MOBILE COMPUTING

ETIT-452

Faculty name: Mr. Saurabh Rastogi Name: Harsh

Roll No.: 05614802720
Semester: 8th
Group: 8C4

Maharaja Agrasen Institute of Technology,

PSP Area, Sector – 22, Rohini, New Delhi – 110086
MAHARAJA AGRASEN INSTITUTE OF
TECHNOLOGY

VISION
To nurture young minds in a learning environment of high academic value and imbibe spiritual
and ethical values with technological and management competence.

MISSION
The Institute shall endeavour to incorporate the following basic missions in the
teaching methodology:

Engineering Hardware – Software Symbiosis

Practical exercises in all Engineering and Management disciplines shall becarried
out by Hardware equipment as well as the related software enabling deeper
understanding of basic concepts and encouraging inquisitive nature.

Life – Long Learning

The Institute strives to match technological advancements and encourage students to
keep updating their knowledge for enhancing their skills and inculcating their habit of
continuous learning.

Liberalization and Globalization

The Institute endeavour’s to enhance technical and management skills ofstudents
so that they are intellectually capable and competent professionals with Industrial
Aptitude to face the challenges of globalization.

Diversification
The Engineering, Technology and Management disciplines have diverse fields of studies with
different attributes. The aim is to create a synergy of the above attributes by encouraging
analytical thinking.

Digitization of Learning Processes

The Institute provides seamless opportunities for innovative learning in all Engineering and
Management disciplines through digitization of learning processes using analysis, synthesis,
simulation, graphics, tutorials and related tools to create a platform for multi-disciplinary
approach.

2
 MAHARAJA AGRASEN INSTITUTE OF
TECHNOLOGY

COMPUTER SCIENCE & ENGINEERING

DEPARTMENT

VISION
To Produce “Critical thinkers of Innovative Technology”

MISSION
To provide an excellent learning environment across the computer science
discipline to inculcate professional behaviour, strong ethical values,
innovative research capabilities and leadership abilities which enable
them to become successful entrepreneurs in this globalized world.

1. To nurture an excellent learning environment that helps students to

enhance their problem-solving skills and to prepare students to be
lifelong learners by offering a solid theoretical foundation with applied
computing experiences and educating them about their professional,
and ethical responsibilities.
2. To establish Industry-Institute Interaction, makingstudents ready
for the industrial environment and be successful in their professional
lives.
3. To promote research activities in the emerging areas of technology
convergence.
4. To build engineers who can look into technical aspects of an
engineering solution thereby setting a ground for producing successful
entrepreneur.

3
 MOBILE COMPUTING LAB
ETIT – 452
LAB ASSESSMENT SHEET

Exp Marks Total Marks

No. Experiment Name Signature
R1 R2 R3 R4 R5
1. Write a WML program to print a
formatted text on the mobile screen
using various tags.
2. Write a WML program to connect
multiple cards from the same deck.

3. Write a WML program to display a

table with three columns Image
Name, Image, and third column
contains a hyperlink to another card.
4. Write a WML program to create a
form with multiple options.

5. Write a WML program to use time

control and to trigger on pick event.
Write a WML script to find
6. maximum out of two numbers
with help of inbuilt function
Lang.Max() and to find absolute
value with help of inbuilt
function Lang.abs()
7. Write a Program in NS3 to
Simulate OLSR
8. Write a Program in NS3
to simulate AODV
9. Make an application of
your choice using WML or
Android.
10. Write a Android Program
design an application using
Hybrid Approach.
11. Program to develop calling
application.(Android)
12. Program to develop a
mailing application.
(Android)

4
 Index
Name: Harsh
Roll No.: 05614802720
Semester: 8th
Group: 8C4

Date of
Date of
Ex.no Experiment Name performanc Marks Signature
checking
e
Write a WML program to
print a formatted Text onthe
01.
mobile Screen using
various tags.
Write a WML program to
02. connect multiple cards from
same deck.

Write WML program to

display table with three
columns Image name,
03.
Image and third column
contain hyperlink to open
another card.
Write a WML program to
04. create a form with multiple
options.
Write a WML program to
05. use the time control and to
trigger On pick event
Write a WML script to find
maximum out of two
numbers with help of
06. inbuilt function Lang.Max()
and to find absolute value
with help of inbuilt function
Lang.abs()

Write a Program in NS3 to

07.
Simulate OLSR

08.
Write a Program in NS3 to
Simulate AODV

5
09.
Make an application of your
choice using WML or
Android.
10.
Write a Android Program
design an application using
Hybrid Approach.
11.
Program to develop calling
application.(Android)

Program to develop a
12.
mailing application. (Android)

6
 Experiment 1
AIM: Write a WML program to print a formatted Text on the mobileScreen using various
tags.

Theory:
Attribute Value Description
Align left Aligns the paragraph. Default is "left"
right
cen
ter
Mode wrap Sets whether a paragraph should wrap lines
nowrap or not.
xml:lang language_code Sets the language used in the element
Class Cdata Sets a class name for the element. The
class name is case sensitive. An element
can be connected to multiple classes.
Multiple class names within the class
attribute
are separated by white space
Id Id Sets a unique name for the element

WML Elements
<b> Defines bold text
<big> Defines big text
<em> Defines emphasized text
<i> Defines italic text
<small> Defines small text
<strong> Defines strong text
<u> Defines underlined text
Purpose
<!--> Defines a WML comment
<wml> Defines a WML deck (WML root)
<head> Defines head information
<meta> Defines meta information
<card> Defines a card in a deck
<access> Defines information about the access control of a deck
<template> Defines a code template for all the cards in a deck

7
Code:
<?xml version="1.0"?>
<!DOCTYPE wml PUBLIC "-//WAPFORUM//DTD WML 1.3//EN"
"http://www.wapforum.org/DTD/wml13.dtd">
<wml>
<card id="ABC" title="Practical 1">
<p>
Hello World
</p>
<onevent type="ontimer">
<go href="#ABC1"/>
</onevent>
<timer value="50"/>
</card>
</wml>
Output:

8
 VIVA QUESTIONS

Q1: What is the use of WML decks?

A1: WML decks are used in WAP (Wireless Application Protocol) to structure and present content in
a mobile application or website.

Q2: What is WSDL?

A2: WSDL (Web Services Description Language) is an XML-based language used to describe web
services and their operations, data types, and communication protocols.

Q3: What are the WML variables? How to use them?

