…Metal…..

Why Aluminum foil is used for Packaging Food?

Food can be kept fresher for a longer period of time when aluminum foil is utilized as a packing material.
Aluminum foil's light-barrier, high- and low-temperature resistance, oil resistance, water resistance, non-
toxic, and tasteless features keep the food safe & fresh. Aluminium foils are also eco friendly. These
qualities and advantages have made it a popular packaging
choice in the food & pharma business. The food packaging
business relies heavily on aluminum foil due to its perfect
properties and advantages.

Examples of foods packaged in this

way include dried soups, sauce mixes,
salad dressings and jams. Foil is
included in laminates used for
retortable pouches and rigid plastic containers for ready meals.
It is also a component in cartons for UHT milk and fruit juices.
Coating is used in food packaging for a variety of reasons,
including:
 To protect food from moisture and other environmental
elements: Coatings can create a barrier between the food
and the environment, which helps to prevent moisture,
oxygen, light, and other elements from reaching the food.
This helps to keep food fresh and safe to eat.
 To extend the shelf life of food: By protecting food from
moisture and other environmental elements, coatings can
help to extend the shelf life of food. This is important for
both consumers and food businesses, as it helps to reduce
food waste.
  To improve the appearance of food packaging: Coatings
can give food packaging a more attractive appearance.
This can help to increase the appeal of food products to
consumers.
 To provide additional functionality: Coatings can also be
used to provide additional functionality to food packaging.
For example, some coatings can help to prevent food from
sticking to the packaging, while others can help to control
the temperature of the food.

Aluminum foil : Aluminum foil is produced from aluminum ingots by a series of rolling operations
down to a thickness in the range 0.15–0.008 mm. Most foil used in packaging contains not less than
99.0% aluminum, with traces of silicon, iron, copper and in some cases, chromium and zinc.
Aluminum foil is a thin sheet of aluminum that is produced by rolling aluminum
ingots into thin sheets. Thickness of Aluminum foil is in the range 0.15–0.008 mm.
Most foil used in packaging contains not less than 99.0% aluminum, with traces of
silicon, iron, copper and in some cases, chromium and zinc.
Tinplate
Tinplate is the most common metal material used for food cans. It consists of a low-carbon, mild steel
sheet or strip, 0.50–0.15 mm thick, coated on both sides with a layer of tin.
Electrolytic Chromium-Coated Steel (ECCS)
Electrolytic chromium-coated steel (ECCS), sometimes described as tin free steel, lectrolytic Chromium-
Coated Steel (ECCS) is a type of steel that has been coated with a layer of chromium through an
electrolytic process. It. It consists of low-carbon, mild CR or DR steel coated on both sides with a layer of
metallic chromium and chromium sesqueoxide, applied electrolytically. ECCS is less resistant to
corrosion than tinplate and is normally lacquered on both sides. It is more resistant to weak acids and
sulphur staining than tinplate.
Aluminum Alloy
Hard-temper aluminum alloy, containing 1.5–5.0% magnesium, is used in food can manufacture. It is
lighter but mechanically weaker than tinplate. It is manufactured in a similar manner to aluminum foil. It
is less resistant to corrosion than tinplate and needs to be lacquered for most applications. Aluminium
alloys used for food contact may contain elements such as magnesium, silicon, iron, manganese, copper
and zinc. • Aluminium and its various alloys are highly resistant to corrosion.

Lacquer is a resin coating of cans which protect the inside of the can from acids in food which would
otherwise attack the metal causing it to corrode. If the can is going to be stored in poor conditions the
outside of the can, can be lacquered as well, to protect the metal from corrosion. The lacquering seals and
protects the tin from chemical reactions without affecting the food flavor, it also prevents the dissolution
of tins into the products.

