The Comprehensive Study on Water Resources Development and Management in Bali Province

3.3.2 Engineering Geology of Ayung Dam

(1) Geological Features of Ayung Dam Site

The bedrocks of the Ayung dam site are composed of tuff breccia, welded tuff, pumiceous tuff
breccia and volcanic ash in ascendant order.
Rock Type Height from the Riverbed (m)
Welded tuff : 0-30
Pumiceous tuff (moderately hard) : 30-60
Pumiceous tuff (soft) : 60-100
Volcanic ash : 100+

The following drilling core data indicates an old valley covered by welded tuff beneath the recent
valley.
‹ Basement of welded tuff layer rises gradually on both banks.
‹ Completely weathered tuff breccia beneath the welded tuff was observed in the drilling core
DA-1(existing hole) and DA-6 on the left bank, and DA-8 and DA-10 on the right bank.
‹ Old river deposits beneath the welded tuff were observed in the drilling core DA-2(exisiting
hole), DA-7 of riverbed and DA-4(existing hole) on right bank. The surface of the old river
deposits were approximately 240 m in elevation.

94 m
06.2
m EL.=4
834 DA-8 0 m
399.
EL.= L=10
DA-6 0 m
L=10

410 0
10
5
20
10
30
15
40
20
50 N Value
25 Lu
m >200
803
10 20 30 40 50 N Value

400 0 5 10 15 20 25 Lu
372. d) 213
EL.= bjecte 56
DA-1 0 m (su
390 L=10
30
39
380
27 Lu Crest Level 371 m 26
0 5 10 15 20

370 7m
8.44 4m
.=33 4.89
9 EL .=33
360 DA- 0 m 0 EL
L=10 DA-1 0 m 50
50 L=10
350
10 20 30 40 50 N Value
340 0 5 10 15 20 25 Lu 10 20 30 40 50 N Value
0 5 10 15 20 25 Lu

330 55 378
28 124 ?
50
320 59
50
6m
310 28 1.01
EL.= 100
DA-7 0 m
100
300 L=10

290 50
10 20 30 40 50 N Value 50
5 10 15 20 25 Lu
280
100 2.5 E-4 cm/s
270

260

250
Volcanic ash
240
Tuffaceous tuff breccia 100
100
50
230

220
Welded tuff Ground water
table
210
Tuff breccia
80
200

190
Surface of old
180 valley
170

160
250.00 (m)
38 1 PAA 8 PD1
BM2LA1 23 25 4 6 8 PA2 17 9 PD5 C72 PD2
19 17 15 4A 12 10 2A 1 40 37 27 0-1A2 20 DA9 10 PD12 PD10 PD5 C81 C79 C71 C74 C76 BM4-A4
NOMER 7A 6A 5A 20 18 16 14 13 11 9 8 7 5A 4 6 32 A DA6 P1 41 39 36 P1 2122 24 26 28 PA1 3 5 A2 7 9 A2-2 1819
1 23
4 5P7A 1112 DA-7 DA-10 PD13 PD11 A3 PD9 PD8 PD7 C82 C80 C78 DA8 CS71
CS73
C73 C75 C77 PD4 C77
418.540

417.448

416.301

413.638
413.049

412.838
411.972
411.228
410.391
410.453
409.520
406.791
405.756
404.105
403.393
402.131
400.292
398.233
397.631
393.306
391.932

390.404
391.645
393.951
395.358
397.292
399.834

403.804
403.118
402.860
402.427

401.462
400.440
400.055
400.525
399.627
397.289
395.417
394.813
393.846
393.026
391.611
390.998
391.996
391.464
390.910
390.244
388.819
387.092
385.636
384.019
382.589
381.297
380.391
380.654
379.836

378.475
378.065

370.305
366.777
365.749
363.571
362.848
362.559
360.743
358.601
355.916
354.737
349.888
346.258

338.447
336.507
335.178
333.470
332.042
330.393

281.016
279.092

279.001

334.894

355.980
355.944

367.697

371.551

371.322

376.360

384.951

393.498
395.749

397.561
400.159
400.815
403.753
404.106
404.122

406.294
406.129
405.934
407.697
407.577
407.050

408.029
409.777

409.465
410.629
410.717

410.534

413.038

412.863
414.769

ELEVASI
7.099

1.538

0.870
4.581
1.204
5.164
2.067
1.612
2.772
2.511
1.914
4.893
2.494
3.274
3.483
4.982
1.945

2.634
2.105
4.727
1.319
4.847

7.769

4.390
2.049
4.686

0.379
1.209
3.139
2.686
2.387
1.900
2.970
0.645
5.024
1.237
3.813
1.424
4.009
5.342
2.062
2.093
1.557
4.998
0.933
5.983
0.780
5.256
3.823
1.013

1.041
7.751

3.489
2.327
3.162
3.135
0.258
2.239
2.092
1.613
3.161
4.933
3.283

2.795
1.676
1.671
0.664
0.968

2.000

5.453

5.907

9.050

9.665

3.195
6.088
2.279
3.754
2.693
0.423
2.570
8.997

6.994
0.565
1.155
1.546
3.515

1.581

9.964
0.915
2.837

9.037

3.874

JARAK 47.075 20.877 7.374 11.442 16.680 11.384 20.314 34.994 14.600 40.632 14.301 13.946 10.343 11.336 15.972 17.439 14.679

Figure-III-3.4 Geological Section along Dam Axis

(2) Rock Condition

The bedrocks of the proposed dam site are composed of welded tuff classified into CH-CM class
and tuff breccia classified into CL-CM class on the basis of the criteria developed by Central
Research Institute of Electric Power Industry (CRIEPI), Japan (Rock Mass Classification in Japan,
1992) as shown in Table-III-3.3. The features and expectable physico-mechanical properties of the
rock classes are also shown in Table-III-3.3.

Table-III-3.3 Criteria of Rock Mass Classification by the CRIEPI, Japan

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Rock Class Discription of Outcrop Condition Drilling Core Condition (Expectable)

- The rock mass is relatively solid. - Fresh and hard
- There is no opening joint and crack in general. - Crack spacing larger than 50 cm
Slightly contaminated by limonite, etc in - Cracks are closely adhered, no
CH partly. deterioration nor discoloration in
- The rock forming minerals and grains undergo general, limonite adhered along
a little weathering and alteration in partly. cracks in partly
- Sound by hammer brow is clear
- The rock mass is somewhat soft. The rock - Somewhat soft
forming minerals and grains are somewhat - Crack spacing about 30cm
CM softened by weathering, expect for quartz. - Thin clay is sandwiched along the
- The rock is contaminated by limonite etc. opening.
- Sound by hammer brow is somewhat dim
- The rock is soft. The rock forming minerals - Soft rock fragments with clayey to
CL and grains are softened by weathering. sandy materials
- Sound by hummer blow is dim - Crack spacing smaller than 10 cm
- The rock mass is remarkably soft. The rock - Clayey and sandy materials with soft
forming minerals and grains are softened by rock fragments
D
weathering.
- Easy to dig by a pick hummer.
Reference: Rock Mass Classification in Japan (Japan Society of Engineering Geology, 1992)
The rock condition along the dam axis of Ayung Dam is shown in Figure-III-3.5.
4m
40 6.29
m EL .=
834 DA-8 0 m
399.
EL.= L=10
DA-6 0 m
L=10

410 0
10
5
20
10
30
15
40
20
50 N Value
25 Lu
m >200
803
10 20 30 40 50 N Value

400 0 5 10 15 20 25 Lu
372. cted) 213
EL.= (subje 56
DA-1 0 m
390 L=10
30
39
380
27 Lu Crest Level 371 m 26
0 5 10 15 20

370 m
38 .447 4m
EL .=3 89
.= 334.
360 DA-9 0 m 0 EL
L=10 DA-1 0 m 50
L=10
350 50

10 20 30 40 50 N Value
340 0 5 10 15 20 25 Lu 10 20 30 40 50 N Value
0 5 10 15 20 25 Lu

330 55 378
28 124
50 ?
320 59
50
6m
310 28 1.01
EL.= 100
DA -7 0 m
100
300 L=10

290 50
10 20 30 40 50 N Value 50
5 10 15 20 25 Lu
280
100 2.5 E-4 cm/s
270

260 D class
250

240
CL class (partly D class) 100
100
50
230 CM class
220 Groundwater
CH class table
210
80
200

190
Surface of old
180 valley
170

160
250.00 (m)
38 1 PAA 8 PD1
BM2LA1 23 25 27 4 6 8 PA2 17 9 PD5 C72 PD2
19 17 15 4A 12 10 2A 1 40 37 0-1A 2 20 DA9 10 PD12 PD10 PD5 C81 C79 C71 C74 C76 BM4-A4
NOMER 7A 6A 5A 20 18 16 14 13 11 9 8 7 5A 4 6 3 2 A DA6 P1 41 39 36 P1 2122 24 26 28 PA1 3 5 A2 7 9 A2-2 18 19
1 23
4 5P7A 1112 DA-7 DA-10 PD13 PD11 A3 PD9 PD8 PD7 C82 C80 C78 DA8 CS71
CS73
C73 C75 C77 PD4 C77
418.540

