NATIONAL ECONOMICS UNIVERSITY

SCHOOL OF INFORMATIONS TECHONOLOGY & DIGITAL ECONOMICS

BASIC INFORMATICS

Nguyen Thi Bach Tuyet, PhD

 NATIONAL ECONOMICS UNIVERSITY
SCHOOL OF INFORMATIONS TECHONOLOGY & DIGITAL ECONOMICS

Chapter 1
COMPUTER FUNDAMENTALS

NGUYEN THI BACH TUYET, PHD

 CONTENTS
1.1 Basic Applications of Computer
1.2 Hardware
1.2.1 Concept of Computer
1.2.2 Components of Computer
1.2.3 Types of Computer
1.3 Software
1.3.1 Application Software
1.3.2 Systems Software
1.4 Concept of Data, Information
1.5. Internet

©Viện CNTT & Kinh tế số

1.1. Basic Application of Computer
› Industrial Revolution 4.0
› Digital Transformation
› Digital Economy
› Informatics
› Information Technology (IT)
› Communication

Nguyen Thi Bach Tuyet, PhD

The Four Industrial Revolution
Digital Transformation
Digital Economy

Nguyen Thi Bach Tuyet, PhD

What is Informatics?
› Study of how information is collected, stored,
manipulated, classified, organized, retrieved,
visualized, ....
Information Technology (IT)
Communication
Chapter 1. COMPUTER FUNDAMENTALS

1.2. CONCEPT of HARDWARE

Nguyen Thi Bach Tuyet, PhD

1.2.1. What Is A Computer?
› A computer is an electronic device, operating under the
control of instructions (software) stored in its own
memory unit, that can accept data (input), manipulate
data (process), and produce information (output) from
the processing. Generally, the term is used to describe a
collection of devices that function together as a system
Devices that comprise a computer system
1.2.2. Components Of A Computer
(1) Input Devices
(1) Input Devices
(2) Output Devices
(3) Memory Unit
Internal & External Storage

Secondary
Memory
(3.1) Primary Memory
(3.1) Primary Memory
(3.2) Secondary Memory
›Stores data and programs permanently: its retained
after the power is turned off
1. Hard drive (HD)
2. Optical Disk
3. Flash Disk
Compare Primary Memory & Secondary
Memory
(4) Arithmetic & Logical Unit
›As the name suggests, all the mathematical calculations
or arithmetic operations are performed in the Arithmetic
and Logical Unit of the CPU.
›It can also perform actions like a comparison of data
and decision-making actions. The ALU comprises circuits
using which addition, subtraction, multiplication, division
and other numerical based calculations can be
performed.
(5) Control Unit
› This is the core unit which manages the entire functioning of the
computer device. It is one of the most essential components of the
computer system.
› The Control Unit collects the data entered using the input unit,
leads it on for processing and once that is done, receives the output
and presents it to the user. It can be said to the centre of all
processing actions taking place inside a computer device.
› Basically, the instructions taken, interpretation of entered data,
issuing signals to execute the data and then finally retrieving the
data is all done in the Control Unit
Peripheral Devices
Central Processing Unit (CPU)
› The Central Processing Unit is the core of any
computer devices. It comprises of three major
components of the computer which have been
discussed above:
• Memory Unit
• Control Unit
• Arithmetic and Logical Unit
Storage capacity measurement
› Bit:
– Short for binary digit
– Smallest element of data
– Either 0 or 1
› Byte:
– Group of 8 bits, which operate as a single unit
– Represent one character or number
Storage capacity measurement
ASCII code: American Standard Code for Information Interchange.

