Arithmetic Coursebook - Mind Faces
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Jai ShahArithmetic Coursebook - Mind Faces
Uploaded by
Jai ShahMIND FACES
CET COURSEBOOK 2024-25
ARITHMETIC
Percentage
Per cent means per 100, where ‘cent’ stands for 100. 20
By a certain percent, we mean that many hundredth, Similarly, 25% of 20% is 25% × = 5%,
100
thus x% means x divided by hundred.
25
x or × 20% = 5%.
i.e. x% = . 100
100
Percentage of a number Successive percentage changes
If a number is changed (increased/decreased) by a% and
To find the percentage of a number, convert the
in the second step, this changed number is again
percentage into fraction (by dividing by 100) and multiply
the resulting fraction with the number. changed (increased/decreased) by b%, then net
ab
60 percentage change = a b %.
e.g: 60% of 500 = 500 300 . 100
100
If ‘a’ and ‘b’ show decrease, then put a –ve sign before ‘a’
Conversion of a fraction or a decimal into and ‘b’, otherwise put +ve sign.
percentage 1. If the price of an item is increased by 20% and then
A fraction or a decimal can be converted into a percentage a discount of 10% is given on the increased price,
by simply multiplying it by 100. what will be the effective percentage change in the
1 price of the item?
So, the fraction expressed as a percentage is Solution :
5
1 Using percentage change
100 20% .
5 ab
And the decimal 0.05 expressed as a percentage is 0.05 =a+b+ %
100
× 100 = 5%.
20 10
= 20 – 10 – = 8% (increase)
Converting a percentage into a fraction 100
A percentage when divided by 100 is converted into a
20 1 Notes:
fraction. So, 20% as a fraction is .
100 5 The rule cannot be generalized. This can only
The ‘%’ sign is dropped when we divide the percentage be used for 2 values at a time.
by 100.
Fraction of a fraction and Relative Percentage
To find the fraction of a fraction we multiply both the
fractions.
1 1 1 1 1
e.g. of is nothing but ,
4 5 4 5 20
1 3 1
and of is , etc .
3 5 5
2.2 Percentage
You may encounter these types of questions in the examination
Solved Examples
Types of questions Examples Approach to the question
1. Convert percentage into Express 12% in a fraction.
x 12 3
fraction. x% = =
100 100 25
5
2. Convert fraction (or decimal) Express as percentage. Multiply the fraction by 100.
into percentage. 11
5
= 100 45.45%
11
3. If A is x% of B and B = P, A’s income is 40% of B’s. If B’s income is x
A= P
then find A in term of P. `10, 000, what is A’s income? 100
40
= 10,000 = `4,000
100
4. If A is r% more than B, by X’s income is 25% more than Y’s. By how r
Difference = 100
how much percent is B less much percent is Y’s income less than X’s? 100 r
than A?
25
= 100 20%
125
5. If A is r% less than B, by X’s income is 40% less than Y’s. By how r
Difference = 100
how much percent is B more much per cent is Y’s income more than 100 – r
than A? X’s? 40
= 100 66.67%
60
6. If the price of a commodity (a) If the price of potatoes is increased by Expenditure =
increases by r%, find the 20%, by how much percent should the Price × Consumption
decrease in the consumption consumption be decreased so as to r
so as not to increase the have no change in the expenditure? (a) Decrease = 100
100 r
expenditure. (b) If the price of potatoes is increased by 20 50
General Forumula: 20% and the consumption is decreased = 100 16.67%
120 3
% decrease/increase in con- by 10%, what will be the change in
ab
expenditure? (b) Net change = a + b +
r 100
sumption 100 where
100 r 20 10
= 20 – 10 – = 8%
r is % increase/decrease in 100
the price of the commodity.
7. The population of a town is The population of a town is 18000. 100 x 100 y
NF = N
N. It increases by x% during It increases by 10% during first 100 100
the first year and y% during year and by 20% during the
110 120
the second year. Find the second year. What will be the = 18000 = 23760
population after 2 years? 100 100
Alternative method
Successive increments of 10%
and 20% = 32%.
Then, population will increase
by 32% of 18000 = 5760.
Population after 2 years will
be 18000 + 5760 = 23760.
Percentage 2.3
1. Express 40% in decimal terms. Solution :
Solution : Clearly, 80% were uncertain. Let assume ‘x’
40 individuals were surveyed.
40% = = 0.4 80% of x – 20% of x = 720
100
2. Express 30 as a percentage of 45. 60
60% of x 720 x 720
Solution : 100
30 720 100
x 1200
× 100 = 66.67% 60
45
8. Of the total amount received by Kiran, 20% was
3. Find 40% of 3340.
spent on purchases and 5% of the remaining on
Solution : transportation. If he was left with `1,520, what was
40 the initial amount?
× 3340 = 1336
100 Solution :
4. Express 50 g as a percentage of 4 kg. Let 100 be the sum, 20% is spent on purchases.
Solution : Hence, we are left with 80; 5% of 80 is 4. Hence,
the remaining is 76. We are given that the remaining
50 g 50 g is 1520. Hence, 76 corresponds to 1520 and
100 100 1.25%
4 kg 4000 g 100 1520
therefore 100 corresponds to = `2000.
5. A’s income is 70% of B’s. B’s income is 50% of 76
C’s. If C’s income is `1,00,000 then A’s income is 9. The length of a rectangle is increased by 10%. What
Solution : will be the percentage decrease in its breadth, so
as to have a constant area?
50
B’s income = × `1,00,000 = `50,000 Solution :
100
Let length and breadth of the rectangle are l and b
70 respectively. Area = lb.
A’s income = × `50,000 = `35,000
100 Increased length and corresponding breadth
Alternative Method : l' and b', area l'b '
50
B’s income = of C’s income 110 11
100 l' l l
100 10
70
A’s income = of B’s income 11 10
100 lb' lb b' b
10 11
70 50
= of C’s income 10 1
100 100 Decrease in breath = b – b’ = b b b
11 11
35 Percentage decrease in breadth
A’s income = 1,00,000 ` 35,000 .
100
b 100 1
6. X’s income is 50% more than Y’s. By how much 100 9 %.
percentage is Y’s income less than X’s? 11 b 11 11
Solution : Shortcut
Using formula, r = 50
ab
Applying percentage change = a b .
50 100
100 33.33%
(100 50) Let decrease in breadth be x%.
7. In a market survey, 20% individuals opted for product
10 x 11x
B. The remaining individuals were uncertain. If the Then 0 10 x 10
difference between those who opted for product B 100 10
and those who were uncertain was 720. How many 100 1
or x 9 %
individuals were covered in the survey? 11 11
2.4 Percentage
10. A school has only three classes which contain 40, Shortcut
50 and 60 students. The passing percentage of Using successive percentage increase formula
these classes are 10, 20 and 10 respectively. What
xy
is the percentage of the students who passed in = xy , where ‘x’ and ‘y’ are the percentage
100
the school?
increase.
Solution :
Percentage increase in revenue
Total number of students = 40 + 50 + 60 = 150
25 12
Number of students passed = 25 12 = 25 + 12 + 3 = 40%.
100
10 20 10 13. A’s 5% income is equal to 15% income of B, and
40 50 60
100 100 100 10% of income of B is equal to 20% income of C. If
= (4 + 10 + 6) = 20 income of C is `2,000, then what is the total income
of A, B and C?
Percentage of students passed
Solution :
20 1
100 13 % . 5 15 10 20
(40 50 60) 3 A B and B C
100 100 100 100
11. Tax on water is increased by 20% but its
A = 3B and B = 2C = 2 × 2000 = `4,000
consumption is decreased by 20%. Then, what is
the percentage increase or decrease in the A = 3 × 4000 = `12,000
expenditure? A + B + C = (12,000 + 4,000 + 2,000) = `18,000
Solution : 14. Arvind spends 75% of his income. His income is
Let the original consumption = 100 units and tax increased by 20% while his expenditure increased
= `100 per unit. by 10%. By what per cent did Arvind’s savings
increase?
Then, original expenditure = `(100 × 100) = `10,000.
Solution :
New expenditure = 80 ×120 = `9600.
Let the income be 100. Expenditure = 75 and
400 savings = 25. New income = 120,
Decrease in expenditure 100 = 4%.
100 100
110 165
New expenditure = 75 .
Shortcut 100 2
20 20 165 75
Change in expenditure 20 20 = –4% New savings = 120 –
100 2 2
Thus, expenditure decreases by 4%. 75 25
Increase in savings = 25 ;
12. The number of seats in an auditorium is increased 2 2
by 25%. The price of a ticket is also increased by 25 1
12%. What is the effect on the revenue collected? Increase per cent = 100 50%
2 25
Solution : 15. Two numbers are respectively 19% and 70% more
Let the initial number of seats be 100 and price per than a third number. The first number as a
ticket be `1. percentage of the second number is:
Then, revenue = Number of seats × Price per ticket Solution :
Let the third number be 100.
125
Increased number of seats = 100 125 Then, the first number is 100 + 19 = 119 and the
100
second number is 170.
112
Increased price of a ticket = 1 `1.12 119
100 The first is 100 70% of the second.
Increased revenue = 125 × 1.12 = `140 170
Shortcut
Percentage increase in revenue
100 19
= 140 – 100 = 40% First number is 100 70% of the second.
100 70
Percentage 2.5
16. Salaries of A, B and C are in the ratio 1 : 2 : 3. Shortcut
Salaries of B and C together is `6,000. By what
percentage is the salary of C more than that of A? If ‘x’ is the percentage increase in the side of a
square, then increase in area is given by
Solution :
Let A = x; B = 2x and C = 3x. xx x2
xx = 2x + ;
Then 2x + 3x = 6000 x 1200 100 100
A = 1200 and C = 3600 25 25
= 25 25 = 56.25%.
2400 100
Required percentage = 100 = 200%
1200 18. A cricket team won 40% of the total number of
matches it played during a year. If it lost 50% of the
Shortcut
matches played and 20 matches were drawn, what
Salary of A = x and C = 3x was the total number of matches played by the team
Hence, salary of C is 2x more than that of A during the year?
2x Solution :
Required percentage 100 200%
x 40% of x + 50% of x + 20 = x,
17. If the side of a square is increased by 25%, then by where x = Total number of matches
what percentage is its area increased?
40 50
Solution : x x 20 x or x 200 .
100 100
Let the side be 10 cm. Then, the area will be
100 cm2.
New side = 125% of 10 = 12.5 cm;
area = (12.5)2 = 156.25 cm2
Percentage increase = 56.25%
2.6 Percentage
Exercise
3 11. If A’s income is 25% more than B’s, then what is
1. What is 18 % of 2000?
4 B’s income as a percentage of A’s income?
(a) 300 (b) 400 (a) 75% (b) 80%
(c) 390 (d) 375 (c) 90% (d) 125%
2. What percentage of 48 is 26? 12. In an examination the passing percentage is 40.
A obtained 72 out of 200. By what percentage of
(a) 54.16% (b) 184.6%
the total marks did he fail?
(c) 56.33% (d) 57.16% (a) 8% (b) 5%
1 (c) 4% (d) 16%
3. What is 33 % of 972?
3 13. What is y as a percentage of x, if x is 120% of y?
(a) 332 (b) 411 (a) 80% (b) 83.33%
(c) 348 (d) 324 (c) 75% (d) 86.66%
4. What percentage of 60 is 37? 14. If A is increased by 10%, by what per cent does
A2 increase?
(a) 60% (b) 61.66%
(a) 20% (b) 21%
(c) 65.66% (d) 70%
(c) 100% (d) 10%
5. The population of a town increases from 6,500 to
7,475. What is the percentage increase? 9
15. A is what per cent of A?
15
(a) 10% (b) 12%
(a) 60% (b) 100%
(c) 15% (d) 20%
(c) 133.33% (d) 166.66%
6. The population of a town increases by 20%
16. If the length and breadth of a rectangle are
annually. What is the population after 2 years, if
decreased by 10%, then by what per cent does
present population is 2,500? the area decrease?
(a) 3,250 (b) 3,500 (a) 19% (b) 25%
(c) 3,600 (d) 4,000 (c) 10% (d) 20%
7. What is 90% of 90% of 100? 17. The price of rice increased from `15 by 15% and
(a) 80 (b) 100 then reduced by 30 paise. What was the net
increase?
(c) 90 (d) 81
(a) 10% (b) 12%
8. If 37% of a number is 990.86, then what will be
(c) 13% (d) 28%
(approximately) 19% of that number?
18. What is 30% of 55% of 100?
(a) 600 (b) 400
(a) 25 (b) 85
(c) 510 (d) 700 (c) 16.5 (d) 11.5
9. 50 min is what percentage of an hour? 19. If 20% of a number exceeds 16% of the same
(a) 83.33% (b) 50% number by 16, what is the number?
(c) 90% (d) 87.66% (a) 400 (b) 40
10. I bought 20 kg mango, out of which 16 kg was fine (c) 4000 (d) 160
and rest were rotten. What is my percentage loss, 20. Which is the largest?
if I bought them for `30 per kilogram? 1 3
(a) 66 % (b)
(a) 33% (b) 40% 6 5
(c) 15% (d) 20% 16
(c) 0.65 (d)
25
Percentage 2.7
21. In a town, there are 2,500 men and 2,500 women. 3 4
If the number of men increased by 20% and women (a) (b)
5 5
decreased by 20%, women as a percentage of
7 3
men now is (c) (d)
8 7
(a) 60% (b) 66.67% 29. If 28% of a number is less than 43% of the same
(c) 80% (d) 83.33% number by 75. What is 30% of that number?
22. In order to increase sales, price of a product was (a) 120 (b) 150
decreased by 20%. The net sales increased by (c) 180 (d) 200
28%. What was the percentage increase in 30. In an examination, it is required to get 45% marks
number of units sold? to pass. A student got 138 marks and failed by
(a) 48% (b) 50% 15%. What were the maximum marks?
(c) 60% (d) 83% (a) 400 (b) 450
23. In a class of 300 students, the number of boys is (c) 460 (d) 600
twice that of girls. If 50% of boys and 48% of girls 31. A ‘laddoo’ is made of 70% flour, 20% sugar and
appear in examinations, how many students did rest is ‘ghee’. What is the quantity of ‘ghee’ in
not appear? 2 kg laddoos?
(a) 6 (b) 160 (a) 200 g (b) 2 kg
(c) 152 (d) 144 (c) 100 g (d) 400 g
24. Al Pacino invested 40% of his money in shares, 1
32. Calculation shows that an angle is 37 . The
20% of rest in property and lost 25% of the 2
remaining in a casino. What per cent does he have size obtained by drawing and measurement is 36º.
now? The error percentage is
(a) 15% (b) 40% 1
(a) 1 % (b) 3%
(c) 42% (d) 36% 2
Directions for questions 25 to 27: Answer the 1
(c) 4% (d) 4 %
questions based on the following information. 6
In an election, there were only 2 candidates. The losing 33. Avinash spends 30% of his income on petrol for
2 1
candidate received 66 % of the votes the winner scooter, of the remaining on house rent and
3 4
got. The votes polled in favour of the loser were 60 the balance on food. If he spends `300 on petrol,
less than that of the winner. then what is the expenditure on house rent?
25. How many votes did the loser get? (a) `525 (b) `1,000
(a) 200 (b) 150 (c) `675 (d) `175
(c) 120 (d) 100 34. If x% of ‘a’ is the same as y% of ‘b’, then z% of ‘b’
is
26. How many votes were cast?
yz xy
(a) 200 (b) 300 (a) % of ‘a’ (b) % of ‘a’
x z
(c) 400 (d) 500
xz
27. What percentage of the total votes did the winner (c) % of ‘a’ (d) None of these
y
get?
35. In an examination, A got 10% marks less than B;
(a) 60% (b) 50%
B got 25% marks more than marks obtained by
(c) 80% (d) 66.66% C; and C got 20% marks less than D. If A got 360
28. If the numerator of a fraction is increased by 25% marks out of 500, the percentage of marks
and the denominator is decreased by 20%, the obtained by D was
5 (a) 70% (b) 75%
new value is . What was the original fraction?
4 (c) 80% (d) 85%
2.8 Percentage
36. p is six times as large as q. The percentage by 39. The current birth rate per thousand is 32, whereas
which q is less than p is corresponding death rate is 11 per thousand. The
(a) 83.33% (b) 16.66% net growth rate in terms of population is
(c) 90% (d) 60% (a) 0.021%
37. In an election, involving two candidates, 68 votes (b) 0.0021%
were declared invalid. The winning candidate (c) 21%
scores 52% of the valid votes and wins by 98 votes. (d) 2.1%
The total number of votes polled is
40. The length of a rectangle is increased by 60%. By
(a) 2,518 (b) 2,450 what per cent the width must be decreased to
(c) 2,382 (d) None of these maintain the same area?