417.448

416.301

413.638
413.049

412.838
411.972
411.228
410.391
410.453
409.520
406.791
405.756
404.105
403.393
402.131
400.292
398.233
397.631
393.306
391.932

390.404
391.645
393.951
395.358
397.292
399.834

403.804
403.118
402.860
402.427

401.462
400.440
400.055
400.525
399.627
397.289
395.417
394.813
393.846
393.026
391.611
390.998
391.996
391.464
390.910
390.244
388.819
387.092
385.636
384.019
382.589
381.297
380.391
380.654
379.836

378.475
378.065

370.305
366.777
365.749
363.571
362.848
362.559
360.743
358.601
355.916
354.737
349.888
346.258

338.447
336.507
335.178
333.470
332.042
330.393

281.016
279.092

279.001

334.894

355.980

355.944

367.697

371.551

371.322

376.360

384.951

393.498
395.749

397.561
400.159
400.815
403.753
404.106
404.122

406.294
406.129
405.934
407.697
407.577
407.050

408.029
409.777

409.465
410.629
410.717

410.534

413.038

412.863
414.769

ELEVASI
7.099

1.538

0.870
4.581
1.204
5.164
2.067
1.612
2.772
2.511
1.914
4.893
2.494
3.274
3.483
4.982
1.945

2.634
2.105
4.727
1.319
4.847

7.769

4.390
2.049
4.686

0.379
1.209
3.139
2.686
2.387
1.900
2.970
0.645
5.024
1.237
3.813
1.424
4.009
5.342
2.062
2.093
1.557
4.998
0.933
5.983
0.780
5.256
3.823
1.013

1.041
7.751

3.489
2.327
3.162
3.135
0.258
2.239
2.092
1.613
3.161
4.933
3.283

2.795
1.676
1.671
0.664
0.968

2.000

5.453

5.907

9.050

9.665

3.195
6.088
2.279
3.754
2.693
0.423
2.570
8.997

6.994
0.565
1.155
1.546
3.515

1.581

9.964

0.915
2.837

9.037

3.874

JARAK 47.075 20.877 7.374 11.442 16.680 11.384 20.314 34.994 14.600 40.632 14.301 13.946 10.343 11.336 15.972 17.439 14.679

Figure-III-3.5 Rock Condition along Dam Axis

Expected shear strength of each rock class is shown as follows:

CH class : τ0 ＝160 tf/m2

CM class : τ0 ＝ 80 tf/m2
CL class : τ0 ＝ 40 tf/m2

The bed rocks distributed around the proposed dam site shows intermediate characteristic between
volcanic rocks and volcanic sedimentary rocks according to the past experience in Japan.

These engineering properties were estimated based on limited data of laboratory tests and
observations of outcrops at the site. The above rock classification and engineering properties will
be revised in the course of the geological investigation.

In-situ rock tests will be necessary to determine engineering properties in the detailed design study.
Additional investigation including core drillings is necessary for the detail design of proposed dam
and its foundation treatment.

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(3) Permeability
Based on the survey results, permeability coefficient of the bedrocks shows the order of 10-5 to 10-4
cm/s (2-10 Lu) except for the surface weathered zone (within about 20 m in depth) and some parts
of welded tuff layer.
Ground water level of the right bank is approximately EL 340 m (about 25 m lower than HWL).
Spring water from the confined aquifer in welded tuff layer was observed at drilling hole DA-7. Old
river deposits are covered by welded tuff.
Additional investigation including core drillings shall be curried out for the design of foundation
treatment.
4m
6.29
.=40
34 m 8 EL
DA- 0 m
399.8
EL.= L=10
DA-6 0 m
L=10

410 0
10
5
20
10
30
15
40
20
50 N Value
25 Lu
10 20 30 40 50 N Value
3m >200
0 5 10 15 20 25 Lu 2.80
400 .=37 bjected) 213
1 EL 56
DA- 0 m (su
390 L=10
30
39
380
27 Lu Crest Level 371 m 26
0 5 10 15 20

370 47 m
38.4 894
m
EL.=3 .= 334.
360 DA-9 0 m 0 EL
L=10 DA-1 0 m 50
50 L=10
350
10 20 30 40 50 N Value
340 0 5 10 15 20 25 Lu 10 20 30 40 50 N Value
0 5 10 15 20 25 Lu

330 55 378
28 124
50 ?
320 59
50
16 m
310 81.0
EL.=2 100
DA-7 0 m
100
300 L=10

290
50</= Lu 50
10 20 30 40 50 N Value 50
5 10 15 20 25 Lu
280
20</= Lu <50 100 2.5 E-4 cm/s
270

260
10</= Lu <20
250
5</= Lu <10
240 100
100
230
2</= Lu <5 50

220
Lu <2 Groundwater
210 table
80
200

190
Surface of old
180 valley
170

160
250.00 (m)
38 1 PAA 8 PD1
4 6 8 PA2 17 9 PD5 C72 PD2
19 17 15 4A 12 10 2A 1 40 37
BM2LA1 23 25 27 0-1A2 20 DA9 10 PD12 PD10 PD5 C81 C79 C71 C74 C76 BM4-A4
NOMER 7A 6A 5A 20 18 16 14 13 11 9 8 7 5A 4 6 3 2 A DA6 P1 41 39 36 P1 2122 24 26 28 PA1 3 5 A2 7 9 A2-2 1819
1 23
4 5P7A 1112 DA-7 DA-10 PD13 PD11 A3 PD9 PD8 PD7 C82 C80 C78 DA8 CS71
CS73
C73 C75 C77 PD4 C77
418.540

417.448

416.301

413.638
413.049

412.838
411.972
411.228
410.391
410.453
409.520
406.791
405.756
404.105
403.393
402.131
400.292
398.233
397.631
393.306
391.932

390.404
391.645
393.951
395.358
397.292
399.834

403.804
403.118
402.860
402.427

401.462
400.440
400.055
400.525
399.627
397.289
395.417
394.813
393.846
393.026
391.611
390.998
391.996
391.464
390.910
390.244
388.819
387.092
385.636
384.019
382.589
381.297
380.391
380.654
379.836

378.475
378.065

370.305
366.777
365.749
363.571
362.848
362.559
360.743
358.601
355.916
354.737
349.888
346.258

338.447
336.507
335.178
333.470
332.042
330.393

281.016
279.092

279.001

334.894

355.980
355.944

367.697

371.551

371.322

376.360

384.951

393.498
395.749

397.561
400.159
400.815
403.753
404.106
404.122

406.294
406.129
405.934
407.697
407.577
407.050

408.029
409.777

409.465
410.629
410.717

410.534

413.038

412.863
414.769
ELEVASI
7.099

1.538

0.870
4.581
1.204
5.164
2.067
1.612
2.772
2.511
1.914
4.893
2.494
3.274
3.483
4.982
1.945

2.634
2.105
4.727
1.319
4.847

7.769

4.390
2.049
4.686

0.379
1.209
3.139
2.686
2.387
1.900
2.970
0.645
5.024
1.237
3.813
1.424
4.009
5.342
2.062
2.093
1.557
4.998
0.933
5.983
0.780
5.256
3.823
1.013

1.041
7.751

3.489
2.327
3.162
3.135
0.258
2.239
2.092
1.613
3.161
4.933
3.283

2.795
1.676
1.671
0.664
0.968

2.000

5.453

5.907

9.050

9.665

3.195
6.088
2.279
3.754
2.693
0.423
2.570
8.997

6.994
0.565
1.155
1.546
3.515

1.581

9.964
0.915
2.837

9.037

3.874
JARAK 47.075 20.877 7.374 11.442 16.680 11.384 20.314 34.994 14.600 40.632 14.301 13.946 10.343 11.336 15.972 17.439 14.679

Figure-III-3.6 Lugeon Value along Dam Axis

3.3.3 Engineering Geology of Reservoir Area of Ayung Dam

The Siap River, a main turbidity of the Ayung River, flows together at approximately 400 m
upstream of the proposed dam site. The reservoir area forms a V-shaped and relatively straight
valley extending N-S.

