Oral Communication Reviewer Q1
Oral Communication Reviewer Q1
Nature of communication
- Communication is a dynamic process
- Communication occurs between two or more people
- Communication can be expressed through written or spoken words,
actions (non-verbal), or both spoken words and nonverbal
communication at a time.
Elements of Communication
Speaker- The source of information or a message
Message – The information, ideas, or thoughts the speaker conveys through words
or actions.
Encoding – The process of converting the message into words, actions, or other
forms that both the receiver and the speaker understands
Channel- The medium or the means, such as personal or non-personal, verbal or
non-verbal which the encoded message is conveyed.
Decoding- The process of interpreting the encoded message of the speaker by the
receiver.
Receiver- the recipient of the message or someone who decodes the message.
Feedback- The reaction, responses, or information provided by the receiver.
Context- the environment where communication takes place.
Barrier- The factors that affect the flow of communication.
Process of communication
- The sender will generate ideas
- The sender encodes the message and will express it through verbal and
non-verbal communication
- The sender will transmit the message now
- The message will go through channels that may have barriers
- The receiver decodes the message
- After the receiver decodes it, he/she will provide feedback
Models of communication
Aristotelian- It is the first and earliest model of communication proposed by
Aristotle, this model is more focused on public speaking than intrapersonal
communication. Speakers play a key role in communication; one-way
communication.
Shannon-Weaver- known as the “Mother of all communication models”.
- Originally designed for telephone communication
- One-way or linear
- Identified factors affecting communication=NOISE
- They are the ones who first identified a factor affecting communication
Berlo’s SMCR- proposed by David Berlo (1960), focuses on encoding and
decoding. S- Sender, M- message, C- Channel, R- receiver.
Transactional- two-way process, Including feedback as an element.
- Interactive model
- Collaborative exchange of messages between communications
- Aims to understand
- Barriers may interrupt the flow of communication.
Linear- envisages a one-way process in which one party is the sender, encoding
and transmitting the message, and another party is the recipient, receiving and
decoding the information.
7C’s of Communication
Completeness- having all parts of elements. Complete communication should
include what the receiver needs to hear from the sender, read, respond, or
evaluate.
Conciseness- Do not talk in circles. Make your message direct to the point.
Consideration- There are some considerations before you utter or say
something. The mood, race, education, status, background. It implies stepping
in someone’s shoes.
Concreteness- is supported with facts, figures, and real-life examples to avoid
misunderstanding.
Courtesy- The message must show respect and politeness to the receiver of the
message. Takes the viewpoint, culture, values, beliefs, and feelings of the
recipients of the message.
Clearness- using simple words to avoid ambiguity. A clear message uses exact,
appropriate, and concrete words.
Correctness- means free from errors. The message must be true and accurate.
Barriers to communication
Physical- these are natural or environmental conditions that act as barriers to
communication whenever we are sending our messages.
Psychological- They are mental barriers that refer to the social and personal
issues of a speaker towards communicating with others.
Physiological-Physiological barriers may result from individuals' discomfort,
caused by ill-health, poor eyesight, or hearing difficulties.
Semantic-are obstacles in communication that distort the meaning of a
message being sent.
Functions of communication
Control/Regulation- means being able to use language, gestures, and emotions
to manage individual or group activities.
Social Interaction- the most familiar and the primary reason why people
communicate.
Motivation- Tries to persuade people to change their opinions, attitudes, or
behavior. To motivate means to stimulate people to act on their goals.
Information Dissemination- the most basic function of communication that
provides data and information for effective completion of tasks, solutions of
problems, and elimination of uncertainty.
Emotional Expression- being able to use language, gestures, and emotions to
manage individual or group activities.
SPEECH CONTEXT
Intrapersonal- refers to communication that centers on one person where the
speaker acts both as the sender and the receiver of a message.
Interpersonal- refers to communication between and among people and
establishes personal relationships between and among them.
Types of Interpersonal
Dyad- occurs between two people.
Small group- involves at least 3 but not more than 12 people engaging in
a face-to-face interaction to achieve the desired goal. Anyone in the group
can share their opinions freely.
Public communication- requires you to deliver or send the message
before or in front of a group. Channels are exaggerated voices are louder
and gestures are expansive due to the larger audience.
Mass Communication- takes place through TV, radio, newspapers,
magazines, books, billboards, internet, and other types of media.
SPEECH STYLES
-is how something is said, done, expressed, or performed.
Intimate- used for a very close relationship. Language used in this style may
not be shared in public. Common to lovers. Includes non-verbal
communication (ex. kissing, holding hands…)
Casual- Informal communication between groups and peers who have
something to share.
- Jargon, slang, and vernacular language is used.
Consultative- semi-formal and standard communication. Use precisely by
people who do not have the same interests. Requires two-way participation.
Ex. Consulting a doctor.
Formal- used only for imparting information, this style is with correct grammar
and diction. Straight forward and direct.
Ex. SONA, Sermon of priests, etc.
Frozen- most formal communicative style. This style is frozen and remains
unchanged.
Ex. Preamble, and other pledges.
SPEECH ACT
- An utterance that the speaker makes to achieve an intended effect. Some
of the functions that are carried out using speech acts are offering an
apology, greetings, requests, complaints, invitations, compliments, or
refusal.