38. The price of sugar is increased by 20%. As a result, (a) 37.5%
a family decreases its consumption by 25%. The (b) 60%
expenditure of the family on sugar will be
(c) 75%
decreased by
(d) None of these
(a) 10% (b) 5%
(c) 14% (d) 15%
Answer Key
1. (d) 2. (a) 3. (d) 4. (b) 5. (c) 6. (c) 7. (d) 8. (c) 9. (a) 10. (d)
11. (b) 12. (c) 13. (b) 14. (b) 15. (d) 16. (a) 17. (c) 18. (c) 19. (a) 20. (a)
21. (b) 22. (c) 23. (c) 24. (d) 25. (c) 26. (b) 27. (a) 28. (b) 29. (b) 30. (c)
31. (a) 32. (c) 33. (d) 34. (c) 35. (c) 36. (a) 37. (a) 38. (a) 39. (d) 40. (a)
Percentage 2.9
Explanations
3 75 2000 14. b If A is increased by 10%,
1. d 18 % of 2000 = = 375
4 4 100 i.e. A1 = 1.1A
3
Alternative: 18% of 2000 + % of 2000 = 375 A 12 (1.1)2 A 2 1.21A 2
4
26 13 A2 increases by 21%.
2. a 100 × 100 = 54.16%
48 24 1500 9
15. d A % of A i.e. 166.66%.
9 15
1 1
3. d 33 % of 972 = 972 = 324 16. a Length becomes 0.9L.
3 3
Breadth becomes 0.9B.
37
4. b 60 × 100 = 61.66% Area = 0.9L 0.9B = 0.81LB.
Area decreases by 19%.
Final value Initial value
5. c Percentage increase = 100 Short cut:
Initial value
Using successive % change
7475 6500 975
= × 100 = 15% 10 10
6500 6500 10 10 19% decrease
100
20 20
6. c 20% increase for 2 years = 20 + 20 + 17. c Price of rice after 15% increase
100
= 1.15 15 = `17.25
ab
{using successive % change a + b + } = 44% After 30 paise reduction, price = `16.95
100
16.95 –15
Now, population after 2 years = 2500 1.44 Net increase = 100 = 13%.
15
= 3600.
18. c 30% of 55% of 100 = 30% of 55 = 16.5
7. d 90% of 90% of 100 = 90% of 90 = 81.
19. a Let the number be n.
8. c Let 37% of x = 990.86.
Then 20% of n – 16% of n = 16
37
Then, x = 990.86 0.2n – 0.16n = 16 or 0.04n = 16
100
990.86 100 99086 n 400
x 2678.
37 37 1 3
20. a (i) 66 6 % , (ii) 5 = 60%
19
Now, 19% of 2678 = 2678 508.82
16
100
(iii) 0.65 = 65%, (iv) 25 = 64%
or 510 approximately.
Hence option (a).
50
9. a 1 hr = 60 min, 100 83.33% 21. b After 20% increase, men = 2500 × 1.2 = 3000.
60
After 20% decrease, women = 2500 × 0.8 = 2000.
4 1
10. d Loss percentage = 20% 2000
20 5 So, women as a percentage of men = 3000
11. b A’s income = 1.25 B’s income. = 66.67%.
1 22. c Net sales = Number of units × Price
B’s income = 1.25 A’s income = 80% of A’ss 1.28 S = y (Number of units) × SP
income.
1.28
12. c 40% of 200 = 80 y 1.6
.8
He obtained 72, i.e. he failed by 8 marks. Number of units increase by 60%
8 23. c In a class of 300 students, boys = 200, girls = 100.
Percentage by which he failed = 100 4% .
200 50% boys = 100, 48% girls = 48.
100 Total students who appeared = 148.
13. b If x = 120% of y, then y = of x = 83.33% of x.
120 Hence, 300 – 148 = 152 did not appear.
2.10 Percentage
24. d Let he has `100. He invests `40 in shares. Out of 90 125 80
35. c A = B, B = C and C = D
`60, he invests `12 in property. Out of remaining 100 100 100
`48, he loses `12 at casino. He is left with `36, 10 4 5
i.e. 36%. B = 9 A, C = 5 B and D = 4 C then,
25. c Let the winner gets ‘x’ votes. 10 4
B 360 400, C 400 = 320
2 9 5
The loser got (x – 60) or x votes.
3 5
and D 320 400
x= 180, i.e. the winner got 180 votes and the 4
loser got 120 votes. Percentage of marks obtained by
26. b 180 + 120 = 300 400
D= 100 % 80%
180 6 3 500
27. a = 60%
300 10 5 36. a p = 6q. So q is less than p by 5q.
28. b Let the original fraction =
x
. Note that q has been compared with p, i.e. p is
y the base for comparison.
x 25% of x 5 1.25x 5 x 4 Required percentage
,
y – 20%of y 4 0.8y 4 y 5
5q 5q 1
29. b Let 100 be the number. Then 43 – 28 = 15. But p 100 % 6q 100 % 83 3 %.
difference is 75, i.e. five times 15. Therefore, actual
number should be five times 100, i.e. 500. 37. a Let the valid votes be x.
Then 52% of x – 48% of x = 98 4% of x = 98.
30
30% of 500 = 500 150
100 4
x 98 x 98 25 2450.
30. c A student failed by 15%, i.e. he has got only 30%. 100
Total votes polled = (2450 + 68) = 2518.
So, 30% of total marks = 138.
38. a Let the original consumption = 100 units and the
138
Total marks 100 460 . original price = `100 per unit.
30
31. a In 1 kg pack, ghee is 10%, i.e. 100 g. Original expenditure = `(100 × 100) = `10,000.
So, in 2 kg, ghee will be 200 g. New expenditure = `(120 × 75) = `9,000.
1000
32. c Error on 37
1 1
37 – 36 1
1
. Decrease in expenditure = 100 % 10% .
10000
2 2 2
Short Cut:
75 3
Error on .
2 2 20 25
Change in expenditure 20 25 = –10%
100
3 2
Error on 100 = 100 4% .
Thus, expenditure decreases by 10%
2 75
33. d 30% of petrol = `300. Hence, total sum = `1,000. 39. d Net growth on 1000 = (32 – 11) = 21.
1 21
70% = 700; th of 700 = `175 Net growth on 100 = 100 2.1%
.
4 1000
x y 40. a Let length = l and breadth = b, and the required
34. c x% of a y% of b a b
100 100 decrease in breadth be x%.
x 100 x
b a a 160 (100 – x)
100 y y Then, l b Ib
100 100
x xz 160(100 – x) 100 100
z% of b z% of a a
y y 100
10000 125
100 x
xz 160 2
% of a
y 125 1
x 100 37 %
2 2
Simple Interest &
Compound Interest
Interest is the consideration (excess money) given by a
1000 10 1
borrower to the lender for the use of the money. The 1000 `1,100
money which has been lent or borrowed is called the 100
This shall be the principal for year 2.
principal. The interest charged per `100 per year is known
as the rate of interest per annum, and is always (1100 10 1)
A2 = + 1100 = `1,210
represented as a percentage. 100
(1210 10 1)
Simple Interest A3 =
100
+ 1210 = `1,331
When the interest is payable on the principal alone, it is So, amount at the end of 3 years in case of
known as simple interest. compound interest (CI) is `1,331, while in the case
The amount of interest is always constant. of simple interest (SI), it shall be `1,300 (at 10%).
PR T Alternative Method:
Basic formula for simple interest (SI) is .
100 CI can be calculated using the following formula.
Where P = Principal or sum being borrowed or lent Principal + CI = Amount
R = Rate of interest per year n n
R R
T = Time period for which the amount is borrowed A P 1 , CI P 1 P
100 100
Amount (A) = Principal + Simple interest
Where,
PRT
A=P+ P = Principal or sum being borrowed
100
1. What shall be the interest to be paid on a principal R = Rate of interest
of `14,000 borrowed at a rate of 15% for a period of n = Number of times the fixed interval is repeated.
3 years and 6 months? Note:
Solution : If the interest is compounded semi-annually
PRT or half-yearly then the amount becomes
SI = ; P = 14,000, R = 15% and
100 2t
r
T = 3.5 years A P 1
200
(14000 15 3.5)
So, SI = = `7,350 If the interest is compounded quarterly then
100
the amount becomes
Compound Interest r
4t
A P 1
In case of simple interest, the lender receives a fixed 400
amount of money for every defined period of time. There
is another case in which the interest amount received Important Note:
after every given period of time is reinvested at the same I. If the word interest is given and nothing else is
rate of interest as agreed upon initially. specified, the interest is considered as SI.
In other words, the amount received at the end of year 1 II. If the interest is given by bank and nothing is
becomes principal for period 2, and so on. specified, it is always CI.
1. What shall be the amount for a sum of `1,000 at III. Population growth is always taken on compounding
10% per annum for 3 years compounded annually. basis.
Solution : IV. Difference between CI and SI for 2 years for the same
Amount at the end of year 1 is
2
(P R T) r
principle at the same interest is P
A1 P1 100
100
3.2 Simple Interest & Compound Interest
3
Solved Examples
Amount = 10000 1
2.5
`10,769
1. If a certain sum amounts to `108 in 2 years, and 100
`112 in 3 years, then find the principal and rate of (approximately)
interest (simple). CI = Amount – Principal
Solution : = 10769 – 10000 = `769
Amount after 2 years = `108. 6. The difference between the CI and SI on a certain
Amount after 3 years = `112. amount at 10% per annum for 2 years, compounded
annually, is `372. Find the principal.
In SI, interest amount remains the same for every
year. Solution :
Therefore, interest for 1 year = `4. Let the principal be ‘a’.
Hence, the principal = 108 – 2(4) = `100. 10 20
SI = a × 2= a and
100 100
4 100
Rate of interest = 4% CI = Amount – a
100 1
2
2. At what simple rate of interest shall a sum of money 10 21
a 1 a a
doubles itself in 4 years? 100 100
Solution : CI – SI = `372
Now important point to be noted is that the amount 21 20
received by the lender is double the amount given, a a ` 372
100 100
that means interest = Principal.
a = `37,200 = Principal
So, if x is the Principal, then x is the simple interest.
Alternative Method:
(x R 4) The above problem has an alternate. You need to
x
100 understand the fact that for 1st period, SI = CI.
100 The difference between the values of CI and SI is
R 25%
4 because of accumulated interest building on interest
3. Find the CI on `5,000 at 8% p.a. for 2 years, which is reinvested. Therefore, for period 2, the
compounding being done annually. difference between CI and SI is the interest for one
Solution : period on the interest of period 1.
P = `5000, R = 8% and n = 2 years In the above example, the difference being 372 is
the interest generated on interest for period 1 on
2
8 the principal.
5000 1 = Amount = `5,832.
100
100
CI = Amount – Principal = `(5832 – 5000) = `832 Interest for period 1 = ` 372 = `3,720
10
4. Find amount for `80,000 at 10% per annum,
compounded bi-annually for 2 years. 100
Therefore, principal = ` 3720
10
Solution :
= `37,200
Here, n = 2 years × 2 = 4 periods
7. Ram invested a particular sum at 12% per annum
10 with one of his friends Shyam and a similar amount
Similarly, R = = 5% (for half year);
2 in bank which pays interest at 12% p.a.
P = `80,000 compounded semi-annually. The difference between
4 the amounts received after one year was `1,800.
5 Find the total sum invested by Ram.
A = 80000 1 = `97,240.50
100
Solution :
5. Find CI on `10,000 at 10% per annum for Following the above illustration, we have the
9 months, compounded quarterly. difference equal to the interest on the interest paid
Solution : on the principal for 6 months. (Rate of interest
n = 3 periods, R = 2.5% per period and 12
becomes = 6%).
P = `10,000 2
Simple Interest & Compound Interest 3.3
100 12. If a sum of money doubles at 12.5% p.a. interest,
Interest paid for 6 months = ` 1800 on what is the time period in case of (i) SI and (ii) CI?
6
principal = `30,000. Solution :
Principal/sum invested in bank (i)R = 12.5%, Amount = 2P
100 100
= ` 30000 = `5,00,000. Time = = 8 years
6 12.5
Total sum invested = `(5,00,000 + 5,00,000) t
= `10,00,000. R
(ii) A = P 1
100
8. If the CI on a certain sum for 3 years at 20% p.a. is
`728, what is the sum invested? R 9
t t
Solution :
2P P 1 2
100 8
3
20 t = 5.88 years (approximately)
CI 728 P 1 P
100 13. For how many years should `600 be invested at
728 10% p.a. in order to earn the same simple interest
P `728 P `1,000
1000 as earned by investing `800 at 12% p.a. for 5 years?
Solution :
Important Note:
800 12 5
When rates are different for different years, say r1, SI required = `
` 480
r2 and r3 for different years 1, 2 and 3 respectively, 100
then, Amount 100 480
Time = = 8 years
r r r3 600 10
= 1 1 1 2 1 100 .
100 100 14. Prabhat took a certain amount of loan from a bank
at the rate of 8% p.a. S.I. and gave the same
9. Find the amount after 3 years if the principal is
amount to Ashish as a loan at the rate of 12% p.a.
`10,000 and rates are 10%, 8% and 12% in 1st, 2nd
If at the end of 12 years, he made a profit of `320 in
and 3rd year respectively.
the deal, what was the original amount?
Solution :
Solution :
Amount
Let the original amount be `x. Then,
10 8 12
= `10,000 1 1 1 x 12 12 x 8 12
320 x
2000
100 100 100 –
100 100 3
= `10,000 × 1.1 × 1.08 × 1.12
= `666.67
= `13,305.60
15. Rahul borrowed `830 from Mr Lal at 12% p.a. SI for 3
10. What is the CI received on a sum of `26,000 at rates years. He then added some money to the borrowed
10%, 12% and 8% each, prevailing in that order for sum and lent it to Shobha for the same period at the
years 1, 2 and 3, interest being compounded semi- rate of 14% p.a. interest. If Rahul gains `93.90 in the
annually for the given three years? whole transaction, what amount did he add from his
Solution : side?
Amount Solution :
2 2 2
5 6 4 Let the amount added be `x.
26000 1 1 1
100 100 100
(830 x) 14 3 830 12 3
= `34,836.17 – 93.90
100 100
CI = `(34836.17 – 26000) = `8,836.17
830 × 42 + 42x – 830 × 36 = 9390
11. W hat is the amount of interest on `1,000
42x + 830 × (42 – 36) = 9390
compounded annually at the rate of 10% for 3 years.
42x = 9390 – 4980
Solution :
3 4410
10 x 105
A 1000 1 `1,331
100 42
Amount added = `105.
Interest = `331
3.4 Simple Interest & Compound Interest
16. If a sum of money at simple interest doubles in 6 19. A man invests an amount of `15,860 in the names
years, in how many years will it become four times? of his three sons A, B and C in such a way that
Solution : they get the same interest after 2, 3 and 4 years
respectively. If the rate of interest is 5%, then what
Let sum be x. Then SI = x
will be the ratio of amounts invested among A, B
100 x 50 and C?
Rate % %
x 6 3 Solution :
50 Let the amounts invested be x, y, z respectively.
Now, sum is x and SI is 3x, rate = %.
3 x25 y35 z45
Then, k;
100 3x 100 100 100
Time 18 years
50 20
x x = 10k, y = k and z = 5k.
3 3
Alternative method: 20k
Let principal be P. Thus, amount is 2P after 6 years. So, x : y : z = 10k : : 5k = 30 : 20 : 15
3
Interest in 6 years = 2P – P = P. = 6 : 4: 3.
To become four times, interest = 4P – P = 3P. 20. The rates of simple interest in two banks A and
When interest is P, time taken = 6 years. B are in the ratio 5 : 4. A person wants to deposit
When interest is 3P, time taken = 3 × 6 = 18 years. his total savings in two banks in such a way that he
receives equal half yearly interest from both. What
17. The rate of interest on a sum of money is 4% p.a.
should be the ratio of his savings in banks
f or the first 2 years; 6% p.a. for the next
A and B?
3 years; and 8% p.a. for the period beyond 5 years.
If the simple interest collected by the sum for a Solution :
total period of 8 years is `1,280, what is the sum? Let the savings be X and Y and the rates of simple
Solution : interest be 5x and 4x respectively. Then,
Let the sum be `x. Then 1 1 1 1
X 5x Y 4x
x42 x63 x83 2 100 2 100
= 1280 X 4
100 100 100 i.e. X : Y = 4 : 5
50x = 1280 × 100 Y 5
x = `2,560 21. The value of a machine depreciates at the rate of
10% every year. It was purchased 3 years ago. If
18. Vinod Kumar invested `1,600 for 3 years and `1,100
its present value is `8,748, what was its purchase
for 4 years at the same rate of simple interest. If the
price?
total interest from these investments is `506, what
was the rate of interest? Solution :
Solution : Let the purchase price be P.
Rate of depreciation = 10%
1600 3 R 1100 4 R
= 506 3
100 100 10 10 10 10
P 1– 8748 P 8748
92R 506 100 9 9 9
1 = `12,000.
