦=1 𝑧

𝑧𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑧

𝑆 (𝐵𝑎𝑐𝑘) 𝑦𝑧 dydz −𝚤⃗ −𝑥 𝑥 = −1 −1

−1 𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑧

𝑆 (𝐹𝑟𝑜𝑛𝑡) 𝑦𝑧 dydz 𝚤⃗ 𝑥 𝑥=1 1

𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑧

(𝑖 )  𝐹⃗ ∙ n̂ 𝑑𝑠 +  𝐹⃗ ∙ n̂ 𝑑𝑠 = ∫ ∫ 𝑦 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦 + ∫ ∫ 𝑦 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦
S1 S2

= ∫ ∫ 2𝑦 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦

= 2 ∫ [𝑥𝑦] 𝑑𝑦

= 2 ∫ [(𝑦) − (−𝑦)] 𝑑𝑦

= 2 ∫ 2𝑦𝑑𝑦

=4 =4 − =0

(𝑖𝑖 )  𝐹⃗ ∙ n̂ 𝑑𝑠 +  𝐹⃗ ∙ n̂ 𝑑𝑠 = ∫ ∫ −𝑧 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑧 + ∫ ∫ 𝑧 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑧

S3 S4

= ∫ ∫ 0 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑧

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Engineering Mathematics - II

=0

(𝑖𝑖𝑖 )  𝐹⃗ ∙ n̂ 𝑑𝑠 +  𝐹⃗ ∙ n̂ 𝑑𝑠 = − ∫ ∫ 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑧 + ∫ ∫ 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑧

S5 S6

=0

∴ 
S
𝐹⃗ ∙ n̂ 𝑑𝑠 = 
S1
+ 
S2
+ 
S3
+ 
S4
+ 
S5
+ 
S6

= (𝑖) + (𝑖𝑖) + (𝑖𝑖𝑖)

= 0

∴ 
S
𝐹⃗ ∙ n̂ 𝑑𝑠 =  V
∇ ∙ 𝐹⃗ 𝑑𝑣

Hence , Gauss divergence theorem is verified.

Example: 2.87 Verify divergence theorem for the function 𝑭⃗ = 𝟒𝒙⃗ − 𝟐𝒚𝟐 ⃗ + 𝒛𝟐 𝒌⃗ taken over the
surface bounded by the cylinder 𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 = 𝟒 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒛 = 𝟎, 𝒛 = 𝟑.
Solution:

Gauss divergence theorem is 

S
𝐹⃗ ∙ n̂ 𝑑𝑠 = 
V
∇ ∙ 𝐹⃗ 𝑑𝑣

Given 𝐹⃗ = 4𝑥𝚤⃗ − 2𝑦 𝚥⃗ + 𝑧 𝑘⃗
∇ ∙ 𝐹⃗ = 4 − 4𝑦 + 2𝑧
Limits:
𝑧 = 0 𝑡𝑜 3
𝑥 + 𝑦 =4 ⇒ 𝑦 =4− 𝑥
⇒ 𝑦 = ±√ 4 − 𝑥
∴ 𝑦 = −√ 4 − 𝑥 𝑡𝑜 √ 4 − 𝑥
Put 𝑦 = 0 ⇒ 𝑥 = 4

Vector Calculus Page 78

Engineering Mathematics - II

⇒ 𝑥 =±2
∴ 𝑦 = −2 𝑡𝑜 2

∴ R.H.S = 
V
∇ ∙ 𝐹⃗ 𝑑𝑣

√
= ∫ ∫√ ∫ (4 − 4𝑦 + 2𝑧) 𝑑𝑧𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥
√
= ∫ ∫√ 4𝑧 − 4𝑦𝑧 + 2 𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥

√
=∫ ∫√ (12 − 12𝑦 + 9)𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥
√
=∫ ∫√ (21 − 12𝑦)𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥

√ ∵ ∫ 𝑓(𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑥 = 2 ∫ 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑖𝑓 𝑓(𝑥 ) 𝑖𝑠 𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑛

= 2∫ ∫ 21 𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥
= 0 𝑖𝑓 𝑓 (𝑥 ) 𝑖𝑠 𝑜𝑑𝑑

= 42 ∫ [𝑦]√ 𝑑𝑥

= 42 ∫ √ 4 − 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

= 42 × 2 ∫ √ 4 − 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 [∵ 𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑓𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 ]

= 84 √4− 𝑥 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛

= 84 [0 + 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛 (1)]

