LECTURE AND DISCUSSION
LECTURE METHOD:
INTRODUCTION:
Lecture method is most commonly used in method of teaching science.
It is a teacher – controlled and information centered approach in which the teacher work as a solve
research in classroom instruction.
LECTURE METHOD:
Lecture is a teaching method where the teacher presents the content in a comprehensible to
explaining the fact, principle and relationship during with the teacher is expected to elicit student
participation by employing appropriate techniques.
-K.P. NEERAJA.
Lecture is a predgological method where by the teacher formally delivers a carefully planned
expository address on some particular topics.
-JAMES MICHAEL LEE.
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PURPOSE:
To provide the structural knowledge.
To motivate and guide in a hunting knowledge.
To arouse a student’s interest in a subject.
Interest student’s new areas of learning.
To clarify difficult concepts
To assist in preparing students for discussion
To promote critical thinking.
OBJECTIVIES:
To achieves affective and cognitive objectives
ACTIVITIES:
Knowing and telling.
NATURE OF CONTENT:
It includes concepts, facts, rules, theories, principles, problem solving and creativity.
STRUCTURE OF LECTURE:
Introduction
Body of text
Closure or conclusion
PRINCIPLES:
Principle of aim.
Principle of activity.
Principle of co-relation.
Principle of looking ahead.
Good lecture effective preparation.
1.Principles of aim: -
lecture is based on aim; nobody likes aimless lecture. Even the best Teacher will fail if his
lecture is not based on some objectives.
2.Principles of activity: -
If you want to learn a thing you have to actively participate.
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3.Principles of activity: -
if you want to learn a thing you have to actively participate.
4.Principles of looking ahead: -
Good lecture is always prognostic on the basis of the past Experiences of a teacher;
certain predictors are made about the Future of the child.
5.Good lecture needs effective preparation: -
The lecture has to be prepared physically, Socially, emotionally and spiritually to enable Him
to take the lecture.
CLASSIFICATION OF LECTURE:
According to Walters and Marks (1981) there are three classifications:
The ideal lecture
The classical lecture The experimental lecture
1.THE IDEAL LECTURE:
The participant attends the lecture of their own willing and this implies commitment on
their part. The role of the lecture is to persuade the audience by virtue of the lecture is to
values that are shared by both parties. Lecture given by the politicians are the example of the
ideal lecture.
2.THE CLASSICAL LECTURE:
In our education system, attendance at lecture is seen as being largely compulsory, in contrast
to the ideal lecture. The student attends the lecture, with the focus of getting grades and marks
and the is more specific matter.
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3.THE EXPERIMENTAL LECTURE:
This form of lecture is used prior to experimental learning and is given to participant to
explain the basic concept and explanation about the issue in question.
FACTORS AFFECTING PLANNING OF LECTURE:
RELATED TO STUDENTS:
Learning capability and ability
Learners interest and attitude
Learners cognitive level
Previous knowledge of learners
Type of program
RELATED TO TEACHERS:
Teachers knowledge and mastery over subject matter
Teaching tactics
Teacher learner relationships
Preparation of lecture before presentation
Purpose or reason to taught
RELATED TO ENVIRONMENT:
Time of the day
Duration and length
Use of audio visual aids
Good lighting and facility.
LECTURING TECHNIQUES:
Speaker – audience distance
Body movement and distance
Facial expression
Gestures
Pronunciation
Enunciation
Rate of speech
Variety
Pauses
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ADVANTAGES OF LETURES:
Useful for large gathering
Cost effective
Present facts information
Apparent saving of the time and resources
Presence of the teacher
Covers a large group of students
Gives a feeling of security
One teacher can communicate to a large number of students
Helps for time saving both for the teacher.
The teacher can plan exactly the presentation in advance
Presence of the teacher is needed so that the students can see them
A well presentation lecture may increase the student’s motivation
Governs a large group of students
It enables to present a large amount of information in a short time
It gives feeling of security
New knowledge may be presented which is not yet in the text book
It helps in giving illustrational and inspirational talks and review of work
Teacher can integrate the subject matter better than students
It is good for introducing a new topic, supplementing information’s and introducing important
incidental information’s.
It is useful giving a frame work upon which students can build
Since presence of teacher in the class he has complete control over the content and can develop
presentation according to the plan.
The presence of teacher avoids interruptions and disturbance and also gives feeling of security.