(1) Potential of Slope Failure

Water impounding in a reservoir sometimes causes slope failures such as landslide, rock mass
failure, collapse etc. Reactivation of old landslide is the most possible slope failure.
The potential slopes of the slope failure have classic character traits for shown in Table-III-3.4.
These characteristics are helpful for identification in aerial photo inspection and ground mapping.
Location of suspicious landslide is shown in Figure-III-3.7.

Table-III-3.4 Classifications and Characters of Slope Failure

Type of Geomorphic Feature Geology
Failure
Existing Head cliff and horseshoe depression at the Thick loose materials, spring at
Landslide top of slope, convex prominence at the toe the toe of the slope
of the slope etc.
Rock mass Overhang, turriculate feature and Collapse-prone bedding plane,
failure escarpment etc. open crack
Failure of thick Gentle slope at the base of a steep cliff, Thick talus deposits
talus deposits conical slope etc.

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Suspicious
landslide

Direction of the
cave

Dam axis

Figure-III-3.7 Location of Suspicious Landslide

Results of aerial photograph inspection and ground mapping are summarized as follows:
‹ There are no obvious landslides in the planned reservoir. However, a suspicious landslide
was observed in the proposed disposal site at the right bank approximately 500 m upstream
of the proposed dam site.
‹ No suspicious slopes, which have potential of large-scale rock mass failure, are detected.
‹ No thick unconsolidated deposits including residual soil, talus deposits and volcanic ash in
the proposed Ayung dam reservoir are observed.
‹ Although pumiceous tuff breccia forming small gully on the both bank about 40-50 m above
the riverbed seems to be erosive and collapse-prone, it is indeed well cemented and relatively
stable. The SPT values performed in drilling holes at the dam site are 30-50 and over even
in highly weathered sections. However, rapid rise or declination of reservoir water level can
trigger slope failure. In long-term bank erosion might be caused by surface wave of the
reservoir.
According to the results of aerial photograph inspection and ground mapping, there are no obvious
landslides in the planned reservoir. However, geological study including core drillings and stability
analysis for suspicios land slide at the right bank shall be recommended in detail design phase.

(2) Leakage Risk

Two caves were observed at the right bank approximately 500 m upstream of the proposed dam site
as shown in Figure-III-3.7. One of them strikes downstream of the river. According to local
inhabitants there, they had lived in the cave had excavated widely about 60 years ago, and there
were small holes of 50 cm in diameter stretching inside, although approximately 15 m inside of the
cave has been collapsed.
No continuing volcanic holes, which might cause leakage from the reservoir, were observed in the
ground mapping or the drilling core survey at the dam site. Risk of leakage from the reservoir to
another river close to Ayung River will be small due to the direction of the holes, if any.

Entrance: Approximately 12 m in height from

the riverbed, 4m wide, 2-3 m high, 15 m long,
collapsed inside
Left side (hanging wall): A fracture and
alteration zone of 20 cm in thickness,
N25W86E）
Right side (foot wall): Tuff breccia
(geological boundaryN35W68E ） , spring
2-3L/min

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Figure-III-3.8 Photo of Cave Located in Right Bank of Reservoir Area

3.4 Design for Ayung Dam

Design criteria applied for design of Ayung Dam are as follows.
(1) Design Discharge
Based on “Several Criteria of Dam Plans” in a national seminar of dams on May, 2003, design flood
for spillway shall be adopted return period from 500 years to 1,000 years instead of probable
maximum flood(PMF) with 2,300 m3/s. For Ayung Dam, 1,000 years of return period shall be
adopted and 1,270m3/s shall be applied as design discharge. This value is corresponding to about
1.2 times of the discharge with 200 years return period (Refer to Table-III-3.5)
Table-III-3.5 Discharge for Each Return Period (Snyder Method)
Return Period Discharge(m3/s)
2 440
10 680
50 890
100 980
200 1,070
500 1,180
1,000 1,270(adopted)
Data) JICA Team

(2) Design Seismic Coefficient

Design seismic coefficient of Kh = 0.15, which corresponding to the value for strong earth quake
region in Japan.
(3) Stability Condition
In order to construct a concrete gravity dam, the following 3 conditions pertaining to the external
loads must be satisfied to secure the dam’s stability.
‹ The resultant force consisting of the dam’s self-weight and external forces work within the
range of the middle 1/3 of the base of section. This condition needs to be satisfied in order
to prevent the creation on tensile stress at the upstream end of the base of dam section.
‹ Sliding between the dam base and the subgrade need to be prevented.
‹ The maximum stress created in the dam body must not exceed the material’s allowable stress.
The maximum pressure that the subgrade receives must not exceed the allowable bearing
capacity of the subgrade.
Basic conditions for stability analysis are summarized in Table-III-3.6.

Table-III-3.6 Calculation Conditions for Stability Analysis

Item Design Value Remarks
Dam crest elevation EL.371.0m
Dime
Basic

nsion

Dam foundation elevation EL.305.0m

Dam height 66.0m
Design flood level EL.369.0m
Water

Surcharge level EL.366.0m

Level

Full reservoir level EL.366.0m

Sedimentation level EL.325.0m
Design flood EL.315.0m water level
Downstr

Water

at
Level

Surcharge level EL.307.0m

eam

Full reservoir EL.307.0m downstream

of sub-dam

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Design flood －
Surcharge level 0.075
Design seismic coefficient
Full reservoir 0.15
Empty 0.075
Concrete 2.30t/m3
Other Conditions Unit weight Water 1.00t/m3
Sediment in water 1.10t/m3
Coefficient of sediment 0.50
pressure
Wind wave 1.0m
Wave height
Seismic wave 0.6m
Shear strength
F τ0
Friction coefficient f CM0.84 CH 1.00 160tf/m2
Horizontal shear strength τ0 CM0.84 80tf/m2
CL 0.57 40tf/m2
Location of foundation Downstream of 4.5 m from upper surface
drain well

(4) Result of Stability Analysis

Among the stability analysis, the condition of normal water level showed the most critical situation.
Result of stability analysis is summarized in Table-III-3.7.
Table-III-3.7 Result of Stability Analysis
Fillet Maximum Cross Section
Downstream Upstream Required Cross Section
Slope Upstream
height (m) Edge Stress Safety Factor Shear Stress Area
Slope
(tf/m2) (tf/m2) (m2)
1 : 0.70 349.00 1 : 0.40 5.3 4.9 118 1,930
1 : 0.72 347.00 1 : 0.40 7.1 4.9 118 1,938
1: 0.74 343.00 1 : 0.40 6.8 4.9 119 1,917
1 : 0.76 337.00 1 : 0.40 4.6 4.8 123 1,877
1: 0.78 329.00 1 : 0.40 1.5 4.7 128 1,830
1: 0.80 315.00 1 : 0.40 0.7 4.4 140 1,778
1 : 0.82 0 0 2.4 4.2 150 1,801

Based on the stability analysis, basic dimension of Ayung dam which minimizes dam volume is
shown as follows:
‹ Downstream Slope 1 : 0.80
‹ Height of Fillet 10 m
‹ Upstream Slope of Fillet 1 : 0.4
Dam Crest Elevation EL.371.00ｍ

1:0.8
Dam height 66.0ｍ

Fillet Elevation 315.0ｍ

1:0.4
EL.305.00ｍ
Figure-III-3.9 Basic Dimension of Dam
Required shear stresses in the dam body of each elevation are as shown in Table-III-3.8.
Table-III-3.8 Required Shear Stress
Elevation Upstream Edge Downstream Edge Required Shear Strength
(m) (tf/m2) (tf/m2) (tf/m2)

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EL.350.00 10.4 34.2 39.2

EL.340.00 7.3 56.5 66.4
EL.330.00 4.4 79.4 87.1
EL.320.00 1.7 102.5 112.9
EL.315.00 0.4 114.1 126.0
EL.310.00 0.5 122.7 132.1
EL.305.00 0.7 128.5 140.2

(5) Spillway
Since Ayung Dam does not have flood control function, spillway with capacity of 1,270m3/sec
discharge has to be installed in more than normal water level 366m in elevation. Taking into
consideration with dam operation and maintenance, type of spillway for Ayung Dam shall be
designed as toe guide wall type with no gates. Relations between overflow depth and width of
overflow section to discharge 1,270m3/sec are calculated applying the following formula, and the
results are summarized in Table-III-3.9.
Q = CBH 3 2 (3.1)
where, Q: Discharge (m3)
C: Discharge Coefficient (= 2.0)
B: Overflow Width (m)
H: Overflow Depth (m)

