DESIGN OF C A B L E STAYED BRIDGE

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 Contents
1 INTRODUCTION
1.1 Importance of bridges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
. .
1.2 Components of Bridge . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
1.2.1 Super structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
1.2.2 Sub structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . 4
.
1.3 Cable stayed bridge . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
1.4 Design of deck slab. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
1.4.1 Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
1.5 Permissible Stress . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
1.5.1 Cross Section of Deck. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
1.5.2 Design of interior slab panels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
1.5.3 Bending moments (live load):- . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
1.5.4 Bending moment (dead loads) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
1.5.5 Shear forces(live) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
1.5.6 Shear force (dead) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
1.5.7 Total Design moments and shear . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
1.5.8 Design of section . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
1.5.9 Check for shear . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
1.6 Design of longitudinal girder . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
1.6.1 Determination of Reaction factor: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
1.6.2 Dead load from slab for girder . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
1.6.3 Dead load bending moment and shear forces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
1.6.4 live load Bending moment and the shear forces. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
1.6.5 Design Bending moment and shear Force . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
1.6.6 Design of sections for maximum B.M and S.F . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
1.7 Design of cross girder . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
1.8 Design of pylon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
1.8.1 Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
1.8.2 Dead loads. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
1.8.3 Live load . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
1.9 Design of cable . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19

2 Results and discussions . . .. ….. …………………………………………… .20

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 2.1 Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
3.1.1 Deck slab . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
3.1.2 Longitudinal girder . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
3.1.3 Cross girder . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
3.1.4 Pylon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
3.1.5 Cables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21

2.2 Conclusion . .. …. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22

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 1 INTRODUCTION

A bridge is a building that crosses a road, railroad, canal, river, valley, or other similar impediment.
in order to give the planned traffic above the blockage passage. The majority of bridges constructed
in the past were made of wood or stone masonry. Modern bridges are constructed using structural
steel, pre-stressed concrete, reinforced concrete, or a combination of RCC and structural steel.
While RCC is used to build bridges with modest spans, structural steel or pre-stressed concrete are
used to build bridges with very large spans.

1.1 Importance of bridges

Bridges have always played a significant role in our surroundings. They have been prominent
themes in both ancient and contemporary literature and art. Bridges have been the focal point of
village or city life, and battles have been fought over them. In many cases, the acquisition of a
strategic location has had a significant impact on the result of the conflict. The digital computer is
the most potent analytical tool available to structural engineers today; it can do a large volume of
calculations that would have taken years in a matter of minutes.

1.2 Components of Bridge

The bridge structure comprises of the following parts:

1.2.1 Super structure

This comprises the deck slab, bearings, longitudinal and cross girders. This distributes the forces
produced by the weight to the substructures and sustains the weight that is put to it.
Bearings: By conveying the load received from the decking onto the substructure, the bearings
evenly distribute the load over the foundation material, which may not have sufficient bearing
strength to directly support the superstructure load.

1.2.2 S u b structure

This includes their base, wing walls or returns, and piers and abutments.

PIERS AND ABUTMENTS: These are vertical structures that support the deck or bearing and are
used to transfer the weight through the foundation to the bed or ground.
In order to preserve the approach bank's soil, which would otherwise have a natural angle of repose,
wing walls and returns are installed as an extension of the abutments.
FOUNDATION: This is intended to transfer weight from piers, abutments, and wings or returns to
the strata, distributing it uniformly. This needs to be placed deep enough to prevent it from being
undermined and damaged by the scour brought on by the river's flow. Although the aforementioned
components are technically functional, for safety reasons

1.3 Cable stayed bridge

This type of bridge is considered suitable for spans varying from 200m to 600m. The main
components of the girders are:

• 1. Towers

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 • 2.A number of high tensile steel cables
• 3. Deck made from concrete or steel spanning across the stiffened girders.
• The below figure shows the Cable stayed bridge

In project total length of the bridge is 600 meters

Here the cable to cable length=12m
Our project is limited to design the following components
1.Design of deck slab
2.Design of longitudinal girder
3.Design of cross girder
4.Design of pylon
5.Design of cables

1.4 Design of deck slab

Steps involve for designed a deck slab

1.our data
2.permissible stress
3.cross section of deck
4.Design of interior slab panel
5.Bending moment(live)
6.Bending moment(dead)
7.shear force(live)

