Lesson 6: Booting, Initializing

and Virtualizing Linux

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 Objectives covered

o 101.2 Boot the system (weight: 3)

o 102.2 Install a boot manager (weight: 2)
o 101.3 Change runlevels / boot targets and shutdown or reboot
system (weight: 3)
o 102.6 Linux as a virtualization guest (weight: 1)

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 Change runlevels/boot targets
and shutdown or reboot system

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 Initialization systems

SysVinit Upstart systemd

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 SysVinit - Runlevels

Redhat based distros

Debian based distros

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 SysVinit – core files & directories
/etc/inittab

# grep :initdefault: /etc/inittab id:5:initdefault:

/etc/init.d

# ls -1F /etc/init.d/ anacron*

atd*
[...]
crond*
cups*
[...]
ntpd*
[...]
ypbind* yum-updatesd*

/etc/rc.d

# ls /etc/rc.d/
init.d rc0.d rc2.d rc4.d rc6.d rc.sysinit
rc rc1.d rc3.d rc5.d rc.local

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 SysVinit – working with runlevels

Default # grep :initdefault: /etc/inittab

runlevel id:5:initdefault:

Current # runlevel
runlevel N5

# init 3
# runlevel
Change N3
runlevel # telinit 3
# runlevel
N3

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 SysVinit – service utilities

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 systemd – Unit types
Unit types Description
.service describes how to manage a service or application on the server
.mount defines a mountpoint on the system to be managed by systemd
.automount configures a mountpoint that will be automatically mounted
.swap describes swap space on the system
.target describes information about a target unit of systemd, which is used for
grouping units and as well-known synchronization points during start-up
.path defines a path that can be used for path-based activation
.timer defines a timer that will be managed by systemd, similar to a cron job
for delayed or scheduled activation
.snapshot A .snapshot unit is created automatically by the systemctl
snapshot command
.device describes a device that has been designated as
needing systemd management by udev or the sysfs filesystem
others .slice, .scope, .socket

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 systemd – Service Unit files

/etc/systemd/system/

/run/systemd/system/

/usr/lib/systemd/system/

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 systemd – Service Unit file sections - Unit

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 systemd – Service Unit file sections - Service

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 systemd – Service Unit file sections - Install

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 systemd – Target Unit files

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 Steps to modify systemd configuration files

Copy config file to /etc/systemd/system/ to

modify (overridden) or create a subdirectory
named as <unit name>.d (Eg:
/etc/systemd/system/ntpd.d/) and create a
config file with .conf extension (extended)

Edit or adding new configuration to the config

file

Running the following command to review the

overridden or modified unit files
# systemd-delta

Reload the systemd daemon with following

command to make those changes effective
# systemctl daemon-reload

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 systemd – systemctl utilities

systemctl [OPTIONS] COMMAND [NAME]

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 systemd – systemctl other commands

Command Descriptions
list-units list of the units currently loaded in the Linux system
list-unit-files List of the available unit files and their enablement state
cat Display the unit file content
get-default Show the default target of the Linux system
is-active Displays active for running services and failed for any
service that has reached a failed state.
is-enabled Displays enabled for any service that is configured to
start at system boot and disabled for any service that is
not configured to start at system boot.
is-failed Displays failed for any service that has reached a failed
state and active for running services.

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 systemd – systemctl other commands
Command Descriptions
is-system-running Determine system’s operational status
isolate Change to different target unit

Available oerational statuses

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 Shutdown the system

shutdown [OPTION] TIME [WALL-MESSAGE]

shutdown option Descriptions

-r Restarting system after shutting down
-P Power off the system
-H Halt the system
-c Cancel the previous shutdown command

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 Notifying users

Method Descriptions
/etc/issue Contains text to be displayed on the tty
terminal login screens
/etc/issue.net Contains logon screen messages for remote
logins
/etc/motd Message of the Day file, contains text that is
displayed after a user has logged into a tty
terminal
notify-send command Sends messages to a user employing the GUI
wall ends messages (called wall messages) to users
logged into a tty terminal or who have a GUI
terminal emulator open and have their
message status set to “yes.”

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 Linux as a virtualization guest

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 Virtualization concepts

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 Virtualization concepts

Notes:
- Enable virtualization feature on your CPU
- Some hypervisor require x64 CPU

To specify your CPU feature:

# grep ^flags /proc/cpuinfo

- Intel based need: vmx

- AMD based need: svm

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 Creating VM methods

Cloning

VM from Import
from OVF P2V
scratch

Deploy
Template

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 Container vs VM

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 Cloud computing – Infrastructure as a Service

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 Question...!

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