Table-III-3.9 Relation between Overflow Depth and Width

Overflow Depth (m) 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0
Unit Width Discharge (m3/s) 5.7 10.4 16.0 22.4 29.4
Overflow Width (m) 223 182 123 97 80
Number of Gates 18 15 10 8 7

Considering the river width and spillway width, overflow depth of spillway shall be adopted as
3.0m. Dam top elevation shall be 371m in elevation by adding normal water level 366m in
elevation, overflow depth 3.0m, bridge clearance of 1.5m and bridge beam height of 0.5m.
(6) Artificial Concrete Plug
Base rock of Ayung Dam has the strength of CM class rocks (shearing strength 80 tf/m2). Based on
the stability analysis for CM class rock strength, requirement of dam basement length was
calculated as more than 234m and downstream slope of dam was set to as 1:2.3. It is wasteful for
adopting this dam shape; artificial concrete plug method was adopted. From the economical
point of view for the decreasing of dam concrete volume, the height of 35m above riverbed
basement with showing narrow width, artificial concrete plug method was adopted.
▼ EL.471.0m
▽ EL.366.0m
N.W.L
Downstream
１：2.3

Height H= 101.0
96.0 m

▼ EL.270.0m

L= x m

▼ EL.471.0m
▽ EL.366.0m
N.W.L

Downstream
１：0.8
HeightH= 101.0
66.0 m

Plug
35 m
▼ EL.270.0m

L= 234 m

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Figure-III-3.10 Comparison with Dam Shape Without Plug and With Plug

(7) Diversion Channel

Design flood for design of diversion tunnel is 440m3/sec, which corresponding to the probable
discharge of 2 years return period. Necessary dimension of diversion tunnel is calculated as shown
in Table-III-3.10, assuming the following conditions.
(1) Horseshoe shape is applied as sectional from
(2) Longitudinal slope of diversion tunnel is assumed as 1/50.
(3) Design depth of diversion tunnel is 80 % of full depth.
(4) Manning’s formula with roughness coefficient of 0.018 is applied for calculations.

Table-III-3.10 Necessary Dimension of Diversion Tunnel

Cross Section Area Hydraulic Mean
Diameter(m) I1/2 R2/3 Vm/s Qm3/s
（m2） Depth（m）
5.0 19.5 1.477 0.1414 1.297 10.2 198.9
6.0 28.1 1.772 0.1414 1.464 11.5 323.2
7.0 38.3 2.068 0.1414 1.623 12.7 486.4
8.0 50.0 2.363 0.1414 1.774 13.9 695.0

As the result of above calculation, basic dimension of diversion tunnel is as shown in Figure-III-3.11.

3.50

3.50

7.00

Figure-III-3.11 Typical Section for Diversion Channel

(8) Drawings
Specifications for dam and resourvoir of Ayung Dam is shown in Table-III-3.11.

Table-III-3.11 Specifications of Ayung Dam and Reservoir

Classification Items Specifications
1. Reservoir
1)Location (River) Ayung River
2)Catchments Area 219.4 km2
3)Lake Area 0.57 km2(EL370m)
4)Normal Water Level(NWL) EL 366 m
5)Low water Level(LWL) EL 325 m
3
6)Effective Volume 9,000,000 m
3
7)Sediment Volume 1,000,000 m
3
8)Total Reservoir Volume 10,000,000 m
2. Dam
1)Dam Type Concrete Gravity Dam
2)Dam Top EL 371 m
3)Top Length 239 m
3)Dam Basement EL 305 m
4)Dam Height 66 m
5)Artificial Basement(Plug) EL 270 m～305m(Plug Treatment)
3
6)Total Dam Volume(Inclu. Plug) 290,000 m

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3. Spillway
1)Type Toe guide wall type with no gates
2)Design Discharge 1,270 m3/s (1/1,000)
3)Depth 3.0 m
4)Width 113 m(Net width)

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Elevation
366 m

Elevation
366 m

EXISTING ROAD

EXISTING ROAD

BUANGGA

MELINGGIH

DAM AXIS

APPROACH ROAD

APPROACH ROAD

DAM

DAM OVERALL PLAN DRAWING

scale 1:11000

Figure-III-3.12 Genaral Plan of Ayung Dam and Reservoir

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Axis of Dam

DIVERTION SECTION

B-B SECTION
Diversion of River
B Scale 1:200

A
Up Stream Coffrerdam
STANDARD SECTION OF STILLING WORK
Spillway Basin

Spillway
Electric Power Plan

A
Conduit
A-A SECTION
Scale 1:1000

Roadway of Dam

DAM PLAN SCALE 1:1000

Figure-III-3.13 Plan of Ayung Dam

Figure-III-3.14 Typical Cross Section of Ayung Dam

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UPSTREAM

DOWNSTREAM

SCALE 1:1500

Figure-III-3.15 Upstream and Downstream View

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3.5 Design for Check Dam

In consideration of the relationship between possible dam height and reservoir volume, design
sediment capacity for Ayung dam shall be secured by dividing into capacity with 1,000,000m3 stored
in reservoir and capacity with 3,600,000 m3 stored or controlled by check dams constructed at
upstream in Ayung River and Siap River. As of sediment inflow, proportion of suspended load and
bed load is estimated as 1:3.6, suspended load with volume of 1,000,000 m3(equivalent to 22% of
total sediment volume) which passing the check dams shall be accumulated in dam reservoir.
Remaining bed load, equivalent to 78% of total sediment volume, shall be trapped and excavated
periodically in check dams located both Ayung River and Siap.

(1) Design Sediment Volume

Design sediment volume for check dams was calculated by estimating the storing volume of bed load
for 1 year. Design sediment volume is shown in Table-III-3.12.
Table-III-3.12 Design Sediment Volume for Check Dams
Annual Sediment Design Sediment
River Area Remarks
Inflow Volume
Ayung River 153.9 km2 64,200 m3 50,300 m3 equivalent to 78% of total
sediment inflow volume
Siap river 64.5 km2 26,900 m3 21,100 m3
3
Note）: Anuual Sediment Inflow :Specific Inflow417 m /km2/year X area (km2)

(2) Waterway
Based on the probable discharge analysis, design discharge for waterway with return period of 25
years was calculated as 570 m3/s for check dam in Ayung River and 240 m3/s for check dam in Siap
River. Depth of overflowing is calculated by formula as shown in below:
Q＝（0.71h3＋1.77B1）h3 3/2 (3.2)
Where, Q ：Discharege（m3/sec） C：Coefficient (0.60～0.66) C=0.6
g ：Gravity (9.8ｍ/sec2） B１：Base width (m)
B２：Water width (m) m２：Slope Gradient (m2=0.5)

B2

h'
m m H0
h3
1 .0
1 .0
B
Figure-III-3.16 Calculation of Overflow Depth for Waterway
Specifications of waterways are summarized as shown in Table-III-3.13.
Table-III-3.13 Specifications of Waterways
Dam Design Discharge Base Width Overflow Depth
Ayung River 570 m3/s 20 m 6.0 m
Siap River 240 m3/s 10 m 5.2 m

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(3) Dam Height

Location of dam sites was fixed by taking into account the water level 366m in elevation of reservoir.
Storing volume by check dam was calculated by the estimation of 1/2 sediment gradient for river
gradient

Storing volume V = 1/3・W・H・X (3.3)

W ：Width
H ： Dam Height → H = ( I - I' ) ・ X
X ：Length （ I' = I/2 ）
I' =
△H

Figure-III-3.17 Calculation for Storing Volume of Check Dam

Specifications of check dam are summarized as shown in Table-III-3.14.
Table-III-3.14 Specifications of Check Dams
Items Ayung River Siap River
1. Name of River Ayung Siap
2. Catichments Area(km2) 159.3 64.5
3. Design Sediment Volume(m3) 50,300 21,100
4. Design Discharge(m3/s) 570 240
5. Waterway Base Length(m) 20 10
6. Over flow Width(m) 6.0 5.2
7. Dam Height(m) 13.0 7.0
8. Design Storing Sediment Lenght(m) 1,220 990
9. Sediment Volime (m3) 50,300 21,100

(4) Drawings
Drawings of check dam are summarized as shown in Figure-III-3.18 - Figure-III-3.19.

