The University of Sheffield

Department of Civil and Structural Engineering

Module: CIV3203 Prepared by:
Ellia Halaseh
Date:
07/05/2024
Reference Calculation Output

Pedestrian Bridge Initial Sizing Calculations:

-Total Span of the Bridge (Lspan): 50 m.

 Live Loads:

-Imposed Load: 5 KN/m2.

q
-Reduced Imposed Load qfk: fk =¿2.0 +
120
L span+30
=2.0+
120
50 +30
=3.5 KN / m2 ¿ 2.5 ≤ qfk ≤ 5.0
Therefore it passes the check.

 Chord Depth for Longest Span:

-Assume Chord depth to be Span over 17.

6
-Bottom Glulam Chord (6 m): ×1000=352.9=353 mm .
17

 CLT Deck:

-Characteristic Service Loads (Imposed Loads): 5 KN/m2.

-Effective Span Less than: 4 m. (width of the bridge).
-Critical Span Length: 6 m.
-Depth of CLT Deck: 160 mm gives an Lmax= 4.5 m, hence greater than 4 m, therefore
it passes the check.
-Density: 500 Kg/m3.

1
The University of Sheffield
Department of Civil and Structural Engineering
Module: CIV3203 Prepared by:
Ellia Halaseh
Date:
07/05/2024
Reference Calculation Output

-Slab Self Weight:

160
1000
× (
500× 9.81
1000 ) KN
=0.7848=0.79 2
m

 Bottom Glulam Chord (Member in Tension):

-Super Imposed Dead Load (SDL): 0.25 KN/m2 (Assumed SDL For Finishes and Services).
-Dead Load (DL): 0.79 + 0.25 = 1.04 KN/m2 = 1.1 KN/m2.
-Imposed Dead Load (IL): 5 KN/m2.

-Assume that the Bottom Glulam Chords are going to take the full Imposed Load to be
conservative.

-gk: 1.35 (DL Factor).

-qk: 1.5 (IL Factor).

-Factored DL on each Chord: 1.1 x (4/2) x 1.35 = 2.97 KN/m.

-Factored IL on each Chord: 5 x (4/2) x 1.5 = 15 KN/m.
-Maximum Chord Length (L): 6 m.
-Chord Load (wk): 2.97 + 15 =17.98 KN/m = 18 KN/m.

2
w k × L 18× 62
-Moment (Med) = = =81 KNm .
8 8

-Size of the Bottom Glulam Chord (GL28h): (520 x 200) mm.

-Area of the Section: 520 x 200 = 104000 mm2.
-Volume: 6 x (104000/1000000) = 0.624 m3.
-Density of Gl28h: 425 Kg/m3.

-Self Weight of Bottom Glulam Chord:

104000
1000000
× (
425 ×9.81
1000 )
=0.4336 KN /m=0.44 KN /m.

-Overall Factored UDL acting on the whole slab: (18 x 2) + (2 x 0.44 x 1.35) = 37.188 KN/m
= 37.2 KN/m.

2
The University of Sheffield
Department of Civil and Structural Engineering
Module: CIV3203 Prepared by:
Ellia Halaseh
Date:
07/05/2024
Reference Calculation Output

-Overall Factored UDL acting on half of the slab: (37.2/2) = 18.6 KN/m.

 Vertical Glulam Chord:

-Vertical Height of the truss: 10 m.

2 2
w L 18.6 ×50
-Maximum Moment: M max = = =5813 KNm.
8 8

2 2
w L 18.6 × 50
-Horizontal Chord Forces: = =581.3 KN .
8h 8 ×10

-Length of Vertical Glulam Chord 1: 4 m.

-Length of Vertical Glulam Chord 2: 6.53 m.
-Horizontal Distance Between the two Vertical Chords: 6 m.

-Estimate of the Angle of Inclination of The Top Arch: tanθ= ( 6.53−4

6 )
→ θ=22.9 ° .

-Diagonal Force in The Top Arch: ( cos581.3

⁡(22.9) )
=631.0 KN .