= 84 2 ×

= 84 𝜋

L.H.S = 
S
𝐹⃗ ∙ n̂ 𝑑𝑠

= 
S1
+ 
S2
+ 
S3

Along 𝑆 (bottom):
𝑥𝑦 −plane ⇒ 𝑧 = 0, 𝑑𝑧 = 0
And 𝑑𝑠 = 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦, n̂ = − 𝑘⃗
∴ 𝐹⃗ ∙ n̂ = 4𝑥 𝚤⃗ − 2𝑦 𝚥⃗ + 𝑧 𝑘⃗ ∙ −𝑘⃗
= −𝑧 =0

∴ 
S1
𝐹⃗ ∙ n̂ 𝑑𝑠 = 
S1
0=0

Along 𝑆 (top):
𝑥𝑦 −plane ⇒ 𝑧 = 3, 𝑑𝑧 = 0
And 𝑑𝑠 = 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦, n̂ = 𝑘⃗

∴ 𝐹⃗ ∙ n̂ = 4𝑥 𝚤⃗ − 2𝑦 𝚥⃗ + 𝑧 𝑘⃗ ∙ −𝑘⃗

Vector Calculus Page 79

Engineering Mathematics - II

= 𝑧 =9

∴ 
S2
𝐹⃗ ∙ n̂ 𝑑𝑠 =  S2
9 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦

= 
R
9 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦

= 9 (𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑙𝑒)

= 9 (𝜋𝑟 ) [ ∵ 𝑟 = 2]
= 36 𝜋
Along 𝑆 (curved surface):
Given 𝑥 + 𝑦 = 4
Let 𝜑 = 𝑥 + 𝑦 − 4

∇𝜑 = 𝚤⃗ + 𝚥⃗ + 𝑘⃗

= 2𝑥𝚤⃗ + 2𝑦𝚥⃗
|∇𝜑| = 4𝑥 + 4𝑦 = 2√4 = 4
∇ ( ⃗ ⃗)
n̂ = |∇ |
=
⃗ ⃗
=
The cylindrical coordinates are
𝑥 = 2 cos 𝜃, 𝑦 = 2 sin 𝜃 𝑑𝑠 = 2𝑑𝑧𝑑𝜃
Where 𝑧 varies from 0 to 3
𝜃 varies from 0 to 2𝜋
⃗ ⃗
Now 𝐹⃗ ∙ n̂ = 4𝑥 𝚤⃗ − 2𝑦 𝚥⃗ + 𝑧 𝑘⃗ ∙

= 2𝑥 − 𝑦
= 2(2 cos 𝜃 ) − (2 sin 𝜃 )
= 8 cos 𝜃 − 8 sin 𝜃

=8 −

∴ 
S3
𝐹⃗ ∙ n̂ 𝑑𝑠 = 8 ∫ ∫ + − + 2𝑑𝑧𝑑𝜃

= 16 ∫ + − + [𝑧] 𝑑𝜃

= 48 + − −

= 48 + − − −

= 48 𝜋

Vector Calculus Page 80

Engineering Mathematics - II

L.H.S = 
S
𝐹⃗ ∙ n̂ 𝑑𝑠 = 0 + 36 𝜋 + 48𝜋

= 84 𝜋
∴ L.H.S = R.H.S

(𝑖. 𝑒) 
S
𝐹⃗ ∙ n̂ 𝑑𝑠 = 
V
∇ ∙ 𝐹⃗ 𝑑𝑣

Hence Gauss divergence theorem is verified.

Example: 2.88 Verify divergence theorem for the function 𝑭⃗ = 𝒚⃗ + 𝒙⃗ + 𝒛𝟐 𝒌⃗ over the cylindrical
region bounded by 𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 = 𝟗 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒛 = 𝟎, 𝒛 = 𝟐.
Solution:

Gauss divergence theorem is 

S
𝐹⃗ ∙ n̂ 𝑑𝑠 = 
V
∇ ∙ 𝐹⃗ 𝑑𝑣

Given 𝐹⃗ = 𝑦𝚤⃗ + 𝑥𝚥⃗ + 𝑧 𝑘⃗

∇ ∙ 𝐹⃗ = 2𝑧
Limits:
𝑧 = 0 𝑡𝑜 2
𝑥 + 𝑦 =9 ⇒ 𝑦 =9− 𝑥
⇒ 𝑦 = ±√ 9 − 𝑥
∴ 𝑦 = −√9 − 𝑥 𝑡𝑜 √ 9 − 𝑥
Put 𝑦 = 0 ⇒ 𝑥 = 9
⇒ 𝑥 =±3
∴ 𝑦 = −3 𝑡𝑜 3

