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Modelling of Load Flow Analysis in ETAP Software

This document provides an example power flow analysis using the Gauss-Seidel method. It includes forming the bus admittance matrix, calculating voltage phasors at load buses, determining slack bus real and reactive power, and calculating line flows and losses.

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395 views

Modelling of Load Flow Analysis in ETAP Software

This document provides an example power flow analysis using the Gauss-Seidel method. It includes forming the bus admittance matrix, calculating voltage phasors at load buses, determining slack bus real and reactive power, and calculating line flows and losses.

Uploaded by

vipinraj
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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How To Design Load

Flow Analysis in ETAP


Software
By: Dr. J. A. Laghari
This example is taken
from the book Power System
Analysis by Hadi Sadat.

Chapter 6,
Example 6.7.
 Example
Figure shows the one line diagram of a simple power three bus power
system with generation at bus 1. The magnitude of voltage at bus 1 is
adjusted to 1.05 p.u. the scheduled loads at buses 2 and 3 are as marked on
the diagram. Line impedances are marked in per unit on a 100 MVA base
and the line charging susceptance are neglected.

(a) Using the Gauss-seidel


method, determine the phasor
values of the voltage at the load
buses (P-Q buses) 2 and 3
accurate to four decimal places.
(b) Find the slack bus real
and reactive power.
 Example
(c) Determine the line flows and line losses. Construct a
power flow diagram showing the direction of the line flows.
Solution:
 Impedance of the Transmission Line 1-2
Resistance in per unit is given as below:

R  0.02 p.u.
X L  0.04 p.u.
Solution:
 1. Calculation of Phase Voltages:
First admittance matrix is formed. To form admittance bus
matrix, first impedances are converted into their admittances.

1 1 1 0.02  j 0.04
y12      10  j 20
Z12 0.02  j 0.04 0.02  j 0.04 0.02  j 0.04
1 1 1 0.01  j 0.03
y13      10  j 30
Z13 0.01  j 0.03 0.01  j 0.03 0.01  j 0.03
1 1 1 0.0125  j 0.025
y23      16  j 32
Z 23 0.0125  j 0.025 0.0125  j 0.025 0.0125  j 0.025
Solution:
 1. Calculation of Phase Voltages:
Y11  y12  y13  10  j 20  10  j 30  20  j 50
Y22  y12  y23  10  j 20  16  j 32  26  j 52
Y33  y13  y23  10  j 30  16  j 32  26  j 62
Y12  Y21   y12  10  j 20
Y13  Y31   y13  10  j 30

Y23  Y32   y23  16  j32


Solution:
 1. Calculation of Phase Voltages:
Now, the bus admittance matrix can be formed as below:

20  j50  10  j 20  10  j30


YBus   10  j 20 26  j52  16  j32
 10  j30  16  j32 26  j 62 
At the P-Q buses, the complex loads expressed in per unit are:
Here negative
S 2( Actual )  256.6  j110.2 
S 2( p.u )      2.566  j1.102 p.u sign is given in
S Base  100  order to show that
this is not the
S3( Actual ) 138.6  j 45.2  supplied power. In
S3( p.u )      1.386  j 0.452 p.u fact, it is load.
S Base  100 
Solution:
 1. Calculation of Phase Voltages:
To calculate the voltages at bus 2 and bus 3, Bus 1 is
selected as slack bus. Starting from an initial estimate of

V20  1.0  j 0; V30  1.0  j 0


V2 and V3 are computed by using equation:
 
1  Pk  jQk n
r
Vk( r 1)   ( r )*
  Yki  Vi 
Ykk  Vk i 1 
 i  k 
1  P2  jQ2 (0) 
V 2
(1)
   ( 0 )*
 Y21  V1  Y23  V3 
(0)

Y22  V2 
Solution:
 1. Calculation of Phase Voltages:
  2.566  j1.102 
1   (  10  j 20 )  (1.05  j 0.0)  
V2(1)    1.0  j 0.0 
26  j52  
 ( 16  j 32 )  (1.0  j 0.0) 

V2(1)  0.9825  j 0.0310


1  P3  jQ3 (1) 
V3
(1)
   ( 0 )*
 Y31  V1  Y32  V2 
(0)

Y33  V3 
  1.386  j 0.452 
1   ( 10  j 30 )  (1.05  j 0.0)  
V3(1)    1.0  j 0.0 
26  j 62  
 ( 16  j 32 )  ( 0.9825  j 0.0310 ) 
Solution:
 1. Calculation of Phase Voltages:
V 3
(1)
 1.0011  j 0.0353
For second iteration,