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8.shear force(d e ad )
9.total design bending moments and shear force
10.design section
11.check for shear

1.4.1 D a t a

Clear width of Roadway = 7.5m Span (Centre t o Centre cable) =12m Thickness of wearing
coat = 80mm Concrete mix =M45
Steel =Fe500

1.5 Permissible Stress

σ cb=11.67N/mm
σst=240N/mm
m=280/3*σcb=280/3x11.67=7.99 8
J=1-h/3=1-0.280/3=0.9
n=1/(1+σst/m*σcb)=0.280
Q=0.5*n*J* σcb=0.5x11.67x2.80x0.9=1.67 m=8 J=0.9 n=0.28 Q=1.47

1.5.1 Cross Section of Deck

Three main girders are provided at 2.5m center’s

Thickness of the deck slab = 200mm
Wearing coat = 80mm
Width of main girders =300mm
Kerbs600mm wide by 300mm deep (600mm x 300mm) are provided cross-section are provided
at every 4m interval
Breadth of the cross girder = 300mm
Depth of the main girder = 1200mm at the rate of 10cm per meter of span

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 Tee beam and slab bridge deck

1.5.2 Design of interior slab panels

Here all the shear forces and bending moment

1.5.3 Bending moments (live load): -

Dead weight of slab = (1x1x0.2x24) =4.80kN/m

Dead weight of wearing coat =(0.08x22) =1.76kN/m
Total dead load = 6.56kN/m
Live load is class AA tracked vehicle one wheel is placed at the centre of the panel as shown
U= (0.85+2x0.08) =1.01m, V= (3.6+2x0.08) = 3.76m U/B =1.01/2.5=0.404
V/L=3.76/4=0.94
K=B/L= (2.5/4) =0.625
Referring to pigeaud’s curve (refer fig 3.4)
m1=0.085 and m2=0.024
MB=w(m1+0.15m2) MB=350(0.085+0.15X0.024) =31. 01kn.m
ML=w(0.15m1+m2) ML=350(0.15X0.085+0.024)
ML=12. 862kN.m

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 Figure: position of wheel load for maximum bending moment

Figure :pigeaud’s curve

1.5.4 Bending moment (dead loads)

Dead load = 6.56kN/m

Total load on panel =4x2.5x6.56=65.6kN/m U/B=1 &V/L=1 as panel is loaded with UDL
K=B/L= 2.5/4=0.625
m1=0.049 m2=0.015
MB=T.L(m1+0.15xm2) MB=65.6(0.049+0.15x0.015)=3.362kN.m ML=T.L(0.15m1+m2)
ML=65.6(0.15X0.049+0.015)=1.466kN.m Taking continuity into effect
Mb=0.8xmb=0.8x3.362= 2.688 kN.m ML=0.8xml=0.8x1.4666= 1.172 kN.m

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1.5.5 Shear forces(live)

Dispersion in the direction of the span =0.85+2(0.08+0.2)=1.41m

For max shear load is kept such that the whole dispersion is in span the load is kept at
1.41/2=0.705m from the edge of the beam as shown in fig

Figure: position of wheel load for maximum shear

Effective width of slab=k*(1-x/L)+bw Breadth of cross girder = 30cm =300mm=0.3m Clear

length of the span = L=4-0.3=3.7m
Clear breadth o f the span =B=2.5-0.3=2.2m
B/L=3.7/2.2=1.68
From IRC 21-2000 pg.no-53, k=2.52
Effective width of the slab-=[2.52*0.705(1-0.705/2.2)+3.6+(2*0.08)]=5m
Load perimeter width =350/5=70kN
Shear force =70(2.2-0.705)/2.2=47.60kN
Factored shear force = (1.25*47.60) = 59.50kN

1.5.6 Shear force (dead)

Shear force (dead)= (6.5*2.2)/2=7.216kN

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1.5.7 Total Design moments and shear

Total MB = (31.01+2.668) = 33.698kN.m Total ML= (12.845+1.1774) = 14.019kN.m Total

shear force = (59.5+7.216) =66.716kN

1.5.8 Design of section

p p
Effective depth = m/(Q ∗ b) = (33.698 ∗ 1000000)/(1.47 ∗ 1000) = 151.40mm

Adopt Effective depth d = 175mm depth = 200mm

Shorter span: -
Ast =m/J*d*σst=33.698x1000000/240x0.9x175=891.48mm
Use 16mm diameter bars
S=(ast/Ast)x100=225.53mm Spacing should not be greater than 150mm to control cracking
Hence Ast=1341 mm 2 Adopt 16mm diameters bars with 150mm c/c