∴ R.H.S = 
V
∇ ∙ 𝐹⃗ 𝑑𝑣

√
= ∫ ∫√ ∫ (2𝑧) 𝑑𝑧𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥
√
= ∫ ∫√ 2 𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥

Vector Calculus Page 81

Engineering Mathematics - II

√
= 4∫ ∫ √
𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥

= 4 ∫ [𝑦 ]√ √ 𝑑𝑥

= 4 ∫ 2√ 9 − 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

= 8 × 2 ∫ √ 9 − 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 [∵ 𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑓𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛]

= 16 √9− 𝑥 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛

= 16 0 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛 (1)

= 16 ×

= 36 𝜋

L.H.S = 
S
𝐹⃗ ∙ n̂ 𝑑𝑠

= 
S1
+ 
S2
+ 
S3

Along 𝑆 (bottom):
𝑥𝑦 −plane ⇒ 𝑧 = 0, 𝑑𝑧 = 0
And 𝑑𝑠 = 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦, n̂ = − 𝑘⃗
∴ 𝐹⃗ ∙ n̂ = 𝑦 𝚤⃗ + 𝑥 𝚥⃗ + 𝑧 𝑘⃗ ∙ −𝑘⃗
= −𝑧 =0

∴ 
S1
𝐹⃗ ∙ n̂ 𝑑𝑠 = 
S1
0=0

Along 𝑆 (top):
𝑥𝑦 −plane ⇒ 𝑧 = 2, 𝑑𝑧 = 0
And 𝑑𝑠 = 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦, n̂ = 𝑘⃗
∴ 𝐹⃗ ∙ n̂ = 𝑦 𝚤⃗ + 𝑥 𝚥⃗ + 𝑧 𝑘⃗ ∙ 𝑘⃗
= 𝑧 =4

∴ 
S2
𝐹⃗ ∙ n̂ 𝑑𝑠 = 
S2
4 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦

= 
R
4 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦

= 4 (𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑙𝑒)

= 4 (𝜋𝑟 ) [ ∵ 𝑟 = 2]
= 36 𝜋
Along 𝑆 (curved surface):
Given 𝑥 + 𝑦 = 9

Vector Calculus Page 82

Engineering Mathematics - II

Let 𝜑 = 𝑥 + 𝑦 − 9

∇𝜑 = 𝚤⃗ + 𝚥⃗ + 𝑘⃗

= 2𝑥𝚤⃗ + 2𝑦𝚥⃗
|∇𝜑| = 4𝑥 + 4𝑦 = 2√9 = 6
∇ ( ⃗ ⃗)
n̂ = |∇ |
=
⃗ ⃗
=
The cylindrical coordinates are
𝑥 = 3 cos 𝜃, 𝑦 = 3 sin 𝜃
𝑑𝑠 = 3𝑑𝑧𝑑𝜃
Where 𝑧 varies from 0 to 2
𝜃 varies from 0 to 2𝜋
⃗ ⃗
Now 𝐹⃗ ∙ n̂ = 𝑦 𝚤⃗ + 𝑥 𝚥⃗ + 𝑧 𝑘⃗ ∙

= + =

= (3 cos 𝜃 ) (3 sin 𝜃 )

= 2 × 3 sin 𝜃 cos 𝜃
= 3 sin 2𝜃

∴ 
S3
𝐹⃗ ∙ n̂ 𝑑𝑠 = 3 ∫ ∫ (sin 2𝜃) 3𝑑𝑧𝑑𝜃

= 9 ∫ (sin 2𝜃) [𝑧] 𝑑𝜃

=9 −

= −9 [1 − 1]
=0

L.H.S = 
S
𝐹⃗ ∙ n̂ 𝑑𝑠 = 0 + 36 𝜋 + 0

= 36 𝜋
∴ L.H.S = R.H.S

(𝑖. 𝑒) 
S
𝐹⃗ ∙ n̂ 𝑑𝑠 = 
V
∇ ∙ 𝐹⃗ 𝑑𝑣

Hence Gauss divergence theorem is verified.