Lacquers are coatings used in food packaging to provide a protective layer over the packaging material, to
enhance its performance and preserve the quality and safety of the packaged food

why is used lacquers in food package

Corrosion Resistance: Lacquers provide a protective barrier on the interior of metal food packaging,
such as cans or lids. This barrier prevents the metal from coming into direct contact with the food, which
is crucial for preventing corrosion or rusting. Without this protective layer, the metal could react with the
food
To extend the shelf life of food. By protecting food from moisture and other environmental elements,
lacquers can help to extend the shelf life of food
To improve the appearance of food packaging. Lacquers can give food packaging a more attractive
appearance. This can help to increase the appeal of food products to consumers.
Preservation of Food Quality: Lacquers act as a barrier that helps preserve the quality and safety of the
food by preventing external elements, such as oxygen and moisture, from infiltrating the package.
To provide additional functionality: Lacquers can also be used to provide additional functionality to food
packaging. For example, some lacquers can help to prevent food from sticking to the packaging, while
others can help to control the temperature of the food.
Barrier Properties: Lacquers can enhance the barrier properties of the packaging material. They help
prevent the migration of flavors, odors, moisture, or other substances between the food and the external
environment. This preservation of the food's quality and freshness is crucial, especially for products with
a longer shelf life.
What is the possible toxicity that can be caused by metal cans in food packaging?
the possible toxicity of the metals mentioned in your question:
Aluminum
Aluminum is a relatively non-toxic metal, but high levels of exposure can cause health problems such as
neurological damage and kidney disease. Aluminum cans are typically coated with a thin layer of lacquer
to prevent the aluminum from coming into contact with the food. However, if the lacquer is damaged,
aluminum can leach into the food.
Tinplate
Tinplate is a type of steel that is coated with a thin layer of tin. Tin is a non-toxic metal, but high levels of
exposure can cause stomach upset and other gastrointestinal problems. Tinplate cans are typically coated
with a thin layer of lacquer to prevent the tin from coming into contact with the food. However, if the
lacquer is damaged, tin can leach into the food.
Electrolytic chromium-coated steel (ECCS)
ECCS is a type of steel that is coated with a thin layer of chromium. Chromium is a non-toxic metal, but
high levels of exposure can cause skin irritation and respiratory problems. ECCS cans are typically coated
with a thin layer of lacquer to prevent the chromium from coming into contact with the food. However, if
the lacquer is damaged, chromium can leach into the food.
Lead
Lead is a highly toxic metal that can cause a variety of health problems, including cancer, neurological
damage, and kidney disease. Lead was once commonly used in metal cans, but it is now banned from use
in food packaging in most countries. However, some older cans may still contain lead.
How are plastics formed?

Plastics are formed through a process called polymerization, in which small molecules, called monomers,
are chemically bonded together to create long chains or networks of repeating units known as polymers

Plastic is the most used material in packaging for several reasons:

1. Versatility: Plastic can be molded into various shapes and sizes, making it a versatile material for
packaging. It can be made into bottles, containers, bags, and other packaging products.
2. Durability: Plastic is a durable material that can withstand a wide range of temperatures and
environmental conditions. This makes it suitable for packaging products that need to be protected
from moisture, air, and other external factors.
 3. Lightweight: Plastic is a lightweight material, which makes it a cost-effective choice for
packaging products that need to be transported over long distances. It also reduces the amount of
packaging waste generated during transportation.
4. Low Cost: Plastic is a relatively low-cost material, which makes it an affordable option for
manufacturers and consumers. It is less expensive than many other packaging materials, such as
glass, metal, and paper.
5. Customization: Plastic can be easily customized to suit the needs of different products and
brands. It can be colored, printed, and embossed to create unique packaging designs that stand out
on store shelves.
6. Long Shelf Life: Certain types of plastic packaging, like vacuum-sealed bags, can extend the
shelf life of perishable products by reducing exposure to oxygen and microbes.
7.
Why is most food packaging plastic?
These are the lightweight, easily moulded, good impact, and reformative materials used for the wrapping
purpose. It is mostly known for preserving the quality of food, that does not break easily and can be
stored with food under extreme conditions.
Because it can be see through or colored, resistant to moisture, resistant to cold, flexible, hard to tear,
weldable by heat, cheap to manufacture, does not rot, can be made resistant to acids, petroleum oils,
ultraviolet light, made hard or soft, molded into shapes, resistant to heat.

Explain the harmful effects of plastics on human health.

Any five:
1. Polythene bags are one kind of plastics which are non-biodegradable and cause environmental
pollution.
2. Plastics undergo a process known as photodegradation, in which they break down into smaller and
smaller toxic particles. These particles contaminate soil and water and enter the food chain when eaten
accidentally by animals like cows.
3. Plastic materials discarded into aquatic resources cause death of huge number of aquatic organisms.
4. Plastics in the form of polythene bags are also responsible for the clogging of drainage systems in cities
and towns.
5. Plastics take several years to decompose.
6. Plastics are not suitable for storing cooked food as they emit harmful chemicals when they are exposed
to high temperatures. Using plastics causes health problems.
7. Burning of plastics emits harmful gases which cause cancer in living beings.
 A double seam creates a hermetic seal by interlocking the edges (flanges) both of the cover (lid or
end) and body of the can.

