Electrical Machines I

18EEC202T

UNIT - III
Testing of DC Machines

By
Er.V.JAYAKUMAR M.E.
AP/EEE.
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LOSSES

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• CONSTANT AND VARIABLE LOSSES
The losses in a DC machine may be subdivided into:
(i) Constant losses and
(ii) Variable losses
• CONSTANT LOSSES
Those losses in a DC machine which remain constant at all loads are known as constant
losses.
The constant losses are:
(a) Iron losses (or) Magnetic losses (or) Core losses
(b) Mechanical losses
(c) Shunt field copper losses
• VARIABLE LOSSES
Those losses in a DC machine which vary with load are called variable losses.
The variable losses are:
(a) Copper loss in armature winding (I2a Ra)
(b) Copper loss in series field winding (I2se Rse)
Total losses = Constant losses + Variable
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POWER STAGES

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A shunt generator supplies 96 A at a terminal
voltage of 200 volts.
The armature and shunt field resistances are 0.1 
and 50  respectively.
The iron and frictional losses are 2000 W.
Find:
(i) Emf generated
(ii) Copper losses
(iii)Commercial efficiency
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Condition for Maximum Efficiency

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•A shunt generator has a full-load current of
195 A at 250 V.
•The stray losses are 750 W and the shunt field
resistance is 50 .
•It has a full-load efficiency of 90%.
•Find the armature resistance.
•Also find the current corresponding to
maximum efficiency.
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•A 500 V, DC shunt generator has a full-load
current of 200 A. Its armature resistance is
0.08 ; shunt field resistance is 200 ; Iron
and mechanical losses together is 2000 W.
➢Find the full-load efficiency,
➢the load current at which efficiency is
maximum and
➢The value of maximum efficiency.
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To obtain maximum efficiency:
Constant loss = Variable loss
Constant losses = Shunt field copper loss + Stray loss
= 1250 + 2000
= 3250 W

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SWINBURNE’S TEST

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• Efficiency of the Machine as a Shunt Generator
• Efficiency of the Machine as a Shunt motor

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Efficiency of the Machine as a Shunt Generator

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 Efficiency of the Machine as a Shunt Motor
• Let the line current at which efficiency is to be determined be ‘IL’.
• The input power = V  IL watts
• Armature ‘Cu’ loss at this line current =(IL – Ish)2 Ra watts.

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➢A 220 V DC shunt motor takes 3
amperes at rated voltage on no-load.

➢Armature and field resistances are 0.5

ohms and 220 ohms respectively.

➢Calculate the efficiency of the motor for

load current of 40 amperes.
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• 83.46% Ans. 

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•A 100 kW, 400 V DC shunt generator was
run as a motor on no-load at rated voltage
and speed.
•The total current taken was 10 A including
a shunt current of 3 A.
•The resistance of the armature circuit at
normal temperature was 0.10 ohms.
•Calculate the efficiency of generator at full-
load.
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 HOPKINSON’S TEST
• This test is also called Regenerative test (or) Back to Back test (or)Heat run test
• The test requires two identical shunt machines which are coupled mechanically and also
connected electrically in parallel.
• One of them acts as a motor and the other as a generator. The motor
takes its input from the supply. The mechanical output of the motor
drives the generator.
• The electrical output of the generator is used as the input to the motor.
• Thus, output of each machine is fed as input to the other.
• When both machines are run on full-load, the input from supply will be
equal to the total losses of both the machines. Hence power input from
the supply is very small. Er.V.JayaKumar, AP/EEE 34
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• Thus the excitation of the generator shall always be greater than that of the motor.
• That is, the machine with smaller excitation acts as a motor.