Vector Calculus Page 83

Engineering Mathematics - II

Example: 2.89 If S is any closed surface enclosing a volume V and if 𝑭⃗ = 𝒂𝒙⃗ + 𝒃𝒚 ⃗ + 𝒄𝒛𝒌⃗, prove that

 𝑭⃗ ∙ n̂ 𝒅𝒔 = (𝒂 + 𝒃 + 𝒄)𝑽 . Deduce that  𝑭⃗ ∙ n̂ 𝒅𝒔 = 𝟑 (𝒂 + 𝒃 + 𝒄) if S is the surface of the sphere

𝟒𝝅

S S

𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 + 𝒛𝟐 = 𝟏.
Solution:

Gauss divergence theorem is 

S
𝐹⃗ ∙ n̂ 𝑑𝑠 = 
V
∇ ∙ 𝐹⃗ 𝑑𝑣

Given 𝐹⃗ = 𝑎𝑥𝚤⃗ + 𝑏𝑦𝚥⃗ + 𝑐𝑧𝑘⃗

∇ ∙ 𝐹⃗ = + + =𝑎+𝑏+𝑐

∴ 
S
𝐹⃗ ∙ n̂ 𝑑𝑠 = 
V
(a + b + c) 𝑑𝑣

= (𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐 )𝑉
If S is the surface of the sphere 𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 = 1 then 𝑉 = 𝜋(1) =

∴ 
S
𝐹⃗ ∙ n̂ 𝑑𝑠 = (a + b + c)

= (𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐 )

Example: 2.90 Using the divergence theorem of Gauss evaluate 

S
𝑭⃗ ∙ n̂ 𝒅𝒔 where 𝑭⃗ = 𝒙𝟑 ⃗ + 𝒚𝟑 ⃗ +

𝒛𝟑 𝒌⃗, and S is the sphere 𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 + 𝒛𝟐 = 𝒂𝟐 .

Solution:

Gauss divergence theorem is 

S
𝐹⃗ ∙ n̂ 𝑑𝑠 = 
V
∇ ∙ 𝐹⃗ 𝑑𝑣

Given 𝐹⃗ = 𝑥 𝚤⃗ + 𝑦 𝚥⃗ + 𝑧 𝑘⃗
∇ ∙ 𝐹⃗ = 3𝑥 + 3𝑦 + 3𝑧
= 3(𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 )

∴ 
S
𝐹⃗ ∙ n̂ 𝑑𝑠 = 3  (𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 ) 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑧
V

Here we have to use spherical polar co – ordinates.

𝑥 = 𝑟 sin 𝜃 cos 𝜑 , 𝑦 = 𝑟 sin 𝜃 sin 𝜑, 𝑧 = 𝑟𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃
𝑥 + 𝑦 +𝑧 =𝑎 and 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑧 = 𝑟 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 𝑑𝑟 𝑑𝜃 𝑑𝜑

∴ 3  (𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 ) 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑧 = 3 ∫ ∫ ∫ 𝑟 𝑟 sin 𝜃 𝑑𝑟 𝑑𝜃 𝑑𝜑

V

= 3∫ ∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 𝑑𝜃 𝑑𝜑

= ∫ [− cos 𝜃 ] 𝑑𝜑

Vector Calculus Page 84

Engineering Mathematics - II

= ∫ (− cos 𝜋 + cos 0) 𝑑𝜑

= [𝜑 ]

= (2𝜋) =

Example: 2.91 Show that 

S
𝒄𝒖𝒓𝒍 𝑭⃗ ∙ n̂ 𝒅𝒔 = 𝟎 where S is any closed surface.

Solution:

Gauss divergence theorem is  S

𝐹⃗ ∙ n̂ 𝑑𝑠 = 
V
∇ ∙ 𝐹⃗ 𝑑𝑣

∴ 
S
𝐹⃗ ∙ n̂ 𝑑𝑠 = 
V
∇ ∙ ∇ × F⃗ 𝑑𝑣

where V is the volume of the closed surface S.

Since ∇ ∙ ∇ × 𝐹⃗ = 0, 𝑤𝑒 𝑔𝑒𝑡 

V
∇ ∙ ∇ × F⃗ 𝑑𝑣 = 0

∴ 
S
∇ × F⃗ ∙ n̂ 𝑑𝑣 = 0 (𝑜𝑟)  𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑙𝐹⃗ ∙ n̂ 𝑑𝑠 = 0
S

𝒓⃗ ∙ n̂
Example: 2.92 Prove that 
S
𝒓𝟐
𝒅𝒔 = 
V

Solution:

Gauss divergence theorem is  S

𝐹⃗ ∙ n̂ 𝑑𝑠 = V
∇ ∙ 𝐹⃗ 𝑑𝑣

 
𝒓⃗ 𝒓⃗
∴ 𝒓𝟐
∙ n̂ 𝑑𝑠 = ∇ ∙ 𝒓𝟐
𝑑𝑣
S V

⃗ ⃗ ⃗ ⃗
Now ∇ ∙ = 𝚤⃗ + 𝚥⃗ + 𝑘⃗ ∙

= + +

( )
=∑

=∑

=∑

= = =

 
𝒓⃗
∴ 𝒓𝟐
∙ n̂ 𝑑𝑠 = 𝑑𝑣
S V

Example: 2.93 Evaluate 

S
𝒓⃗ ∙ n̂ 𝒅𝒔 where S is a closed surface using Gauss divergence theorem.

