Peranan geologi dalam eksplorasi panas

bumi
Agung Harijoko
 Geothermal Exploration Program
Akar and Young

Acar and Young, 2015

Figure 1: A Typical geothermal exploration program having different phases, with typical field activities, analyses and the
decision options.
• Bisnis panas bumi mempunyai risiko eksplorasi tinggi karena memerlukan modal
besar, biaya 1 sumur: 7 jt USD 2000 meter; 9 jt USD 2500-3000 meter
• Diperlukan survei berkualias unutk menurunkan risiko pemboran.
 Kuliah Geologi Panas Bumi,
5 Jurusan Teknik Geologi,
UGM
 Survei geologi permukaan
Target survei Tenaga ahli
Informasi batuan yang mungkin menjadi reservoir Tektonik/Struktur geologi dan
vulkanologi
Kontrol permeabilitas dalam reservoir, lokasi zona Tektonik/struktur geologi
permeabel
Kemungkinan sumber panas, indikasi vulkanisme Vulkanologi
aktif, kemungkinan umur sistem panas bumi
Peniliaian risiko bahaya geologi: seismik, vulkanik dan Tektonik/struktur geologi dan
stabilitas lereng. vulkanologi
Batas sistem panas bumi dengan Studi alterasi Geologi panas bumi
permukaan/manifestasi panas bumi
Survei geologi permukaan
• Pendukung
• Penginderaan jauh
• Hasil survei
• Peta geologi
• Model konseptual awal sistem panas bumi
Model konseptual
• Akhir dari setiap tahapan adalah membuat model konseptual
hidrologi air panas.
• Model koseptual disusun pada tahap awal eksplorai
• Model konseptual disusun pada tahap lanjut eksplorasi
• Model ini menggambarkan struktur fisika dan kimia sistem panas
bumi.
• Kondisi fisika sistem seperti suhu pendidihan (garis isothermal) dan
kedalaman.
• Interpretasi lokasi/posisi reservoir (suhu > 200°C)
• Kemungkinan potensi lokasi sumber panas.
• Pola aliran air panas.
Model hidrologi berdasarkan data
permukaan
Tectonic and volcanism
• Tectonik dan vulkanisme mempunyai kaitan erat terutma mengenai
distribusi.
• Banyak lapangan panas bumi yang terbentuk terkait dengan
vulkanisme.
• Banyak hal yang tidak diketahui bahkan kondisinya kompleks,
karakteristik bawah permukaan suatu lapangan panas bumi vulkanik
dapat diinterpretasi melalui proses deduksi berdasarkan observasi
lapangan, pemetaan, pengamatan sampel, dan integrasi dengan data
geofisika dan geokimia.
Volcano geology studies
• Lokasi dan besaran sistem panas bumi diperkirakan berdasarkan
struktur gunung api dan endapan produk vulkanik.
• Dalam eksplorasi panas bumi memerlukan survei vulkanologi yang
harus dilakukan dengan hati hati.
• magma genesis,
• Magma movement,
• eruption phenomena,
• volcanic structure
• thermal histories
Volcano geology studies
• topographic maps,
• aerial photographs,
• satellite photographs,
• tape and brunton traverses,
• systematic descriptions of tephra deposits and rocks
Volcano – stratigraphic mapping
• Sejarah erupsi termasuk waktu kejadian, volume dan tipe material
yang dilontarkan, persebaran material akan memberikan informasi
lengkap tentng sistem gunung api..
• Kesulitan pertama adalah untuk membedakan batuan vukanik di area
pegunungngan karena pelapukan, tutupan vegetasi, kesamaan batuan
khususnya di area kompleks gunung api, relief tinggi.
• Perlu penyederhanaan dalam survei geologi untuk eksplorasi panas
bumi.
Permasalahan dalam studi litologi dan
stratigrafi daerah gunung api
• Batuan mirip.
• Urutan stratigrafi batuan komplek.
• Tidak ada fosil.
• Analisis kimia batuan dan penanggalan kurang praktis dalam
praktek eksplorasi tahap awal.
Peran geologi
• Pendekatan dengan studi fasies vulkanik