A3: WML variables are used to store and manipulate data in WML (Wireless Markup Language).
They can be declared using the <variable> tag and accessed using expressions within WML decks.

Q4: How can we refresh card variables?

A4: Card variables in WML can be refreshed by assigning new values to them using appropriate
WML tags or elements, such as <setvar> or <go> tags, within the WML deck.

9
 Experiment 2
AIM: Write a WML program to connect multiple cards from same desk.

Code:
<?xml version="1.0"?>
<!DOCTYPE wml PUBLIC "-//WAPFORUM//DTD WML 1.3//EN"
"http://www.wapforum.org/DTD/wml13.dtd">

<wml>
<card id="CardNo.1" title="Program2Card1">
<p>You Are Visiting Card 1</p>
<do type="accept" name="CardNo.2" label="Continue">
<go href="#CardNo.2"/>
</do>
</card>

<card id="CardNo.2" title="Program2Card2">

<p>You Are Visiting Card 2</p>
<do type="accept" name="CardNo.3" label="Continue">
<go href="#CardNo.3"/>
</do>
</card>
<card id="CardNo.3" title="Program2Card3">
<p>You Are Visiting Card 3</p>
<do type="accept" name="CardNo.1" label="Go Back">
<go href="#CardNo.1"/>
</do>
</card>
</wml>

10
Output:

11
 VIVA QUESTIONS

Q1: What is the use of XML?

A1: XML (Extensible Markup Language) is used for storing and transporting data. It provides a
platform-independent and self-describing format that is widely used in web services, data exchange,
configuration files, and more.

Q2: What is metadata?

A2: Metadata refers to data that provides information about other data. It describes characteristics
such as the structure, format, context, and properties of data, allowing for better organization,
searchability, and interpretation of the actual data.

Q3: What is the difference between HTML and WML?

A3: HTML (Hypertext Markup Language) is used for creating web pages and is primarily designed
for desktop browsers. WML (Wireless Markup Language) is a markup language for creating content
on mobile devices, particularly for wireless application protocols. The main difference lies in their
target platforms and device compatibility.

Q4: What is an XML DOM Document?

A4: XML DOM (Document Object Model) Document represents the XML structure as a
hierarchical tree-like structure. It provides a programming interface for accessing and manipulating
XML documents, allowing developers to navigate, modify, and update XML content
programmatically.

12
 Experiment 3
AIM: Write WML program to display table with three columns Image name, Image and
third column contain hyperlink to open another card.

Code:
<?xml version="1.0"?>
<!DOCTYPE wml PUBLIC "-//WAPFORUM//DTD WML 1.3//EN"
"http://www.wapforum.org/DTD/wml13.dtd">

<wml>
<card id="CardNo.1" title="Program3Card1">
<p>
<table columns="3" align="LCR">
<tr>
<td>Image Name</td>
<td>Image</td>
<td>Link</td>
</tr>

<tr>
<td>Thumb Image</td>
<td><img src="thumb.wbmp" alt="Thumb Image"/></td>
<td><anchor><a href="#CardNo.2">CardNo2</a></anchor></td>
</tr>

<tr>
<td>Heart Image</td>
<td><img src="heart.wbmp" alt="Heart Image"/></td>
<td><anchor><a href="#CardNo.3">CardNo3</a></anchor></td>
</tr>
</table>
</p>
</card>
<card id="CardNo.2" title="Program3Card2">
<p>You Are Visiting Card 2</p>
<do type="accept" name="CardNo.3" label="Continue">
<go href="#CardNo.3"/>
</do>
</card>
<card id="CardNo.3" title="Program3Card3">
<p>You Are Visiting Card 3</p>

13
 <do type="accept" name="CardNo.1" label="Go Back">
<go href="#CardNo.1"/>
</do>
</card>
</wml>

Output:

14
 VIVA QUESTIONS

Q1: What is the function of WAP Gateway?

A1: The function of a WAP (Wireless Application Protocol) Gateway is to translate and route
data between the wireless network and the Internet, enabling communication between mobile
devices and web-based applications.

Q2: What is Distillation technique in WAP?

A2: The distillation technique in WAP refers to the process of optimizing web content to fit the
limited screen size and bandwidth of mobile devices, ensuring efficient delivery and improved
user experience.

Q3: What is the use of UAProf?

A3: UAProf (User Agent Profile) is used to provide device-specific information, such as
capabilities and features, to web servers. It helps in adapting the content and services to the
capabilities of the accessing device.

Q4: Why is WML called a lightweight language?

A4: WML (Wireless Markup Language) is considered a lightweight language because it is

designed to be simple and compact, enabling efficient processing and rendering on resource-
constrained mobile devices with limited processing power and memory.

15
 Experiment 4
AIM: Write a WML program to create a form with multiple options.

Code:
<?xml version="1.0"?>
<!DOCTYPE wml PUBLIC "-//WAPFORUM//DTD WML 1.2//EN"
"http://www.wapforum.org/DTD/wml12.dtd">

<wml>

<card title="Practical4">
<p> Select a Tutorial :
<select>
<option value="htm">HTML Tutorial</option>
<option value="xml">XML Tutorial</option>
<option value="wap">WAP Tutorial</option>
</select>
</p>
</card>

</wml>

Output:

16
 VIVA QUESTIONS

Q1: What is the push and pull technique in WAP?

A1: In WAP (Wireless Application Protocol), the push technique involves the server initiating
communication and pushing content to the mobile device, while the pull technique involves the
mobile device initiating communication and pulling content from the server.

Q2: List out the databases used to store data of WML pages.

A2: The databases commonly used to store data of WML pages are SQLite, MySQL, and Oracle
Database.

Q3: What are the advantages of using XML DOM document?

A3: The advantages of using XML DOM (Document Object Model) include easy navigation and
manipulation of XML data, platform independence, and support for standardized APIs across
different programming languages.

Q4: What is DTD?

A4: DTD (Document Type Definition) is a set of rules that define the structure, elements, and data
types of an XML document. It is used to validate and enforce the structure and integrity of XML
documents.