Longer span:
Effective depth for longspan using 10mm diameter bar
175-8-5=162mm
Ast=400mm
Spacing s=196.04mm
Adopt 10mm diameter bar with spacing 20mmc/c

1.5.9 Check for s h e a r

Nominal shear stress=v/bd=66.716/ (1000*175) =0.381N/mm

Ratio = 100Ast/(1000*175)=0.76
From table-12B IRC21-2000
Tc=0.372n/mm
For solid slabs, the permissible stress
Tc=k x Yc
Where k=1.14
Permissible shear stress = 1.14x0.372=0.424N/mm
Ymax=2.3
Max. Permissible shear stress = 2.3N/mm
Permissible shear stress = 0.424N/mm

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For soli slabs T shall be not be exceed half of the value of Tmax
HENCE SAFE

1.6 Design of longitudinal girder

1.6.1 Determination of Reaction factor:

using courbon’s theory the IRC AA loads

reaction factor for outer girder is given by

RA=(2w1/3)[1+(3I*25*1.1)/(2I*2.5)]=1.107w1
Reaction factor for inner girder is
RB = (2w1/3)=(1+0)=(2w1/3) I.F.W=axle load70kN

Transverse position IRC Class AA tracked vehicle

W1 = 0.5w RA=(1.107*0.5w)=0.5596kN RB=(0.667*0.5w)=0.333w

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1.6.2 Dead load from slab for girder

Figure: details of deck slab, kerb. and parapet

Dead load of deck is calculated with reference to figure weight of the parapet railing =
0.700 kN.m
wearing coat = (0.08*1.1*22) = 1.936 kN.m

Deck slab =(0.2*1.10*24) = 5.28 kN.m

Kerb = (0.5*0.6*1*24) = 7.2kN.m
Total dead load =(2*15.116)+(6.56*5.3)=65kN.m
It is assumed that the dead load is shared equally by all girders Dead load
/girder=65/3=21.66m

1.6.3 Dead load bending moment and shear forces

Depth of the girder is assumed as 1200mm (100mm for every meter of the span) Depth of
rib = 1.0m
Width = 0.3m
Weight of the rib/m=(1*0.3*1*24)=7.2kN.m
Weight of cross girder = 7.2 kN/m
Reaction of the main girder = (7.2*2.5)=18kN Reaction from deck slab on each girder
=21.66kN.m
Total dead load /m on the girder = (21.66+7.2) = 28.86kN.m Maximum B.M at centre
of span is obtained in figure RA+RB=28.86X12+18X2=382.82kN

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 Figure : Dead load on main grider

RA=191.41kN RB=191.41KN
Max. BM due to udl = 191.4*6-28.56*6*3= 634. 38kN.M moment max=191.41*6-
18*4=1076.45-634.38= 442.08kN.M Dead load shear at support = 191.41kN

1.6.4 live l o a d Bending moment and the shear forces

span of girder = 12m

impact factor (for class A loads) =10 percent of the live load is placed centrally on the
span as shown in the fig

Figure: live load at the center of span

RA=RB=700kN, RA=350kN, RB=350kN B.M = RA * 6-700*1.8*(1.8/2) = 966kN.m

B.M including impact and reaction factor for
Outer girder = 9.66* 1.1 *0.5536=733.194 kN.m
Interior girder 966* 1.1*0.33 =350.067 kN.m
for estimating the maximum live load shear in the girder ,the IRC class AA loads are
placed is shown in fig
reaction of w2 on girder B =(350*0.45)/2.5=63

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 Figure: Position of class AA loads for maximum shear

reaction of w2 on the girder A = (350*2.05)/2.5=287kN Total load on girder B =

(350+63)=413kN
Max. reaction in girder B=(413*10.2)/12=351.05kN Max. reaction in girder
B=287*10.2/12=243.95kN Max. live load shear with impact factor is
Inner girder = (351.01*1.1)=386.155kN Outer girder=(243.95*1.1)=268.34kN

