Stats Reviewer

Population Refers to the entire group that is under study or investigation

Sample Is a subset taken from a population, either by random or non-random sampling
techniques.
Sampling Is the process of selecting a portion, or sample, of the entire population.

Random sampling is a sampling method of choosing representative from the population wherein
every sample has an equal chance of being selected. Accurate data can be collected using random
sampling techniques.
TYPES OF SAMPLING TECHNIQUES
Probability sampling
Is a sampling techniques that involve
random selection and based on the fact
that every member of a population has
an equal chance of being selected
1. Simple Random Sampling
2. Systematic Random Sampling
3. Stratified Random Sampling
4. Cluster Random Samplin

Simple Random Sampling is the most basic random sampling wherein each element in the
population has an equal probability of being selected.
Systematic Random Sampling is a random sampling that uses a list of all the elements in the
population and then elements are being selected based on the k^th consistent intervals, To get the
k^th interval, divide the population size by the sample size.

Stratified Random Sampling is a random sampling where in the population is divided into different
strata or divisions. The number of samples will be proportionately picked in each stratum that is
why all strata are represented in the samples.
Cluster Sampling is a random sampling wherein population is divided into clusters or groups and
then the clusters are randomly selected. All elements of the clusters randomly selected are
considered the samples of the study.
Non-probability sampling is sampling techniques that do not involve random selection of data
and relies on the subjective judgement of the researcher.
1. Convenience Sampling

2. Purposive Sampling
Convenience Sampling where in the researcher gathers data from nearby sources of information
exerting minimal effort and based on their availability. Convenience is being used by the persons
giving questionnaires on the streets to ask passers-by.
Purposive Sampling is also not considered a random sampling since the respondents are being
selected based on the goal of the studies of the researcher.
PARAMETER is a measure that describes the whole population.
STATISTIC is a measurement that describes a sample.
SLOVIN’S FORMULA is used to calculate the sample size (n) given the population size (N) and a
margin of error (e )

𝑵 n – Sample size How many taken

N – Population size 𝑅𝑃𝑆
n=𝒏 = 𝟏 +𝑵ⅇ𝟐
e – margin of error 𝑥= ×𝑛 from each sample
𝑁
------------------------------------- -----------------------------
Sampling Distribution it shows all the possible samples, in a given population, together with their
mean. It describes the probability of the mean of all sets of samples with the same sample size n.
STEPS TO FOLLOW IN MAKING A SAMPLING DISTRIBUTION OF THE SAMPLE MEAN

1. Solve for the MEAN OF THE POPULATION (population mean) by using the formula:
𝜮𝒙
𝝁=
𝑵
2. Solve for the VARIANCE OF THE POPULATION (population variance) by using the formula:

𝟐
∑(𝒙 − 𝝁)𝟐
𝝈 =
𝑵
3. Determine the number of sets of all possible random samples that can be drawn from the
given population using the formula NCn, where N I the population size and n is the sample size.
NUMBER OF COMBINATION
𝑵!
! means factorial. List all numbers 𝑵𝑪𝒏 =
[𝒏! (𝑵 − 𝒏)!]
below that number “x * x * x…”
4. List all the possible random samples and solve for the sample mean of each set of samples
-To solve for the mean you sum all of the random samples then divide it by the number of
combinations.
5. Arrange all the sample means by least to most and determine the frequency and probability
- Mean of the Sampling Distribution of the Sample Mean
𝝁𝒙̅ = ∑𝒙 ̅)
̅ ⋅ 𝑷(𝒙
-Variance of the sampling distribution of the Sample Mean
𝝈𝟐𝒙 = ∑[𝒙̅̅̅𝟐 ⋅ 𝑷(𝒙
̅)] − 𝝁𝟐

Sample Mean 𝒙
̅ Probability 𝒑(𝒙
̅) ̅)
̅ ⋅ 𝒑(𝒙
𝒙 ̅𝟐
𝒙 ̅𝟐 ⋅ 𝒑(𝒙
𝒙 ̅)

𝜮𝒙 ̅) =
̅ ⋅ 𝑷(𝒙 ̅𝟐 ⋅ 𝒑(𝒙̅) ] =
∑[𝒙

Confidence level corresponding coefficient E = Margin of Error

-Margin of Error n= Sample size
𝒛𝒂⁄
𝝈
𝑬 = 𝒁𝒂⁄𝟐 ( ) OR 𝑬 = 𝑼𝑳 − 𝒙̅ 𝒐𝒓 𝑬 = 𝒙
̅ − 𝑳𝑳 𝒛 = Confidence coefficient
√𝒏
𝝈 = standard deviation
-Confidence Interval x = Sample mean
𝜇 = population mean
Lower Limit < 𝜇 < Upper Limit CI = confidence interval
UU = Upper Limit
UL = Lower Limit

Sample size
2
𝑍 𝑎⁄𝑧 ⋅ 𝜎
𝑛=( )
𝐸

Student’s t distribution is a probability distribution that is used to estimate population parameters

when the sample size is small (i. e. sample size < 30) and/or when the population variance is
unknown. It was developed by William Sealy Gosset in 1908. He used the pseudonym or pen
name “Student” when he published his paper which describes the distribution.
t-distribution formula (t-computed value)

̅−𝝁
𝒙 ̅ = sample mean
𝒙

𝒕= 𝒔
𝝁 = population mean
s = sample standard deviation
n = sample size
√𝒏
The formula used when n < 30 and the population standard deviation is unknown
The t-distribution with n – 1 degree of freedom
Hypothesis Testing a statistical method applied in making decisions using experimental data.
Hypothesis a proposed explanation, assertations or assumption about a random variable; an
assumption or conjecture about a population parameter which may or may not be true
Null Hypothesis (𝑯𝟎 ) a initial claim based on previous analysis, which the researcher tries to
disprove, reject, or nullify; shows no significant. No changes, nothing happened, no relationship
between two parameters; used symbols like equal sign (=), greater than or equal to (>). Less than or
equal to (<).
Alternative Hypothesis (𝑯𝒂 𝒐𝒓 𝑯𝟏 )
a contrary to the null hypothesis which shows that there is significant difference, an effect, change,
relationship between a parameter and specific value; used symbols like not equal to (≠), greater
than (>), and less than (<).
Level of significance is denoted by the alpha (α) which refers to the degree of significance in which
we accept or reject the null hypothesis. 100% accuracy is not possible in accepting or rejecting a
hypothesis
The significance level is also the probability of making the wrong decision when the null hypothesis
is true. In public health research, alpha is usually 0.01 or 1%. In social science, alpha is usually
0.05 or 5% and 0.10 or 10% in other studies. In symbol, it is written as:

α=0.01, α = 0.05, or a = 0.10