DISADVANTAGES OF THE LECTURE METHOD:
Lecturing makes the learner more passive in the learning process. Most of time, the student does
not participate process. Most of the time, the student does not participate in the learning process.
Attention span of the student decrease considerably after 20 mint with a reduction of information
assimilated.
As readymade information is being fed to the student, there is no place for any practical activity,
observation, experimentation or demonstration.
This method pays little attention to need, interest and ability of individual student.
It may leave gaps in understanding, if the teacher is not having very good communication skills.
Pace of lecture does not suit all student.
It lends itself to the teaching of the facts while placing little emphasis on problem solving,
decision making, analytical thinking, or transfer of learning. (Black. 1993)
Lecturing is not conducive to meeting students’ individual needs.
Lecturing brings with it the problem of limited attention span on the part of the learners.
Time consuming.
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Keep the students in passive situation, only limited participation and only limited level of
stimulation
Does not facilitate learning how to solve problem
Offers hardly any possibility of checking learning progress
Does not allow for individual learning.
Provides lectures do not cater for individual students need
It is difficult to distinguish differences in learning and background among students
It may difficult for the students to take complete and actual notes
Pace lecture does not suit for all type of students
Students get material second hand rather than from primary source
It offers hardly any possibility of checking learning progress
STRATEGIES TO OVERCOME THE DISADVANTAGES:
Emphasize higher-level intellectual
Signposting for clear direction
Make lectures more interactive
Less memorizing of facts and more construction of meaning
HINTS FOR SUCCESSFUL LECTURING:
1. Present an outline of the lecture and refer to it as you move from point to point.
2. Repeat points in several different ways
3. Use short sentences
4. Stress important points
5. Pause to give listeners time to think and write
6. Use lecture to compliment, not simply repeat the text.
7. Avoid racing through the last part of the lecture.
8. Schedule time for discussion in the same or separate class periods as the lecture
9. Preparation reduced stress, frustration, insecurity and consequent and ineffective.
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CRITICISM OF THE LECTURE METHOD:
1. The lecture is time consuming
2. The lecture provides little student activity
3. The lecture requires special skills
4. The lecture is not readily analyzed and summarizes the student.
5. The lecture is sometime poorly adapted to the perceptive ability of the students
6. The lecture is likely to become a sustained dictation exercise.
DISCUSSION METHOD
INTRODUCTION:
Exchange of ideas between several people is the best process of learning and teaching from one
another. It is called discussion method of teaching and learning. In the classroom environment,
discussion is the best way of promoting conducive learning and convenient teaching situation. It refers
to the method of instruction which give pupils an opportunity to express their views or opinions orally
on certain issues. One person speaks at a time, while others are listening. It doesn't always involve the
presentation of new information and concepts.
It also involves sharing of ideas and experiences, solving problems and promoting tolerance.
understanding. Discussion method is suitable is many situations and can be used in many situations of
teaching and learning. There are different with forms of discussion that can be used in the
classroom. Kochhar (1985) identifies two major types of discussion which are formal and informal.
Informal discussions are governed by pre-determined set of rules and it includes debates, panels,
symposia etc.
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DEFINITION:
Discussion involves and interchanges of informed opinions and reaction, group consideration
of a problem or issues, sharing of ideas, information and exchange of questions and answers
- (Sandra De young)
Discussion is student centered teaching method Discussion method is described as a constructive
process involving listening, thinking, as well as speaking by utilizing relevant facts and ideas to advance
the groups understanding and action.
PURPOSE OF DISCUSSION MEHTOD:
To teach context, specific interpretation and application.
Assists students to develop express, and validates their opinions or belief.
To clarify information and concepts
To share information
To faster domestic’s values
To develop the team building and social skills
To development of right attitude
To develop problem skills as a group
To arouse the student’s interests
DISCUSSION OF TECHNIQUES:
Proper planning
Preparing for student’s discussion
Discussion guiding techniques
Open the discussion session with the keynotes address.
Ensuring participation of all students very important
Make sure the opinions or viewpoint are between the group members.
Group members we have summarize the viewpoints
Discussion end with the concluding note.