3
The University of Sheffield
Department of Civil and Structural Engineering
Module: CIV3203 Prepared by:
Ellia Halaseh
Date:
07/05/2024
Reference Calculation Output
-Vertical Chord Force from Top Arch: 581.3 × tan ( 22.9 )=245.55 KN =246 KN .

-Estimate of the Angle of Inclination of the Bottom Arch:

tanΦ= ( )(
X
6
=
4.22−2.53
6 )→Φ=15.8 ° .

-Vertical Chord Force from Steel Cable (Bottom Arch):

581.3 × tan ( 15.8 )=164.5 KN =165 KN .

-Vertical Force Acting on Vertical Chord 2: ( 18.62×50 )+ 246+165=876 KN .

-Size of Vertical Glulam Chord (GL28h): 320 mm. (Maximum allowable load of 1050 KN).

 Determining the vertical force acting on the rest of the vertical Glulam Chords:

-Shear Force Diagram:

-Using similar triangles approach and the shear force diagram, we can estimate the
vertical forces acting on the Vertical Glulam Chords.

 Vertical Force Acting on Vertical Glulam Chord 2:

4
The University of Sheffield
Department of Civil and Structural Engineering
Module: CIV3203 Prepared by:
Ellia Halaseh
Date:
07/05/2024
Reference Calculation Output

( )( ) (
Fv 2
876
=
19
25
→
25 Fv 2
25
= )(
876 ×19
25 )
→ Fv 2=665.76 KN =666 KN .

 Vertical Force Acting on Vertical Glulam Chord 3:

( Fv8763 )=( 13.5

25 ) →(
25 Fv 3
25 ) =(
876 ×13.5
25 )→ Fv 3=473.04 KN =474 KN .
 Vertical Force Acting on Vertical Glulam Chord 4:

( Fv8764 )=( 8.525 ) →( 2525Fv 4 )=( 87625×8.5 )→ Fv 4=297.84 KN =298 KN .

 Vertical Force Acting on Vertical Glulam Chord 5:

5
The University of Sheffield
Department of Civil and Structural Engineering
Module: CIV3203 Prepared by:
Ellia Halaseh
Date:
07/05/2024
Reference Calculation Output

( Fv8765 )=( 254 ) →( 2525Fv 5 )=( 87625× 4 )→ Fv 5=140.16 KN =141 KN .

 Buckling Check of Vertical Glulam Chords:

-Length of Vertical Glulam Chord 2: (11.03 – 4.50) = 6.53 m.

(
- (Lef, y)/h: 6.53 ÷ )
320
1000
=20.40625

-kc, y: 0.66
-ksys: 1
-kmod: 0.8
-yM: 1.25
-fc, 0, k: 28 N/mm2.
1× 0.8 ×28 2
-fc, 0, d: =17.92 N /mm .
1.25

-Vertical Force Acting on Vertical Glulam Chord 2: 666 KN.

-Buckling Check for Vertical Glulam Chord 2:

(666 ×1000
320 ×320 )
÷ ( 0.66 ×17.92 )=0.5499 ≤1 → passes the ¿ˇ .

-Length of Vertical Glulam Chord 3: (12.75 – 4.5) = 8.25 m.

( )
- (Lef, y)/h: 8.25 ÷
320
1000
=25.78125

-kc, y: 0.45
-ksys: 1
-kmod: 0.8
-yM: 1.25

6
The University of Sheffield
Department of Civil and Structural Engineering
Module: CIV3203 Prepared by:
Ellia Halaseh
Date:
07/05/2024
Reference Calculation Output
-fc, 0, k: 28 N/mm2.

1× 0.8 ×28 2
- fc, 0, d: =17.92 N /mm .
1.25

-Vertical Force Acting on Vertical Glulam Chord 3: 474 KN.

-Buckling Check for Vertical Glulam Chord 3:

( 474 × 1000
320 ×320 )
÷ ( 0.45 ×17.92 )=0.574 ≤1 → passes the ¿ˇ .

-Length Of Vertical Glulam Chord 4: (13.81 – 4.5) = 9.31 m.