17
 Experiment 5
AIM: Write a WML program to use the time control and to trigger On pickevent.

Code:
<?xml version="1.0"?>
<!DOCTYPE wml PUBLIC "-//WAPFORUM//DTD WML 1.3//EN"
"http://www.wapforum.org/DTD/wml13.dtd">

<wml>
<card id="ABC" title="Practical 5">
<p>
Hello World
</p>
<onevent type="ontimer">
<go href="#ABC1"/>
</onevent>
<timer value="100"/>
</card>
<card id="ABC1" title="Practical 5">
<p>Select a Tutorial :
<select title="tutorials" name="selection_list">
<option onpick="#xhtml">XHTML Tutorial</option>
<option onpick="#wap">WAP Tutorial</option>
</select>
</p>
</card>
<card id="xhtml" title="Practical 5">
<p>
XHTML stands for EXtensible HyperText Markup Language.
</p>
</card>
<card id="wap" title="Practical 5">
<p>
Wireless Application Protocol (WAP) is a technical standard for
accessing information over a mobile wireless network.
</p>
</card>
</wml>

18
Output:

19
 VIVA QUESTIONS

Q1: Does WAP run over GPRS?

A1: Yes, WAP (Wireless Application Protocol) can run over GPRS (General Packet Radio
Service), which is a mobile data network technology.

Q2: Which security is used in WAP?

A2: WAP uses WTLS (Wireless Transport Layer Security) as the security protocol to provide
secure communication between mobile devices and servers.

Q3: Is WML case sensitive?

A3: No, WML (Wireless Markup Language) is not case sensitive. The tags, attributes, and
values can be written in any case (uppercase or lowercase).

Q4: What does the `<postfield>` tag do?

A4: The `<postfield>` tag in WML is used to send user input data, such as form field values, to
the server using the HTTP POST method. It allows data to be submitted in the body of an
HTTP request.

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 Experiment 6
AIM : Write a WML script to find maximum out of two numbers with helpof inbuilt
function Lang.Max() and to find absolute value with help of inbuilt function Lang.abs().

Code:
lang.max():
<?xml version="1.0"?>
<!DOCTYPE wml PUBLIC "-//WAPFORUM//DTD WML 1.3//EN"
"http://www.wapforum.org/DTD/wml13.dtd">

<wml>
<card id="card1" title="WMLScript Tutorial">
<p>
<a href="findmax.wmls#findmax()">Find Maximum Out Of
Two.</a><br/>
<br>
First Number: $(number1)<br>
Second Number: $(number2)<br>
Maximum One: $(maxnumber)
</p>
</card>
</wml>

lang.abs():
<?xml version="1.0"?>
<!DOCTYPE wml PUBLIC "-//WAPFORUM//DTD WML 1.3//EN"
"http://www.wapforum.org/DTD/wml13.dtd">

<wml>
<card id="card1" title="WMLScript Tutorial">
<p>
<fieldset title="Enter The Number: ">
n : <input name="N" size="12" format="*N"/>
</fieldset><br/>
<do type="accept" name="CardNo.2" label="Enter">
<go href="findmax.wmls#findabs(-8)"/>
</do>
<br>
</p>

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 <p>
First Number: $(number)<br>
ABS Number: $(absnumber)
</p>
</card>
</wml>

Custom function[findmax()]:
extern function findmax()
{
var result1 = Dialogs.prompt("Enter 1st number", "");
var result2 = Dialogs.prompt("Enter 2cd number", "");
var maxnum = Lang.max(result1, result2);
WMLBrowser.setVar("number1", result1);
WMLBrowser.setVar("number2", result2);
WMLBrowser.setVar("maxnumber", maxnum);
WMLBrowser.go("p6.wml#card2");
}
extern function findabs(n)
{
var absnum = Lang.abs(n);
WMLBrowser.setVar("number", n);
WMLBrowser.setVar("absnumber", absnum);
WMLBrowser.go("p6.2.wml#card3");
};

Output:

22
23
 VIVA QUESTIONS

1. What is the function of WMLScript?

WMLScript serves the function of providing scripting capabilities for WAP

(Wireless Application Protocol) devices, enabling client-side interactivity and
dynamic behavior in mobile applications.

2. What is the use of WML in WMLScript?

WML (Wireless Markup Language) is used in conjunction with WMLScript to

structure and present content in WAP applications, while WMLScript adds
client-side scripting logic for tasks like form validation, data processing, and user
interaction.

3. What is the use of WML decks? - WMLScript

WML decks in WAP applications are utilized to structure and present content,
while WMLScript can be incorporated within WML decks to introduce scripting
capabilities and enhance interactivity.

4. What is the process where WML cards request the device to access WAP? -
WMLScript

The process of requesting device access to WAP is typically facilitated through

WMLScript, which communicates with the underlying protocols of the device to
initiate the WAP connection.

5. What is the support of mobile devices for WMLScript?

WMLScript is generally supported by mobile devices that adhere to the WAP

standard. However, the extent of support may vary across different devices and
platforms.

6. What is the process of adding client-side logic to WAP using WMLScript?

To add client-side logic to WAP, the process involves integrating WMLScript

within the WML deck, implementing event handlers and functions to manage
user interactions, form submissions, and other dynamic behaviors on the mobile
device.

24
 Experiment 7
AIM: Write a Program in NS3 to Simulate OLSR.

Code:
#include <iostream>
#include <fstream>
#include <string>
#include <cassert>
#include "ns3/core-module.h"
#include "ns3/network-module.h"
#include "ns3/internet-module.h"
#include "ns3/point-to-point-module.h"
#include "ns3/applications-module.h"
#include "ns3/olsr-helper.h"
#include "ns3/ipv4-static-routing-helper.h"
#include "ns3/ipv4-list-routing-helper.h"

using namespace ns3;

NS_LOG_COMPONENT_DEFINE ("SimplePointToPointOlsrExample");

int main (int argc, char *argv[])

{
// Users may find it convenient to turn on explicit debugging
// for selected modules; the below lines suggest how to do this
#if 0
LogComponentEnable ("SimpleGlobalRoutingExample", LOG_LEVEL_INFO);
#endif

// Set up some default values for the simulation. Use the

Config::SetDefault ("ns3::OnOffApplication::PacketSize", UintegerValue (210));

Config::SetDefault ("ns3::OnOffApplication::DataRate", StringValue ("448kb/s"));

//DefaultValue::Bind ("DropTailQueue::m_maxPackets", 30);

// Allow the user to override any of the defaults and the above
// DefaultValue::Bind ()s at run-time, via command-line arguments
CommandLinecmd;
cmd.Parse (argc, argv);