- 1 character = 8 bit (1 byte - B)

1KB (Kilo byte) = 210B = 1024 B (one thousand bytes)

1MB (Mega byte) = 210KB = 1024 KB (one million bytes)

1GB (Giga byte) = 210MB = 1024 MB (one billion bytes)

1TB (Tera byte) = 210GB = 1024 GB (one trillion bytes)

1PB (Peta byte) = 210TB = 1024 TB (one quadrillion bytes)

EB (ExaByte), ZB (ZettaByte) và YB (YottaBye)

Representing characters in bytes
What Does A Computer Do?
› Computers can perform four general operations,
which comprise the information processing cycle
Why Is A Computer So Powerful?
› The ability to perform the information processing cycle
with amazing speed
› Reliability (low failure rate)
› Accuracy
› Ability to store huge amounts of data and information
› Ability to communicate with other computers

Nguyen Thi Bach Tuyet, PhD

How does a computer know What to do?
› It must be given a detailed list of instructions, called a
compute program or software, that tells it exactly what
to do.
› Before processing a specific job, the computer program
corresponding to that job must be stored in memory.
› Once the program is stored in memory the compute can
start the operation by executing the program instructions
one after the other.

Nguyen Thi Bach Tuyet, PhD

1.2.3. Types of Computers

Computers

Super Mini Micro

Mainframe
Computer Computer Computer
(1) Supercomputer
› Fastest and expensive
› Used by applications for molecular chemistry,
nuclear research, weather reports, and advanced
physics
› Consists of several computers that work in parallel
as a single system
(2) Mainframe
› Known as enterprise servers
› Occupies entire rooms or floors
› Used for centralized computing
› Serve distributed users and small servers in a
computing networ
(2) Mainframe
› Characteristics:
– Bigger in size than minicomputers
– Very expensive (Cost millions of dollar)
– Support a few hundred users simultaneously (Multi-
Users)
– Difficult to use n More computing power than
minicomputers
– Have to be kept in a special air-conditioned room
– Used in big business organizations and government
departments
(2) Mainframe
› Areas where mainframes are used
– Airline reservation
– Big banks with hundreds of branches located all over the world
– Big universities with thousands of enrollment
– Natural gas and oil exploration companies
– Space Vehicle control
– Weather forecasting
– Animated Cartoon
– Some mainframes are designed to be extremely fast and called super
computers. It is used for space launching, monitoring and controlling
(3) Minicomputer
› Bigger size than PCs
– Expensive than PCs n Multi-User
– Difficult to use
– More computing power than PCs
– Used by medium sized business organizations, colleges, libraries and
banks
› Uses of Minicomputer
– Control of Automated Teller Machine (ATMs)
– Payroll
– Hospital patients registration
– Inventory Control for supermarket
– Insurance claims processing
– Small bank accounting and customer details tracking
(4) Microcomputer
Microcomputer: Can be classified into
Desktop Portable
• Sits on desks, rarely • Can be moved easily
moved, large and from place to place
bulky. • Weight may varies n
• Memory capacity, Small PCs are popular
graphics capacity and known as laptop n
software availability Widely used by students,
vary from one scientist, reporters, etc
computer to another
Used both for
business and home
1.3 Computer Software
› Computer software is the key to productive use of
computers. Software can be categorized into two
types:
– Operating system software
– Application software
Software

Software
Types of Computer Software
Operating System Software
› Operating system software tells the computer how to
perform the functions of loading, storing and
executing an application and how to transfer data.
Operating System Software
DOS (MS-DOS,PC-DOS)
WINDOWS
OS/2
Macintosh
Unix
Android; IOS; Ubuntu; Linux; AmigaOS;
BeOS; Bada OS; Chrome OS; Debian; Fedora;
FreeBSD; Palm OS; Solaris; Symbian OS;
Windows Phone; Sailfish OS…
Application Software
› Application Software consists of programs that tell
a computer how to produce information. Some of
the more commonly used packages are:
– Word processing
– Electronic spreadsheet
– Database
– Presentation graphic
How computer works

49
Question
1. What is Erica’s position at Amazon?
2. What can Erica bring to work everyday that makes her happy?
3. What team does Jerome belong to?
4. Give some examples of hardware from the video:
5. Software is all computer programs or … running on the machine
6. … is the master chip that controls all the other parts of the computer
7. … is the most basic form of software and it controls all the hardware of a
computer.
8. … let you type in commands in something that looks a lot like English.
9. The …. is a program with special abilities that let it control the other software on
the computer.
10. The only thing that makes the computer smart, or useful, is …
1.4. Data, Information and Knowledge
What is the difference between data, information and knowledge?
 Data
› Data are raw facts
and figures that on
their own have no
meaning
› These can be any
alphanumeric
characters i.e. text,
numbers, symbols
Data Examples
Yes, Yes, No, Yes, No, Yes, No, Yes
42, 63, 96, 74, 56, 86
111192, 111234