1.6.5 Design Bending moment and shear Force

The design moments and shear are compiled in table

B.M D.L.B.M L.L.B.M Total B.M units

Outer girder 442.08 733.194 1175.274 KN-M
Inner girder 442.086 350.067 792.147 KN-M
S.F D.L.S.F L.L.S.F Total B.M units
Outer girder 191.41 268.34 459.25 KN-M
Inner girder 191.41 386.34 577.56 KN-M
Table: Longitudinal grider

1.6.6 Design of sections for maximum B.M and S.F

Mmax= 1175.274kN.m
Vmax=577.56kN
The beams id designed as tee-section assuming an effective depth,d=1250mm
Approximate lever arm = (1250-(200/2))= 1150mm Ast=[1175.2*106 /(200*150)]=
5109.5mm
Provide 16 bars of 32mm diameter HYSD bars in four rows
Provide 32mm diameter bars
Maximize of bars not to exceed 32mm diameters as per IRC :21-1987

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Nominal shear stress Tv=(V/bd)=(577.5.56*106 /300*1250)=1.540n/mm Hence safe
Assuming 2 bars of 32mm diameter to be bent up at support section,shear resisted
by the bentup bars is given by
Vs=(σsv.Asv.sinα)=[(200*2*804*1)/(1000*20 .5)]=227kN
Shear resisted by vertical stirrups is computed as balance shear =(557.56-
227)=350.56kN Using 10mm diameter ,4 legged stirrups,spacing

Sv=[ σsv.Ast.d/v]
=[(200*4*79*1250)/350.56*106]
=225mm
Provide 10mm diameter 4 legged stirrups at 150mm centres

1.7 Design of cross girder

Figure: load on cross girder

Self-weight of cross girder=7.2kN

Dead load of slab=(2*112*2.5*1.25*656)=205kN
Uniformly distributed load=(20.5/2.5)=8.2kN
Total load on cross girder = (7.2-18.2)=16.4kN.m
Assuming the Cross Girder to be rigid, reaction on each cross girder
=(1.64x5)/3=27.33kN Load coming on cross girder = [350(4-0.9)/4] =271.25kN
Assuming the Cross Girder to be rigid, reaction on each cross girder
=(1.64x5)/3=27.33kN Load coming on cross girder = [350(4-0.9)/4] =271.25kN
Assuming the cross girder as rigid, reaction on each longitudinal girder is
[(2x271.25/3)]=180.83kN

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 Figure: position of live load for maximum B.M in cross girder

Max.BM is cross girder and the load = (180.83*1.475)=266.7kN.m

LLBM including impact = (11.1 * 266.7) =293.7kN.m
Dead load BM at 1.475m from support = 22 =[27.3*1.475-1.67-1.4752/2] =22.47kN.m
Total design BM=(293.37+22.47)=315. 76kN.m
Live load shear including impact = (2*271.25/3)x1.5=198.917kN Dead load shear
=27.3kN
Total design shear = (198.917+30.47)=229.39kN Assuming an effective depth for
cross girder as 1200mm Ast=(315.79*106/240*0.9*1200)=1218mm
Provide a 4 bars of 20mm diameter (Ast 1218mm2) Shear stress Tv =
[229.39*103/300*1200]=0.63n/mm2
Using 10mm diameter 2 legged stirrups
Spacing Sv=[200*2*79*1200/229.39*103]=209mm

Figure: Reinforcement details of T-beam and deck slab

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 Figure: Reinforcement details of longitudinal girder

Figure: Reinforcement details of cross girder

1.8 Design of pylon

1.8.1 Data

Height of pylon =140m

Type of pylon =circular Size of pylon =4.5m dia
Grade of concrete =M45
Grade of steel =fe500
Total no of pylon =4

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1.8.2 Dead loads

Dead load due to Slab = 25056kN Dead load due to W.C = 7920kN Dead load due to
kerb = 2592kN Dead load due to parapet = 2880kN
Dead load due to cross girder = 6523.2kN
Dead load due to longitudinal girder = 15552kN
Dead load due to cables taking as 1.2 factor for total dead load
Total dead load = 72627kN