// Here, we will explicitly create four nodes. In more sophisticated

25
// topologies, we could configure a node factory.
NS_LOG_INFO ("Create nodes.");
NodeContainer c;
c. Create (5);
NodeContainer n02 = NodeContainer (c.Get (0), c.Get (2));
NodeContainer n12 = NodeContainer (c.Get (1), c.Get (2));
NodeContainer n32 = NodeContainer (c.Get (3), c.Get (2));
NodeContainer n34 = NodeContainer (c.Get (3), c.Get (4));

// Enable OLSR

NS_LOG_INFO ("Enabling OLSR Routing.");

OlsrHelperolsr;

Ipv4StaticRoutingHelper staticRouting;

Ipv4ListRoutingHelperlist; list.Add (staticRouting, 0);

list.Add (olsr, 10);

InternetStackHelper internet;
internet.SetRoutingHelper (list); // has effect on the next Install ()
internet.Install (c);

// We create the channels first without any IP addressing information

NS_LOG_INFO ("Create channels.");
PointToPointHelper p2p;
p2p.SetDeviceAttribute ("DataRate", StringValue ("5Mbps"));
p2p.SetChannelAttribute ("Delay", StringValue ("2ms"));
NetDeviceContainer nd02 = p2p.Install (n02);
NetDeviceContainer nd12 = p2p.Install (n12);
p2p.SetDeviceAttribute ("DataRate", StringValue ("1500kbps"));
p2p.SetChannelAttribute ("Delay", StringValue ("10ms"));
NetDeviceContainer nd32 = p2p.Install (n32);
NetDeviceContainer nd34 = p2p.Install (n34);

// Later, we add IP addresses.

NS_LOG_INFO ("Assign IP Addresses.");
Ipv4AddressHelper ipv4;
ipv4.SetBase ("10.1.1.0", "255.255.255.0");
Ipv4InterfaceContainer i02 = ipv4.Assign (nd02);

ipv4.SetBase ("10.1.2.0", "255.255.255.0");

Ipv4InterfaceContainer i12 = ipv4.Assign (nd12);

26
 ipv4.SetBase ("10.1.3.0", "255.255.255.0");
Ipv4InterfaceContainer i32 = ipv4.Assign (nd32);

ipv4.SetBase ("10.1.4.0", "255.255.255.0");

Ipv4InterfaceContainer i34 = ipv4.Assign (nd34);

// Create the OnOff application to send UDP datagrams of size

// 210 bytes at a rate of 448 Kb/s from n0 to n4
NS_LOG_INFO ("Create Applications.");
uint16_t port = 9; // Discard port (RFC 863)

OnOffHelper onoff ("ns3::UdpSocketFactory", InetSocketAddress (i34.GetAddress

(1), port));
onoff.SetConstantRate (DataRate ("448kb/s"));

ApplicationContainer apps = onoff.Install (c.Get (0));

apps.Start (Seconds (1.0));

apps.Stop (Seconds (10.0));

// Create a packet sink to receive these packets

PacketSinkHelpersink ("ns3::UdpSocketFactory", InetSocketAddress
(Ipv4Address::GetAny (), port));

apps = sink.Install (c.Get (3));

apps.Start (Seconds (1.0));
apps.Stop (Seconds (10.0));

// Create a similar flow from n3 to n1, starting at time 1.1 seconds

onoff.SetAttribute ("Remote", AddressValue (InetSocketAddress (i12.GetAddress (0),
port)));
apps = onoff.Install (c.Get (3));
apps.Start (Seconds (1.1));
apps.Stop (Seconds (10.0));

// Create a packet sink to receive these packets apps = sink.Install (c.Get (1));
apps.Start (Seconds (1.1));
apps.Stop (Seconds (10.0));

AsciiTraceHelper ascii;
p2p.EnableAsciiAll (ascii.CreateFileStream ("simple-point-to-point-olsr.tr"));
p2p.EnablePcapAll ("simple-point-to-point-olsr");

Simulator::Stop (Seconds (30));

27
 NS_LOG_INFO ("Run Simulation.");
Simulator::Run ();
Simulator::Destroy ();
NS_LOG_INFO ("Done.");

return 0;
}

Output:

28
 VIVA QUESTIONS

Q1: What are the security issues in ad hoc networks?

A1: Some security issues in ad hoc networks include node authentication, secure routing, data
confidentiality, denial-of-service attacks, and secure key management.

Q2: What is multicasting?

A2: Multicasting is a communication method in which data is sent from one sender to multiple
recipients simultaneously, allowing efficient data distribution in networks.

Q3: What is MANET?

A3: MANET stands for Mobile Ad hoc Network, which is a self-configuring network of mobile
devices that communicate without a centralized infrastructure, making it suitable for dynamic and
mobile environments.

Q4: What are the characteristics of MANETs?

A4: Characteristics of MANETs include decentralized network architecture, dynamic topology,

limited bandwidth, energy constraints, frequent node mobility, and the need for efficient routing
protocols to handle network changes.

29
 Experiment 8
AIM: Write a Program in NS3 to Simulate AODV.

Code:
#include "ns3/aodv-module.h"
#include "ns3/core-module.h"
#include "ns3/network-module.h"
#include "ns3/internet-module.h"
#include "ns3/mobility-module.h"
#include "ns3/point-to-point-module.h"
#include "ns3/wifi-module.h"
#include "ns3/v4ping-helper.h"
#include <iostream>
#include <cmath>
using namespace ns3;

class AodvExample{
public:
AodvExample ();
bool Configure (int argc, char **argv);
void Run ();
void Report (std::ostream & os);

private:

// parameters uint32_t size;

doublestep;
doubletotalTime;
boolpcap;
boolprintRoutes;

// network NodeContainernodes;
NetDeviceContainerdevices;
Ipv4InterfaceContainerinterfaces;

private:
void CreateNodes ();
void CreateDevices ();
void InstallInternetStack ();
void InstallApplications ();
};

30
int main (int argc, char **argv)
{
AodvExampletest;
if (!test.Configure (argc, argv))
NS_FATAL_ERROR ("Configuration failed. Aborted.");

test.Run ();
test.Report (std::cout);
return 0;
}
AodvExample::AodvExample () : size (10), step (100), totalTime (10), pcap (true),
printRoutes (true){}

bool AodvExample::Configure (int argc, char **argv)

{
// Enable AODV logs by default. Comment this if too noisy
// LogComponentEnable("AodvRoutingProtocol", LOG_LEVEL_ALL);