- (Lef, y)/h: 9.31 ÷ ( )
320
1000
=29.09375

-kc, y: 0.34
-ksys: 1
-kmod: 0.8

-yM: 1.25

-fc, 0, k: 28 N/mm2.

1× 0.8 ×28 2
- fc, 0, d: =17.92 N /mm .
1.25

-Vertical Force Acting on Vertical Glulam Chord 4: 298 KN.

-Buckling Check for Vertical Glulam Chord 4:

(298 ×1000
320 ×320 )
÷ ( 0.34 × 17.92 )=0.477 ≤ 1→ passesthe ¿ˇ

-Length of Vertical Glulam Chord 5: (14.35 – 4.5) = 9.85 m.

- (Lef, y)/h: 9.85 ÷ (
320
1000 )
=30.78125

-kc, y: 0.32
-ksys: 1
-kmod: 0.8
-yM: 1.25

-fc, 0, k: 28 N/mm2.

7
The University of Sheffield
Department of Civil and Structural Engineering
Module: CIV3203 Prepared by:
Ellia Halaseh
Date:
07/05/2024
Reference Calculation Output

1× 0.8 ×28 2
- fc, 0, d: =17.92 N /mm .
1.25

-Vertical Force Acting on Vertical Glulam Chord 4: 141 KN.

-Buckling Check for Vertical Glulam Chord 4:

(141× 1000
320× 320 )
÷ ( 0.32× 17.92 )=0.241 ≤1 → passes the ¿ˇ .

 Diagonal Glulam Chord:

-Vertical Force Acting on Vertical Glulam Chord 2: 666 KN.

-Length of Vertical Glulam Chord 2 to the steel Cable: (11.03 – 6.810) = 4.22 m
-Horizontal Distance: 5.5 m.

-Estimated Angle: tanθ= ( 4.22

5.5
) →θ=52.5019=52.6 °.

8
The University of Sheffield
Department of Civil and Structural Engineering
Module: CIV3203 Prepared by:
Ellia Halaseh
Date:
07/05/2024
Reference Calculation Output

-Diagonal Force Acting on Diagonal Chord: ( 666

)
cos ⁡(52.6)
=1096.5 KN =1097 KN .

-Assume for the initial sizing that they have the same as the vertical Glulam Chord,
GL28h, 320 mm.

-Size of the critical Diagonal Chord Section: 320 mm.

 Top Arched Glulam Chord, and Steel Cable (Member in Compression, while for
the Steel Cable in Tension):

-L: 50 m.
-h: 10 m
-w: 18.6 KN/m.

( )( )
2 2
w× L 18.6 ×50
-Rh: = =581.25 KN .
8h 8× 10

-Rv: ( w ×2 L )=( 18.62× 50 )=465 KN .

-Force in Top Arched Glulam Chord and Steel Cable:

√ ( 581.252 ) +( 4652 )=744.36 KN =745 KN .
-Size of Top Arched Glulam Chord (GL24c): 320 mm (Assume a height of 4500 mm as it is
the critical length).

-Fy: 355 N/mm2.

-Areq For Steel Cables: ( 745

355 ×10)
3
2
×1000000=2098.6 mm .

-Multiply the Areq by 0.8 to account for the space in the Steel Cables.

-Areq: (2098.6 X 0.8) = 1678.88 mm2.

9
The University of Sheffield
Department of Civil and Structural Engineering
Module: CIV3203 Prepared by:
Ellia Halaseh
Date:
07/05/2024
Reference Calculation Output
-Size of Steel Cables (VVS-3): 55 mm (Minimum Breaking Load of 3020 KN).

 Chords Connecting Vertical Elements:

-Assume for the initial sizing that it is the same as the Bottom Glulam Chords.
-Size of Chords Connecting Vertical Elements (GL28h): (520 X 200) mm.

 Bracings:

-(Assume a Column Height of 3000 mm, use the minimum height).

-Size of Bracings: (200 x 200) mm.

 Columns Supporting Truss Bridge:

-Fv: ( wL4 )=( 37.2×4 50 )=465 KN .

