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This document discusses transmission lines and how changing the dielectric material between conductors affects the characteristic impedance and reflection coefficients. It describes microstrip lines and strip lines and provides instructions for a LabView simulation to analyze changes when using different materials like alumina, teflon, resin, and air.

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Mayank Patil
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38 views3 pages

Me Exp4

This document discusses transmission lines and how changing the dielectric material between conductors affects the characteristic impedance and reflection coefficients. It describes microstrip lines and strip lines and provides instructions for a LabView simulation to analyze changes when using different materials like alumina, teflon, resin, and air.

Uploaded by

Mayank Patil
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Vidyavardhini’s College of Engineering & Technology

Department of Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering

Aim:
Find the change in characteristics impedance and reflection coefficients of the transmission
line by changing the dielectric properties of materials embedded between two conductors.

Theory
Transmission Lines:
The transmission lines are used as wave-guiding structures for transferring power and
information from one point to another. The transmission line is often schematically represented
as a two-wire line since transmission lines always have at least two conductors. A maximum
transfer of power from a given voltage source occurs under "matched conditions". A line is
matched when the load impedance is equal to the characteristic impedance of the line.

Figure1. The transmission line terminated with load impedance ZL

For a finite transmission line having a characteristic impedance Zo is terminated by a load


impedance of ZL, and the length of the line is "l". A sinusoidal voltage source Vg with an
internal impedance Zg is connected to the line at z=0. In such a case, the total voltage on the
line can be written as the sum of incident and reflected waves

V(z)= Vo+e-jβz + Vo-ejβz

Similarly, the total current on the line is described as:


I(z) = (Vo+ / Zo)e-jβz - (Vo- / Zo)ejβz

The total voltage and current at the load are related by the load impedance, so at z=0 we must
have
ZL = V(0) / I(0) = [(Vo+ + Vo-) / (Vo+ - Vo-)]*Zo

Solving for Vo- gives


Vo- = [(ZL - Zo) / (ZL + Zo)]*Vo+

The amplitude of the reflected voltage wave normalized to the amplitude of the incident
voltage wave is defined as the voltage reflection coefficient, Γ :
Γ = Vo- / Vo+ = (ZL - Zo) / (ZL + Zo)
From the above relation, we can see that only when Γ = 0, there is no reflected wave.
Vidyavardhini’s College of Engineering & Technology
Department of Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering

Strip Lines:
This is a planar type of transmission line that lends itself well to microwave-integrated circuitry
and photolithographic fabrication. A thin conducting strip of width 'W' is centered between two
wide conducting ground planes of separation 'H', the thickness of the strip is 'T' and the entire
region between the ground planes is filled with dielectric, εr. Since the strip line has two
conductors and a homogeneous dielectric, it can support a TEM wave, and this is the usual
mode of operation

Figure 1. Geometry of strip lines


Microstrip Lines: The microstrip line is one of the most popular types of planar transmission
lines because it can be fabricated by photolithographic processes and is easily integrated with
other passive and active microwave devices. The geometry of a microstrip line is shown in
the figure below. A conductor of width 'W' is printed on a thin, grounded dielectric substrate
of thickness 'h' and relative permittivity εr

Figure 2 Geometry of microstrip line


The presence of the dielectric, and particularly the fact that the dielectric does not fill the air
region above the strip, complicates the behavior of the microstrip line. The microstrip has some
(usually most) of its field lines in the dielectric region, concentrated between the strip conductor
and the ground plane, and some fraction in the air region above the substrate. For this reason,
the microstrip line cannot support a pure TEM wave, since the phase velocity of TEM fields in
the dielectric region would be c/√εr, but the phase velocity of TEM fields in the air region
would be c. Thus, a phase mismatch occurs at the dielectric- air interface. Microstrip lines
support quasi-TEM mode. Since some of the field lines are in the dielectric region and some
are in the air, the effective dielectric constant satisfies the relation: 1 < εe < εr and is dependent
on the substrate thickness, h, and the conductor width, W.
Vidyavardhini’s College of Engineering & Technology
Department of Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering

Procedure:
Please download the files to perform the actual experiment. The exe file is the LabView file
that will run on the Lab VIEW Run time Engine.
Step 1: Set the maximum frequency range between 5-10 GHz. Step 2: Select the type of
transmission line from the drop-down menu.
Step 3: Now select the sample material for which you wish to find the change in characteristic
impedance and reflection coefficient of the transmission line.
Step 4: Run the VI to see the characteristic impedance (Zo), the |Г| vs. frequency curve, and
the reflection coefficient phase angle vs. frequency curve.
Step 5: In case, you wish to see the characteristic impedance (Zo), the |Г| vs. frequency curve,
and the reflection coefficient phase angle vs. frequency curve for other sample materials, then
click stop and repeat steps 1, 2, and 3 before running the exe file again.
Observations:
Sr. Type of Observations
No. Transmission
line
1. Microstrip Line Frequency Dielectric Reflection Input
material coefficient impedance
10 GHz Alumina
Teflon
Resin
Air
2. Strip Line 10 GHz Alumina
Teflon
Resin
Air
3. Coaxial Cable 10 GHZ Alumina
Teflon
Resin
Air

Conclusion:
Explain the change in characteristic impedance and reflection coefficient magnitude and phase
for the Microstrip line.

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