SeedManager::SetSeed (12345);
CommandLinecmd;

cmd.AddValue ("pcap", "Write PCAP traces.", pcap);

cmd.AddValue ("printRoutes", "Print routing table dumps.", printRoutes);
cmd.AddValue ("size", "Number of nodes.", size);
cmd.AddValue ("time", "Simulation time, s.", totalTime);
cmd.AddValue ("step", "Grid step, m", step);

cmd.Parse (argc, argv); returntrue;

}

void AodvExample::Run ()
{
// Config::SetDefault ("ns3::WifiRemoteStationManager::RtsCtsThreshold",
UintegerValue (1));
// enable rts cts all the time.
CreateNodes ();
CreateDevices ();
InstallInternetStack ();
InstallApplications ();

std::cout <<"Starting simulation for "<<totalTime<<" s ...\n";

Simulator::Stop (Seconds (totalTime));

Simulator::Run ();
31
 Simulator::Destroy ();
}

void AodvExample::Report (std::ostream &){}

void AodvExample::CreateNodes ()
{
std::cout <<"Creating "<< (unsigned)size<<" nodes "<<step<<" m apart.\n";
nodes.Create (size);
// Name nodes
for (uint32_t i = 0; i <size; ++i)
{
std::ostringstream os;
os <<"node-"<< i;
Names::Add (os.str (), nodes.Get (i));

}
// Create static grid
MobilityHelpermobility;
mobility.SetPositionAllocator ("ns3::GridPositionAllocator", "MinX", DoubleValue
(0.0),
"MinY", DoubleValue (0.0), "DeltaX", DoubleValue (step), "DeltaY", DoubleValue
(0), "GridWidth", UintegerValue (size),
"LayoutType", StringValue ("RowFirst"));
mobility.SetMobilityModel ("ns3::ConstantPositionMobilityModel");
mobility.Install (nodes);
}

void AodvExample::CreateDevices ()
{
WifiMacHelper wifiMac;
wifiMac.SetType ("ns3::AdhocWifiMac");
YansWifiPhyHelper wifiPhy = YansWifiPhyHelper::Default ();
YansWifiChannelHelper wifiChannel = YansWifiChannelHelper::Default ();
wifiPhy.SetChannel (wifiChannel.Create ());
WifiHelperwifi;
wifi.SetRemoteStationManager ("ns3::ConstantRateWifiManager", "DataMode",
StringValue ("OfdmRate6Mbps"), "RtsCtsThreshold", UintegerValue (0));
devices = wifi.Install (wifiPhy, wifiMac, nodes);

if (pcap)
{
wifiPhy.EnablePcapAll (std::string ("aodv"));
32
 }
}

void AodvExample::InstallInternetStack ()
{
AodvHelper aodv;
// you can configure AODV attributes here using aodv.Set(name, value)
InternetStackHelperstack;
stack.SetRoutingHelper (aodv); // has effect on the next Install ()
stack.Install (nodes);
Ipv4AddressHelperaddress;
address.SetBase ("10.0.0.0", "255.0.0.0");
interfaces = address.Assign (devices);

if (printRoutes)
{
Ptr<OutputStreamWrapper> routingStream = Create<OutputStreamWrapper>
("aodv.routes", std::ios::out);
aodv.PrintRoutingTableAllAt (Seconds (8), routingStream);
}
}

void AodvExample::InstallApplications ()
{
V4PingHelper ping (interfaces.GetAddress (size - 1));
ping.SetAttribute ("Verbose", BooleanValue (true));

ApplicationContainer p = ping.Install (nodes.Get (0));

p.Start (Seconds (0));
p.Stop (Seconds (totalTime) - Seconds (0.001));
// move node away
Ptr<Node> node = nodes.Get (size/2);
Ptr<MobilityModel> mob = node->GetObject<MobilityModel> ();
Simulator::Schedule (Seconds (totalTime/3), &MobilityModel::SetPosition, mob,
Vector (1e5, 1e5, 1e5));
}

33
Output:

34
 VIVA QUESTIONS

Q1: How is routing in ad hoc networks different from fixed networks?

A1: Routing in ad hoc networks differs from fixed networks as ad hoc networks are decentralized,
self-organizing networks without a centralized infrastructure, where nodes dynamically establish
routes among themselves.

Q2: What is the hidden and exposed terminal problem in ad hoc networks?

A2: The hidden terminal problem in ad hoc networks occurs when two nodes cannot detect each
other's presence due to interference, while the exposed terminal problem arises when a node refrains
from transmitting data due to interference, even though it could transmit without causing actual
interference.

Q3: What is Hiper Access?

A3: Hiper Access (High-Performance Radio LAN Access) is a wireless LAN access technology that
offers high-speed wireless connectivity, enhanced quality of service (QoS), and improved efficiency
compared to traditional Wi-Fi standards.

Q4: What are hybrid routing protocols?

A4: Hybrid routing protocols in ad hoc networks combine the features of proactive (table-driven) and
reactive (on-demand) routing protocols. They maintain routing information for changing network
topologies while minimizing control overhead and route discovery latency associated with on-
demand protocols.

35
 Experiment 9

AIM: Make an application of your choice using WML or Android.

THEORY:

1. Set up the Android development environment

Students are required to have Windows XP or later, or Mac OS X 10.5.8 or a later version to
start Android application development process. Then, there are four tools that students will need
and they are available on the Internet for free:
1. Java JDK5 or JDK6
2. Android SDK
3. Eclipse IDE for Java Developers (optional)
4. Android Development Tools (ADT) Eclipse Plugin (optional)

2. Setup Java Development Kit (JDK)

Students can download the JDK and install it, which is pretty easy. After that, students just have
to set PATH and JAVA_HOME variables to the folder where you have java and javac.
Note for Windows Users: If you installed the JDK in C:\jdk1.6.0_15 then you will have to add
the following two lines in your C:\autoexec.bat file.
set PATH=C:\jdk1.6.0_15\bin;%PATH%
set JAVA_HOME=C:\jdk1.6.0_15

3. Configure Android SDK

After you have successfully installed the Android SDK, it is time to configure it. After installing
the Android SDK, you will get a window like this:

36
Just de-select the Documentation for Android SDK and Samples for SDKpackages if you want
to reduce the installation size and time. Click on Install 7packages to continue with the installation.
You will get a dialogue box like this:

It will take some time to install, Once it is done, you can close the SDK manager.