An additive in packaging is a substance that is added to a packaging material to improve its performance,
reduce its cost, improve its safety, or improve its appearance.

why used additive in packaging

used to stabilize packaging materials and prevent degradation due to exposure to environmental factors
such as heat, light, oxygen, and moisture.
Packaging materials used for food or medical products may contain antimicrobial additives to inhibit the
growth of microorganisms, reducing the risk of contamination and extending product freshness.
Colorants and Pigments: Additives are used to provide color to packaging materials, making them
visually appealing and helping with branding and product differentiation.
Additives are used in packaging for a variety of reasons, including:
 To improve the performance of the packaging material: Additives can improve the strength,
durability, flexibility, barrier properties, and other performance characteristics of packaging
materials. For example, antioxidants can be added to improve the durability of plastics, and UV
stabilizers can be added to protect them from sunlight damage.
 To reduce the cost of the packaging material: Some additives can help to reduce the cost of
packaging materials by making them easier to produce or by allowing less material to be used.
For example, plasticizers can be added to plastics to make them more flexible and easier to
process.
 To improve the safety of the packaging material: Additives can be used to improve the safety of
packaging materials by making them more resistant to chemicals, bacteria, and other
contaminants. For example, antimicrobial additives can be added to packaging materials to
prevent the growth of bacteria.
 To improve the appearance of the packaging material: Additives can be used to improve the
appearance of packaging materials by making them more transparent, colorful, or glossy. For
example, colorants can be added to plastics to make them more attractive to consumers.
1. Processing additives 2. Plasticiser 3. Antiquing additives 4.Surface properly modifier 5. Optical
modifier 6.Foaming Agent
Certainly, here's an explanation of the functions of the mentioned additives in packaging materials, along
with examples:
1. **Processing Additives**:
- **Function**: Processing additives are used to improve the manufacturing and processing properties
of packaging materials. They can enhance the flow, extrusion, and moldability of the material, making it
easier to process.
- **Example**: In the production of plastic films for packaging, slip agents like erucamide can be
added to reduce friction between the film layers and improve processing.

2. **Plasticizer**:
- **Function**: Plasticizers are added to certain plastics to increase their flexibility and reduce
brittleness. They help improve the material's durability and workability, making it more suitable for
flexible packaging applications.
- **Example**: Phthalate plasticizers, like diethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP), are commonly used in the
production of flexible PVC films used for food packaging.

3. **Antiquing Additives**:
- **Function**: Antiquing additives are used in packaging materials to create an aged or antique
appearance. They can impart visual effects such as texture, patina, or a weathered look to the packaging.
- **Example**: In the production of decorative packaging, antiquing agents like patina solutions or
textured coatings can be used to achieve desired aesthetic effects.
1. Uv stabilizer
4. **Surface Property Modifier**:
- **Function**: Surface property modifiers are additives used to alter the surface characteristics of
packaging materials. They can improve properties like adhesion, printability, and resistance to wear or
environmental factors.
- **Example**: In packaging ink formulations, surface modifiers like adhesion promoters or anti-
blocking agents can be added to ensure that inks adhere well to the packaging surface and do not stick
together.

5. **Optical Modifier**:
- **Function**: Optical modifiers are additives used to influence the visual appearance of packaging
materials. They can enhance properties such as clarity, opacity, gloss, or matte finish.
 - **Example**: In the production of clear plastic bottles, optical brighteners can be added to improve
the clarity and brightness of the material, making the packaging more visually appealing.

6. **Foaming Agent**:
- **Function**: Foaming agents are used to introduce voids or gas bubbles into packaging materials,
creating a foamed or expanded structure. This reduces material density, making it lightweight while
maintaining strength and insulation properties.
- **Example**: In the production of foam packaging materials, chemical foaming agents like
azodicarbonamide (ADA) or physical foaming agents like nitrogen gas can be used to create foam
structures in plastics.

These additives play critical roles in tailoring the properties and characteristics of packaging materials to
meet specific requirements for various packaging applications, including those related to aesthetics,
functionality, and performance.