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PRINCIPLES:
1. It should be selected from the daily life
2. Students should have sufficient information about it
3. Participate should be small in members, to ensure the participation of each individual in the
discussion
4. During the discussion, the teacher to remain present for guidance and maintain discipline.
5. Everyone should be given to chance to share ideas but in turns.
6. Clarify the objectives and which is understood by all participates
7. Learn to guide and concentrate proceeding
8. To maintain the points in the discussion to be recorded
9. Everyone should feel free in participate
TYPES OF DISCUSSION:
Small group discussion techniques
Socialized classroom discussion techniques
Panel discussion techniques
Preparation of Discussion Method:
Planning is very important for the success of any technique, because if any work is done without
prior preparation, then success cannot be achieved. Therefore, before using the debate method in the
class, a well-planned arrangement should be made, such as:-
1. The teacher should create such a classroom environment in which all the students can freely
exchange their ideas.
2. Proper seating arrangement should be made for the students. The proper arrangement is such that
all the students can see each other and teachers can also see all the students.
3. The content of the debate should be clear to the students.
4. To prepare for the debate, the students should be told in advance
Key Parts of Discussion Method:
The five main parts of the discussion are given as follows-
(1) Leader
(2) Group
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(3) Problem
(4) Content
(5) Evaluation
Conduction of Discussion Method:
The debate can be started by both the student and the teacher. The student or teacher can start
the debate by telling a story, creating a problem, showing an object, showing a picture or describing an
event. How to start a debate depends on the purpose of the debate? He needs to reach his objectives once
the debate starts. For this efficient operation is necessary. The conduct should be done in such a way that
all the students participating in the debate can express their ideas easily, freely, willingly and
successfully.
The director should always keep in mind the predetermined objectives through debate.
Afterwards, intervening questions can be resorted to take the dispute towards the objectives. Some
particular facts can also be explained, some points can also be analyzed and in the end a summary of the
whole debate can also be drawn. In this way the following four points are included in the conduct of the
debate.
(1) Commencement,
(2) Analysis,
(3) Explanation,
(4) Summary.
The Advantages of Discussion Method of Teaching:
1. Emphasis on Learning instead of Teaching: - Discussion Method emphasizes pupil-activity in the
form of discussion, rather than simply telling and lecturing by the teacher, Thus, this method is more
effective.
2. Participation by Everybody: - In this method, everybody participates in the discussion, and
therefore thinks and expresses himself. This is a sure way of learning.
3. Development of Democratic way of Thinking: - Everybody cooperates in the discussion, and the
ideas and opinions of everybody are respected. Thus, there is a development of democratic way of
thinking and arriving at decision.
4. Training in Reflective Thinking: - Students, during the course of discussion, get training in
reflective Chinking, which leads to deeper understanding of the historical problem under discussion.
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5. Training of Self-expression: - During discussion, everybody is required to express his ideas and
opinions in a clear and concise manner. This provides ample opportunities to the students for training in
self-expression.
6. Spirit of Tolerance is inculcated: - The students learn to discuss and differ with other members of
the group. They learn to tolerate the views of others even if they are unpleasant and contradictory to
each other’s' views. Thus, respect for the viewpoints of others in developed.
7. Learning is made Interesting: - History is considered to be a dry subject. The learning of history is
made interesting through Discussion Method. More effective learning is possible when the students
discuss, criticize and share ideas on a particular problem. Active participation by the students in the
discussion makes learning full of interest for the students. This also ensures better and effective learning.
Limitations:
1. All types of topics cannot be taught by Discussion Method.
2. This method cannot be used for teaching small children.
3. The students may not follow the rules of discussion.
4. Some students may not take part while others may try to dominate.
Some Tips to Make the Discussion Method Effective:
1. All necessary preparations should be completed before the debate begins. The teacher should see
that the students have read the magazines and booklets related to the subject matter.
2. Appropriate boundaries of the problem should be tied so that the student does not deviate from
the focal point. The teacher should also not allow unnecessary and unrelated debates to run in the
class.
3. The problem for the debate should be selected in such a way that this problem is suited to their
age and condition and they realize its importance quickly.
4. The debate method can be successful only if all the students participate. Therefore, the teacher
should encourage even shy students to participate.
5. The debate should also be evaluated without any bias
CONCLUSION:
Discussion method is a variety of forums for open-ended, collaborative changes of ideas
among teacher and students or among students of purpose furthering students thinking, learning,
problem solving, understanding, or literary appreciation.
REFERENCE:
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Basavanthappa. B.T,” NURSING EDUCATION”,1ST Edition (2004), JAYPEE
brothers publications, New Delhi, Page no.335-337
R. Sudha” Textbook of NURSING EDUCATION, published by JAYPEE brother medical
publication. Page no-78-81.
https://www.scribd.com/document/529107095/lecture-discussion
https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/EJ1200403.pdf
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