37
4. Setup Eclipse IDE
Install the latest version of Eclipse. After successful installation, it should display a window like
this:

5. Setup Android Development Tools (ADT) Plug-in

Here students will learn to install the Android Development Tool plugin for Eclipse. To do this,
students have to click on Help > Software Updates > Install New Software. This will display the
following dialogue box.

38
Just click on the Add button as shown in the picture and add https://dl-
ssl.google.com/android/eclipse/ as the location. When you press OK, Eclipse will start to search
for the required plug-in and finally it will list the found plug-ins.

6. Create Android Virtual Device

The last step is to create Android Virtual Device, which students will use to test your Android
applications. To do this, open Eclipse and Launch Android AVD Manager from options Window

39
> AVD Manager and click on New which will create a successful Android Virtual Device. Use
the screenshot below to enter the correct values.

Before we write the code, you need to know how to take input from the user. The most efficient
way of taking input from the user is to use the Scanner class, which is found in the java.io package
as it is just a two-step process.

Scanner scanner = new Scanner(System.in);

String input = scanner.next();
40
/* or String input = (new
Scanner(System.in)).next(); */
Students are recommended using the Scanner class because it works equally well on command
line as well as with Eclipse that we will use to make the Rock Paper Scissors app.

7. Calling the Java code in Eclipse

Sample Code is given below:--

import java.util.Scanner;

import java.util.Random;

public class Rock

public static void main(String[] args)

String personPlay; //User's play -- "R", "P", or "S"

String computerPlay = ""; //Computer's play -- "R", "P", or "S"

int computerInt; //Randomly generated number used to determine //computer's play

String response;

Scanner scan = new Scanner(System.in);

Random generator = new Random();

System.out.println("Hey, let's play Rock, Paper, Scissors!\n" +

"Please enter a move.\n" + "Rock = R, Paper" +

"= P, and Scissors = S.");

System.out.println();

//Generate computer's play (0,1,2)

computerInt = generator.nextInt(3)+1;

//Translate computer's randomly generated play to

//string using if //statements

41
if (computerInt == 1)

computerPlay = "R";

else if (computerInt == 2)

computerPlay = "P";

else if (computerInt == 3)

computerPlay = "S";

//Get player's play from input-- note that this is

// stored as a string

System.out.println("Enter your play: ");

personPlay = scan.next();

//Make player's play uppercase for ease of comparison

personPlay = personPlay.toUpperCase();

//Print computer's play

System.out.println("Computer play is: " + computerPlay);

//See who won. Use nested ifs

if (personPlay.equals(computerPlay))

System.out.println("It's a tie!");

else if (personPlay.equals("R"))

if (computerPlay.equals("S"))

System.out.println("Rock crushes scissors. You win!!");

else if (computerPlay.equals("P"))

System.out.println("Paper eats rock. You lose!!");

else if (personPlay.equals("P"))

if (computerPlay.equals("S"))

System.out.println("Scissor cuts paper. You lose!!");

else if (computerPlay.equals("R"))

System.out.println("Paper eats rock. You win!!");

42
 else if (personPlay.equals("S"))

if (computerPlay.equals("P"))

System.out.println("Scissor cuts paper. You win!!");

else if (computerPlay.equals("R"))

System.out.println("Rock breaks scissors. You lose!!");

else

System.out.println("Invalid user input.");

Now calling the Java code in Eclipse is a tricky process and it helps to pay attention while you're
doing this. Launch Eclipse and click File > New > Java Project

When the Create a Java Project box appears, it's time to give your project a name. Click on Finish
to save it and it should appear in the Package Explorer window. Then we are supposed to add a
package which will contain all our package files. Click on New Java Package icon to do this, as
shown in the screenshot below.

43
Name your project and then click Finish.

Now we need to add a Java Class, which is as easy as adding a Java Package.

44
After giving it a name, make sure that the following options are checked:

45
After you create a new class, it will show up in the Work Space where you can write or copy the
code.

Now you need to build the application and to do this, Right Click on your Android Project and
select Android Tools->Export Signed Application Package. After selecting the export button,
select Create new keystore and it will take you to the location where you want to save it, so give
it a name and save it. Fill in all the required fields that are self-explanatory and save it. You have
successfully exported the apk file to your computer and you can test the app it on your android
device.

8. Testing

Testing is as important as developing the app because your app will be of no use if it doesn't run
properly or shows errors. Luckily, there is an integrated testing framework in Android Framework,
which you can use to test all the aspects of your application. SDK tools can also help set up and
test applications. SDK will help you test different aspects of your app no matterif you are planning
on running your tests within an emulator or any Android device.

It is recommended using ADT for the testing process, as it is comparatively easier than the other
tools. Using ADT, you can easily create a test project and link it to the application under test.
The great thing about the ADT is that it automatically adds thenecessary
<instrumentation> element in the test package's manifest file.

9. To create a test project in Eclipse with ADT

Launch Eclipse from the Start Menu and click on File > New > Other and from the drop-down
menu, click on Android Test Project, then at the bottom of the dialog click Next. Enter any name
you want and in the Test Target panel, set An Existing Android Project and browse to the Rock
Paper Scissors app you made. Now you should be able to see the wizard completing the Test
Target Package, Application Name, and Package Name fields for you.

Choose the Android SDK platform from the Build Target Panel that the application to be tested
is using. Click the Finish button to complete the Wizard and if it is disabled, look for error
messages at the top to fix any problems.

46
 VIVA QUESTIONS

Q1: What is an Activity in Android?

A1: An Activity in Android is a component that represents a single screen with a user interface,
where users can interact with the app.

Q2: What is an APK format?

A2: APK (Android Package Kit) is the file format used for distributing and installing Android
applications. It contains the compiled code, resources, and other necessary files required for running
an Android app.

Q3: What is an Intent?

A3: Intent is a messaging object in Android that enables communication between components, such
as activities, services, and broadcast receivers. It can be used to start activities, pass data between
components, and trigger actions.

Q4: What is an Android Manifest File?

A4: The Android Manifest file is an XML file in an Android application that provides essential
information about the app to the Android system. It includes details like the app's package name,
permissions, components (activities, services, receivers), and more.