R5 %
2
Simple Interest & Compound Interest 3.5
Exercise
1. Two investments of `500 and `1500 have a 9. If CI for a certain sum for 2 years at 2% p.a. be
combined yearly return of 8.5% of the total of the `1,010, what is the principal?
two investments. If the `500 investment has a yearly (a) `20,000 (b) `25,000
return of 7%, what per cent yearly return does the
(c) `25,250 (d) `27,500
`1,500 investment have?
(a) 9% (b) 10% 10. If CI for a certain sum at 3% for 2 years is `203,
what would be the SI for the same period and at
5 the same rate?
(c) 10 % (d) 11%
8
(a) `200 (b) `207.50
2. A family made a down payment of `75 and borrowed
(c) `213.33 (d) `190
a set of encyclopaedias that cost `400. The balance
with interest was paid in 23 monthly payments of 11. What is the sum which when lent at 5% SI for
`16 each and a final payment of `9. The amount of 2 years would yield interest of `154?
interest paid was what per cent of the amount (a) `1,450 (b) `1,540
borrowed?
(c) `1,650 (d) `1,480
(a) 6% (b) 12%
12. I bought a watch for `400 and sell it for `460 at a
(c) 14% (d) 16% credit of 8 months. What is my approx. gain
3. The difference between the interests received from percentage considering interest rate to be
two different banks on `500 for 2 years is `2.50. 15% p.a.?
The difference between their rates is (a) 4.55% (b) 6.66%
(a) 1% (b) 0.5%
(c) 7.5% (d) None of these
(c) 0.25% (d) 25%
13. The simple interest on `1,820 from March 9, 1994
4. A sum of `3,500 is lent for 5 years at 5% p.a. SI. to May 21, 1994 at 7.5% rate will be
The interest accrued and the amount to be repaid
(a) `29 (b) `28.80
are respectively
(c) `27.30 (d) `22.50
(a) `875 and `4,375 (b) `975 and `4,475
(c) `500 and `4,000 (d) `375 and `3,875 Directions for questions 14 and 15: Answer the
questions based on the following information.
5. In what time, a sum of money will triple itself at SI
20% p.a.? ‘A’ borrowed `4,000 at 10% CI for 3 years with the
condition that half of the amount at the end of first
(a) 5 years (b) 10 years
and second years will be paid at the end of those
(c) 15 years (d) 20 years years.
6. What will be the CI on `1,000 for 3 years at 10%
14. What is the amount due at maturity?
p.a.?
(a) `2,200 (b) `2,324
(a) `300 (b) `330
(c) `1,331 (d) `1,242
(c) `331 (d) `361
15. In the above question, how much did ‘A’ pay in
7. Find the difference between SI and CI on
total as interest?
`700 at the rate of 10% for 3 years?
(a) `20.90 (b) `21 (a) `1,200 (b) `944
(c) `21.70 (d) `24 (c) `881 (d) `741
8. SI on a sum of money is one-fourth of principal. 16. At what rate per cent, the simple interest on `1,125
The number of years is equal to the rate of interest. will be `225 in 4 years?
Find the rate of interest. (a) 4% (b) 5%
(a) 2.5% (b) 7.5% 2
(c) 6 % (d) Can’t be determined
(c) 6% (d) 5% 3
3.6 Simple Interest & Compound Interest
17. If I lend `5,000 for 3 years in two schemes (i) 11% 26. If the difference between the compound interest,
SI and (ii) 10% CI, which is the beneficial scheme compounded half-yearly and the simple interest
and by what amount? on a sum at 10% p.a. for one year is `25, the sum
(a) (i), `150 (b) (i), `50 is
(c) (ii), `5 (d) (ii), `50 (a) `9,000 (b) `9,500
18. A sum was put at simple interest at a certain (c) `10,000 (d) `10,500
rate for 2 years. Had it been put at 3% higher 27. A man borrowed `800 at 10% p.a. SI and
rate, it would have fetched `72 more. The sum is immediately lent the whole sum at 10% p.a. CI.
(a) `1,200 (b) `1,500 What does he gain at the end of 2 years?
(c) `1,600 (d) `1,800 (a) `6 (b) `8
19. If a sum of money doubles itself in 8 years at (c) `10 (d) `12
simple interest, the rate percentage per annum is
28. A sum of money amounts to `4,624 in 2 years and
(a) 11.5% (b) 12% to `4,913 in 3 years at compound interest. The
(c) 12.5% (d) 13% sum is
20. If x, y and z are three sums of money such that (a) `4,096 (b) `4,260
‘y’ is the simple interest on ‘x’; ‘z’ is the simple (c) `4,335 (d) `4,360
interest on ‘y’ for the same time and at the same
rate of interest, then we have 29. In how many years will a sum of `800 at 10% per
annum compounded semi-annually become
(a) x2 = yz (b) y2 = xz
`926.10?
(c) z2 = xy (d) xyz = 1
1 1
21. A sum of `1,550 was partly lent at 5% and 8% (a) 2 years (b) 1 years
p.a. simple interest. The total interest received after 2 2
3 years was `300. The ratio of the money lent at 1 1
5% to that lent at 8% is (c) 2 years (d) 1 years
3 3
(a) 8 : 5 (b) 5 : 8 30. A sum of `12,000 deposited at compound interest
(c) 31 : 6 (d) 16 : 15 becomes double after 5 years. After 20 years it
22. A man invested one-third of his capital at 7%, one- will become
fourth at 8% and the remainder at 10% simple (a) `1,20,000 (b) `1,92,000
interest respectively. If his annual income is `561, (c) `1,24,000 (d) `96,000
the capital is
31. The least number of complete years in which a
(a) `5,400 (b) `6,000 sum of money put at 20% compound interest will
(c) `6,600 (d) `7,200 be more than double is
23. A man lends `10,000 in four parts. If he gets 8% (a) 3 (b) 4
on `2,000; 7.5% on `4,000; 8.5 % on `1,400, what (c) 5 (d) 6
per cent must he get for the remainder, if his average
32. A tree increases annually by one-eighth of its
annual interest is 8.13%?
height. What will be the height of it after 2 years,
(a) 10.5% (b) 9.25% if it stands today 64 cm high?
(c) 9% (d) 7% (a) 72 cm (b) 74 cm
24. `2,189 is divided into three parts such that their (c) 75 cm (d) 81 cm
interests after 1, 2 and 3 years respectively is
equal. The rate of simple interest being 4% p.a. in 33. A sum of money becomes `13,380 after 3 years
all cases, the smallest part is and `20,070 after 6 years on compound interest.
The sum is
(a) `702 (b) `398
(a) `8,800 (b) `8,890
(c) `756 (d) `1,093
(c) `8,920 (d) `9,040
25. If the simple interest on a sum of money for
3 years at 5% p.a. is `1,200, the compound 34. The compound interest on `30,000 at 7% per
interest for the same period at the same rate is annum for a certain period is `4,347. The period is
(a) `1,260 (b) `1,261 (a) 2 years (b) 2.5 years
(c) `1,264 (d) `1,265 (c) 3 years (d) 4 years
Simple Interest & Compound Interest 3.7
35. At what rate of compound interest per annum will (a) `2,000 (b) `2,500
a sum of `1,200 become `1,348.32 in 2 years? (c) `3,000 (d) `4,000
(a) 7% (b) 6% 42. What annual payment will discharge a debt of
(c) 7.5% (d) 6.5% `1,200 in 4 years at 4% p.a. simple interest?
36. A sum of money invested at compound interest (a) `200 (b) `348
amounts to `800 in 3 years and `840 in 4 years.
(c) `400 (d) `500
What is the rate of interest per annum?
43. In what time will `36 become `45 at 6.25% p.a.
(a) 2% (b) 4%
simple interest?
(c) 5% (d) 10%
(a) 2 years (b) 3 years
37. A sum of money becomes eight times of itself in 3
years at compound interest. The rate of interest (c) 4 years (d) 8 years
is 44. The simple interest on `400 for 8 months at
(a) 100% (b) 80% 5 paise per rupee per month is
(c) 1% (d) Data inadequate (a) `120 (b) `160
38. A father left a will of `85,000 to be divided between (c) `200 (d) `400
his two sons aged 10 years and 12 years such 45. The simple interest on a sum of money for
that they may get equal amount when each attains 3 years is `360, and the compound interest on the
the age of 18 years. If the money is reckoned at same sum at the same rate for 2 years is `270.
10% p.a., find how much the son of age 10 gets The rate per cent per annum is
at the time of the will?
(a) 25% (b) 50%
(a) `32,000 (b) `36,000
(c) 60% (d) 80%
(c) `40,000 (d) `42,000
46. If `1 becomes `10 in 50 years at simple interest,
39. Simple interest on a certain sum is 9 over 25 of the rate per cent per annum is
the sum. Find the rate per cent and time,
(a) 16% (b) 18%
if both are numerically equal.
(a) 6%, 6 years (b) 7%, 7 years (c) 20% (d) None of these
(c) 9%, 9 years (d) 8%, 8 years 47. A man lent `400 and `600 for 3 years, at the same
rate of simple interest and received only `90 as
40. Find the difference between SI and CI on `2,000
interest. What was the rate percentage per
for 2 years at the rate of 10% per annum.
annum?
(a) `20 (b) `22
(a) 1% (b) 2%
(c) `24 (d) `30
(c) 3% (d) 4%
41. Some of the amount of `7,000 was lent at 6% p.a.
and the remaining at 4% p.a. If the total simple
interest from the fraction in 5 years was `1,600,
what was the sum lent at 6% p.a.?
Answer Key
1. (a) 2. (d) 3. (c) 4. (a) 5. (b) 6. (c) 7. (c) 8. (d) 9. (b) 10. (a)
11. (b) 12. (a) 13. (c) 14. (c) 15. (d) 16. (b) 17. (c) 18. (a) 19. (c) 20. (b)
21. (d) 22. (c) 23. (c) 24. (b) 25. (b) 26. (c) 27. (b) 28. (a) 29. (b) 30. (b)
31. (b) 32. (d) 33. (c) 34. (a) 35. (b) 36. (c) 37. (a) 38. (c) 39. (a) 40. (a)
41. (a) 42. (b) 43. (c) 44. (b) 45. (a) 46. (b) 47. (c)
3.8 Simple Interest & Compound Interest
Explanations
1. a Total return = 8.5% of 2000 = `170. Where SI is simple interest for one year
500 7 1 202
SI from `500 = = `35, 1010 SI
100 100
1500 r 1 1010
and SI from `1500 = = 15r.. SI 100 500
100 202
We have, 35 + 15r = 170 500 100
P ` 25000
15r 135 r 9%. 2 1
2. d The family borrowed `325. 3
2
The family paid = 16 23 + 9 = `377. 10. a CI = 203 = P 1 P
100
Interest paid = 377– 325 = `52. 203 P (1.03)2 1
52
So, percentage = 100 16%. 203
325 P ` 3,333
0.0609
500 R1 2 500 R2 2
3. c 2.50
P R T 3333 3 2
100 100 SI ` 200
100 100
1000 R1 R2 250
Short cut:
250
R1 R2 0.25% SI must be less than CI.
1000
3500 5 5 P52
4. a Interest = = `875. 11. b 154 P `1,540
100 100
Amount = P + I = 3500 + 875 = `4375. 460
12. a Present worth of `460 = 2 15
` 418.20
P 20 t 1 3
5. b 2P , t = 10 years 100
100
3 18.2
Therefore, profit = 100 4.55% .
6. c CI = P 1
r
–P 400
100
13. c March + April + May
= 1000[1.1]3 – 1000 = 1331 – 1000 = `331
74
10
3 23 + 30 + 21 = 74 days = 365 year
7. c CI for 3 years = 700 1 – 700 = `231.70
100
1
700 10 3 = 5 years (approximately)
SI for 3 years = = `210
100
Interest = ` 1820
1 15
CI3 SI3 21.7 = `27.30
5 2 100
Short cut: 14. c Amount payable at the end of 1st year = `4,400;
CI3 – SI3 = 700(1.13 – 1.3) = `21.70 Half of 4400 is paid. Remaining = `2,200.
P P Pr t Amount payable at the end of 2nd year
8. d SI = 4
4 100 = `2,420; Half of which is paid.
Since r = t,
Amount payable at the end of 3rd year
100 10
r2 = ,r= = 5% = 1210(1.1) = `1,331.
4 2
2
15. d Amount paid = 2200 + 1210 + 1331 = `4,741.
2
9. b CI = 1010 = P 1 P Therefore, interest paid = `741.
100
PT R
1010 P (1.02)2 1 0.0404P 16. b SI
100
P ` 25,000 R 225 100
225 1125 4R
Alternative method: 100 1125 4
2 R 5%
CI SI SI SI
100
Simple Interest & Compound Interest 3.9
5000 3 11 21 21 21
17. c (i) SI `1,650 ` 8000 = `9,261
100 20 20 20
3 CI = `(9261 – 8000) = `1,261
(ii) CI = 5000 1
10
– 5000 = `1,655
100 26. c Let the sum be x. Then,
Short cut: 5 441 x
2
41 x
CI = x 1 –x – x
Effective rate at SI and CI = 33% and 33.1% 100 400 400
respectively. x 10 1 x
18. a Let the sum be `x and the original rate be R%. SI =
100 10
x (R 3) 2 x R 2 41x x x
Then, – 72 CI – SI = 400 – 10 400
100 100
2Rx 6x 2Rx 7200 x `1,200. x
25 x `10,000
19. c Let sum = x. Then SI = x. 400
Short cut:
100 x
Rate = % 12.5%. Interest paid on principal for 6 month
x 8
x R T 100y 100
20. b y = RT 25 ` 500
100 x 5
y R T 100z 100
z= RT Principal amount invested 500 `10,000
100 y 5
100y 100z 2
27. b CI = ` 800 1
y 2 xz 10
x y 800 = `168
100
21. d Let the sum at 5% be `x. Then,
800 10 2
x 5 3 (1550 – x) 8 3
SI = ` `160
100
300 x `800
100 100
Gain = CI – SI = `(168 – 160) = `8
Money at 5% 800 800 16
28. a Interest on `4,624 for 1 year = 4913 – 4624 = `289.
Money at 8% (1550 – 800) 750 15
289 1
22. c Let the total capital be x. Then Rate = 6 %.
4624 4
x 7 x 8 5x 10 Now if x = Sum,
1 1 1 561
3 100 4 100 12 100
2
25 17 17
7x x x x 1 4624 x 4624
561 4 100 16 16
300 50 24
561 600 16 16
x ` 6,600
x 4624
= `4,096
51 17 17
29. b Rate = 5% per half year.
2000 8 1 15 1 17 1
23. c 4000 1400 Let time = 2n half years = n years
100 2 100 2 100
2n
1 813
2600 R 10000 Then, 800 1 5
= 926.10
100 10000 100
160 300 119 26R 813 R 9% 2n 3
21 926.10 9261 21
24. b Let these parts be x, y and z.
20 800 8000 20
Hence, by the simple interest formula, 3
2n 3 n years.
4x = 8y, and 8y = 12z. 2
5 5
Hence, x : y : z = 6 : 3 : 2. R R
30. b 12000 1 24000 1 2
100 100
2189 2
The smallest part = = `398. R
5
4
20
11 R
1 24 16 1 16
100 1200 100 100
25. b Sum = ` `8,000
3 5 R
20
P 1 16P
100
3
Amount = ` 8000 1 5 20
100 R
1 16 12000 `1,92,000
100
3.10 Simple Interest & Compound Interest
20
n
6
n P10 = Sum of 10-year-old son
31. b P 1 2P or 2
100 5 8
85000 = `40,000.
17
6 6 6 6
Now 2 .
5 5 5 5 9 P R2 9 100 3 10
39. a P R2 = R = 6%
25 100 25 5
So n = 4 years.
Hence, time period is 6 years.
1 1
32. d Percentage increase = 100 % 12 % . 2000 2 10
8 2 40. a SI = ` 400
100
25
2
Height after 2 years = 64 1 cm 10
2
21
2 100 CI = 2000 1 1 2000 ` 420
100 100
9 9
= 64 cm = 81 cm. Hence difference = 420 – 400 = `20.
8 8
Short cut:
33. c Let the sum be `x. Then
3 6
Difference between S.I. and C.I.
R R
x 1
100
13380 and x 1
100
= 20070. R
2
10 10
P 2000 ` 20
100 100 100
3
R 20070 3
By dividing, we get 1 . x 6 5 (7000 – x)
100 13380 2 41. a 5 4 1600
100 100
3 3
30x + 140000 – 20x = 160000
x 13380 x 13380 8920
2 2
10x = 20000
Hence, the sum is `8,920.
x = `2,000
34. a Amount = `(30000 + 4347) = `34,347
1200 4 4
n 1200
Let 30000 1 7 = 34347 42. b Annual payment 100 ` 348.