-Column Height: 4500 mm.
-Size of Columns Supporting Truss Bridge (GL24c): (280 x 280) mm.

(Gives an Allowable Capacity of 590 KN).

-According to the Dynamic Analysis done in GSA, it turns out that columns supporting the
truss bridge needs to be stiffer as it exceeds the maximum allowable deflection of 15mm,
in order to mitigate this issue, I tried to increase the section of the timber column but
that did not work as well. Hence, I decided to change the section into a steel column.

1 1
-Design Value of Compression Force (NEd): F v = × wl= × 37.2× 50=465 KN .
4 4
2
-fy: 355 N/mm .
-Trial Column Size: 203 x 203 x 71 (British Steel Universal Columns).
-web(c/t): 15.6 (Section Class 1).
-Flange (c/t): 5.97 (Section Class 1).
-Overall Section Class : 1

-Determining The Flexural Buckling About the Major Axis:

10
The University of Sheffield
Department of Civil and Structural Engineering
Module: CIV3203 Prepared by:
Ellia Halaseh
Date:
07/05/2024
Reference Calculation Output


N Ed
[ ( )] [ ( )]
N b , y, Rd
+ K yy
M y , Ed
M b , Rd
+ K yz ×
M z , Ed
M c , z , Rd
≤1.0

-Determining Nb,y,Rd from The Blue Book:

 Lcr = 4.5 m = 4500 mm.
 From Interpolation Nb,y,Rd = 2555 KN.

-Ψ: -1
-Cmy: 0.6+ 0.4 Ψ ≥ 0.4=0.6+ ( 0.4 ×−1 )=0.2 ≥ 0.4 → Cmy = 0.4

N Ed 465
- = =0.182
N b , y, Rd 2555

-Radius of Gyration, iy: 52.8 mm. (British Steel Universal Columns).

Lcr 4500
-Non-dimensional Slenderness, λy: = =1.1214
76 ×i y 76 × 52.8
K yy
- =1.17
Cmy

K yy
-Kyy: C my × =0.4 ×1.17=0.468
C my

-My,Ed: 83.90 KNm (Myy from the GSA software).

-C1: 2.50
-Mb,Rd: 276 KNm (From the Blue Book).

-Flexural Buckling About Major Axis:


N Ed
N b , y, Rd[ ( )]
+ K yy ×
M y , Ed
M b , Rd (
+ ⌈ K yz ×
M z , Ed
)
M c, z , Rd
⌉ ≤ 1.0=
[465
2555 (
+ 0.468 ×)]
83.90
276
+0=0.3243 ≤ 1.0→

11
The University of Sheffield
Department of Civil and Structural Engineering
Module: CIV3203 Prepared by:
Ellia Halaseh
Date:
07/05/2024
Reference Calculation Output
Therefore passes the check (Section is Sufficient).

-Determining The Flexural Buckling About the Minor Axis:


N Ed
[ ( )] [ ( )]
N b , z , Rd
+ K zy
M y , Ed
M b , Rd
+ K zz ×
M z , Ed
M c , z , Rd
≤ 1.0

-To Find Kzy: → 1- Either Member Not Susceptible to Torsional Deformation, 0.6 Kyy.
2- Or, Member Susceptible to Torsional Deformation, Figure D.3 From
p362 concise EC3, 2017 Edition.

-Determining Nb,z,Rd from the Blue Book:

 Lcr = 4.5 m = 4500 mm.
 From Interpolation Nb,z,Rd = 1530 KN.

-Radius of Gyration, iz: 91.8 mm.

Lcr 4500
-Non-Dimensional Slenderness, λz: = =0.645
76 ×i z 76 ×91.8

-Kzy: 0.974
-My,Ed: 83.90 KNm (Myy from the GSA software).
-C1: 2.50
-Mb,Rd: 276 KNm (From the Blue Book).