47
 Experiment No. 10

AIM: Write a Android Program to create list view, grid view and databaseconnectivity

Introduction: GRID VIEW

In android GridView is a view group that display items in two dimensional scrolling grid (rows
and columns), the grid items are not necessarily predetermined but they are automaticallyinserted
to the layout using a ListAdapter. Users can then select any grid item by clicking on it. GridView
is default scrollable so we don’t need to use ScrollView or anything else with GridView.

Adapter Is Used To Fill Data In Gridview: To fill the data in a GridView we simply use adapter
and grid items are automatically inserted to a GridView using an Adapter which pulls the content
from a source such as an arraylist, array or database. You can read full Adapter tutorial here.

GridView in Android Studio: Gridview is present inside Containers. From there you can drag and
drop on virtual mobile screen to create it. Alternatively you can also XML code to create it.

Basic GridView code in XML:

<GridView

android:id="@+id/simpleGridView"

android:layout_width="fill_parent"

android:layout_height="wrap_content"

android:numColumns="3"/>

48
Introduction: LIST VIEW
List of scrollable items can be displayed in Android using ListView. It helps you to displaying the
data in the form of a scrollable list. Users can then select any list item by clicking on it. ListView
is default scrollable so we do not need to use scroll View or anything else with ListView.

ListView is widely used in android applications. A very common example of ListView is your
phone contact book, where you have a list of your contacts displayed in a ListView and if you
click on it then user information is displayed.

Adapter: To fill the data in a ListView we simply use adapters. List items are automatically
inserted to a list using an Adapter that pulls the content from a source such as
an arraylist, array or database.

ListView in Android Studio: Listview is present inside Containers. From there you can drag and
drop on virtual mobile screen to create it. Alternatively you can also XML code to create it.

Here is Android ListView XML Code:

<ListView xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android"

xmlns:tools="http://schemas.android.com/tools"

android:id="@+id/simpleListView"

android:layout_width="match_parent"

android:layout_height="wrap_content"

tools:context="abhiandroid.com.listexample.MainActivity">

</ListView>

49
Introduction: Database Connectivity SQLite

SQLite is a relational database management system (RDBMS). If most RDBMSs such asMySQL,
Oracle, etc. are standalone server processes, then SQLite is embedded because it is provided in the
form of a library that is linked in applications.

Like other RDBMSs, data is accessed in a SQLite database by using Structured Query Language
(SQL).

Android SQLite Java Classes

Cursor: a class provides access to the results of a database query. Its methods include:

close(): release all resources used by cursor and close it.

getCount(): returns the number of rows contained within the result set.

moveToFirst(): moves to the first row in the result set.

moveToLast(): moves to the last row in the result set.

moveToNext(): moves to the next row in the result set.

move(): moves by a specified offset from the current position in the result set.

get<type>() (such as getInt(), getDouble(), so on): returns the value of the specified <type>
contained at the specified column index of the row at the current cursor position.

SQLiteDatabase: provides the primary interface between the application code and underlying
SQLite database. Its methods include:

insert(): inserts a new row into a database table.

delete(): deletes rows from a database table

query(): performs a specified database query and returns matching results via a Cursor object.

execSQL(): executes a single SQL Statement that does not return result data.

rawQuery(): executes an SQL query statement and returns matching results in the form of a
Cursor object.

SQLiteOpenHelper : is designed to make it easier to create and update databases. Its methods
include:

onCreate(): called when the database is created for the first time.

onUpgrade(): called in the event that the application code contains a more recent database
version number reference.

onOpen(): called when the database is opened.

50
getWritableDatabase(): opens or creates a database for reading and writing.

getReadableDatabase(): creates or opens a database for reading only.

close(): closes the database.

ContentValues : allows key/value pairs to be declared consisting of table column identifiers and
the values to be stored in each column. Its methods include:

put(): adds a value to the set.

For Example: Creating a Data Application, we have to follow certain steps as follows.

We will create a database Android application that has a UI as follows:

My application will interact with a database named StudentDB.db, which contains a single table
named Student. The Student table schema will look like this:

The application will consist of an activity and a database handler class (MyDBHandler class). The
database handler will be a subclass of SQLiteOpenHelper and will provide an abstract layer
between the underlying SQLite database and the activity class. A third class (Student class) will
need to be implemented to hold the database entry data as it is passed between the activity and the
handler. My application model can be shown in the following figure:

51
Data Model Class
The Student class contains fields, constructors, and properties as follows:

We create the Student class in the Android Studio by selecting app > java.

52
Right-click the myfirstdatabase package and selecting New > Java Class.

Type Student in the Name item, maintain the default options, and click the OK button:

Adding the following lines of code for the Student class:

public class Student {

// fields
private int studentID;
private String studentName;
// constructors
public Student() {}
public Student(int id, String studentname) {
this.studentID = id;
this.studentName = studentname;
}
53
 // properties
public void setID(int id) {
this.studentID = id;
}
public int getID() {
return this.studentID;
}
public void setStudentName(String studentname) {
this.studentName = studentname;
}
public String getStudentName() {
return this.studentName;
}
}

Data Handler Class

The database handler class is a subclass of SQLiteOpenHelper class, named MyDBHandler, as
in the following figure:

The MyDBHandler class contains fields, constructors, and methods, as follows:

54
Steps for creating the MyDBHandler class like the Student class and its code can look like this:

public class MyDBHandler extends SQLiteOpenHelper {

//information of database
private static final int DATABASE_VERSION = 1;
private static final String DATABASE_NAME = "studentDB.db";
public static final String TABLE_NAME = "Student";
public static final String COLUMN_ID = "StudentID";
public static final String COLUMN_NAME = "StudentName";
//initialize the database
public MyDBHandler(Context context, Stringname, SQLiteDatabase.CursorFactoryfactory,
intversion) {
super(context, DATABASE_NAME, factory, DATABASE_VERSION);
}
@Override
public void onCreate(SQLiteDatabase db) {}
@Override
public void onUpgrade(SQLiteDatabase db, int i, int i1) {}
public String loadHandler() {}
public void addHandler(Student student) {}
public Student findHandler(String studentname) {}
public boolean deleteHandler(int ID) {}
public boolean updateHandler(int ID, String name) {}
}
We must also use import statements, as follows:

import android.database.sqlite.SQLiteDatabase;
import android.database.sqlite.SQLiteOpenHelper;
import android.content.Context;
import android.content.ContentValues;
import android.database.Cursor;
Initialize the Database