100 4
n 2 9 100 4
7 34347 11449 107 43. c T = 4 years
1
100
30000 10000 100 36 25
n = 2 years. 400 8 5
44. b = `160
100
2
R
35. b 1200 1 1348.32 360
100 45. a SI for 1st year = = `120 = CI for 1st year..
3
R
2
1348.32 11236 CI for 2 years = `270 120 + CI for 2nd year..
1
100 1200 10000 CI for 2nd year = `120 + Interest on `120 for
2 2
R 106 R 1year i.e. (150 – 120) = 30
1 1 1.06 R 6%
100 100 100 30
Rate = 100 25%
36. c Interest on `800 for one year = `(840 – 800) = `40 120
100 40 9 100
Rate % 5% 46. b r = = 18% (Since interest = 10 – 1 = 9)
800 1 1 50
3 3 400 3 r 600 3 r
R R 47. c 90 30r 90
37. a p 1 8P 1 8 23 100 100
100 100
r = 3%
R R
1 2 1 R 100%
100 100
38. c A10 = A12
P10[100 + 10(18 – 10)] = P12[100 + 10(18 – 12);
P10 160 8
P12 180 9
Profit, Loss and Discount
Cost Price (CP) 8. Successive Discounts: If two discounts of a% and
b% are given successively, then the net discount
Cost price is the price at which an article is purchased.
Loss or gain is reckoned on the cost price. ab
given in percentage is = a + b + .
100
Selling Price (SP)
Selling price is the price at which an article is sold. We have learnt this in the percentage chapter.
Profit = SP – CP
Solved Examples
Loss = CP – SP
1. A boy buys eggs at 10 for `1.80 and sells them at
11 for `2. What is his gain or loss percentage?
Commission Solution :
Commission is an incentive given by the parent or To avoid fractions, let the number of eggs purchased
manufacturing company to the retailer based on the sales be LCM (10, 11) = 110
of product.
110 1.80
CP of 110 eggs = = `19.80
Formulae 10
1. Profit percentage 110 2.00
SP of 110 eggs = = `20.
11
Pr ofit SP
100 1 100 0.20 100
CP CP Profit percentage = = 1.01%
19.80
2. Loss percentage
2. A woman buys certain number of apples at 15 per
Loss SP rupee and the same number at 20 per rupee. She
100 1 100
CP CP mixes and sells them at 35 for `2. What is her gain
or loss percentage?
(100 Pr ofit percentage) CP
3. SP = Solution :
100
Suppose the woman buys (LCM of 15, 20 and 35)
(100 – Loss percenatge) CP
or 420 apples.
100
Cost at the rate of 15 per rupee = `28.
100 SP Cost at the rate of 20 per rupee = `21.
4. CP =
(100 Pr ofit percentage) Total cost for 840 apples = `49.
100 SP 840 2
or SP for 840 apples = = `48;
(100 – Loss percentage) 35
5. If marked price be MP and discount percentage 1 100
be ‘d’, then Loss percentage = = 2.04%
49
MP(100–d) 100 SP 3. A man bought 80 kg rice for `88 and sold it at a loss
SP = ; MP = . of as much money as he received for 20 kg. At
100 (100 – d)
what price did he sell it?
– Discount Profit +
6. M.P. S.P. C.P. Solution :
7. If 2 items are sold, each at `X, one at a gain of CP of 80 kg – SP of 80 kg = SP of 20 kg
P% and the other at a loss of P%, then overall SP of 100 kg = CP of 80 kg = `88
SP of 1 kg = 88 paise;
P2
loss percentage = % He sold it at 88 paise per kilogram.
100
4.2 Profit, Loss and Discount
Types of question Example Approach to question
1. If a dealer sells a goods at A dishonest dealer professes to sell x
cost price but uses a false his goods at cost price, but he uses Profit % = y 100
weight, find his profit a weight of 960 gm for 1 kg. Find where x is the error and y is
percentage. his profit %. True value – x.
40
100 4.16%
1000 – 40
2. If A sells to B at a profit of x%, A sells a cycle to B at a profit of 100 x 100 y
B sells to C at a profit of y% 10%, B sells to C at a prof it of C.PC = 100 100 P
and C pays `P for it, find the 20%. If C pays `264 for it, what did where x and y are the profit %
cost for A. A pay for it? for A and B, and P is the cost
for A.
110 120
P 264
100 100
P = `200
3. If cost price of A articles is The C.P. of 10 articles is equal to the Profit % = A – B 100
equal to the selling price of S.P. of 9 articles. Find the profit %. B
B articles, find the profit %. where A is the number of articles
bought and B is the number of
articles sold.
10 – 9
100 = 11.11%
1%
9
4. The cost price of two articles is Amit buys 2 cows for `200 each. He For the same cost price and
the same. If one is sold at a sells one at a profit of 10% and the equal profit and loss %, there is
X% profit and the other at a other at a loss of 10%. Find his profit no profit and no loss.
loss of X%, find his profit or or loss %. Profit or loss = 0%
loss %.
5. The selling price of two articles Amit sells 2 cows for `200 each. On one X2
is the same. If one is sold at X% he gets a profit of 10%, while loses 10% Loss % = 100 %
profit and the other at a loss of on the other. What is his overall profit or
X%, find his profit or loss %. loss %? 102
% 1%
100
6. Find the single rate of discount What single rate of discount is equal to
Using successive percentage
equal to two successive two successive discounts of 10% and
discounts of x % and y%. 15%? 10 15
change: 10 15
100
25 1.5 23.5%
Hence, discount = 23.5%
100 y
7. If x% discount on an article is A dealer allows a discount of M.P = 100 ,
100 – x
given on cash payment, find he 7% for cash payment. How where x% is the discount and
% that should be marked bove much % above the cost price y% is the profit.
the cost price so as to make a should he mark his goods to 110/93 ×100 = 118.28
profit of y%. make a profit of 10%? Hence, 118.28 – 100 = 18.28%
Profit, Loss and Discount 4.3
4. Goods are purchased for `450 and one-third is sold 6. A man sold an article at a profit of 25%. If he had
at a loss of 10%. At what profit per cent should the bought it at 20% less and sold it for `10.50 less, he
remainder be sold so as to gain 20% on the whole would have gained 30%. Find the CP of the article.
transaction? Solution :
Solution : Let CP = `x; SP = 1.25x
Total cost price of goods = `450 New CP = 0.8x; new SP = 1.25x – 10.50
120 But new SP = 130% of new CP = 1.3 × 0.8x
SP of total goods 450 `540
100 Therefore, 1.3 × 0.8x = 1.25x – 10.50
90 450 x = `50.
SP of one-third goods = `135
100 3 7. A vendor bought bananas at 6 for `5 and sold at
SP of the remaining goods = 540 – 135 = `405 4 for `3. Find his gain or loss percentage.
CP of the remaining (two-thirds) goods = `300 Solution :
105 Let number of bananas be 24. (A multiple of
Hence, profit percentage = 100 35% 4 and 6)
300
Alternative method: 24
Cost price = 5 ` 20
Applying weighted average, one-third of quantity 6
there is a loss of 10% (or a profit of –10%) and 24
balance two-thirds gives a profit of x%. Selling price = 3 `18 ;
4
1 2
Hence, overall profit is given by (–10%) of CP + Loss percentage = 100 = 10%
3 20
2 8. If a commission of 10% is given on the marked price
(x%) of CP = 20% of CP..
3 of an article, the gain is 25%. Find the gain
Thus, x = 35%. percentage, if the commission is increased
5. A reduction of 10% in the price of sugar enables a to 20%.
man to buy 25 kg more for `225. What is the original Solution :
price of sugar (per kilogram)?
Let marked price = `100
Solution :
Commission = `10
Let the original price be x.
SP after 10% commission = 90
225
Original quantity = 90
x CP = 100 = `72
125
New price = 0.9x
New commission = `20
225
New quantity = New SP = `80, Gain = 80 – 72 = 8
0.9x
8 100
225 225 Gain percentage = 11.1%
25 72
0.9x x 9. Peanuts are sold at 60 per rupee. If the vendor
x = `1/kg decides to hike SP by 20%, how many peanuts
Alternative method: can be bought per rupee?
10 Solution :
CP of 25 kg = 225 `22.5 ;
100 1
SP of one peanut = ` .
22.5 60
Reduced CP of 1 kg = ` 0.90
25 1.2 1
New SP = `
Original price of sugar (per kilogram) 60 50
0.90 Therefore, 50 peanuts can be bought per rupee.
= 100 `1
90 10. Sumit buys 9 books for `100 but sells 8 for
`100. What is the net profit percentage?
4.4 Profit, Loss and Discount
Solution : 13. A person bought 20 L milk at the rate of `8 per litre.
SP of 8 books = `100 He got it churned after spending `10 and got 5 kg
cream and 20 L toned milk. If he sold the cream at
100 `30 per kilogram and toned milk at `4 per litre, what
SP of one book = = `12.50
8 was his profit in the transaction?
SP of 9 books = 12.50 × 9 = `112.50 Solution :
Profit percentage = 12.5% Investment = `(20 × 8 + 10) = `170;
Alternative method: Receipt = `( 30 × 5 + 20 × 4) = `230
CP of 9 books = SP of 8 books
Gain percentage =
60
CP of 8 books + CP of 1 book = SP of 8 books 100
170
CP of 1 books = SP of 8 books – CP of 8 books
= 35.29% 35.3%
Profit = CP of 1 book
14. A person earns 15% on an investment but loses
CP of 1book 10% on another investment. If the ratio of the two
Profit percentage = 100 = 12.5%.
CP of 8 books investments is 3 : 5, what is the gain or loss on the
11. If by selling an article for `100, a man gains two investments taken together?
`15, then what is his gain percentage? Solution :
Solution : Let the investments be 3x and 5x.Then, the total
SP = `100, gain = `15. So, CP = SP – Gain investment = 8x.
Total receipt = (115% of 3x + 90% of 5x)
15 11
Gain percentage = 100 % = 17 % = (3.45x + 4.5x) = 7.95x
85 17
12. A grain dealer gains to the extent of 10% while So loss = 8x – 7.95x = 0.05x
buying as well as selling by using false weights. 0.05x
What is his total gain? Loss percentage = 100 %
8x
Solution : = 0.625%
Rule: Gain percentage 15. Viv ek purchased 120 tables at a price of
(100 Common gain percentage)2 `110 per table. He sold 30 tables at a profit of
– 100 `12 per table and 75 tables at a profit of `14 per
100
table. The remaining tables were sold at a loss of `7
Gain percentage
per table. What is the average profit per table?
(100 10)2 12100 –10000 Solution :
= 100 % %
100 100 Total CP = `(120 × 110) = `13,200
= 21% Total SP = (30 × 110 + 30 × 12) + (75 × 110 + 75 ×
14) + (15 × 110 – 15 × 7) = `14,505
Alternate Method:
This question can also be done by using the 14505 – 13200
Average profit = `
approach 120
ab 10 10 1305
ab 10 10 21% ` `10.875
100 100 120
Profit, Loss and Discount 4.5
Exercise
1. If books bought at prices ranging from `200 to `350 9. A producer of tea blends two varieties costing `18
are sold at prices ranging from `300 to `425, what per kilogram and another `20 per kilogram in the
can be the greatest possible profit? ratio 5 : 3. If he sells the blended variety at `21 per
(a) `400 kilogram, what is his gain percentage?
(b) `600 (a) 10% (b) 12%
(c) Cannot be determined (c) 19% (d) 22%
10. Ram purchased 35 kg rice at `9.50 per kilogram
(d) None of these
and 30 kg at `10.50 per kilogram, and mixed them.
2. The cost price of 20 articles is same as the selling At what price (per kilogram) should he sell the
price of 15 articles. The profit percentage is mixture to gain 35%?
(a) 25% (b) 30% (a) `12 (b) `12.50
(c) 33.33% (d) 50% (c) `13 (d) `13.50
4 11. Oil costs `100 per liter. After adulterating it with
3. If the selling price of an article is times of its another oil that costs `50 per liter, Ram sells the
3
cost price, the profit percentage is mixture at `96 per liter making a profit of 20%. In
what ratio does he mix the two?
1 1
(a) 33 % (b) 25 % (a) 1 : 2 (b) 3 : 2
3 4
(c) 3 : 1 (d) None of these
1 1
(c) 20 % (d) 20 % 12. Two varieties of rice are mixed in the ratio 2 : 3 and
2 3
sold at `22 per kilogram, resulting in a profit of
4. If the cost price of 12 books is same as the selling 10%. If the cost of the first variety rice be `14 per
price of 16 books, the loss percentage is kilogram, the cost per kilogram of the second
(a) 15% (b) 20% variety rice will be
(c) 25% (d) 30% (a) `23 (b) `24
5. A man loses the selling price of 4 apples on selling (c) `25 (d) None of these
36 apples. His loss percentage is 13. A dealer who professes to sell his goods at cost
(a) 12.5% (b) 11.11% price uses a 900 g weight for a kilogram. His gain
(c) 10% (d) None of these percentage is
(a) 9% (b) 10%
6. By selling a table, Aditya earned a profit equal to
one-fourth of the price for which he bought it. If he (c) 11% (d) 11.11%
sold it for `375, what was the cost price? 14. A dealer professes to sell his goods at cost price,
(a) `281.75 (b) `300 18
but he uses a false weight and gains 6 %. What
(c) `312.50 (d) `350 47
is the weight used per kilogram of goods sold by
7. A man bought a number of bananas at 3 for a him?
rupee and an equal number at 2 for a rupee. At
(a) 953 g (b) 940 g
what price per dozen should he sell them to make
a profit of 20%? (c) 960 g (d) 947 g
(a) `4 (b) `5 15. By selling toffees at 20 for a rupee, a man loses
4%. To gain 20% for a rupee he must sell
(c) `6 (d) `7
(a) 16 toffees (b) 20 toffees
8. A man bought oranges at `5 a dozen and an equal
(c) 24 toffees (d) 25 toffees
number at `2 a dozen. He sold them at `5.50 a
dozen and made a profit of `50. How many oranges 16. A man gains 10% by selling an article for a certain
(in dozens) did he buy? price. If he sells it at double the price, the profit is
(a) 25 (b) 40 (a) 20% (b) 120%
(c) 50 (d) 60 (c) 100% (d) 140%
4.6 Profit, Loss and Discount
17. ‘A’ bought a cycle and spent `110 on its repairs. 25. Profit after selling goods for `425 is the same as
He then sold it to ‘B’ at a profit of 20%. ‘B’ sold it the loss after selling it at `355. What is its cost
to ‘C’ at a loss of 10%. ‘C’ sold it at a profit of 10% price?
for `1,188. How much did ‘A’ buy it for? (a) `385 (b) `390
(a) `850 (b) `890
(c) `395 (d) `400
(c) `930 (d) `950
26. The prof it earned by selling a table f or
18. If the manufacturer gains 10%, the wholesaler `900 is double the loss incurred when it is sold for
gains 15%, and the retailer gains 25%, what is `450. At what price should it be sold to make 25%
the cost of production of the goods if the retail
profit?
price is `1,265?
(a) `600 (b) `750
(a) `632.50 (b) `800
(c) `800 (d) Data inadequate
(c) `814 (d) `834.34
27. Successive discounts of 30%, 20% and 10% is
19. A man sells 2 cows for `4,000 each, neither gaining
equivalent to a single discount of
nor losing in the deal. If he sold one cow at a gain
of 25%, then the other cow is sold at a loss of (a) 50% (b) 49.6%
(a) 16.66% (b) 18.22% (c) 39.4% (d) 51%
(c) 25% (d) None of these 28. The difference between the discount of 40% on
20. Two horses were sold for `12,000 each, one at a `500 and two successive discounts of 36% and
loss of 20% and the other at a gain of 20%. The 4% on the same price is
entire transaction resulted in (a) nil (b) `2
(a) no loss, no gain (b) loss of `1,000 (c) `7.20 (d) `1.93
(c) gain of `1,000 (d) gain of `2,000 29. At what percentage above the cost price must an
21. A vendor has 24 kg apples. He sells part of these article be marked so as to gain 33% after allowing
at 20% gain and the balance at 5% loss. If on the a discount of 5%?
whole he earns a profit of 10%, the part of apples (a) 38% (b) 40%
sold at a loss is
(c) 43% (d) 48%
(a) 6 kg (b) 4.6 kg
30. A trader allows two successive discounts of 20%
(c) 9.6 kg (d) 11.4 kg
and 10%. If he sells the article for `108, then the
22. The cost price of an article is 40% of the selling marked price of the article is
price. The percentage that selling price is of the
(a) `150 (b) `148
cost price is
(c) `142 (d) `140
(a) 250% (b) 240%
(c) 60% (d) 40% 31. A merchant intends to offer a discount of 10% but
would like to maintain the current prices. By what
23. By selling an article, there is a loss of 2.5%. By
percentage should he increase the list price?
selling it at `6 more, there is a gain of 5%. The
cost price of the article is (a) 10% (b) 9.09%
(a) `78 (b) `80 (c) 11.11% (d) 12.5%
(c) `82 (d) `84 32. A hotel offers 10% discount on food purchased
24. A man sold an article for a gain of 5%. If he had during happy hours and 5% overall discount on all
bought it for 5% less and sold it for `1 less, he purchases exceeding `150. What is the net
would have made a profit of 10%. The cost price percentage discount offered to a customer who
of the article is purchased food worth `190 during the happy hours?