AYUNG MAIN

Plan

A1=120.60m2 A1+A2=214.08m
A2=93.48m2

Cross Section Longitudinal Section

Figure-III-3.18 Check Dam in Ayung River

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AYUNG BRANCH

Plan

A1=80.30m 2 A1+A2=164.82m 2
A2=84.52m 2

Cross Section Longitudinal Section

Figure-III-3.19 Check Dam in Siap River

3.6 Reservoir Area Development Plan

In consideration of characteristics of dam location, communities near Ayung Dam, temples and holy
places as well as tourism area of Ubud, development themes were stated as shown in follows:

Concept 1. «Travel Destination for Adults»

‹ The construction of Ayung dam and the reservoir should have positive effects on the economic
condition of the local people. The project focuses on tourism, putting more emphasis on the
improvement of their lives.
‹ Tourists visiting Ubud is expecting a peaceful moment in the beautiful scenery of paddy field and
forest as the top priority, away from the hustle and bustle of the cities.
‹ The project actualizes the elements such as ‘experiencing/learning Balinese culture’ and
‘interacting with residents at life/cultural level,’ in addition to the existing places of interest
including ‘watch (dances, etc.),’ ‘play (rafting, surfing, golf),’ and ‘shop and heal (hotel, spa,
etc.).’ It will provide tourists more opportunities to learn the deep part of Balinese culture.

Concept 2. «Respect for Balinese Culture»

‹ The location of the planned site is the back part of Ubud town, to be connected to the town of
Ubud. The reservoir to be constructed in the future should take the idea of Balinese cosmology,
considering the fact that the construction site is a ‘sacred place’ for praising water which is the
symbol of religious belief in Bali.

Concept 3. «Trend of Tourism»

‹ The construction of tourist site should meet the purpose of trips as refers to shown in
Table-III-3.15.

Table-III-3.15 Purposes of Trip and General Descriptions

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Purpose of Trip Overview

Image-confirmation (go/watch/photograph) type of trip has been reduced. The
Spectator - Planner purpose of trip has been shifting from ‘observation/participation’ to ‘real
experience.’
Demand for ‘intellectual asset’ has been growing as people’s lives stabilize,
Lifelong Study especially among adults/senior generations who are capable of taking enough time
for acquiring such asset. Traveling provides lifelong study as well.
Concerns of mentally-matured tourists are shifting to conservation and
improvement of natural/social environment. Sustainable tours will be recognized
Social Contribution as the latest styles of traveling. Environment-friendly trips as well as social
action tours where visitors can learn conservation/betterment of the environment
and participate in such activities will be active with public support.
Source: “Tourist busines supporting travel industry” (Kishimitsu Sato, Doyukan, 2002, Japan)

Table-III-3.16 Development Zone and Images, Plans

Zone Locations Symbol color & Images Development Plans
Meeting 1)Dancing Stage in Lake
Symbol Color:
A Zone Point of 2)Audience Seat
(Black)（Vishnu=Water）
■Dancing Stage & Ayung River 3)Boat for Moving and Fishing
Image :
Circle in Lake and Siap 4)Dock
(Water)(Silent)(Dance)(Sanctification)(Feminale)
River 5)Fish Breeding in Lake
B Zone Symbol Color:
1)House for each theme
■Culuture Village (White)
Ayung River 2)Cottage for each theme
& (Amalgamation and Harmony)
Right Bank 3)Pool such like a rice field
Exchange Image:
4)Cattle cart
Village (Mother Earth & Water) (Response & Motion) (Bisexual)
Symbol Color: 1)Car Space
C Zone
Siap River (Red) 2)Transit Zone for moving to lake
■Entrance &
Left Bank Image: 3)Observation Deck
Transit
(Fire) (Motion) (Manlike)

According to development plant as shown in Table-III-3.16, image landscape design with atmosphere
of Bali is shown in Figure-III-3.20.

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Figure-III-3.20 Landscape Design with Atmosphere of Bali

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3.7 Power Genaration Plan

The discharge of Ayung dam site during dry season is larger than among the rivers flowing to central
area of Bali. Due to abundant discharge of Ayung River, the utilization of released water (hereinafter
defined as ‘outflow’) and water level (hereinafter defined as ‘hydraulic head’) by Ayung dam was
planned.
Water for irrigation and raw water as well as unspecified water for river environmental conservation
shall be supplied through the outlets. Outflow of dam contains not only effective flow for water use
but also flow for no use (hereinafter defined as ‘unavailable flow’) due to excess capacity above
normal water level based on reservoir operation plan.
For hydro power plan of Ayung dam, however, turbine discharge for power generation can be used
from minimum discharge for water use to maximum discharge with containing unavailable water
flowing through the outlets. Turbine discharge shall be turn out from outlets.

(1) Basic Condition

<Power Generation Facilities Route and Location of Power Plant>
Due to usage of outflow of reservoir, the power generation facilities route was set up with conduit and
pipeline route of Ayung Dam. The location of power plant was planned to right side.
<Discharge for Generation>
Maximum and minimum discharge for calculation of power generation was shown in Table-III-3.17.
Table-III-3.17 Maximum and Minimum Discharge for Calculation Case of Power Generation
Case Max. Discharge Min. Discharge
1 12.0 m3/s 6.5 m3/s
2 14.0 6.5
3 16.0 6.5
4 18.0 6.5

<Water level and Head>

Based on the dam specifications such as normal water level, location of pipeline and electric power
plant, river water level, power generation plan by Ayung dam was studied as shown in following
condition:
„ Intake water level was set up as 366m in elevation
„ Tail water level was set up as 282m in elevation by taking into account with riverbed elevation,
river width, basement level of power plan.
Table-III-3.18 Calculation Conditions for Power Generation
Items Specifications Remarks
Intake water level EL 366.0 m Normal water level
Tail water level EL 282.0 m
Maximum head 84.0 m
Effective head 79.8m 5% of loss head =4.2m

(2) Culculation Results

Based on the reservoir operation simulation, calculation results of power generation for Ayung Dam
are as shown in Table-III-3.19.

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Table-III-3.19 Ｌ5 Output and Annual Output (Average :1976-1985)

Discharge L5Output(Kw) Gross Output for Year(Mwh) Utilization factor for Year (%)
8 m3/s 4,402 39,828 85
10 m3/s 4,729 44,253 76
12 m3/s ４,782 45,896 66
14 m3/s ４,687 45,885 56
16 m3/s ４,551 45,070 48
18 m3/s ４,404 43,951 28
Note) Utilization factor : (GO / Max. output × 24 hours × 365 days) × 100 (%)

(3) Optimal Scale

Economic evaluation results by C/V method are shown in Table-III-3.20 and Figure-III-3.21.
Table-III-3.20 Economic Evaluation by C/V Method (V-C, C/V)
Turbine Discharge （m3/s）
Case 12.0 Remarks
8.0 10.0 11.0 (Adopted) 14.0
Max. Output (KW) 1) 5,320 6,650 7,310 7,980 9,310
Ｌ5output capacity
2) 4,402 4,729 4,756 4,782 4,687
(KW)
Gross Output(MWh) 3) 39,828 44,253 45,100 45,896 45,885
Effective Output
4) 4,204 4,516 4,542 4,567 4,476 2)×(1-Stop Factor)
Capacity (KW)
Net Output(MWh) 5) 38,036 42,262 43,071 43,831 43,820 3)× Utilization Factor
Value for KW
6) 138,115 148,375 149,222 150,038 147,057 4)×KW
(1000yen
Value for KWh(1000
7) 464,036 515,592 525,460 534,734 534,606 5)×KWh
yen)
Benefit(1000yen)(V) 8) 602,151 663,967 674,682 684,772 681,663 6)＋7)
Construction
9) 793,000 916,000 979,000 1,031,000 1,139,000
Cost(1000 yen) (V)
Operation Cost(1000
10) 97,539 112,668 120,417 126,813 140,097 9)× Expense Rate
yen) (C)
Ｖ－Ｃ(1000 yen) 11) 504,612 551,299 554,265 557,959 541,566 8)－10)
Ｃ／Ｖ 12) 0.162 0.170 0.178 0.185 0.206 10)／8)
Cost per Kw (1000yen/KW) 149.1 137.7 133.9 129.2 122.3 9)／1)
Cost per Kwh(1000 yen
19.9 20.7 21.7 22.5 24.8 9)／3)
/KWh)
(3)/(1)×24×365/1000))
Utilization Factor (％) 85 76 70 66 56
×100

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Figure-III-3.21 Relationship Between Discharge V-C,C/V

Optimal scale for discharge was selected as discharge case of 12m3/s with showing highest value of
(V-C). Specifications of Ayung power plant are shown as Table-III-3.21.
Table-III-3.21 Specifications of Ayung Power Plant
Items Specifications Remarks
Intake water level EL.366.000 ｍ Normal water level
Tail water level EL.282.000 ｍ
Gross head 84.0 ｍ
Net head 79.8 ｍ Loss= 4.2 ｍ
Discharge 12.0 m3/s
Output capacity 7,980 KW
Net output capacity 4,570 KW L5Output×Stop Factor
Firm Capacity 4,570 KW Same as above
Gross output (year) 45,900 MWh

3.8 Construction Quantities

Construction quantities for Ayung Dam are shown as Table-III-3.22.

