Republic of the Philippines
Department of Education
NAME: ______________________________________________________________ Score: ______________________
GRADE & SECTION_______________________________________________ Teacher: ___________________
MODULE IN TLE 10 – ICT TECHNICAL DRAFTING
Fourth Quarter Lesson 6
MOST ESSENTIAL LEARNING COMPETENCY
• Draft HVAC systems layout (TLE_ICTTD9DC-IVd-e-1)
OBJECTIVES
• Draft HVAC systems according to Mechanical Code
Heating, Ventilating, and Air Conditioning (HVAC)
Heating, Ventilating, and Air Conditioning (HVAC) equipment perform heating and/or cooling for
residential, commercial or industrial buildings. The HVAC system may also be responsible for providing fresh
outdoor air to dilute interior airborne contaminants such as odors from occupants, volatile organic compounds
(VOC’s) emitted from interior furnishings, chemicals used for cleaning, etc.
Air conditioning
Air conditioning may be defined as the simultaneous control of air temperature, humidity, motion and purity of
air in a confined space.
Air Conditioning Systems
Air conditioning which, is the process of controlling the physical properties of air, maybe divided into 2 general
classes:
1. Air Conditioning for human comfort
2. Process air conditioning
Comfort air conditioning is a modern method of controlling the temperature and humidity of air in an
enclosed space so that it will give comfort to most of the occupants of the space. Process air conditioning is
concerned with producing an air condition within an enclosed space that is most favorable to the manufacturing
operation being conducted in that space.
In general, comfort air-conditioning maybe defined as the simultaneous and automatic control of
temperature humidity, and air motion so that the greatest feeling of comfort is produced for the largest number
of people. Air conditioning consists of cooling the air, dehumidifying it, and placing the air in motion. Cooling the
air requires refrigeration, while dehumidifying the air requires either refrigeration or chemical treatment.
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How does an AC work?
An air conditioner cools and dehumidifies the air as it passes over a cold coil surface. The indoor coil is an air-
to-liquid heat exchanger with rows of tubes that pass the liquid through the coil. Finned surfaces connected to these
tubes increase the overall surface area of the cold surface thereby increasing the heat transfer characteristics between
the air passing over the coil and liquid passing through the coil. The type of liquid used depends on the system selected.
Direct-expansion (DX) equipment uses refrigerant as the liquid medium. Chilled water (CW) can also be used as a liquid
medium. When the required temperature of a chilled water system is near the freezing point, freeze protection is added
in the form of glycols or salts. Regardless of the liquid medium used, the liquid is delivered to the cooling coil at a cold
temperature.
Functions of air conditioning systems are:
1. Cooling and dehumidifying air 3. Cleaning of air (Filtration)
2. Heating and humidifying air
Circulation of Air Conditioning Standards
1. Heating and Humidifying - A relative humidity of 30 to 35 percent is found most satisfactory in winter. With
this proportion a temperature from 70˚to 75˚F (21.1˚-23.9˚) is comfortable.
2. Cooling and Dehumidifying - For summer cooling, temperature of 76˚ to 80˚F (24.4˚C-26.6˚C) and 50 percent
relative humidity are frequent design average.
3. Air Motion - A gentle motion of air produces a refreshing and stimulating effect. The velocity should average
15 to 25 ft. per minute measured 36 inches above the floor.
4. Air Supply - Many codes require about 30 cu. ft. per min. per person. Since the indoor air is recirculated and
reused in air conditioning, a smaller amount of air is required, 5 to 10 cu. ft. per person is enough.
Types of AC systems
1. Cooling Only Split-System: A split system is a combination of an indoor air handling unit and an outdoor
condensing unit. The indoor air handling unit contains a supply air fan and an air-to-refrigerant heat
exchanger (or cooling coil), and the expansion device. The outdoor condensing unit consists of a
compressor and a condenser coil. Split-systems are typically found in residential or small commercial
buildings.
These systems have the highest energy efficiency rating (EER) of all the available AC systems.
Manufacturers are required to take the EER rating and provide a seasonal energy efficiency rating (SEER)
for use by consumers. SEER ratings vary widely and range from 10 to 20. The higher the SEER rating, the
more efficient the AC system operates. If heating is required, an alternate method of heating the interior of
the building must be used, usually in the form of electric or gas heating.
2. Cooling Only Packaged-System: A packaged system is a single unit combining all the components
described in the split system. Since the unit is a package, it must be placed outside the building and indoor
air is “ducted” from the building to the packaged system and back through an air distribution system. These
units typically have SEER rating from 10 to 18. If heating is required, an alternate method of heating the
interior of the building must be used, usually in the form of electric or gas heating.
3. Heat Pump: Heat pumps are like cooling only systems with one exception. A special valve in the
refrigeration piping allows the refrigeration cycle to be operated in reverse. It cools the indoor air and
ejects heat to the outdoors. A heat pump can also cool the indoor air, but when the valve is reversed, the
indoor air is heated.
4. Chilled Water System: In a chilled water system, liquid water is pumped throughout the building to
“chilled water coils”. Since the liquid water needs to be at a cold temperature, a “cooling plant” is required.
The plant is typically referred to as a chiller plant. Vapor compression equipment in the plant, cools the
water to a cold temperature and pump the cold water to air-to-water heat exchangers where needed.
5. Window Air Conditioners: A window air conditioner is typically installed in a window or custom opening
in a wall. The Window AC can only cool small areas and are not intended to provide cooling to multiple
rooms or zones. These air conditioners are manufactured as cool only or can provide both cooling and heating.
6. Packaged Terminal Heat Pump: Packaged terminal heat pumps (PTHP) are like a window mounted air
conditioner. These units are typically installed in a sleeve passing through the outdoor wall of an apartment,
hotel, school classroom, etc. PTHPs are completely self-contained and require only an electrical connection
in addition to the opening in the building shell. They use the outdoor air as the heat source in winter and
as a heat sink in summer. They can also provide ventilation air. Flexibility and lower installed cost are the
primary advantages of the PTHP. Disadvantages include in-room maintenance, higher operating cost,
relatively short life, imprecise "on-off" temperature control, and they can be rather noisy.
7. Controlling humidity with an AC system: Humidity is becoming more of a concern to building operators
and owners. High indoor humidity leads to mold and mildew growth inside the building. The are several
methods of controlling indoor humidity. The simplest (and most expensive) method is to connect a
humidistat to an electric heater. When the humidity inside the building rises above the humidistat set point,
the heater is turned on. The additional heat causes the air conditioning system to run longer and remove
more moisture.
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