(a) `100 (b) `150 (a) 14.75% (b) 15%
(c) `200 (d) `500 (c) 14% (d) 14.5%
Profit, Loss and Discount 4.7
33. A trader quotes `45 for an article whose cost price 36. Sneha buys X eggs to resell them at a profit of
is `30. The customer pays him a fifty-rupee note. 10% but loses 10% of the eggs. By how much
The trader does not have the change to return `5 should she mark up the selling price in order to
to the customer. He thus goes to a neighbouring retain 10% profit?
shop to get change for `50. The customer collects (a) 30% (b) 40%
his balance of `5. The next day the neighbouring
(c) 33.33% (d) 22.22%
shop owner realizes that the fifty-rupee note was
fake and demanded `50 back from the trader. What 37. A merchant gives a discount of 10% on tea, but
is the total loss to the trader? uses a weight of 900 gm per kilogram. Find his
net profit/loss percentage.
(a) `80 (b) `85
(a) 3.33% (b) 2.05%
(c) `35 (d) `30
(c) 4.67% (d) No profit no loss
34. A merchant sells rice and makes a profit of 6%.
His cost price increases by 10% and thus he 38. By selling 25 L of milk at `50 per litre, a merchant
increases his selling price also by 10%. What earns a profit equivalent to the cost price of 5 L.
profit percentage does he earn now? Find the profit percentage.
(a) 6% (b) 6.6% (a) 15% (b) 25%
(c) 10% (d) None of these (c) 20% (d) 18%
35. A trader buys 78 kg of wheat for `492. He sells 39. A man bought 100 kg of rice for `1,100 and sold it
40% of this at a loss of 20%. What should be the at a loss of as much money as he received for
percentage mark up on the remaining so as to 20 kg of rice. At what price approximately did he
gain an overall 25%? sell the rice?
(a) 40% (b) 55% (a) `9.17 (b) `10.50
(c) 28% (d) 45% (c) `10.14 (d) `9.50
Answer Key
1. (c) 2. (c) 3. (a) 4. (c) 5. (c) 6. (b) 7. (c) 8. (a) 9. (b) 10. (d)
11. (b) 12. (b) 13. (d) 14. (b) 15. (a) 16. (b) 17. (b) 18. (b) 19. (a) 20. (b)
21. (c) 22. (a) 23. (b) 24. (c) 25. (b) 26. (b) 27. (b) 28. (c) 29. (b) 30. (a)
31. (c) 32. (d) 33. (c) 34. (a) 35. (b) 36. (d) 37. (d) 38. (c) 39. (a)
4.8 Profit, Loss and Discount
Explanations
1. c Nothing is mentioned about the number of books. SP = `5.50
2. c CP of 20 articles = SP of 15 articles. Profit per dozen = `2.
SP of 15 = CP of 15 + CP of 5. Total profit = `50.
We know, SP = CP + Profit 50
Number of dozens = = 25.
5 2
Percentage profit = 100 33.33% .
15 9. b CP of first = `18 per kilogram.
3. a Let CP = x. CP of second = `20 per kilogram.
4x Suppose he mixes 5 kg of first and 3 kg of second
Then, SP = .
3 (for 8 kg rice).
4x x Total CP = 18 × 5 + 20 × 3 = 90 + 60 = `150.
Gain = x
3
.
3 Total SP = 21 × 8 = `168.
x 1 1 18 2
Gain percentage = 100 33 % . Pr ofit 100 18 12% .
3 x 3 150 3
4. c SP of 16 books = CP of 12 books. 10. d Total CP = 35 × 9.5 + 30 × 10.5
SP of 16 = CP of 16 – CP of 4. = 332.5 + 315 = `647.5 (For 65 kg rice)
4 100 Gain percentage
Percentage Loss = 100 25% . SP = CP
16 100
5. c Loss = SP of 4 apples on selling 36 apples. 647.5 135
SP = `13.50
SP of 40 = CP of 36 = CP of 40 – CP of 4 65 100
4 11. b Let the ratio be x : 1 of `100 per liter and
Loss percentage = 100 10% .
40 `50 per liter oil.
1 Total CP `(100x + 50).
6. b Profit = 4 of CP, SP = `375.
Total SP = `96(x + 1)
Profit = SP – CP
120
1 1 96(x 1) (100x 50)
CP 375 CP 375 1 CP 100
4 4
96 × 5(x + 1) = 6 × 50(2x + 1)
4
CP 375 `300 8(x + 1) = 5(2x + 1)
5
8x + 8 = 10x + 5
1
7. c CP of one banana of first quality = ` 3 . 2x = 3
1 3
CP of one banana of second quality = ` 2 . x
2
1 1 Ratio is 3 : 2.
Average CP 3 2`5 . Short cut:
2 12
96
SP = ? P = 20% CP of the mixture = = 80.
1.2
100 Gain percentage Using alligation,
SP = CP .
100
100 50
5 120 1 80
SP = =` per banana.
12 100 2 3 : 2
Price per dozen =
1
12 = `6.
12. b Let the quantity of rice be 2x and 3x kilograms.
2
Profit = 10%, SP = `22.
8. a CP of one dozen oranges of first quality = `5.
CP of 2x kg = `14 per kilogram.
CP of one dozen oranges of second quality = `2.
Let CP of 3x kg = `y per kilogram.
52
Average CP = = `3.50 per dozen. Total CP = `(28x + 3xy)
2
Total SP = `22 × 5x = 110x.
Profit, Loss and Discount 4.9
100 Gain percentage CP2 = `4000 + `800 = `4,800
SP CP
100 ( Total SP = Total CP)
110
110x (28x 3xy) 800
100 Therefore, loss percentage = 100 16.66% .
4800
72
100 28 3y; y ` 24 20. b When SP of two articles is same, one is sold at a
3
loss of x% and other at a gain of x%, then there is
Short cut:
x2
CP of the mixture = 20. always an overall loss, by % and which is
100
Using alligation, 20 20
= 4%
14 x 100
20
2 : 3 12000 2
Total CP = 25000
0.96
x 20 2
Loss = `(25000 – 24000) = `1000
20 1 3
x 24 21. c Let CP per kilogram be `1.
100 So total CP of 24 kg = `24.
13. d Gain percentage = 100 11.11% .
900 Let he sell x kilograms apples at 20% gain and
14. b If he uses a weight of x grams, then profit (24 – x) kg at 5% loss.
1000 – x 120x
percentage 100 , which is equal to SP1 = = 1.2x … (i)
x 100
18 SP2 = 0.95(24 – x) = 22.8 – 0.95x … (ii)
6 %.
47 Overall profit = 10% on `24 = `2.4
Therefore, x = 940 g. But, Total SP – Total CP = `2.4
1 [1.2x + 22.8 – 0.95x] – 24 = 2.4
15. a Number of toffees = = 16.
1 1.2
Solving for x, x = `14.4
20 0.96
Short cut: Amount sold at loss is 24 – x = 9.6 kg.
To make a gain, number of toffees must be less Short cut:
than 20. (from options) Using alligation,
16. b Let CP = 100. Therefore, SP = 110. 20% –5%
If SP = 220, Profit percentage = 120%. 10%
3 : 2
17. b Let CP for A = `x.
2
Total CP after repairs = `(x + 110) Therefore, 24 9.6 kg .
5
B’s CP = (x + 110) × 1.2 22. a CP = 40% of SP = 0.4 SP.
C’s CP = (x + 110) × 1.2 × 0.9
10
C’s SP = (x + 110) × 1.2 × 0.9 × 1.1 = `1,188 SP
4
100%
of CP = 250% CP..
1188 1000 23. b Profit and loss are calculated on the cost price.
x 110
12 9 11
Difference in percentages = 5 – (– 2.5) = 7.5%
x 110 1000 x ` 890
7.5% of C.P. = `6
18. b Let the cost of production be `a.
6 100
a × 1.1 × 1.15 × 1.25 = `1,265 CP = = `80
7.5
1265 1265 100000
a 24. c Let CP = 100. SP = 105. New CP = 95. Profit =
1.1 1.15 1.25 11 115 125
100000
10%.
a ` 800
125 Therefore, New SP = 104.5. Therefore, he is now
19. a SP1 = SP2 = `4,000. selling at `0.5 less. He would sell at `1 less if CP
= `200.
Gain1 = 25%, loss2 = ?
355 425
100 25. b CP = `390
CP1 = 4000 = `3,200 2
125
4.10 Profit, Loss and Discount
26. b Let CP = `x. 33. c Total loss to the shopkeeper = (CP of article +
Profit = SP – CP = (900 – x) Balance) = (30 + 5) = `35
Loss = CP – SP = (x – 450) 34. a If CP and SP increases by the same percentage,
900 – x = 2 (x – 450) the profit remains same.
900 – x = 2x – 900 1800 = 3x x = `600 = CP.. 35. b In this case weight given is of no use. We have to
calculate in percentage terms only.
Now to make a profit of 25%,
Let total quantity of wheat = 100x
125
SP = 600 × 100
= `750 And percentage mark up = p%
27. b 30%, 20%, 10% 80 100 p 125
40x 60x 100x
600 100 100 100
(1 and 2) : – 30 – 20 + = – 44%
100 320 + 600 + 6p = 1250 6p = 330
440 p
(1 and 2) and 3 : – 44 – 10 + = – 49.6% = 55%
100
Short cut:
The –ve sign here indicates discount percentage.
Short cut: Let r% be the percentage mark-up (or profit
percentage).
0.7 x 0.8 x 0.9 = 0.504 = 50.4%.
Then using alligation,
Therefore, 100 – 50.4 = 49.6%.
–20 r
28. c 36% and 4% successive discounts equal to 25
40 : 60
144
–36 – 4 + 100 = –38.56% r = 55%
Difference = 40 – 38.56 = 1.44%. 36. d Let CP1 per egg initially = `1 per egg
1.44% of 500 = `7.20 (Assuming she had 100 eggs.)
100 Pr ofit percentage Due to loss of 10% eggs, CP of remaining 90 eggs
29. b MP = CP
100 – Discount percenatge increases.
133 100
MP = CP × = 1.4 CP CP2 = = `1.11 per egg
95 90
MP is 40% above the CP.. To retain 10% profit,
200 SP2 = 1.11 x 1.1 = 1.221 or a mark-up of 22.1%.
30. a Net discount = –20 – 10 + = 28%
100
37. d If CP of tea is `1 per kilogram, then he is receiving
100 Discount percentage `1,000 for something which is worth `900. But he
SP = MP
100 gives a discount of 10% on `1000, i.e. sells at
72 `900. Hence, no loss no profit.
108 = MP × 100 , MP = `150.
38. c Let CP per litre milk be `x.
31. c Let MP = `100 = SP (Initially)
For 25 L, CP = `25x, SP = `1,250.
After a discount of 10%, SP would be `90.
Profit = `5x = SP – CP
But the shopkeeper wants to maintain the current
5x = 1250 – 25x x = `41.66 per litre.
price, i.e. SP = `100.
When SP = `90, MP = `100. 50 – 41.66
Profit percentage = 100 = 20%.
41.66
100
When SP = `100, MP = `100 × 90 39. a Let SP of 1 kg rice = `x.
= `111.11 or 11.11% increase. SP of 100 kg rice = `100x.
32. d The customer would get two successive discounts CP of 100 kg rice = `1,100.
of 10% and 5% Loss = `20x = CP – SP = 1100 – 100x
ab 1100
Net discount = a + b + x `9.17
100 120
50
= – 10 – 5 + 100 = –14.5%
Ratio & Proportion, Mixture
Alligation, Partnership & Average
Ratio of two quantities is the fraction that one Example :
a If one cup of oil can be obtained by crushing 50
quantity is relative to the other. Ratio of a to b is or a
b groundnuts, then how many cups of oil can be
: b. a, the first term is called antecedent and the second obtained by crushing 150 groundnuts?
term b is called consequent. It should be noted that Solution :
both a and b are of the same units.
No. of Groundnut No. of cups
Important Note: Case – I 50 1
a a Case – II 150 y
If any ratio is given such that > 1 or a
b b Since no. of Groundnuts is more, then obviously
> b, and there is an integer x such that x is we’ll have more no. of cups of oil. So it is a clear
+ve, then case of Direct proportion.
a x a a–x a 50 150
and .
bx b b– x b 1 y
a a y = 3
If any ratio is given such that < 1 or a
b b
No. of cups obtained = 3.
< b, and there is an integer x such that x is
+ve, then Inverse Proportion
a x a a–x a Two variables are inversely proportional, if they are so
and .
bx b b– x b related that an increase in one variable results in
corresponding decrease in the other, and a decrease in
Proportion one variable results in a corresponding increase in the
A proportion is a statement of equality that exists other. In this case product of the two variable remains
between two ratios. same. Hence, for the case or iteration for two values of x
to be x1 and x2 and the corresponding values of y to be
Example: 1 : 4 :: 2 : 8 is a proportion consisting of four
y1 and y2,
terms. The first and the last terms are called extremes,
and the second and the third terms are called the means. then, x1y1 = x2y2
Example :
Direct Proportion
If one man can build a shed in 12 days, then how
Two v ariables are directly proportional if their long will 4 men take to build the shed?
corresponding values have constant ratio, if one quantity
Solution :
is multiplied or divided by the same number, the ratio of
the variables remains unchanged. No. of men No. of days
Suppose ‘x’ & ‘y’ are two variable under Direct proportion, Case – I 1 12
x Case – II 4 y
then their ratio remains constant. i.e = constant.
y Since no. of men are increasing, hence work will
Hence, for two iterations in which the values of x are x1 be divided and it will take lesser no. of days. This is
and x2, and the corresponding values of y are y1 & y2 a case of inverse proportion. Hence, the product
x1 x 2 will remain constant.
Then, .
y1 y 2 4 × y = 1 × 12
By componendo and dividendo property y=3
x x x1 y1 x 2 y 2 So, it will take 3 days for 4 men to build the shed.
If 1 2 , then
y1 y 2 x1 y1 x 2 y 2
5.2 Ratio & Proportion, Mixture Alligation, Partnership & Average
Partnership 193000 68
A’s share = = `68,000
When two or more persons invest their money in a joint 193
business, they are called partners and their association B’s share = `70,000
is known as partnership. C’s share = `55,000
Types of Partnership Important Note:
1. Simple partnership In the problems related to partnership, we
If the money of the partners are invested for equal always divide the profits in the proportion of
interval of time, the partnership is called simple. the capital invested by the partners unless
Example : some special conditions are given.
A, B and C invested `1,000, `600 and `400 Alligation
respectively to start a business. The profit is `200 The word alligation means ‘linking’ and states that when
which is to be divided among A, B and C in the ratio different quantities of same or different ingredients of
of their capital invested. How much share does each different value are mixed together to produce a mixture of
get? a mean value, the ratio of their quantities are inversely
Solution : proportional to the differences in their value from the mean
Ratios of investment of A, B and C value.
= 1000 : 600 : 400 = 5 : 3 : 2 This rule is also applicable in case of their cost prices.
5 Rule of Alligation
A’s share of profit = × 200 = `100
10 Quantity of cheaper CP of dearer – Mean Pr ice
3 Quantity of dearer Mean price – CP of cheaper
B’s share of profit = × 200 = `60
10 It can also be represented as:
2 C.P. of unit C.P. of unit
C’s share of profit = × 200 = `40
10 quantity of quantity of
cheaper (a) dearer (b)
2. Compound partnership
If the money of the partners are invested for different
intervals of time, the partnership is called
compound.
Example :
A, B and C enter into a partnership with an amount
of `10,000 each. After 4 months, A invests an
additional `2,000. Three months later, B invests
`4,000, and C at the same time withdraws `2,000.
The profit at the end of the year was`2,17,000.
What are their respective shares if C is allowed
Removal by equal amount
`2,000 as salary per month from profits at the end?
Consider a vessel containing only ingredient ‘x’. From
Solution : this ‘a’ units of ingredient is taken out and replaced by
A’s capital (monthly) an equal amount of ingredient ‘y’. This process is repeated
= 10000 × 4 + 12000 × 8 = `1,36,000 ‘n’ times, then after ‘n’ operations,
B’s capital (monthly) Amount of x left x – a
n
= 10000 × 7 + 14000 × 5 = `1,40,000
Amount of x originally present x
C’s capital (monthly) Example :
= 10000 × 7 + 8000 × 5 = `1,10,000 A container contained 100 kg of milk. From this
Ratio in which profits are to be shared container 10 kg of milk was taken out and replaced
= 68 : 70 : 55 by water. This process was further repeated three
times. How much milk is now contained by the
Salary of C = 2000 × 12 = `24,000
container?