1  P2  jQ2 (1) 
V 2
( 2)
   (1)*
 Y21  V1  Y23  V3 
(0)

Y22  V2 

  2.566  j1.102 
1   ( 10  j 20 )  (1.05  j 0.0)  
V2( 2)    0.9825  j 0.031 
26  j52  
 ( 16  j 32 )  (1.0011  j 0.0353 ) 
Solution:
 1. Calculation of Phase Voltages:
V 3
(1)
 1.0011  j 0.0353
For second iteration,

1  P2  jQ2 (1) 
V 2
( 2)
 
 (1)*
 Y21  V1  Y23  V3 
(0)

Y22  V2 
  2.566  j1.102 
1   ( 10  j 20 )  (1.05  j 0.0)  
V2( 2)    0.9825  j 0.031 
26  j52  
 ( 16  j 32 )  (1.0011  j 0.0353 ) 

V 2
( 2)
 0.9816  j 0.052
Solution:
 1. Calculation of Phase Voltages:
1  P3  jQ3 ( 2) 
V 3
( 2)
   (1)*
 Y31  V1  Y32  V2 
(0)

Y33  V3 

  1.386  j 0.452 
1   (10  j30)  (1.05  j 0.0)  
V3( 2)    1.0011  j 0.0353 
26  j 62  
 ( 16  j 32 )  ( 0.9816  j 0.052 ) 

V3( 2)  1.0008  j 0.0459


Solution:
 1. Calculation of Phase Voltages:
The process is continued and a solution is converged with an
accuracy of 5x10-5 per unit in seven iteration as given below:

V 2
(7)
 0.98  j 0.06  0.98183   3.5035  p.u

V 3
(7)
 1.0  j 0.05  1.00125   2.8624  p.u
Solution:
 2. Slack Bus Real and Reactive Power:
With the knowledge of all bus voltages, the slack bus power is obtained from:

P1  jQ1  V1  I1  V1  V1  ( y12  y13 )  y12  V2  y13  V3 


1.05  (10  j 20  10  j30) 
 
P1  jQ1  1.05   (10  j 20)  (0.98  j 0.06)
 (10  j30)  (1.0  j 0.05) 

P1  jQ1  4.095  j1.890


Solution:
 2. Slack Bus Real and Reactive Power:
P1( Actual)  4.095 100  409.5 MW

Q1( Actual )  1.89 100  189.0 M var


Solution:
 (c) Line Flows:
To find the line flows, first the line currents are computed
with line charging capacitors neglected, the line currents are:

I12  y12  (V1  V2 )  (10  j 20)  (1.05  j0)  (0.98  j 0.06)

I12  1.9  j0.8 I 21  I12  1.9  j 0.8


I13  y13  (V1  V3 )  (10  j30)  (1.05  j 0)  (1.0  j 0.05)

I13  2.0  j1.0 I 31   I13  2.0  j1.0


Solution:
 (c) Line Flows:
I 23  y23  (V2  V3 )  (16  j32)  (0.98  j 0.06)  (1.0  j 0.05)
I 23  0.64  j 0.48 I 32   I 23  0.64  j 0.48
The line flows are:

S12  V1  I12*  (1.05  j 0.0)  (1.9  j 0.8)  (1.995  j 0.84) p.u


S12( Actual)  (1.995  j 0.84) 100  199.5 MW  j84.0 M var
S 21  V2  I 21
*
 (0.98  j 0.06)  (1.9  j 0.8)  1.91  j 0.67 p.u
S21( Actual)  (1.91  j 0.67) 100  191.0 MW  j 67.0 M var
Solution:
 (c) Line Flows:
S13  V1  I13
*
 (1.05  j 0.0)  (2.0  j1.0)  (2.1  j1.05) p.u
S13( Actual)  (2.1  j1.05) 100  210 MW  j105 M var
S31  V3  I 31
*
 (1.0  j 0.05)  (2.0  j1.0)  (2.05  j 0.9) p.u
S31( Actual)  (2.05  j 0.9) 100  205 MW  j90 M var
S23  V2  I 23
*
 (0.98  j 0.06)  (0.64  j 0.48)  0.656  j 0.432 p.u
S23( Actual)  (0.656  j 0.432) 100  65.6 MW  j 43.2 M var
S32  V3  I 32
*
 (1.0  j 0.05)  (0.64  j 0.48)  0.664  j 0.448 p.u
S32  (0.664  j 0.448) 100  66.4 MW  j 44.8 M var
Solution:
 (c) Line Losses:
Now, the line losses are:
SL12  S12  S21  199.5  j84.0 191.0  j67.0
SL12  8.5 MW  j17.0 M var
S L13  S13  S31  210  j105  205  j90
S L13  5.0 MW  j15.0 M var
S L 23  S 23  S32  65.6  j 43.2  66.4  j 44.8
S L 23  0.8 MW  j1.6 M var
Solution:
 (c) Power Flow Diagram:
The power flow diagram is shown in Figure below. The values
within parenthesis are the real and reactive losses in the lines.
THANK YOU VERY MUCH

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