Chapter One

Introduction to Operating System

By: Kidanemariam F.
Nov 3, 2023 School of Computing, DDUIoT 1
 Chapter’s Contents
Role and purpose of operating system
History of operating system development
Computer system organization
Operating system operation
Operating system services
Types of an operating systems

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 Role and Purpose of operating system
What is operating system?
 Software that acts as an intermediary between a user of a computer
and the computer hardware.
Operating system goals:
 Execute user programs and make solving user problems easier.
 Make the computer system convenient to use.
 Use the computer hardware in an efficient manner.
Operating System Functions:
 Resource allocation - manages and allocates resources.
 Control program - controls the execution of user programs and
operation of I/O devices.
 Kernel - the one program running at all times (all else being
application programs).
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 History of operating system
In the 1950s some technologies emerged that allowed a “simpler”
interaction between the user and the computer.
Resident monitor: - this is a system that loads the program into the
computer, reading it from a tape or punched cards.
This technology gave rise to the first operating system in history, created in
1956 for an IBM 704 computer, which was responsible for loading programs
successively (starting with the next one when the previous one had finished
loading), reducing the work time required.
Temporary storage: this is a system that also tried to increase speed by
simultaneously loading programs and executing tasks. In the 1960s, the rise
of the integrated circuit launched the power of computers, and operating
systems responded by becoming increasingly complex and offering new
techniques.
Multiprogramming: - In this technique, the main memory already holds
more than one program, and the operating system is responsible for
allocating the machine’s resources to execute tasks based on existing needs.
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 History of operating system ...Cont’d
Timeshare: - This is a system that assigns the execution of applications within a
group of users working online.
Real time: - it is used specially in the area of telecommunications, it is
responsible for processing events external to the computer, so that, once a
certain time has passed without success, it considers them as failed.
Multiprocessor: - these are systems that try to manage the readings and writings
made in memory by two programs that are running simultaneously, in order to
avoid errors. As their name suggests, they are designed for use in computers
that use more than one processor.
In the 1970s, IT continued to become increasingly complex, resulting in the first
versions of some of the operating systems that have served as the basis for
many of the ones we use today, such as UNIX.
The operating systems of this decade are still available only to highly qualified
users, and their complexity means that they consume a large amount of
resources. Among the most outstanding, in addition to UNIX, we find MULTICS,
BDOS and CP/M, widely used in computers with Intel microprocessor.
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 History of operating system ...Cont’d
The 1980s gave rise to the boom in commercial computing. The arrival of
computers in thousands of offices and homes changes the focus of operating
systems, forcing the development of more user-friendly systems that introduced
graphic elements such as menus.
In this decade the development is such that it gives rise to some operating
systems already legendary, and that contribute to the rise of computing in later
decades, such as C++, SunOS (developed by Sun Microsystems and derived from
UNIX), AmigaOS (developed for the Commodore Amiga) and some classics such as
these:-
MS-DOS: - developed by Microsoft for IBM PCs, which contributed enormously
to the popularization of computing and gave rise to Windows systems.
Mac OS: - a system of Macintosh computers developed by Apple Inc, launched
in 1984, and which included a novel graphic interface and the use of the
mouse (a rarity at that time for users that were used to typing commands).
The decade of the 90’s continues with the explosive line marked in the 80’s,
giving rise to many of the operating systems that, in more modern versions, we
use today:
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 History of operating system ...Cont’d
GNU/Linux: it was developed based on UNIX, and which is one of the
greatest exponents of free software. Today, GNU/Linux is widely used all
over the world, having a pre-eminence close to 100% in fields as striking as
supercomputers.
Solaris: - also developed on UNIX basis by Sun Microsystems for servers and
workstations.
Microsoft Windows: - which has resulted in a popular family of commercially
successful operating systems used by millions of users around the world.
In the first decade of the present century, new operating systems continue to
succeed each other, perhaps with less impact than those that emerged in the
previous decade, but have their own place. Highlights include SymbOS,
MorphOS, Darwin, Mac OS, Haiku and OpenSolaris.
So now we see the current decade, in which the rise of phones gives rise to
some popular operating systems, including Android, developed by Google or
iOS, created by Apple.
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 Computer system organization
Computer system can be divided into four components
Hardware - provides basic computing resources.
Includes: -CPU, memory, I/O devices, ...
Operating system - Controls and coordinates use of hardware among
various applications and users
Application programs - define the ways in which the system resources
are used to solve the computing problems of the users.
Includes: Word processors, compilers, web browsers, database systems,
video games ...
Users
People, machines, other computers

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 Computer system organization ...Cont’d

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 Computer system organization ...Cont’d
Computer-system operation
One or more CPUs, device controllers connect through common bus
providing access to shared memory
Concurrent execution of CPUs and devices competing for memory cycles

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 Operating system operation
 Interrupt driven by hardware
 Software error or request creates exception or trap
 Division by zero, request for operating system service
 Other process problems include infinite loop, processes modifying each
other or the operating system
 Dual-mode operation allows OS to protect itself and other system
components
 User mode: execution done on behalf of a user.
 Monitor mode (also kernel mode or system mode) : execution done on
behalf of operating system.
 Mode bit added to computer hardware to indicate the current mode:
monitor (0) or user (1).
 Some instructions designated as privileged, only executable in kernel mode
 System call changes mode to kernel, return from call resets it to user
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 Operating system services
One set of operating system service provides functions that are helpful to
user.
Program execution - ability to load a program into memory and to run it.
I/O operations - since user programs cannot execute I/O operations
directly, the operating system must provide some means to perform I/O.
File-system manipulation - capability to read, write, create, and delete
files.
Communications - exchange of information between processes executing
either on the same computer or on different systems tied together by a
network. Implemented via shared memory or message passing.
Error detection - ensure correct computing by detecting errors in the CPU
and memory hardware, in I/O devices, or in user programs.

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 Operating system service ...Cont’d
Additional operating-system functions exist not for helping the user,
but rather for ensuring efficient system operation.
 Resource allocation - allocating resources to multiple users or
multiple processes running at the same time.

 Accounting - keep track of and record which users use how much
and what kinds of computer resources for account billing or for
accumulating usage statistics.

 Protection - ensuring that all access to system resources is

controlled.

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 Operating system common component
o User interface
o Process Management
o Main Memory Management
o Secondary-Storage Management
o I/O System Management
o File Management
o Protection System
o Networking

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 Types of Operating Systems
oBatch Operating System.
oMulti-Programming System.
oMulti-Processing System.
oMulti-Tasking Operating System.
oTime-Sharing Operating System.
oDistributed Operating System.
oNetwork Operating System.
oReal-Time Operating System

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