Ratio & Proportion, Mixture Alligation, Partnership & Average 5.3
Solution : 2. If 5 kg of wheat flour is mixed with 500 g of sugar
Amount of liquid left after ‘n’ operations, when the extract, what is the ratio of sugar extract to the rest
container originally contains ‘a’ units of liquid from of the mixture, after adding 1.5 kg of water?
which ‘b’ units is taken out each time, is Solution :
n 4 We first need to convert all figures into one single unit.
a –b 100 –10
a units = 100 kg Wheat flour = 5 kg; Water = 1.5 kg
a 100
Sugar extract = 500 g = 0.5 kg
9 9 9 9 Total weight of the mixture = 7 kg
= 100 65.61 kg
10 10 10 10 Ratio of sugar extract to the rest of mixture
Average 0.5
= = 1 : 13
An average or an arithmetic mean is the sum of all 6.5
observations divided by the total number of observations. 3. Ratio of a : b is same as that of b : c, all three are
Sum of all observations positive integers. If a = 10 and c = 40, find b.
Average = Solution :
Total number of observations
Example : a : b = b : c (Same proportion)
b×b=a×c
If the ages of five citizens in a club are 40, 45, 55,
60 and 40 years respectively, then b × b = 400
40 45 55 60 40 b = 400 = 20 . As it is +ve, so, b = 20.
Average age = 4. What must be subtracted from the numerator and
5
240 6
48 years. denominator of fraction to give a fraction equal
5 7
16
But, suppose in the same club, 2 citizens are 40- to ?
21
year-old, 3 of them are 45-year-old, 4 are 50-year-
Solution :
old and 5 are 55-year-old, then their average is
Let the number to be subtracted be x.
{(2 40) (3 45) (4 50) (5 55)}
6 – x 16
(2 3 4 5) ;
7 – x 21
690 On solving, we get x = 2.8
years.
14 5. Pompo and Rompo are two countries engaged in a
2 3 4 5 war. Pompo possesses 8 tanks and Rompo
Here, , , and are called the possesses 11 tanks. They get external support from
14 14 14 14
weights of each category of citizens. neighbouring countries, of two tanks each. Which
of the two countries is supposed to have a relatively
Weights are the fraction of the numbers in that category
greater increase in strength?
with respect to the total citizens in that club. This average
is also called the weighted average of the club. Solution :
Pompo’s strength : Rompo’s strength (initial) = 8 : 11.
Solved Examples Pompo’s strength : Rompo’s strength (after aid
received) = 10 : 13.
1. Express the following in ratios.
10 8
(i) A and B are two students who got 175 and 225
marks respectively. Find the ratio of their marks. 13 11
Therefore, Pompo’s strength increased in a greater
(ii) X got 105 marks out of 150, and Y got 175 marks
proportion as compared to Rompo’s strength.
out of 200. Express the ratio of marks they got
to their respective total marks in ratio. 6. Divide `1,000 between A and B in the ratio 7 : 3.
Solution :
Solution :
7 3
175 7 105 175 7 : 3 implies and of `1,000.
(i) 7:9 (ii) : 4:5 10 10
225 9 150 200
Therefore, A gets `700 and B gets `300
5.4 Ratio & Proportion, Mixture Alligation, Partnership & Average
7. `1,150 is to be divided between A, B and C such 14 49 14 98
that the ratio of share of A to that of B is equal to 3 Now comparing with , and
25 86 25 175
: 2 and the share of B to share of C is equal to 49 98 49 14
3 : 4. Find their individual share? . So, is eliminated. Comparing
86 172 86 25
Solution :
3 3 15 14
3 3 with , .
Here A : B = 3 : 2 = and B : C = 3 : 4 = 5 5 25 25
2 4 14
[We take the LCM of the values of the common So, is the smallest.
25
term {B over here} 10. A, B and C are to be given monthly allowance in
e.g. LCM of 2 and 3 is 6 year 1996 in the ratio 5 : 3 : 1. If C’s share of such
So A : B = 3 : 2 = 9 : 6 and B : C = 3 : 4 = 6 : 8 allowance is `1,000, how much did A get for the
Therefore, A : B : C = 9 : 6 : 8 year ended in December 31, 1996.
1150 can be divided between them as follows, Solution :
C’s share = `1,000
1150 9
A’s share = = `450 A’s share : C’s share = 5 : 1
23
Therefore, A’s share (monthly) = `5,000
1150 6 A’s share for whole year = 5000 × 12 = `60,000
B’s share = = `300;
23 11. Ram, Sham and Pran share profits in the ratio
1150 8 12 : 1 : 5. If Pran’s share is `12,500, what is the
C’s share = = `400 profit of the firm?
23
8. Which is the greatest among the following fraction? Solution :
13 15 11 12 5
, , and Pran’s share = 12500 = of total profit.
11 13 9 10 18
Solution : 12500 18
Total profit = = `45,000
Difference in the numerator and denominator is 5
2 in each case. Also, the fractions are all more than 12. `1,59,000 is to be divided in the ratio 5 : 3 : 3 among
11 A, B and C such that a certain sum of `5,000 from
1. Therefore, the greatest fraction is . the total is divided in the ratio 2 : 3 between A and B
9
before such division is made. What are the shares
9. Which of the following is the smallest among
of A and B?
following fraction?
Solution :
14 57 49 3
, , , `5,000 is to be divided between A and B in ratio
25 100 86 5 2 : 3.
Solution : A’s share = `2,000, and B’s share = `3,000.
One way of solving such a problem is to convert Amount left is `1,54,000 and to be divided in the
each into decimals and then compare. ratio 5 : 3 : 3.
Another way is to either equalize the numerator or 5
denominator of every two fractions that are being A’s share = 1,54,000 = `70,000
11
compared.
3
a c B’s share = 1,54,000 = `42,000
Suppose we have and to be compared. 11
b d 3
If a = c, then the fraction with the higher value of C’s share = 1,54,000 = `42,000
11
denominator is smaller. A’s total share = `72,000 and B’s total share
If b = d, then the fraction with the lower value of = `45,000.
numerator is smaller. 13. Speed of car ‘A’ is twice that of truck ‘B’. Both start
14 57 14 56 57 from a point A to point Y. If ‘B’ took 3 hr more than
Comparing with , . ‘A’, what is the time taken by ‘B’?
25 100 25 100 100
Solution :
57
So, is eliminated. Since distance is constant, speed and time are
100
inversely proportional.
Ratio & Proportion, Mixture Alligation, Partnership & Average 5.5
Therefore, if ratio of speeds of ‘A’ and ‘B’ = 2 : 1, Solution :
ratio of time taken by ‘A’ and ‘B’ = 1 : 2. A got 59%. Therefore, B got 41%.
Let’s assume the time taken by ‘A’ be X and by ‘B’ Difference = 59 – 41 = 18%
be 2X. 18% = 144 votes
2X – X = 3
144
X =3 Therefore, total votes = × 100 = 800 votes.
18
Time taken by B = 6 hr.. 18. Out of an inheritance of `80,000, Anil invested
14. Divide 156 in four parts in continuous proportion such `26,000 in shares, 30% of total in land and deposited
that the ratio of sum of first and third part to the the rest in 10% fixed deposit for 2 years. What is
sum of second and fourth part is 1 : 5. the gain from the fixed deposit after 2 years?
Solution : Solution :
Continuous proportion means that ratio is in a Amount in fixed deposit
geometric progression, i.e. a ratio which is like
30
a : ad : ad2 : ad3 ... is a continuous proportion. = 80000 – 26000 – 80000 = `30,000
100
If (a + ad2) : (ad + ad3) = 1 : 5
2
a(1 + d2) : ad(1 + d2) = 1 : 5 10
Amount after 2 years = 30000 × 1
1:d=1:5 100
d = 5.Ratio = `36,300
a : 5a : 25a : 125a Interest = 36,300 – 30,000 = `6,300
a + 5a + 25a + 125a = 156 19. A man has certain number of potatoes out of which
156a = 156 13% were bad, 75% of the rest were sold and he
was left with 261. How many potatoes did he have
a=1
initially?
Therefore, four parts are 1, 5, 25 and 125.
Solution :
15. Two solutions contain alcohol and water in the ratio
Let’s assume that he had P potatoes initially.
3 : 2 and 5 : 3. If the two solutions are mixed in
equal quantities, what is the ratio of alcohol to water Then Number of fresh potatoes = 100 – 13
in the resulting solution? = 87% and
Solution : Number of unsold potatoes = 25% of 87% of initial
number potatoes
3 5
49 87 25
5 8
Required ratio of alcohol to water 100 100 P 261
2 3 31
P = 1200
5 8
20. A man lost 12.5% of his money. After spending 70%
3
16. B’s income is of A’s income and 75% of C’ss of the remainder, he has `210 left with him. How
2 much did he have at the beginning?
income. What is C’s income as a percentage of A’s
income? Solution :
Solution : Let ‘x’ be the actual amount of money.
3 1
B’s income = of A’s income. Now, 12.5% =
2 8
4 7
C’s income = of B’s income So, money left with him, after losing = of x and
3 8
7
4 3 Money left after spending = 30% of of x
= of A’s income = 2(A’s income). 8
3 2
Required percentage = 200%. 30 7 37
x 210 x 210
17. In an election there are only 2 candidates, 100 8 80
A and B. A got 59% and won by a majority of 144 21
x 210 x `800
votes. What is the total number of votes? 80
5.6 Ratio & Proportion, Mixture Alligation, Partnership & Average
Exercise
1. If A : B = 3 : 7 and the sum of A and B is 45. Find 10. In the above question, what is the ratio of A’s share
the value of B. to the difference of B and C’s share?
(a) 28 (b) 33.5 (a) 2 : 9 (b) 2 : 5
(c) 31.5 (d) 36 (c) 4 : 5 (d) 2 : 3
3 1 11. Two numbers are in the ratio 5 : 3. If 9 is subtracted
2. A fraction bears the same ratio to as to
7 27 from both of them, they will be in the ratio 23 : 12.
1 The first number is
. The fraction is
35 (a) 45 (b) 65
4 1 (c) 55 (d) None of these
(a) (b)
9 3
12. If ratio of A’s money to B’s is 4 : 5 and B’s money
3 5 to C’s is 2 : 3, and A has `800, then the total
(c) (d)
5 9 money of A, B, and C is
3. Mean proportion between 8 and 72 is (a) `2,790 (b) `3,000
(a) 24 (b) 40 (c) `3,300 (d) `3,620
(c) 16 (d) 32 13. If 4x = 3y = 2z, then x : y : z is
4. Fourth proportional to 3, 15 and 27 is (a) 4 : 3 : 2 (b) 2 : 3 : 4
(a) 39 (b) 45 (c) 3 : 4 : 2 (d) 3 : 4 : 6
(c) 81 (d) 135 14. If 68 is divided into two parts such that 7th part of
5. Third proportional to 20 and 30 is the first is equal to 10th part of the second. The
(a) 40 (b) 45 first part is
(c) 60 (d) 50 (a) 7 (b) 22
6. A, B and C join a partnership contributing (c) 28 (d) 32
`2,000, `1,500 and `1,250 respectively. What is 15. `6,800 is to be divided among A, B and C such
A’s share in a total profit of `3,610? that A gets two-thirds of what B gets, and B gets
(a) `1,500 (b) `1,520 one-fourth of what C gets. Find B’s share?
(c) `1,870 (d) `2,290 (a) `1,200 (b) `800
7. A starts a business with `4,000. B joins him after (c) `1,000 (d) `1,600
3 months with `8,000. C puts a sum of `12,000 in 16. `9,700 has been divided among X, Y and Z such
the business for 2 months only. At the end of the that if their shares are reduced by `30, `20 and
year the business gave a profit of `5,200. Find the `50, the balance is in the ratio 3 : 4 : 5. What is
share of B.
Y’s share?
(a) `1,500 (b) `2,000
(a) `3,180 (b) `3,220
(c) `2,600 (d) `4,000
(c) `3,253.33 (d) `3,200
8. If ratio of shares of X and Y is 2 : 7, what is the
17. The sum of `530 is divided among A, B and C
ratio of X’s share to the difference between Y’s
such that A gets `70 more than B, and B gets `80
and X’s shares?
more than C. The ratio of A and C is
(a) 2 : 7 (b) 4 : 12
(a) 25 : 18 (b) 18 : 10
(c) 2 : 5 (d) 2 : 9
(c) 5 : 9 (d) 5 : 2
9. `3,960 is divided among A, B and C such that half
18. In a ratio equal to 4 : 9, the antecedent is 36. The
of A’s part, one-third of B’s part and one-sixth of
C’s part are equal. Then B’s part is consequent is
(a) `1,080 (b) `960 (a) 81 (b) 16
(c) `1,720 (d) `1,540 (c) 72 (d) None of these
Ratio & Proportion, Mixture Alligation, Partnership & Average 5.7
19. An amount is distributed amongst A, B and C such a b c (a b c)
that A gets half that of B and B gets twice that of 27. If = = , then is
3 4 7 c
C. What is the ratio of B to that of the sum of A
(a) 7 (b) 2
and B.
(a) 2 : 5 (b) 2 : 3 1 1
(c) (d)
2 7
(c) 3 : 2 (d) 4 : 3
28. Two whole numbers whose sum is 84 cannot be
20. A bag contains `600 in the form of one-rupee,
in the ratio
50-paisa and 25-paisa coins in the ratio 3 : 4 :
12. The number of 25-paisa coins is (a) 9 : 3 (b) 3 : 5
(a) 600 (b) 900 (c) 19 : 2 (d) 5 : 7
(c) 1,200 (d) 1,376 29. If 0.35 of a number is equal to 0.07 of another
number, the ratio of the number is
21. In a mixture of 180 L, the ratio of milk and water is
2 : 1. If the ratio of milk and water is to be 1 : 2, (a) 1 : 2 (b) 2 : 1
the water to be added is (in L) (c) 1 : 5 (d) 1 : 4
(a) 80 L (b) 90 L 30. Two alloys containing copper and iron in the ratios
(c) 120 L (d) 180 L 5 : 8 and 5 : 3 are melted in equal quantities. The
ratio of iron to copper in the resulting alloy is
22. In a mixture of 100 L, the ratio of milk and water is
3 : 1. If 200 L of water is added in the mixture, (a) 103 : 105 (b) 15 : 24
what is the new ratio of milk and water? (c) 3 : 8 (d) 105 : 103
(a) 1 : 3 (b) 3 : 1 31. 80 L of a mixture of milk and water is in the ratio 5
(c) 2 : 5 (d) None of these : 3. If 16 L of this mixture is replaced by 16 L of
milk, ratio of milk and water becomes
23. Out of a class of 500, boys and girls are equal. In
new batch, one-fifth of the girls left the class and (a) 2 : 1 (b) 6 : 3
25 boys joined in. What is the ratio of boys and (c) 7 : 3 (d) 8 : 3
girls now? 32. The ratio of copper and zinc in a brass piece is
(a) 3 : 2 (b) 12 : 7 13 : 7. How much copper will be there in 500 kg of
(c) 11 : 8 (d) 9 : 8 such alloy?
24. The population of a country increased by (a) 300 kg (b) 325 kg
one-tenth and then decreased by one-tenth in two (c) 175 kg (d) 150 kg
successive years. If the original population was 33. A, B and C join a partnership. A invested `16,000
15,000, what would be the population after 2
2 years? for 6 months, B invested `12,000 for year and
3
(a) 14,550 (b) 15,000 C invested `1,000 for 12 months. Their profit sharing
(c) 14,850 (d) 16,270 ratio is
25. The ages of a man and his son are in the ratio (a) 8 : 7 : 10 (b) 10 : 8 : 7
7 : 2. After 15 years, they would be in the ratio (c) 6 : 8 : 12 (d) None of these
2 : 1. The father’s age, when the son was born, 34. A sum of money is divided among A, B and C
was such that for each rupee that A gets, B gets 65
(a) 25 years (b) 30 years paise and C gets 35 paise. If C’s share is `560,
(c) 35 years (d) 42 years the sum is
26. Four years ago, father’s age was six times that of (a) `2,400 (b) `2,800
his son. 12 years from now, father’s age will be (c) `3,200 (d) `3,600
twice that of the son. The present ratio of ages of 35. A ratio of two numbers is 2 : 3. What is the ratio of
father and son is their squares, if the two numbers have a difference
(a) 6 : 1 (b) 7 : 1 of 12?