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Table-III-3.22 Construction Quantities for Ayung Dam

Works Description Unit Quantity

1 Preparatory Works ( Clearing and Grubbing etc )
1.1 Mobilization Ls 1.0
1.2 Temporary Road of Disposal Area m 550.0
1.3 Road works m 2,080.0

2 Diversion Works(L=340m)
2.1 Diversion Length m 340.0
(Figure：7.5m×7.5m Semi-Horse Shaped Tunnel)
2.2 Open Inlet・Outlet site 2.0
2.3 Coffer Dam site 2.0
3 Permanent Works（Concrete Gravity Dam）
3.1 Excavation ｍ3 514,000.0
3.2 Artificial Plug ｍ3 50,000.0
3.3 Concrete Works ｍ3 240,000.0
3.4 Artificial Concrete Abutment ｍ3 750.0
3.5 Grout Works
1) Consolidation Grout m 2,600.0
2) Curtain Grout m 29,500.0
3) Rim Grout m 500.0
3.6 Crown Road of Dam site 10.0
4 Temporary Equipment
1) Concrete Plant t 750.0
2) Tower Crane （13.5t×75m) set 1.0
3) Feed Plant t/hr 150.0
5 Power Station
Excavation ｍ3 14,000.0
Concrete Structure ｍ3 3,000.0
Power Station(7900kwｖ) set 1.0
6 Sabo Dam
Excavation ｍ3 1,000.0
Concrete Works ｍ3 12,000.0
7 Road Works
1) Earth Works ＆ Pavement ｍ2 18,550.0
2) Excavation(Rock) ｍ3 5,000.0
3) Surface Course(Concrete:25cm) ｍ2 18,550.0
5) Beacon・Signal etc m 1,667.0
6) Steel bridge t 390.0
8 Disporsal Area
Left bank ｍ3 1,250,000.0
Right bnak ｍ3 250,000.0
Embankment (Backfulling) ｍ3 1,495,000.0
9 Outlet＆Electric Power Gate
1) Intake Gate t 540.0
2) Conduit Pressure Pipe t 110.0

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3.9 Construction Plan

Out line of Construction Method

The outline of construction method and work item based on the construction quantity is shown in
Table-III-3.23.
Table-III-3.23 Work Item of Construction Plan, Method and Quantity
No. Work Item Content and Construction Method Construction Quantity
Temporary road and
1 Construction of Temporary road L=2,630m, B=7～8m
Improvement Work.
Diversion tunnel shall be constructed on the left
bank side to do excavation of the river bed. It
L＝340m
2 Diversion Work shall be set up cofferdam at mouth and outflow of
(Half-horse-shoe :7.5m×7.5m)
diversion tunnel and a river bed shall be made dry
work.
Before the diversion of river, it shall be made to
finish excavation beyond the crown of dam. After
the diversion of river, it shall be made to finish Excavation Quantity
3 Dam Excavation
excavation under the crown of dam . Excavation = 520,000 m3
shall be begun from the top, and onboard work and
conveyance work shall be done on the river bed.
Gravity Dam Gravity Dam shall be constructed with ELCM
4 Concrete Works = 291,000 m3
(Concrete Works） (Extended Layer construction method)
Consolidation Grouting
Drilling and Consolidation grouting, curtain grouting and rim
5 = 2,600m
Grouting Works grouting shall be carried out.
Curtain Grouting = 29,500m
Protection work shall be done for cut slope of the
Slope Protection
6 temporary road, cut slope of dam excavation and
Works
temporary cut slope of other excavation.
It shall be thrown away in the place beyond EL370,
Disposal Area and soil shall be done. Disposal area shall be set up Capacity of Disposal Area
7
Works in the dam right bank upper reaches part, and it = 1,450,000ｍ3
shall be placed beyond EL370.

Excavation Work and Concrete Work for Main Dam are as shown in followins:

Excavation Work (Main Dam)

Excavation volume is estimated as 520,000m3. Image figure of excavation work is shown in

Figure-III-3.22.

<Rightt Site>
<Left Site>

Bulldozer(32t)、Crawler(150kg)、Breaker of
l i

Bulldozer(8t)
Backhoe Loader(1.2m3)

<River Bed>

Figure-III-3.22 Image figure of Dam Excavation Work

Concrete Work（Main Dam Work）

Dam concrete works are consists of main dam work(EL.305m upper), artificial concrete

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plug(EL.275m～305m) and artificial concrete abutment work (around dam crown). Concrete volumes
are estimated as about 291,000m3. Outline of concrete works are shown in the Table-III-3.24.
Table-III-3.24 Outline of Concrete Work (for Main Dam).
Monthly
Total months of Mean monthly
Concrete Placement Construction
Item Construction placement Remark
Lift Schedule acceptable
Work quantity
day
Dam body concrete River bed 2
1.5m 312 day 16 day 21.5 month 11,500 m3
months
Artificial concrete
ditto 108 ditto 7.0 7,150
plug
Abutment on either Placement is
bank 2.5 80 25 3.2 125 quantity
/one-time

Construction Schedule

Concrete Work is calculated as 312 days in total. As for items, placements days of concrete are
222days, suspensions by the structure thing execution inside dam are 60 days and placements of
concrete form are 30 days.
If acceptable days for placement of concrete are made 16 days. Total months of construction works are
21. 5 months and the amount of average placement for a month becomes 11,500 m3. Specifications of
Production equipment, the amount of bone material stock and a conveyance equipment are shown as
the following Table-III-3.25.
Table-III-3.25 Outline of Construction for Dam Body Works（Concrete Work）
Equipment classification. Item
1) Production equipment ・16 hours( Day and night execution. )
・Maximum one-day quantity = 1,200m3（around EL.332.0 m）
・Maximum one-hour quantity=75 m 3/ hr
2) Stock and Supply of ・Daily Necessary Maximum Quantity.Coarse Aggregate ＝2.860m3/day、
Aggregate Fine Aggregate＝360m3/day
・The bin which can keep capacity on 3 days of a maximum quantity is set up.
3) Conveying Equipment for ・Main placement and Conveying Equipment：Tower Crane
Dam body execution (13.5ｔ×75ｍ）１set.
・4.5m3 Vessel Dump
・9m3 Gland Hopper
・10ｔDamp Truck

The construction schedule of Ayung Dam Project is shown in the Table-III-3.26 from the above
examination.

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 The Comprehensive Study on Water Resources Development and Management in Bali Province

Table-III-3.26 Construction Schedule of Ayung Dam

1 2 3 4 5 Remarks
Details of Work Qty
J F M A M J J A S O N D J F M A M J J A S O N D J F M A M J J A S O N D J F M A M J J A S O N D J F M A M J J A S O N D
1 Preparatory Works
Clearing & Grubbing Ls
Temporary Roads L=595m
Permanent Roads L=2120m
Mobilization Ls

2 Diversion Works
Excavation 340m
Concrete Lining 340m
Inlet/Outlet Structure 2site
Coffer Dams 2site

3 Main Dams Works

Abutment 375m
3
Plug 50,000m
3
Excavation 514,000m
Concreting 240,000m3
Drilling & Grouting Ls
Intake Ls
Crest Bridge 10

4 Temporary Facilities
Main Concrete Plant 2.25x2
Tower Crane Installation 13.5tx75m
Water Treatment Plant 150t/hr

5 Power Station
3
Excavation 6000m
Foundation Treatment Ls
Structural Concrete 3,000m3
Architectural $ Equipment Works 7900kw

6 Sabo Dams
Excavation 2site
Concrete 2site

7 Spoil Bank
Right site 1,250,000m3
Left site 250,000m3

Remark

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 The Comprehensive Study on Water Resources Development and Management in Bali Province