Vector Calculus Page 85

Engineering Mathematics - II

Solution:

Gauss divergence theorem is  S

𝐹⃗ ∙ n̂ 𝑑𝑠 = 
V
∇ ∙ 𝐹⃗ 𝑑𝑣

∴ 
S
𝑟⃗ ∙ n̂ 𝑑𝑠 =  V
(∇ ∙ 𝑟⃗) 𝑑𝑣

= 
V
∇ ∙ 𝑥𝚤⃗ + 𝑦𝚥⃗ + 𝑧𝑘⃗ 𝑑𝑣

= 
V
(1 + 1 + 1) 𝑑𝑣

= 3  𝑑𝑣
V

= 3𝑉
Exercise: 2.5
1. Verify divergence theorem for the function 𝐹⃗ = (𝑥 − 𝑦𝑧)𝚤⃗ − (𝑦 − 𝑧𝑥 )𝚥⃗ + (𝑧 − 𝑥𝑦)𝑘⃗
over the surface bounded by 𝑥 = 0, 𝑥 = 1, 𝑦 = 0, 𝑦 = 2, 𝑧 = 0, 𝑧 = 3 Ans: 36
2. Verify divergence theorem for the function 𝐹⃗ = 4𝑥𝑧𝚤⃗ − 𝑦 𝚥⃗ + 𝑦𝑧𝑘⃗
over the cube 𝑥 = 0, 𝑥 = 1, 𝑦 = 0, 𝑦 = 1, 𝑧 = 0, 𝑧 = 1 Ans: Common value =

3. Verify divergence theorem for the function 𝐹⃗ = (2𝑥 − 𝑧)𝚤⃗ − 𝑥 𝑦𝚥⃗ − 𝑥𝑧 𝑘⃗

over the cube bounded by 𝑥 = 0, 𝑥 = 1, 𝑦 = 0, 𝑦 = 1, 𝑧 = 0, 𝑧 = 1
Ans: Common value =

4. Verify divergence theorem for 𝐹⃗ = 𝑥𝑦 𝚤⃗ + 𝑦𝑧 𝚥⃗ + 𝑧𝑥 𝑘⃗ over the region

𝑥 + 𝑦 = 4 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑧 = 0, 𝑧 = 3 Ans: Common value = 84𝜋
5. Using divergence theorem, prove that (i) 
S
𝑅⃗ ∙ 𝑑𝑆⃗ = 3𝑉 (ii) 
S
∇𝑟 ∙ 𝑑𝑆⃗ = 6𝑉

6. 𝐹⃗ = 𝑥 𝚤⃗ + 𝑧𝚥⃗ + 𝑦𝑧𝑘⃗ over the cube bounded by 𝑥 = 0, 𝑥 = 𝑎, 𝑦 = 0, 𝑦 = 𝑎, 𝑧 = 0, 𝑧 = 𝑎

Ans: Common value =

7. 𝐹⃗ = (𝑥 − 𝑦𝑧)𝚤⃗ − 2𝑥 𝑦𝚥⃗ + 2𝑘⃗ over the parallelopiped bounded by the planes

𝑥 = 0, 𝑥 = 1, 𝑦 = 0, 𝑦 = 2, 𝑧 = 0, 𝑧 = 3 Ans: Common value = 2
8. 𝐹⃗ = 2𝑥𝑦𝚤⃗ + 𝑦 𝑧 𝚥⃗ + 𝑥𝑧𝑘⃗ over the parallelopiped bounded by the planes
𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 = 0, 𝑧 = 0, 𝑥 = 2, 𝑦 = 1, 𝑧 = 3 Ans: Common value = 20
9. 𝐹⃗ = 2𝑥 𝑦𝚤⃗ − 𝑦 𝚥⃗ + 4 𝑥𝑧 𝑘⃗ taken over the region in the first octant bounded
𝑥 + 𝑦 = 9 and 𝑥 = 2 Ans: Common value = 180
10. 𝐹⃗ = 𝑥 𝚤⃗ + 𝑦 𝚥⃗ + 𝑧 𝑘⃗ taken over the cuboid formed by the planes
𝑥 = 0, 𝑥 = 𝑎, 𝑦 = 0, 𝑦 = 𝑏, 𝑧 = 0, 𝑧 = 𝑐 Ans: Common value = 𝑎𝑏𝑐 (𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐 )

Vector Calculus Page 86