(c) 8 : 2 (d) 7 : 2 (a) 2 : 3 (b) 12 : 24
(c) 9 : 16 (d) 4 : 9
5.8 Ratio & Proportion, Mixture Alligation, Partnership & Average
36. The cost of providing a product are labour, material 45. If 1 L water is added to 5 L of a 20% solution of
and overheads in the ratio 5 : 7 : 3. If the profit is sugar in water, what is the strength of the solution
calculated as 20% on costs, the ratio of material now?
costs to profit is (a) 16.67% (b) 10%
(a) 5 : 2 (b) 7 : 3 (c) 8.33% (d) 12.67%
(c) 3 : 5 (d) 11 : 9 46. The price of oil is increased by 25%. If the
37. `11,250 is divided among A, B and C so that A expenditure is not allowed to increase, the ratio of
receives half as much as B and C together receive; reduction in consumption to regular consumption
B receives one-fourth of what A and C receive is
together. The share of A is more than that of B by
(a) 1 : 3 (b) 1 : 4
(a) `1,500 (b) `3,000
(c) 1 : 5 (d) 1 : 6
(c) `1,550 (d) `3,200
47. Three year ago the average age of Abhishek and
38. The ratio of boys and girls in a class of 72 is 7 : 5. Aishwarya was 25 year. Now they have a one year
How many more girls should be admitted to make old child. The average age of the family at present
equal number of boys and girls? is:
(a) 9 (b) 12 (a) 25 years (b) 17 years
(c) 220 (d) 240 (c) 19 years (d) 28 years
39. The biggest of three positive numbers that are in
48. In an ODI cricket match the run rate was only 4.2
the ratio 2 : 3 : 5 and the sum of their squares is
in the first 20 overs. What should be the run rate
608, is
in the remaining 30 overs to reach the target of
(a) 8 (b) 12 312 runs?
(c) 16 (d) 20 (a) 7.6 (b) 7.2
40. In a mixture of 28 L, the ratio of milk and water is (c) 8 (d) 7.5
2 : 5. If 2 L of milk is added and 5 L of water is
49. A family consists of six members A, B, C, D, E
removed, the new ratio is
and F. The average age of A and B is 60 years,
(a) 9 : 20 (b) 1 : 4 that of C and D is 38 years and that of E and F is
(c) 3 : 2 (d) 2 : 3 10 years. What is the average age of the family?
41. The incomes of A and B are in the ratio 3 : 2 and (a) 38 years (b) 42 years
their expenses are in the ratio 5 : 3. If each one
(c) 32 years (d) 36 years
saves `3,000, then B’s income is
50. A shopkeeper has made a sale of `6,135, `7,227,
(a) `12,000 (b) `6,000
`6,755, `7,430 and `6,462 for 5 consecutive days.
(c) `9,000 (d) `15,000 How much sale must he have to make on the sixth
42. A, B and C invested in a partnership with a ratio of day in order to manage an average sales of `6600
8 : 7 : 5. A withdraws half of her money after 5 over the given six days.
months. If the profit was `26,500 for the year, then (a) `4991 (b) `6054
B’s share is
(c) `5591 (d) None of these
(a) `9,800 (b) `10,200
51. The average of 50 numbers is zero. How many of
(c) `10,500 (d) `12,600
them, at the most, can be greater than zero?
43. The prices of a bicycle and a rickshaw are in
(a) 49 (b) 25
the ratio 5 : 4. If the bicycle costs `800 more
than the rickshaw, the price of the rickshaw is (c) 0 (d) 24
(a) `800 (b) `3,200 52. The average weight of 10 persons increases by 2
kg when a new person comes in place of one of
(c) `4,000 (d) `2,400
them of weight 56 kg. The weight of the new person
44. If A : B :: 5 : 2, the value of 8A + 9B : 8A + 2B is is
(a) 26 : 16 (b) 61 : 26 (a) 66 kg (b) 76 kg
(c) 29 : 22 (d) 22 : 29
(c) 72 kg (d) 36 kg
Ratio & Proportion, Mixture Alligation, Partnership & Average 5.9
53. The average monthly income of Ram and Rahim 55. In a cricket match the run rate was only 4.5 in
is `4,500. The average monthly income of Rahim the first 24 overs. What must be the run scored in
and Salim is `5,500 and the average monthly the remaining 30 overs to reach the overall run
income of Ram and Salim is `5,100. The monthly rate of 6?
income of Ram is (a) 182 (b) 218
(a) `4,100 (b) `4,000 (c) 212 (d) 192
(c) `4,500 (d) `5,100 56. A student's marks were wrongly entered as
54. A library has an average of 720 visitors on Sundays 83 instead of 38. Due to that the average marks
and 450 on each of other days of the week. The for the class got increased by 0.3. The number of
average number of visitors per day in a month of students in the class is:
30 days beginning with Sunday is: (a) 100 (b) 90
(a) 500 (b) 495 (c) 150 (d) 200
(c) 590 (d) 490
Answer Key
1. (c) 2. (d) 3. (a) 4. (d) 5. (b) 6. (b) 7. (c) 8. (c) 9. (a) 10. (d)
11. (c) 12. (c) 13. (d) 14. (c) 15. (a) 16. (b) 17. (d) 18. (a) 19. (b) 20. (b)
21. (d) 22. (a) 23. (c) 24. (c) 25. (a) 26. (d) 27. (b) 28. (b) 29. (c) 30. (a)
31. (c) 32. (b) 33. (d) 34. (c) 35. (d) 36. (b) 37. (a) 38. (b) 39. (d) 40. (d)
41. (a) 42. (c) 43. (b) 44. (c) 45. (a) 46. (c) 47. (c) 48. (a) 49. (d) 50. (c)
51. (a) 52. (b) 53. (a) 54. (b) 55. (d) 56. (c)
5.10 Ratio & Proportion, Mixture Alligation, Partnership & Average
Explanations
A 3 11. c Let the number be 5x and 3x.
1. c B 7 . Let A = 3x, B = 7x.
5x 9 23
45
Then, 3x 9 12
3x + 7x = 45, x = 4.5 ;
10 60x – 108 = 69x – 207
B = 7x = 31.5 9x = 99 x = 11 1
x x / y 1/ 27 7x 35
2. d Let the fraction be ; The first number is 11 × 5 = 55.
y 3 / 7 1/ 35 3y 27
5
x 35 3 5 12. c B’s money = 800 `1000 .
4
y 27 7 9
3
3. a If a, b, c are in continuous proportion. The mean C’s money = 1000 `1500 .
2
proportion is b.
Therefore, A’s + B’s + C’s money = `3,300.
Therefore, b2 = ac, b2 = 8 × 72, b = 576 24 . 13. d 4x = 3y = 2z
a c 3 27 Divide the three terms by their LCM.
4. d If a, b, c, d are in proportion,
b d 15 d
LCM of 4, 3, 2 = 12 ;
d 135.
x : y : z = 3 : 4 : 6
b2 30 30
5. b Third proportional c = 45 . 14. c Let the parts be x, (68 – x).
a 20
x 1 68 x
6. b A’s share = P
x
3610 `1,520,
2000 68 x
7 10 10 10
x y z 4750
x x 68 17x 68
where P = Profit and x, y and z are respective , x = 28.
7 10 10 70 10
shares of A, B and C.
2 1
7. c Ratio of their profits = Ratio of their investments 15. a A = B, B= C
3 4
= 4000 × 12 : 8000 × 9 : 12000 × 2
A 2 B 1 3
48 : 72 : 24 ,
B 3 C 4 12
2 : 3 : 1 A : B : C = 2 : 3 : 12
3
Bs’ share = × 5200 = `2,600. 3
6 B’s share = 17 6800 `1,200
x 2
8. c . Let x’s share = 2a, y’s share = 7a. 16. b X’s share 3x + 30
y 7
Y’s share 4x + 20
x ' s share 2a 2
. Z’s share 5x + 50
y ' s share x ' s share 5a 5
A B C Sum is 9700.
9. a Let k
12x + 100 = 9700, 12x = 9600, x = 800.
2 3 6
A :B:C=2:3:6 Y’s share = 4x + 20 = 3200 + 20 = `3,220.
2 17. d Let B get `x,
B’s part = 3960 `1080
11 A get `x + 70,
A 2 C get `x – 80.
10. d A 's share
3
P P .
11 x + x + 70 + x – 80 = 530
A A 3A
2
3x – 10 = 530, 3x = 540
B 3
B' s share P P . x = 180
2 11
B B 2B
3 A ' s share 180 70 250 5
.
2 3
6 C' s share 180 80 100 2
C’s share = P P P.
11 11 4
2
18. a Ratio = .
9
A 's 11 2
. Let antecedent = 4x = 36, x = 9.
B ' s C 's 6 3 3
Consequent = 9x = 9 × 9 = 81.
11 11
Ratio & Proportion, Mixture Alligation, Partnership & Average 5.11
1 A 1 B 2 25. a Let man’s age be 7x, son’s age = 2x.
19. b A B, B 2C , .
2 B 2 C 1 4 according to question,
A:B:C=1:2:1 7x 15 2
Shares of A, B and C are x, 2x and x.
, 7x + 15 = 4x + 30, x = 5.
2x 15 1
B 2x 2x 2 Present age of father = 35 years.
A B x 2x 3x 3 Present age of son = 10 years.
20. b Ratio of coins by value
3 4 12
: : 3: 2:3 .
Father’s age when son was born
1 2 4
= 35 – 10 = 25 years.
600
3x + 2x + 3x = 600, x 75 . 26. d Let present age of son = x, and present age of
8
father = y.
Value of 25-paisa coins = 75 × 3 = `225.
y 4 6 x 4 … (i)
Number of coins 225 × 4 = 900.
( y 12 ) 2( x 12 ) … (ii)
21. d M : W = 2 : 1. Total volume = 180 L.
From (i) and (ii),
Milk = 120 L, water = 60 L.
y – 6x + 20 = 0
Let ‘x’ litres of water is added to make the ratio
1 : 2. y – 2x – 12 = 0
120 1
4x = 32, x = 8 years, y = 28 years.
,
60 x 2 28 7
Ratio of ages = .
240 = 60 + x 8 2
x = 180 L. a b c
27. b Let k
3 4 7
M 3
22. a in 100 L mixture. a = 3k, b = 4k, c = 7k
W 1
milk = 75 L, water = 25 L. a b c 3k 4k 7k 14k
2
c 7k 7k
After adding 200 L of water, water = 225 L and
28. b Sum = 84
milk = 75 L.
It must be divisible by the sum of the ratios.
75
Ratio = = 1 : 3. Sum of the ratios are 12, 8, 21 and 12. Since, 8
225
does not divide 84.
23. c Initially number of boys = 250, number of girls =
250. Hence (b) is the correct option.
29. c 0.35 of x = 0.07 of y.
1
New batch of the girls (50 girls) left the class x 0.07 1
5
and 25 boys joined in. y 0.35 5
Number of girls remaining = 200, and number of C1 5 C2 5
30. a ,
I1 8 I2 3
boys = 250 + 25 = 275.
5 5
Boys 275 11
Copper 13 8 40 65 105
Girls 200 8 .
Iron 8 3 64 39 103
24. c Original population is 15,000. 13 8
Population after one year Hence, ratio of iron : copper = 103 : 105.
1 5
15000 15000 15000 1500 16500. 31. c Quantity of milk in 80L mixture 80 50L
10 8
Population after two years 5
and in 16L mixture 16 10L
1 8
16500 16500 16500 1650 14850.
10 Quantity of water in 80L mixture
Short cut: 3 3
80 30L and in 16L mixture 16 6L
10 10 8 8
Change in population 10 – 10 –1%
100
Required ration
50 10 16 56 , i.e. 7 : 3.
Population after 2 years = 15,000 × 0.99 = 14,850 30 6 24
5.12 Ratio & Proportion, Mixture Alligation, Partnership & Average
32. b Let copper = 13x, zinc = 7x. 7x + 5x = 72, x = 6
13x + 7x = 500 Number of boys = 42.
500 Number of girls = 30.
x 25 kg
20 12 more girls should be admitted to make the
Copper = 13 × 25 = 325 kg number equal.
33. d A’s effective investment = 16000 × 6 = `96,000. 39. d Let the numbers be 2x, 3x, and 5x respectively.
B’s effective investment = 12000 × 8 = `96,000. Sum of their squares = 608 4x2 + 9x2 + 25x2
C’s effective investment = 1000 × 12 = `12,000. 38x2 = 608, x2 = 16, x 4 .
Profit sharing ratio = 96 : 96 : 12 i.e. 8 : 8 : 1. As the numbers are positive, the biggest number
34. c A gets 100 paise, B gets 65 paise and C gets 35 is 20.
paise. 40. d M : W = 2 : 5. Total volume = 28 L.
35 2
C' s share 560 Sum . Milk = 28 = 8 L.
200 7
Sum = `3,200. 5
Water = 28 = 20 L.
35. d Let the numbers be 2x and 3x. 7
4x 2 4
2 L of milk is added and 5 L water is removed.
Ratio of their squares = .
9x 2 9 M 8 2 10 2
i.e. 2 : 3
Note: Ratio of squares is independent of difference W new 20 – 5 15 3
of numbers. 41. a Let A’s income = `3x.
36. b L : M : O = 5 : 7 : 3 B’s income = `2x.
Let the labour cost be 5x, material cost = 7x, A’s expenses = `5y.
overheads = 3x. Total cost = 15x. B’s expenses = `3y.
Profits = 20% of 15x = 3x A’s savings = 3x – 5y = 3000 … (i)
Material cos t 7x 7
B’s savings = 2x – 3y = 3000 … (ii)
Pr ofit 3x 3 Solving (i) and (ii), x = 6000
1 B’s income = 2x = `12,000.
37. a A = (B + C)
2
42. c Let A’s, B’s and C’s investments be 8x, 7x and 5x
2A =B+C … (i)
respectively.
1
B= (A + C) A’s effective investment = (8x)5 + (4x)7
4
= 40x + 28x = 68x
4B = A + C … (ii)
B’s effective investment = 7x × 12 = 84x.
Subtracting (ii) from (i),
C’s effective investment = 5x × 12 = 60x.
2A – 4B = B – A 3A = 5B
84
3
AB
B’s share = 26500 = `10,500.
5
… (iii) 212
3 7 B 5
C 2A B 2A A A 43. b . Let the price be 5x and 4x
5 5 R 4
3 7 5x – 4x = 800, x = 800.
A : B : C 1: : 5 :3 :7
5 5 Price of rickshaw = 800 × 4 = `3,200.
5 A 5 2
A’s share = 11250 750 5. 44. c ,B= A
15 B 2 5
3 18
B’s share = 11250 750 3. 8A A
15 8A 9B 5 58 29
A’s share – B’s share = 750 × 2 = `1500. 8A 2B 4 44 22
8A A
5
B 7
38. b Short cut:
G 5
Let number of boys = 7x. Let A = 5. Then B = 2.
Let number of girls = 5x. Therefore, (40 + 18) : (40 + 4) = 58 : 44 = 29 : 22.
Ratio & Proportion, Mixture Alligation, Partnership & Average 5.13
45. a 20% solution of sugar means one-fifth of sugar. 52. b Increase in weight due to replacement of the
In 5 L of solution, 1 L is sugar and 4 L is water. person weighing 56 kg by a new person
After adding 1 L of water, = 2 × 10 = 20 kg
The weight of the new person = (56 + 20) kg
1
Percentage of sugar = 6 × 100 = 16.67%. = 76 kg.
46. c Let the original consumption be 1 unit costing `100. 53. a Let the monthly incomes of Ram, Rahim and Salim
New cost = `125. are ‘x’, ‘y’ and ‘z’ respectively, then
1 4
x + y = (4500 × 2) = 9000 … (i)
New consumption = 100 unit.
125 5 y + z = (5500 × 2) = 11000 … (ii)
4 x + z = (5100 × 2) = 10200 … (iii)
1
Re duction in consumption 5 1 Adding (i), (ii) and (iii), we get; 2(x + y + z)
, i.e. 1 : 5.
Original consumption 1 5
= 30200 or x + y + z = 15100 … (iv)
47. c Sum of present ages of all the three
Subtracting (ii) from (iv), we get x = 4100.
= 25 × 2 + 3 + 3 + 1 = 57 years
Ram's monthly income = `4,100.
57
Average age of the family = 19 years. 54. b Since the month begins with a Sunday, so there
3
will be five Sundays in the month.
48. a Runs scored in first 20 overs = 20 × 4.2 = 84
Required average
Runs to be scored to reach the target = 312 – 84
720 5 450 25 3600 11250
= 228 495.
30 30
228
Required run rate = 7.6 . 55. d Runs made in first 20 overs = 24 × 4.5 = 108
30
Total run to be scored = 50 × 6 = 300
49. d Sum of ages of
Runs needed to be scored = 300 – 108 = 192.
A and B = 60 × 2 = 120
C and D = 38 × 2 = 76 56. c Let the number of students in the class = x
E and F = 10 × 2 = 20 Increase in the total marks = 0.3x
0.3x = (83 – 38)
A + B + C + D + E + F = 120 + 76 + 20 = 216
45
216 x 150
Hence, the average age of the family = = 0.3
6
36 years. Alternative method:
50. c Total sales for 5 days Increase in marks
Total number of students =
= `(6135 + 7227 + 6755 + 7430 + 6462) = `34009. Increase in average
Required sales on the sixth day 45
= 150.