-Flexural Buckling About the Minor Axis:


N Ed
[ ( )]
N b , z , Rd
+ K zy ×
M y , Ed
M b , Rd (
+ ⌈ K zz ×
M z , Ed
)
M c , z , Rd
⌉ ≤ 1.0=
[465
1530 (
+ 0.974 × )]
83.90
276
+0=0.6 ≤1.0 →

Therefore passes the check (Section is Sufficient).

 Wind Load Calculations for the Pedestrian Bridge:

-Altitude of The Site Above Ordnance Datum (A): 53.262 m (From Borehole Data).

12
The University of Sheffield
Department of Civil and Structural Engineering
Module: CIV3203 Prepared by:
Ellia Halaseh
Date:
07/05/2024
Reference Calculation Output

-Height of the Building Above the Ground (z): 4.5 + ( 160+200

2× 1000 )
=4.68 m .

 Fundamental Basic Wind Velocity (Vb,0):

- Vb,0 = Vb,map x Calt.

-Vb,map: 22.1 m/s (From Figure NA.1).

-If z ≤ 10 m→ C alt =1+0.001 A .

-Altitude Factor (Calt): (1 + (0.001 x 53.262)) = 1.053262

- Vb,0: 22.1 x 1.053262 = 23.2771 m/s = 23.3 m/s.

 Basic Wind Velocity (Vb):

- Vb = (Cdir x Cseason x Vb,0)

- Cdir: 1 (UK National Annex, Table NA.1).
-Seasonal Fcator (Cseason): 1 (UK National Annex, Table NA.2).
- Vb: (1 x 1 x 23.3) = 23.3 m/s.

 Wind Force in X-Direction:

-Density of Air: 1.226 Kg/m3.

 Wind Load Factor (Cx):

- For Initial design assume the AG1 site is not shielded from the wind by adjacent
buildings, Conservative Assumption.
-Displacement Height (hdis): 0 m.
-Distance from Lowest Ground Level to the Bottom of the Bridge Deck: 4.5 m

-Bridge Deck Structure Depth (d): (160 + 200) = 360 mm (Includes the Depth of CLT Deck
and the Bottom Glulam Chords).

13
The University of Sheffield
Department of Civil and Structural Engineering
Module: CIV3203 Prepared by:
Ellia Halaseh
Date:
07/05/2024
Reference Calculation Output
-z: 4.68 m.
-Distance Upwind to Shoreline: 100 Km.
-Exposure Factor (Ce(Z)): 1.8 (UK National Annex, Figure NA.7).
-Bridge Width (b): 4 m.

-dtot: (d + 0.6) = ( 1000

360
)+0.6=0.96 m (UK National Annex, Table 8.1, Assume Open
Parapets on Both Sides).

-(b/dtot): ( 0.964 )=4.167

-Cfx,0: 1.28 (UK National Annex 8.3.2).
-Wind Load Factor (Cx): (Ce(Z) x Cfx,0) = (1.8 x 1.28) = 2.304

-Wind Load in X-Direction: 0.5 × ρ× V 2b × C x =( 0.5× 1.226∗( 23.32 ) ×2.304 ) ÷

1000=0.767 KN /m2 ¿ 0.8 KN /m2.

 Wind Force in Z-Direction:

-Terrain factor (Ce): 1.8 (Ce = Ce(Z)).

-cz: 0.9
-Wind Load Factor (Cz): (1.8 x 0.9) = 1.62

-Wind Load in Z-Direction: 0.5 × ρ× V 2b × C z=( 0.5 ×1.226∗( 23.32 ) ×1.62 ) ÷

1000=0.539 KN /m2 ¿ 0.54 KN /m2.

 Wind Force in Y-Direction:

-BS EN 1991-1-4 Specifies that for a Truss Bridge, The Wind Force in the Y-Direction can
be taken as 50% of the Wind Force in the X-Direction.

-Wind Load in Y-Direction: (0.5 x 0.8) = 0.4 KN/m2.

 Connection Details calculation:

14
The University of Sheffield
Department of Civil and Structural Engineering
Module: CIV3203 Prepared by:
Ellia Halaseh
Date:
07/05/2024
Reference Calculation Output

-For the Connection Details, design for 3 different connections.

15