The database can be initialized in the constructor of the MyDBHandler class. The code of this
constructor looks like this:

public MyDBHandler(Context context, Stringname,

SQLiteDatabase.CursorFactoryfactory, intversion) {
super(context, DATABASE_NAME, factory,
DATABASE_VERSION);
}
Create the Student Table

The SQL statement creates a table:

55
CREATE TABLE table_name(
column1 datatype,
column2 datatype,
column3 datatype,
....
);
We need to convert the SQL statement to a string and implement it by using the execSQL()
method of a SQLiteDatabase object. All of these statements will be put inside the onCreate
method of the handler class, as follows:

public void onCreate(SQLiteDatabase db) {

String CREATE_TABLE = "CREATE TABLE" + TABLE_NAME + "(" + COLUMN_ID +
"INTEGER PRIMARYKEY," + COLUMN_NAME + "TEXT )";
db.execSQL(CREATE_TABLE);
}
Our application can load all of the students from the database, add a new student to the database,
remove a student from the database, find a student from the database and modify the information
of a student from the database. Therefore, we need to add corresponding methods to the handler
class.

Load Data

To load data, we use a SQL query statement:

SELECT * FROM table_name;

The result of above SQL statement is a table. We use the rawQuery() method of a SQLiteDatabase
object to implement SQL statement and display result via a Cursor object. The following code will
demonstrate the loadHandler method:

public String loadHandler() {

String result = "";
String query = "Select*FROM" + TABLE_NAME;
SQLiteDatabase db = this.getWritableDatabase();
Cursor cursor = db.rawQuery(query, null);
while (cursor.moveToNext()) {
int result_0 = cursor.getInt(0);
String result_1 = cursor.getString(1);
result += String.valueOf(result_0) + " " + result_1 +
System.getProperty("line.separator");
}
cursor.close();
db.close();
return result;
}

56
Add a New Record

To add a new record to the database, we must use the ContentValues object with the put()
method that is used to assign data to ContentsValues object and then use insert() method of
SQLiteDatabase object to insert data to the database. The addHandler method can look like this:

public void addHandler(Student student) {

ContentValues values = new ContentValues();
values.put(COLUMN_ID, student.getID());
values.put(COLUMN_NAME, student.getStudentName());
SQLiteDatabase db = this.getWritableDatabase();
db.insert(TABLE_NAME, null, values);
db.close();
}
Controls used in above UI include:

Controls text atrribute id attribute

EditText Student ID studentid
EditText Student Name studentname
Button LOAD DATA btnload
Button ADD btnadd
Button FIND btnfind
Button DELETE btndelete
Button UPDATE btnupdate
TextView lst

57
 VIVA QUESTIONS

Q1: What is a View group in Android?

A1: View group in Android is a class that acts as a container for other view elements, allowing them
to be organized and positioned within the user interface hierarchy.

Q2: What is a Content Provider in Android?

A2: Content Provider in Android is a component that manages access to a structured set of data,
enabling other applications to query, insert, update, and delete data through a standard interface.

Q3: What is a Container in Android?

A3: Container in Android refers to a type of view group that provides a way to organize and group
multiple views together, allowing them to be treated as a single entity for layout and interaction
purposes.

Q4: What is ADB and ANR in Android?

A4: ADB (Android Debug Bridge) is a command-line tool used for communication with an Android
device or emulator, enabling various debugging and development tasks. ANR (Application Not
Responding) refers to a condition in which the user interface of an Android application becomes
unresponsive, usually due to long-running operations on the main thread, leading to a potential
system dialog or termination of the application.

58
 Experiment 11
AIM: Write a program to design a calling application.

Source Code:
package com.example.callingapp;
import android.net.Uri;
import android.os.Bundle;
import android.app.Activity;
import android.content.Intent;
import android.view.Menu;
import android.view.View;
import
android.view.View.OnClickListener;
import android.widget.Button;
import android.widget.EditText;
import
android.widget.ImageButton;

public class CallActivity extends Activity implements

OnClickListener { EditText et1;

ImageButton bt1;

@Override
protected void onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState) {
super.onCreate(savedInstanceState);
setContentView(R.layout.activity_call);

et1 = (EditText) findViewById(R.id.editText1);

bt1 = (ImageButton) findViewById(R.id.imageButton1);
bt1.setOnClickListener(this);

@Override
public boolean onCreateOptionsMenu(Menu menu) {
// Inflate the menu; this adds items to the action bar if it is present.
getMenuInflater().inflate(R.menu.call, menu);
return true;
}

@Override
public void onClick(View v) {
// TODO Auto-generated method stub

59
 // Call a Number

String number = et1.getText().toString();

Intent call = new Intent(Intent.ACTION_CALL);

call.setData(Uri.parse("tel:" + number));
startActivity(call);

Output:

60
 Experiment 12
AIM: Write a program to design a Mailing application.

Source Code:
package
com.example.emailapp;
import android.os.Bundle;
import android.app.Activity;
import
android.content.Intent;
import android.view.Menu;
import android.view.View;
import
android.view.View.OnClickListener;
import android.widget.EditText;
import
android.widget.ImageButton;
import android.widget.Toast;

public class EmailActivity extends Activity implements

OnClickListener { EditText et1, et2, et3;

ImageButton ib1;
@Override
protected void onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState) {
super.onCreate(savedInstanceState);
setContentView(R.layout.activity_email);

et1 = (EditText)
findViewById(R.id.editText1); et2 =
(EditText)
findViewById(R.id.editText2); et3 =
(EditText)
findViewById(R.id.editText3);
ib1 = (ImageButton) findViewById(R.id.imageButton1);

ib1.setOnClickListener(this);

@Override

public boolean onCreateOptionsMenu(Menu menu) {

61
 // Inflate the menu; this adds items to the action bar if it is
present.getMenuInflater().inflate(R.menu.email, menu);
return true;
}
@Override
public void onClick(View v) {
// TODO Auto-generated method stub

String emailid =
et1.getText().toString();String[]
emails = { emailid };
String subject =
et2.getText().toString(); String
message = et3.getText().toString();

Intent email = new

Intent(Intent.ACTION_SEND);
email.setType("*/*");
email.putExtra(Intent.EXTRA_EMAIL,
emails);
email.putExtra(Intent.EXTRA_SUBJECT,
subject);
email.putExtra(Intent.EXTRA_TEXT,
message); startActivity(email);
Toast.makeText(this, "Mail Sent to Email
Provider",Toast.LENGTH_SHORT).show();
}
}

62
63