CHAPTER 4 FLOOD CONTROL FACILITY FOR BADUNG RIVER

AND MATI RIVER
4.1 General

Badung River originated in hillside with 150m in elevation runs north to south through the center of
Denpasar City on the way and flows into Benoa Straight. Area of basin is about 37.7 km2, length is
approximately 30km and rounded river gradient is about 1/500. There are houses and stores densely in
the some sections which show insufficient height of dikes or narrow width along the river. Badung
River is one of the typical urban rivers judging from the urbanization ratio of 55% in the river basin at
present. However, due to good location for business as well as residences, it is forecasted to reach about
80% of river basin in the future. Buagan Weir located in the downstream is the main river facility for
irrigation use as well as domestic use.
Mati River originated in hillside with 80m in elevation near Sempide runs north to south, joining to
Tebe River at downstream near Kuta, and flows into the Benoa Straight. Mati River is also one of
typical urban river with catchments area 38.4km2 , length 20km, and river gradient I=1/400. There are
no dikes or narrow channel from Ulun Tanjung Weir in downstream to Umadui Weir in upstream.
According to river improvement plan by Indonesian Government, the area which surrounded both Mati
River and its right tributary Lebakmudin River in the upstream of Umadui Weir shall be designed for
retarding basin for flood control.
Same as Badung River basin, the ratio of urbanization in river basin currently reaches to about 50% and
estimated as 80 % in the future, the need for more land development for housing is very strong due to
the good location, and in the future it will be 80% of river basin.
Many flooding have been repeating along the area in Badung River and Mati River since 1979 which
recrded. In March 4th,1984, Monang Manning, Suwung and Pamecutan area located in Mati River Basin
were inundated at the estimated area of 700 ha and depth of 0.3m for about two days. More than 200
houses and stores near Kumbasari market located along Badung River also damaged in January 8, 1980.
Lately, December 12, 2005, the section between Maruti Street located in upstream and Pulau Misol
Street located in downstream along Badung River hit and damaged by flood. (Refer to Figure-III-4.1)
To prevent these damages by flood, flood control plan shall be settled and river improvement such as
excavation of riverbed, revetment and normalization shall be designed during feasibility study.

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 The Comprehensive Study on Water Resources Development and Management in Bali Province

<Upstream Section at JL. G. Kering Street(From Right Bank Side)>

<Bank Slope Failure near Upstream of JL. P. Misol (From Left Bank Side)>

Figure-III-4.1 Photos of Damage Condition by Flood December 12, 2005

4.2 Criteria for Plan and Design

For the flood control plan and river planning, referring to not only Indonesian standards and criteria but
also the Japanese standard for flood control plan and design, the following items were settled:
‹ Based on the recommended minimum return period of Design Flood as shown in the Flood
Control Manual, return period of flood control plan for both Badung River and Mati River shall
be adopted for 25 years.
‹ For the following items, Japanese Standard for River Planning and Design was adopted by
referring to Flood Control Manual of Indonesian government.
1) Design Rainfall
2) Run-off Calculation Method
3) Design Flood
4) Flood Control Measures
5) Hydraulic Calculation
6) River Engineering
7) River Facilities and Bridges

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 The Comprehensive Study on Water Resources Development and Management in Bali Province

4.3 Flood Control Plan

4.3.1 Badung River

(1) Flow Capacity of Current Condition

1) Calculation Method and Conditions
Based on the topographic survey results, current river flow capacity was calculated by using
non-uniform flow method. The conditions for calculation are shown in Table-III-4.1.
Table-III-4.1 Calculation Method and Conditions

Items Conditions, Contents Remarks

Calculation Method Non-uniform Flow
Calculation Section Buagan Weir (Downstream)
Condition - Gajamada Street (Upstream)
Coefficient of n=0.025 Refer to PU plan
Roughness
Evaluation Top of the Bank with No Freeboard
Cross Section Topographic Survey Result

2) Calculation of River flow Capacity

The result of river flow calculation is shown in Figure-III-4.2. According to this result, minimum flow
capacity of current river flow is estimated as 120 m3/sec - 200 m3/sec, except some section showing less
than 50 m3/sec.

Figure-III-4.2 Calculation Result for Current River Flow Capacity (Badung River)

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 The Comprehensive Study on Water Resources Development and Management in Bali Province

(2) Design Flood Calculation

1) Run-off Calculation Method
Run-off analysis for the design flood of Badung River was executed by using rational formula in
consideration with following reasons:
‹ The analysis model is to be required to calculate the change of land use due to urbanization in
basin.
‹ The analysis model has applicability for calculation even in case of no discharge observation.

2) Calculation method
Peak discharge flow calculated by Rational Formula is given as follows:
Qp＝1/3.6・f・R・A (4.1)
where, Qp：Maximum Discharge (m3/sec),
f：Dimensionless Runoff Coefficient,
R： Average rainfall intensity within arrival time of flood(mm/hr)
A：Catchments Area (km2）
3) Runoff Coefficient
For flood plan, taking into account of land cover condition, land use and urbanization, runoff coefficient
for Badung River basin should be calculated by weighted average method corresponding with classified
coefficient of land use condition
a) Densely residential Area : 0.9
b) Residential Area : 0.9
c) Cropping field ,Waste land : 0.6
d) Paddy field : 0.8
e) Mountain area : 0.7
4) Arrival Time of Flood
Kraven’s Formula was used for calculation of arrival time of flood.
T=L/W (4.2)
I Less than 1/100 1/100～1/200 More than1/200
W 3.5m/s 3.0m/s 2.1m/s

where I：Watercourse gradient

W：Velocity of flood
L：Length of watercourse
T：arrival time of flood

5) Rainfall Intensity
Rainfall intensity was calculated by using daily rain fall intensity formula as shown in below,
rt =R24/24(24/T)2/3 (4.3)
where rt：Rainfall Intensity (mm/hr)
T：Arrival time of flood (hr),
R24：24 hours rainfall (= daily rainfall, m)

6) Watershed Division and Specifications

Watershed division for the runoff model of Badung basin is shown in Figure-III-4.3 by taking into
consideration with confluences of tributaries, control point for river planning and main river facilities.
Land use condition for each divided area is shown in Table-III-4.2

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Table-III-4.2 Watershed Division and Land Use

1 2 3
JL.GATO SUBUROTO JL.GAJAMADA Tukad Badung
Ite Land Use
a b c=a+b d e=c+d
(km2) (%) (km2) (%) (km2) (%) (km2) (%) (km2) (%)
High density city area building 0.04 0.5 0.04 0.2 0.25 2.2 0.29 0.8
General city area residential area 6.66 35.6 4.21 55.4 10.87 41.3 8.12 71.2 18.99 50.4
Paddy field irrigated paddy field 10.49 56.1 2.83 37.2 13.32 50.6 2.10 18.4 15.42 40.9
A field and a land bushes 0.13 1.1 0.13 0.3
dry land 0.03 0.4 0.03 0.1 0.04 0.2 0.07 0.2
grass 0.02 0.2 0.04 0.7 0.06 0.2 0.32 2.8 0.38 1.0
plantation/yard 1.50 8.0 0.44 5.8 1.94 7.4 0.44 3.9 2.38 6.3
unirrigated paddy field 0.03 0.2 0.03 0.1 0.03 0.1
bare land
Mountain land forest
∑ A 18.7 100.0 7.6 100.0 26.3 100.0 11.4 100.0 37.7 100.0

Note) Total catchments area of 37.7 km2 is based on the report “PERENCANAAN PENGELOLAAN SEDIME TUKAD
BADUNG DI KOTA DENPASAR, 2001”

Figure-III-4.3 Watershed Division for Badung River Basin

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7) Run-off Calculation
Conditions for Run-off Calculation
Return Period: As scale of return period 5, 10, 20, 25, 30, 50, 100 years are adopted for the
calculation.
Run-off Co-efficient: Two cases of co-efficient were set up for the runoff calculation; the one is for
current land use, another one is for future land use by taking into urbanization in Badung river basin. In
this calculation, percentage of 80% in river basin will be presumed to be developed.
Probable Daily Rainfal: 24 hours rainfall data for each return period are used.
Result of Run-off Calculation: Result of run-off calculation is shown in Figure-III-4.4.
TK.MEDIH TK.TAGTAG

JL.GATO SUBUROTO JL.GAJAMADA Dam Buagan By Pass

Existing 5years 106.3 124.9 156.2

10years 128.5 151.0 188.7
20years 151.7 178.2 222.8
25years 159.2 187.1 233.9
30years 166.7 195.9 244.9
50years 187.4 220.2 275.3
100years 218.8 257.2 321.5
→ → →
Future 5years 108.9 128.0 159.9
10years 131.6 154.6 193.2
20years 155.4 182.5 228.1
25years 163.1 191.6 239.4
30year 170.8 200.6 250.8
50years 192.0 225.5 281.9
100years 224.2 263.4 329.2