1.8.3 Live load

length of the vehicle = 7.2m Spacing of vehicle = 2.5m No of lanes = 2

Total axial load of each vehicle =700kN Length of the cable stayed bridge = 600m
No of the vehicles on Bridge = (span of the bridge)/(vehicle length+spacing) x no of
lanes
=600/(7.2+2.5) * 2 = 123.71 124 vehicles
Total live load due to vehicles =123.71 * 700kN
=86597.93kN
Dead load + Live load =159225.77kN
Axial on each pylon = (Dead load+Live load)/(no of pylons) = 159225.77/4 =
39806.44kN

Factored axial load on each pylon,Pu=1.5 * 39806.44 = 59709.66kN Pu =

[0.45fck(0.99Ag)+(0.67-0.4fy-0.4fck)0.01Ag]
59709.66 * 103 = [0.445*0.99Ag+(0.67-0.4(500)-0.4(45))0.01Ag]
Ag=15628272.08mm2
p p
Diameterofthepylon= Area(Ag) ∗ 4/Π= (15628272.08 ∗ 4)/π=4460.77=4500mm
Area of Steel=0.01*Ag=0.01*(Π*(4500)2)/4=159043.1281 mm2

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 Figure : Reinforcement details of pylon

No of bars=(Area of steel)/(Area of each bar)=159043.1281/(π 452 /4)=100

Therefore provide ,100 bars of 45mm diameter and for helical reinforcement of 12mm at
75mm pitch

1.9 Design of cable

According to plan, a total 96 cables are provided

For each pylon side cables are=12
The type of cable used is freyssinet for Values from BS 5896:1980 Spacing of cables =
12m
Calculation of loads from 12m span
Self weight of deck slab = 501.12kN
Self weight of longitudinal girder = 311.04kN Self weight of cross girder = 129.6kN
Self weight of kerbs = 51.84kN Self weight of railing = 57.6kN
Self weight of Wearing coarse = 158.4kN Total dead load for 12m span = 1209.6kN
8.7RA=(350x1.15 )+(35 x3.2)+(350x3.2)+(350x5.5)+(350x7.55) Therefore RA =
700kN and RB=700kN (only for live load) RA=0.5(1209.6) = 604.8kN(only for dead
load) RB=0.5(1209.6)= 604.8kN(only for dead load)

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Total reaction ,R=700+604.8 = 1304.8kN P = R/Sinα

α = tan( − 1) ((90-12)/(150-6))
P = 1304.8/ (Sin (274926.75)) = 2795.449kN
Using 7 mm diameter high tensile wire initially stressed to 1200N/mm2
Force in each wire = 150/2 * 1200/1304.8 = 68.97kN
No of strands in each Cable = 2795.449/68.97 = 40.53 41

Figure: cables

Diameter of each strand :7mm

2 Results and discussions

2.1 Results

2.1.1 Deck slab

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 s.no Description L.L.B.M D.L.B.M Total units
1 Shorter span 31.01 2.688 33.698 KN-M
2 longer span 12.862 1.172 14.04 KN-M
3 shear force 59.50 7.216 66.716 KN-M
Table: Deck slab

2.1.2 Longitudinal girder

B.M D.L.B.M L.L.B.M Total B.M units

Outer grider 442.08 733.194 1175.274 KN-M
Inner grider 442.086 350.067 792.147 KN-M
S.F D.L.S.F L.L.S.F Total B.M units
Outer grider 191.41 268.34 459.25 KN-M
Inner grider 191.41 386.34 577.56 KN-M
Table: Longitudinal grider

2.1.3 Cross girder

s.no Description L.L.B.M D.L.B.M Total units

1 Bending Moment 293.37 22.47 315.84 KN-M
2 Shear Force 198.91 27.33 226.34 KN-M
Table: cross girder

2.1.4 Pylon

Diameter of pylon = 4500 mm

100 bars of 45mm diameter and for helical reinforcement of 12mm at 75mm pitch

2.1.5 Cables

Diameter of each strand = 7mm

No of strands in each cable = 41
Total no of cables in plan = 96

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2.2 Conclusion
It has been demonstrated that the design of cable stayed bridge generally requires the
contribution of several technical professional, each with their own expert knowledge, in order
to achieve the best possible solutions to the various aspects that the cable stayed bridge
should satisfy. It is of fundamental importance that the project manager for a bridge project
always keeps in mind all aspects of project, their interconnection and any situation where
they conflict in the future. We should be involved in all major decision taken about the global
project, which could influence the conception or design of the cable stayed bridge.

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