None of the above data sets have any meaning until

they are given a CONTEXT and PROCESSED into a
useable form
Data Into Information
› To achieve its aims the organisation will need to
process data into information.
› Data needs to be turned into meaningful
information and presented in its most useful
format
› Data must be processed in a context in order
to give it meaning
Information
› Data that has been processed within a context to
give it meaning

OR

› Data that has been processed into a form that

gives it meaning
Relationship of Data & Information
Central Goal of Informatics
Data -> Information -> Knowledge
› Data acquisition explosion
– {Remote} sensing/scanning technologies, motes, ....
– Automated data collection
› Biology: Experiments can collect 1 Gigabyte (GB)/day (10^9 bytes)
› Astronomy: 1 Terabyte/day (10^12 bytes)
› Information
– Automated “curation” of data
– Store, organize, manipulate, retrieve
› Knowledge
– Automation of hypothesis formation & experimentation: “machine
learning”
– Working on this!
› Informatics delivers this process as a system
Data -> Information -> Knowledge
Data Information Knowledge Wisdom Pyramid
Flood of Information
› Study estimated that all phone
calls in 2002 contained about
17 exabytes (EB) of new
information
– 1 exabyte = 1 billion GB
› All conversation ever had by
human beings (saved as text) =
5 EB (maybe)
› Huge gap in data acquisition
and informationàknowledge
capacity
The Value of Information
› It is often said that we are in the information age, and
that information is a valuable commodity.
› Why is information valuable? Because:
– It allows us to plan how to run our business more effectively –
e.g. shops can stock what customers want, when they want it,
and manufacturers can anticipate demand
– Marketing materials can be targeted at people and customers
that you know could be interested in your products and services
– This can lead to increased customer satisfaction and therefore
profit
Good Quality Information
› The characteristics of good quality information – it
should be:
• Accurate
• Up-to-date
• Relevant
• Complete
• On-time
• Appropriately presented
• Intelligible
Internet
› WWW
› Search information in Internet
– Exactly phase " "
– Image
– PDF Files
– Book
– ....

Nguyen Thi Bach Tuyet, PhD

Set default location to save files that download
form Internet
› Chrome://settings
› Download
Compose a electronic mail and send
› Click New Message

Địa chỉ email của người nhận

Tạo thêm bản sao của thư cho những người
dùng khác
Gửi bản sao của thư cho địa chỉ Email khác,
những người nhận được mail không nhìn thấy địa
chỉ của nhau
Tiêu đề thư điện tử
Vùng soạn nội dung thư điện tử
Tạo chữ ký Email trong Outlook
› Truy cập trang chủ Outlook.com và đăng nhập bằng tài
khoản Outlook hoặc Microsoft
› Bước 2: Nhấn vào biểu tượng Settings (Cài đặt), trong ô
tìm kiếm nhập vào từ khóa “Email Signature” (hoặc
chọn View all Outlook settings ->Mail -> Compose and
reply)

Email Signature
Tạo chữ ký Email trong Outlook
Nhập tên, chức danh, tên công ty, địa chỉ email …
xuất hiện trong chữ ký

Tự động hiển thị chữ ký ở cuối thư

tạo mới

Tự động hiển thị chữ ký ở cuối tất cả

các thư trả lời và thư chuyển tiếp,
Study Questions
1.What is application software?
2.What was invented first, the personal computer or the
Internet (ARPANET)?
3.What does it mean to say we are in a “post-PC world”?
4.What is Carr’s main argument about information
technology?
Question?

NGUYEN THI BACH TUYET, PHD

THANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTION

©VIỆN CNTT & KINH TẾ SỐ