Figure-III-4.4 Discharge for Each Return Period at Base Point

Table-III-4.3 List of Discharge for Each Return Period

Runoff coefficient Probable discharge
Catchment Arrival time
Return Stream length R24 Rainfall rate Rate of
Site area of food
period Existing Future Existing Future increase
(km2) (km) (min) (mm) (mm/hr) (m3/s) (m3/s) (%)
1/5 1 18.7 10.3 0.82 0.84 60 72.0 25.0 106.32 108.91
2 26.3 21.9 0.83 0.85 80 72.0 20.6 124.94 127.95
3 37.7 33.5 0.84 0.86 100 72.0 17.8 156.20 159.92
1/10 1 18.7 10.3 0.82 0.84 60 87.0 30.2 128.47 131.60
2 26.3 21.9 0.83 0.85 80 87.0 24.9 150.97 154.61
3 37.7 33.5 0.84 0.86 100 87.0 21.5 188.74 193.24
1/20 1 18.7 10.3 0.82 0.84 60 102.7 35.6 151.65 155.35
2 26.3 21.9 0.83 0.85 80 102.7 29.4 178.21 182.51
3 37.7 33.5 0.84 0.86 100 102.7 25.3 222.80 228.11
1/25 1 18.7 10.3 0.82 0.84 60 107.8 37.4 159.18 163.07 2.4
2 26.3 21.9 0.83 0.85 80 107.8 30.9 187.06 191.57 2.4
3 37.7 33.5 0.84 0.86 100 107.8 26.6 233.87 239.43 2.4
1/30 1 18.7 10.3 0.82 0.84 60 112.9 39.1 166.72 170.78
2 26.3 21.9 0.83 0.85 80 112.9 32.3 195.91 200.63
3 37.7 33.5 0.84 0.86 100 112.9 27.8 244.93 250.76
1/50 1 18.7 10.3 0.82 0.84 60 126.9 44.0 187.39 191.96
2 26.3 21.9 0.83 0.85 80 126.9 36.3 220.21 225.51
3 37.7 33.5 0.84 0.86 100 126.9 31.3 275.30 281.86
1/100 1 18.7 10.3 0.82 0.84 60 148.2 51.4 218.84 224.18
2 26.3 21.9 0.83 0.85 80 148.2 42.4 257.17 263.36
3 37.7 33.5 0.84 0.86 100 148.2 36.5 321.51 329.17

From the Table-III-4.3, discharge with 25 years return period at river mouth is 233.9m3/sec on the basis
of current land use condition, and 239.4m3/sec with increasing 5.5m3/sec due to developing ratio with
80% of urbanization for watershed area.

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8) Basic Design Flood for Badung River

Based on the calculation result as shown in Figure-III-4.5, basic design flood for Badung River should
be determined to be 235 m3/sec at the base point as well as 205 m3/sec at Buagan Weir. Comment for
the calculation results for basic design flood is summarized as follows:
‹ Basic design discharge for urbanization of 80 % shall be 239.4m3/sec
‹ Result of calculated discharge by JICA is almost same as existing plan discharge 231.7m3/sec
which had formulated by Indonesian Government.
‹ Specific flow is to be 6.2 m3/sec/km2 from its basin area of 37.7km2 at river mouth.
TK.MEDIH TK.TAGTAG

JL.GATO SUBUROTO JL.GAJAMADA Dam Buagan By Pass

Design flood 25years 115 175 205 235

→ → →
Previous plan 10years 79.0 92.2 138.8 165.9 187.3
20years 93.2 108.7 163.8 195.7 221.0
25years 97.7 114.0 171.7 205.2 231.7
50years 111.6 130.3 196.2 234.5 264.8

Figure-III-4.5 Distribution of Basic Design Discharge (Badung River)

(3) Flood Prevention Project for Badung River
Flood control plan for Basic Design Discharge of Badung River is shown as follows:
1) Distribution of Design Discharge for River Improvement
Comparing with the result between flow capacity of current river condition and planning river condition,
only river course improvement including riverbed excavation and bank heightening, etc shall be adopted
for Badung River. Design discharge is shown in Figure-III-4.5.
2) Selection of for River Improvement Section
Section of river improvement plan is indicated on Figure-III-4.6.

Figure-III-4.6 River Improvement Section for Badung River

(4) Basic Facility Plan for River Improvement
As regarding current condition of Badung River, masonry revetments whose slope is 1:0.5 – 1:1.0 are
installed on both river bank. River width ranging from 20m to 25m on average, however partially
narrow river course with its width 20m is left at a bridge near B.K Tunggal Street, which would to be
constrained pass for the river flow. Due to density of housing, small factories and stores located along
the river, it is difficult to widen the river width.

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As mentioned above, Badung River runs thorough the massed housing area as well as business area,
there are no space for the widening of river. Therefore, typical cross section with the riverbed
excavation and parapet wall should be adopted. Longitudinal profile should be designed to be steeper
slope due to riverbed excavation. Repair work for Buagan Weir mainly operating to irrigate paddy field
located in the downstream is also adopted based on the flow capacity calculation.
Land use regulations or flood control reservoir such as retarding basin are not to be planned on this river
improvement plan.
1) Section for River Improvement
Section for river improvement should be designated from just upstream of Buagan weir (Distance mark
No.88-50) to NO.194 distance mark near Maruti Street with about 5,700 m as shown in Figure-III-4.7
UBUNG

G A T O T S U B R O T O S T .

KAMPONG OF JAWA
JE M B . JL. M A R U T I
T
± B .1 9 4
E
B

DANGIN PURI
E
BALUN

R
IV
E
R

G U N U N G A
G U N G S T .

BADUNG RIVER IMPROVEMENT AREA

DENPASAR
A N
O O N G
E L
C H A N N
ER

L = 5680 M
R IV
MO
NA
NG
NG
MA

JEMATANG
N IN

DU
G

BA

TE
UK
U
BERABAN
BATANYUH

UM
AR

DIPONO
T. S

T A R A K A N S T
KERDUNG WEIR

GORO ST.
PULA
INTAKE

U KA
WE ST
.
BUAGAN
WEIR

B U A G A N W E IR
± B . X IX
MOVING
WEIR

Figure-III-4.7 Plan for Section of River Improvement for Badung River

2) Adopted Method for River Improvement
An adopted method for river improvement in Badung River is shown as follows;
‹ Riverbed excavation
‹ Parapet Wall on the Dike
‹ Repair of Existing Buagan Weir
‹ Plan for Longitudinal Profile

3) Plan for Longitudinal Profile

Longitudinal profile plan was set to by taking into consideration with current profile prepared by
topographic survey results by JICA Study Team. Longitudinal profile of current river is shown in
Figure-III-4.8. Rounded river gradient of the section from Buagan weir to upstream with distance of
2,260m is to be I=1/450, and to be more than I=1/830 for upstream section of 1,770 m.
To increase river flow capacity, river excavation should be adopted. The planned gradient of section
from Buagan Weir located in downstream to distance mark No.194 located in Maruti Street with
distance of 5,700m was designed to be I=1/650. The gradient of upstream section from this mark
gradually approached to actual riverbed.

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PROFILE OF BADUNG RIVER

JEMBATAN
BUAGAN JALAN
WEIR MARUTI
30
I = 1/650
L = 5680 m

25

ELEVATION (M) 20

B. 192
B. 194
15
Current river bed
Design river bed I = 1/650
Design water level I = 1/650
Left bank
10
Right bank
B. XIX
Planed bank

5
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 600
DISTANCE (M)

Figure-III-4.8 Designed Longitudinal Profile for Badung River

4) Typical Cross Section
Revetments had already lain down on both river banks and 18.5m to 37m river width have secured in
the extent of river improvement. Therefore, excavation of riverbed and installment of parapet wall
should be provided on current river condition. Riverbed excavation should be implemented in low water
channel. Specifications for river improvement works are shown in Table-III-4.4 and typical cross
section is shown in Figure-III-4.9.

Table-III-4.4 Specifications for River Improvement of Badung River

Items Specifications Remarks
1)River Improvement Section and Buagan Weir (Downstream)
its Length to Mariti Street(Upstream)
L=5,680 m
2)Design Flood 205 m3/sec 220 m3/sec in future
3)Designed River Gradient I=1/650 Upstream section: gradually
approach to actual riverbed
4)River Width & Cross Section B= 18.5-37.5m, b=11-32 m
Shape (Trapezoid Shape with slope 1:0.5)
5) Adopted Works ‹ Riverbed Excavation
‹ Parapet Placement
‹ Revetment
1) Improvement Facility Works Buagan Weir

B .1 5 0
1 8 .5 -3 7 .0 m
0 .3 m

1 .0 m

3 .6 m

+ 1 5 .2 2 2 m

0 .0 -3 .0 m 1 1 .0 -3 2 .0 m 0 .0 -4 .0 m

Figure-III-4.9 Typical Cross Section for Badung River

General plan of flood prevention project for Badung River is shown in Figure-III-4.10.

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