• Definisi:
• Perubahan fisik secara lateral dan/atau vertikal tubuh batuan yang
diendapkan pada interval waktu geologi tertentu.
• Fasies vulkanik dinamakan berdasar:
• Jarak dari sumber (sentral, proksimal, distal)
• Lingkungan pengendapan (subaerial, shallow subaqueous, sub-
glacial, dll.)
• Tipe endapan (fasies aliran piroclastic, fasies hyalotuff, fasies
kubah dome, dll.)
Komposisi utama fasies vulkanik
• Lava
• Piroklastika
• Epiklastika

Hubungan antar satuan (batas satuan) sangat penting

• Biasanya gradational
• Kontak tajam
• Beda sumber (overlapping volcanic centres)
• Jeda erosional
• Jeda struktural
Tipe utama pusat gunung api berasosiasi dengan sistem
panas bumi
• Gunung api strato andesitan (Andesitic strato volcano)
• Kompleks kaldera riolitan (Rhyolitic Caldera Complexes)
Volcanic facies models

Bogie and Mackenzie, 1998

Survei geologi bawah permukaan
• In geothermal exploration, continuous coring and geophysical logging
techniques are an effective means of evaluating the lithologies,
permeabilities, degree of hydrothermal alteration, temperatures, and
reservoir potential. (Wohletz and Heiken, 1994)
Tasks of geologist during coring (Wohletz and Heiken, 1994)
• mark the top and bottom of the core and draw a line down the long axis;
• note the well number and depth from which the core was taken;
• provide a brief lithologic description (a more complete description should be
completed after drilling, when time permits detailed examination;
• note and mark with a number or letter all of the pieces of the core (in geothermal
areas, cores rarely arrive in one piece because of fracturing and hydrothermal
alteration);
• wrap the core with foil and then dip it in hot wax to retain fluids within the rock if
this is crucial for any laboratory geophysical measurements;
• note the length of core and compare that measurement with the depth drilled
(obtained from the driller) to determine the percentage of core recovery; and
• box the core and number the box. More detailed procedures for core curation are
described in Goff (1986), SPWLA (1982), and in many oil, mining, or geothermal
company handbooks.
• Contoh
summary log
pemboran
Cuttings
• Rocks in geothermal areas are usually hydrothermally altered and
fractured.
• Drill cuttings from geothermal areas, brought to the surface by
circulating drilling mud, are sometimes difficult to interpret.
• The production of cuttings depends on not only the rock type itself,
but also the type of drill bit, drilling speed, and the characteristics of
the drilling mud (Hulen and Sibbett, 1982).
• Drill cuttings, in spite of their disadvantages as borehole rock samples
relative to core, can provide valuable information about a subsurface
resource if carefully sampled and interpreted.
• Cuttings, however, are fragmentary, mixed and frequently
contaminated samples of formerly more or less coherent rock, and
therefore are more difficult than core to interpret reliably.
• Imaginary reconstruction from cuttings of the rock penetrated by a
borehole requires, in addition to thorough knowledge of local
geology, a full understanding of the means by which these samples
are produced and transported in drilling fluid, collected, prepared,
stored and examined
• To maximize the data from drill cuttings, cuttings should be collected
from shaker screens through which the mud is sieved. A sample
should be collected for every 3 m drilled. If the wells are drilled with
compressed air, cuttings can be collected from the mound around the
wellhead orifice or from the muffler.
• Chip size, shape and texture are strongly influenced by the physical
characteristics of the rocks penetrated.
• Large cuttings are favored by rocks which are soft, heterogeneous,
coarse grained and poorly consolidated, and highly fractured.
• By contrast, hard and unfractured rocks, or those which are fine
grained and readily disaggregated, tend to yield small cuttings.
Kontaminasi
fundamental features
• color(s),
• rock type(s),
• grain size(s),
• rock fabric(s),
• original mineralogy,
• alteration mineralogy and intensity,
• presence of gouge or other evidence of faulting,
• presence of drill-produced pseudo-gouge,
• size and shape of drill chips, and
• types and amounts of contaminants.