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•The Hopkinson’s test on two shunt
machines gave the following results for full-
load.
•Line voltage 250 V
•Line current excluding field currents 50 A
•Motor armature current 380 A
•Field currents 5A and 4.2 A.
•Calculate the efficiency of each machine. Armature
resistance of each machine is 0.025 .
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•The line current 50A excluding field currents means
the field windings are excited by a separate DC
source.
•The losses supplied will only be the armature ‘Cu’
losses and stray losses.
•The machine with smaller excitation act as a motor.
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To find the efficiency of the motor:

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 To find the efficiency of the generator:
• Output power=V  Iag = 250  330 = 82500 W
• Shunt field copper loss = V  Ish = 250  5 = 1250 W

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• Motor Efficiency:Motor input=V  IL = 450  135 = 60,750 watts
Total losses = Stray loss + Copper loss = 816.02 + 2395.4=3211.42 W

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BREAK - Interval, Gap, Rupture
BRAKE – Make a moving vehicle slow down

ELECTRICAL BRAKING
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• If you stop pedalling your bicycle, it will eventually come to a
stop eventually after moving quite some distance.
• The initial kinetic energy stored, in this case dissipates as heat
in the friction of the road.
• However, to make the stopping faster, brake is applied with
the help of rubber brake shoes on the rim of the wheels.
• Thus stored K.E now gets two ways of getting dissipated, one
at the wheel-brake shoe interface (where most of the energy is
dissipated) and the other at the road-tier interface.
• This is a good method no doubt, but regular maintenance of
brake shoes due to wear and tear is necessary.
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 ELECTRIC BRAKING
• It is often necessary in many applications to stop a running motor
rather quickly.We know that any moving or rotating object acquires
kinetic energy.
• Therefore, how fast we can bring the object to rest will depend
essentially upon how quickly we can extract its kinetic energy and
make arrangement to dissipate that energy somewhere else.
• If a motor is simply disconnected from supply it will eventually
come to stop no doubt, but will take longer time particularly for
large motors having high rotational inertia.
• Because here the stored energy has to dissipate mainly through
bearing friction and wind friction.
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• The situation can be improved, by forcing the motor to operate as a
generator during braking.
• The idea can be understood remembering that in motor mode
electromagnetic torque acts along the direction of rotation while in
generator the electromagnetic torque acts in the opposite direction
of rotation.
• Thus by forcing the machine to operate as generator during the
braking period,
• A torque opposite to the direction of rotation will be imposed on the
shaft, Thereby helping the machine to come to stop quickly.
• During braking action, the initial K.E stored in the rotor is either
dissipated in an external resistance (or) fed back to the supply (or)
both. Er.V.JayaKumar, AP/EEE 56
 ELECTRIC BRAKING
• Using friction or electric braking, it is possible to bring a motor and its
load to rest quickly. In friction braking, it is difficult to get smooth stop.
• In electric braking, it is possible to stop the motor smoothly. There are
three kinds of electric braking.

• (i) Rheostatic (or) Dynamic braking

• (ii) Plugging (or) Reverse current braking and
• (iii) Regenerative braking

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Electric Braking of DC Shunt Motors

•Rheostatic (or) Dynamic braking

•Plugging (or) Reverse current braking &
•Regenerative braking

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Electric Braking of DC Series Motors

•Rheostatic (or) Dynamic braking

•Plugging (or) Reverse current braking a
•Regenerative braking

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Dynamic braking

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Plugging (or) Reverse current braking

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REGENERATIVE BRAKING

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•Mention the losses in a rotating machine.
•Draw the power flow diagram of a DC machines
•Write down the condition to obtain the maximum efficiency in a dc
machine.
•Mention the different methods of testing used to find the efficiency
of a dc machine.
•List out the drawback of direct method of testing in a dc machine.
•Write the advantages of Swinburne’s test.
•Name the different methods of electrical braking of dc motors.
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•Mention the advantages of Hopkinson’s test.
•List out the applications of Regenerative braking.
•List out the drawbacks of 3 point starter.
•Name the different methods of electrical braking of dc motors.

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•Condition for maximum efficiency.
•Swinburne’s test - expression
•Hopkinson’s test - expression
•Braking :- shunt motor or series motor
•Problem’s-Swinburne’s test
•Problem’s-Hopkinson’s test
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