0.3
= [(6600 × 6) – 34009] = `(39600 – 34009)
= `5591.
51. a Average of 50 numbers = 0.
Sum of 50 numbers (0 × 50) = 0.
It is quite possible that atmost 49 of these numbers
can be positive and if their sum is ‘a’ then 50th
number will be (–a), making the sum total of 50
numbers zero.
Time, Speed, Distance and
Time & Work
Time, Speed and Distance Concepts
This section consists of problems on calculating speed, 1. If two objects are moving in opposite directions
distance, time, head start and relative speed, etc. towards each other or away from each other on a
straight-line at speeds u and v, then they seem to
Concepts be moving towards each other or away from each
1. Distance = Speed × Time other at a relative speed = Speed of first + Speed of
second = u + v.
5
2. 1 km/hr = m/sec This is also the speed at which they are moving
18
towards each other or the speed at which they may
3. If the ratio of speed is a : b : c, then the ratio of time be moving away from each other.
1 1 1 2. If the two objects move in the same direction with
taken is : : . speeds u and v, then
a b c
Speed is a relation between time and distance. relative speed = difference of their speeds = u – v.
S D , i.e. if speed is doubled, distance covered in a This is also the speed at which the faster object is
either moving closer to the slower object or moving
1 away from the slower object as the case may be.
given time also gets doubled and S , i.e. if speed is
T 3. If two objects start from A and B with speeds u and
doubled, time taken to cover the distance will be half. v respectively, and after crossing each other, take a
and b hours to reach B and A respectively, then u : v
Average speed
Total dis tan ce travelled b.
Average speed is defined as . =
Total time taken a
Suppose, a man covers a distance d1 kms at s1 km/hr Trains
and a distance d2 kms at s2 km/hr, then
Train crossing a pole or a man :
d d
Average speed of the entiry journey 1 2 km / hr.
d1 d2
s1 s2
If the distances are equal, then Time taken by a train to cross a pole or a man is given
dd 2s1s2 by the ratio of length of the train to its speed.
Average speed km/hr .
d d s1 s2 Length of the train
s1 s2 Time taken
Speed of the train
Relative speed Train crossing a bridge or a platform:
If two bodies are moving (in the same direction or in the
opposite direction), then the speed of one body with
respect to the other is called its relative speed.
Relative speed is a phenomenon that we observe
everyday. Suppose you are travelling in a train and there The distance covered in the time taken to cross a bridge
is a second train coming from the opposite direction on or a platform will be equal to the sum of the length of the
the parallel track, then it seems that the second train is train and the length of the bridge or a platform being
moving much faster than actual. If both the trains are crossed.
moving in the same direction on parallel tracks at same Time taken to cross a bridge or a platform
speeds, they seem to be stationary if seen from one of Length of the train + length of the bridge or a platform
these trains, even though they might actually be at a
speed of 100 km/hr each. So what you actually observe Speed of the train
is your speed relative to the other.
6.2 Time, Speed, Distance and Time & Work
Train crossing another train: Concepts
In the same direction : 1. If two people A and B start from the same point, at
l1 the same time and move in the same direction
l2 S1 along a circular track and take x minutes and y
S2 l1 minutes respectively to come back to the starting
S1 l2 point, then they would meet for the first time at the
S2 starting point according to the formula given below:
Sum of lengths of the trains First time meeting of A and B at the starting point
Time taken = (LCM of x and y)
Relative speed of the trains
l1 l2 Notes:
S2 S1 This formula would remain the same even if
they move in the opposite directions.
In the opposite direction :
l1
2. If two people A and B start from the same point
S1 l2 with speeds m km/hr and n km/hr respectively, at
S2 the same time and move in the same direction
l1 along a circular track, then the two would meet for
S1 the first time by the formula given below:
l2
Time of the first meeting
S2
Sum of lengths of the trains Circumference of the track
= .
Time taken Relative speed
Sum of the speeds of the trains
l1 l2 Time and Work
S1 S2 The Time and work topic involves problems on time taken
to do a certain job by certain number of workers; the
Boats and Streams change in the number of hours required to do a job if the
Downstream and Upstream Motion number of workers is changed; the number of hours
Downstream motion of a boat is its motion in the same required to do the same job by different number of workers
direction as the flow of the river. if their speeds are different, etc.
Upstream motion is exactly the opposite. w = n × h × d = constant
There are two parameters in these problems : where, w : Work
1. Speed of the river (R): This is the speed with which n : Number of men
the river flows. h : Number of hours
2. Speed of the boat in still water (B): If the river is still, d : Number of days
this is the speed at which the boat would be moving. In general, we can say that,
The effective speed of a boat in upstream = B – R
The effective speed of a boat in downstream = B + R If ‘w 1 ’ work is done by ‘m 1 ’ men working ‘h 1 ’
3. The speed of the boat in still water is given as B hours per day in ‘d1’ days and ‘w2’ work is done by
‘m2’ men working ‘h2’ hours per day in ‘d2’ days, then
1 1
= (d u) , and the speed of the river R = (d u) ,
2 2 m1 d1 h1 m2 d2 h2
=
where d and u are the downstream and upstream w1 w2
speeds, respectively.
Circular motion
The problems on circular motion deal with races on a
circular track to calculate the time of meeting at the
starting point and anywhere on the track.
Time, Speed, Distance and Time & Work 6.3
Generally, the following types of questions are asked in the examination.
Type of question Example Approach to question
1. Calculate the time taken by two A can complete a piece of work in XY
persons working together to 10 days which B alone can complete T X Y , where X and Y are the
finish a work. in 12 days. In how many days can time taken by A and B individually.
both complete it if they work together?
10 12 120 5
T 5 days
10 12 22 11
2. If A and B can finish a work in X Two persons A and B working together T X Y = 12 8 96 24 hrs
days and A alone can complete can dig a trench in 8 hrs while. A alone Y – X 12 – 8 4
it in Y days, find the time taken can dig it in 12 hrs. In how many hours
by B alone. can B alone dig the trench?
3. If one person is m times as good A is thrice as good as B and takes 60 T = m l = 3 60 180
as another worker and takes n days less than B for completing a job. m2 – 1 9–1 8
day less than the other person, Find the time taken by them if they 45
in how many days can they work together. days = 22.5 days
together finish the work? 2
4. One pipe can fill in a cistern in A tap can fill in a cistern in 30 min T1 T2
T1 min and another pipe in T2 and another can fill it in T T T , where T1 and T2 are the
1 2
min. If both the pipes are 40 min. If both the taps are opened
opened together, find the time simultaneously, find the time taken to time taken by each pipe individually.
taken by them to fill in the fill the cistern completely. 30 40 1200 1
cistern. = 17 min
30 40 70 7
5. One pipe can fill in a cistern in A cistern is filled in by a pipe A in T = T1 T2 , where T and T are the
T1 min and another pipe can 10 hr and emptied by a pipe B in T2 – T1 1 2
empty it in T2 min. If both the 12 hr. If both the pipes are opened time taken by each pipe individually
pipes are opened together, find together, in how much time will the to fill and empty the cistern respectively.
the time taken to fill in the cistern be full?
cistern. 10 12 120
= 60 hrs
12 – 10 2
6. A cistern takes T1 min to be Two pipes can fill in a cistern in T
T = T1 1 1 , where T1 is the
filled by the filling pipes, but 14 hrs and 16 hrs respectively. The x
takes x extra min to fill in due pipes are opened simultaneously. time taken to fill in the cistern and x
to a leakage in the cistern. Find Due to a leakage in the bottom of the is the extra time taken due to a
out the time, in which the leak cistern, 32 min extra are required to leakage.
will empty the cistern. fill the cistern. If the cistern is full, in 112 112 60
what time will the leak empty it? T is equal to 1
15 15 32
= 112 hrs.
Concepts Ratio of work done by A and B (in the same time)
= 3 : 1.
1. If A can do a piece of work in 10 days, then in
(b) For the same amount of work, B will take thrice
1
1 day, A will do of the total work. the time as much as A takes.
10
Ratio of time taken by A and B (same work done)
2. If A is thrice as good as B, then
= 1 : 3.
(a) In a given amount of time, A will be able to do 3
3. Efficiency is directly proportional to the work done
times the work B does.
and inversely proportional to the time taken.
6.4 Time, Speed, Distance and Time & Work
Pipes and Cisterns Solution :
This consists of problems on how long it will take for 1 1 1 1
different pipes of different diameters to fill a cistern; the C’s 1 day’s work = – =
3 6 8 24
time taken to fill a cistern when one pipe is filling it while
Ratio of work done in 1 day for A : B : C
another empties it, etc.
1 1 1
Concepts : : 4 : 3:1
6 8 24
1. If a pipe can fill a tank in x hours and another pipe
600 3
can fill it in y hours, then the fraction of tank filled by B’s share = ` = ` 225
8
1 1 x y
both pipes together in 1 hour = . Alternative method:
x y xy
Let the total work be LCM (6, 8, 3) = 24 units.
Or, time required to fill the tank by both the pipes
They finished the total work in 3 days.
xy
= . Therefore, (A + B + C)’s 1 day’s work
xy
= 8 units. A’s 1 day’s work = 4 units.
2. If a pipe can fill a tank in x hours and another pipe
B’s 1 day’s work = 3 units.
can empty it in y hours, then the fraction of tank filled
Hence, C’s 1 day’s work = 8 – 7 = 1 unit.
1 1 y–x
by both the pipes together in 1 hour = – . Ratio of work done in 1 day for A : B : C = 4 : 3 : 1
x y xy
600 3
B’s share = ` = ` 225
Solved Examples 8
1. Three men can complete a piece of work in 6 days. 3. Two men and 3 boys can complete a piece of work
Two days after they start, 3 more men join them. in 10 days while 3 men and 2 boys can complete
How many days will they take to complete the the same work in 8 days. In how many days can 2
remaining work? men and 1 boy complete the same work?
Solution : Solution :
Let 1 man’s 1 day’s work be x.
1 1 Let 1 boy’s 1 day’s work be y.
Work done by 3 men in 2 days = ×2=
6 3
1 1
2x + 3y = and 3x + 2y =
1 2 10 8
Remaining work = 1– =
3 3 7 1
On solving, we get x = and y =
200 100
1 (2 men + 1 boy’s) 1 day’s work
3 men’s 1 day’s work =
6 7 1 16 2
2 1
1 200 100 200 25
6 men’s 1 day’s work = 25
3 Thus, 2 men and 1 boy can finish the work in
2
days.
2 3 2
work is done by them in = 2 days. Or
3 3
Alternative method 1:
Alternative method: Two men and three boys can complete a piece of
After two days, only four days’ work remains. work in 10 days.
If 3 more men join the existing 3 men, work will be Hence, in one day, the number of men and boys
completed in half the time. required = (2m + 3b) 10.
Therefore, the work is completed in 2 days. Similarly, if three men and two boys can complete
2. A and B undertake a piece of work for `600. a piece of work in 8 days, then in one day the number
A alone can complete it in 6 days, while B alone of men and boys required = (3m + 2b) 8.
can complete it in 8 days. With the help of C, they Hence, equating both, we get
finish it in 3 days. Find B’s share. (2m + 3b) 10 = (3m + 2b) 8.
20m + 30b = 24m + 16b
Time, Speed, Distance and Time & Work 6.5
4m = 14b 5. A and B undertake to do a piece of work for `600. A
alone can do it in 6 days, while B alone can do it in
7
m= b 8 days. With the help of C, they finish in 3 days.
2 Find B’s share.
7 Solution :
Now, 2m + 3b = 2 b + 3b = 10 b.
2
1 1 1 1
7 C’s 1 day work = .
New requirement is 2m + 1b = 2 b + 1b = 8 b 3 6 8 24
2
Ratio of work done in 1 day for A, B and C
By unitary method,
1 1 1
10 b 10 days : : 4 : 3:1
6 8 24
8b ?
10 600 3
10 B’s share = ` = `225
= 12.5 days. 8
8
Alternative method:
Alternative method 2
Let the total work be LCM (6, 8, 3) = 24 units.
Let the total work be LCM (10, 8) = 40 units.
They finished the total work in 3 days.
Let 1 man’s 1 day’s work be x.
Therefore, (A + B + C)’s 1 day work = 8 units.
Let 1 boy’s 1 day’s work be y.
A’s 1 day work = 4 units.
2x + 3y = 4 and 3x + 2y = 5
B’s 1 day work = 3 units.
7 2 Hence, C’s 1 day work = 8 – 7 = 1 unit.
On solving, we get x = and y =
5 5
3
(2 men + 1 boy’s) 1 day’s work B’s share = 600 = `225
8
7 2 16 6. Two men and 3 boys can do a piece of work in
= 2 1 units.
5 5 5 10 days, while 3 men and 2 boys can do the same
Number of days taken to complete the work work in 8 days. In how many days can 2 men and 1
5 25 boy do the work?
40 days = 12.5 days.
16 2 Solution :
4. Three men can complete a piece of work in 6 days. Let 1 man’s 1 day work = x.
Two days after they start, 3 more men joined them. Let 1 boy’s 1 day work = y.
How many days will they take to complete the
1 1
remaining work? 2x + 3y = and 3x + 2y =
10 8
Solution :
7 1
1 1 On solving we get, x = and y = .
Work done by 3 men in 2 days = 2 200 100
6 3 (2 men + 1 boy)’s 1 day work
1 2
7 1 16 2
Remaining work = 1–
3 3 2 1 .
200 100 200 25
1 Thus, 2 men and 1 boy can finish the work in
3 men’s 1 day work = .
6
25
1 days.
6 men’s 1 day work = . 2
3
Alternative method:
2 3 2 Let the total work be LCM (10, 8) = 40 units.
work is done by them in = 2 days.
3 3 Let 1 man’s 1 day work = x.
Alternative method: Let 1 boy’s 1 day work = y.
After 2 days, only 4 days’ work remains. If 3 more 2x + 3y = 4 and 3x + 2y = 5
men join the existing 3 men, work will be completed
in half of the time. Therefore, the work is completed 7 2
On solving, we get x = and y = .
in 2 days. 5 5
6.6 Time, Speed, Distance and Time & Work
(2 men + 1 boy)’s 1 day work Net part filled in 1 min when A, B and C are opened
1 1 1 1
7 2 16 = .
= 2 1 units. 36 45 30 60
5 5 5
Number of days taken to do the work 13 13
part is filled in 60 39 min.
20 20
5 25
= 40 days. Total time taken to fill the tank = (39 + 7) = 46 min.
16 2
Alternative method:
7. A fort of 60 men has food for 28 days. 8 days later
reinforcements arrive, leaving the number of days Let the capacity be LCM (36, 45, 30) = 180 units.
the food would last for 15 days. What was the In 1 min, A fills 5 units, B fills 4 units, C empties
strength of the reinforcement? 6 units.
Solution : In 7 min, A and B fill (5 + 4) × 7 = 63 units.
Originally, the food would have lasted for 28 days. After 7 min, A and B fill 9 units and C empties
After 8 days the food would have lasted for 20 days. 6 units.
Let the reinforcement number be x. Effectively, only 3 units are retained in 1 min.
The food that would have been consumed by Tank to be filled = 180 – 63 = 117 units.
60 men in 20 days, was consumed by
117
(60 + x) men in 15 days. Time taken = = 39 min.
3
60 × 20 = (60 + x)15
Total time taken = (7 + 39) = 46 min.
x = 20.
10. A scooterist covers a certain distance at 36 km/hr.
The strength of the reinforcement was 20 men. How many metres does he cover in 3 min?
8. Two pipes A and B can fill a tank in 24 min and Solution :
32 min respectively. If both pipes are opened
simultaneously, after how much time should pipe B 5
Speed = 36 km/hr = 36 × × m/s = 10 m/s.
be closed such that the tank is full in 18 min? 18
Solution : Thus, distance covered in 3 min
Let B be closed after x minutes. = (10 × 3 × 60) = 1,800 m.
Part filled by (A + B) in x min + Part filled by A in (18 3 1
– x) min = 1 11. Walking at of his usual speed a man is 1 hr
4 2
1 1 1 late. Find his usual travel time.
Thus, x (18 x) 1
24 32 24 Solution :
Solving for x, x = 8. Let the usual time be t hours.
Hence, B must be closed after 8 min. 4 3
t t t 4.5 hr
Alternative method: 3 2
Let B be closed after x minutes. Alternative method:
Let the total capacity be LCM (24, 32) = 96 units. 3s 3
st t 4st 3st 4.5s
In 1 min, A can fill 4 units and B can fill 3 units. 4 2
7x + 4(18 – x) = 96. Solving for x, x = 8 min. t = 4.5 hr
Hence, B must be closed after 8 min. 12. A man starts from L to M, another from M
9. Two pipes A and B can fill a tank in 36 min and to L at the same time. After passing each other,
45 min respectively. Pipe C can empty it in 30 min. 1 4
A and B are opened and after 7 min C is also opened. they complete their journey in 3 hr and 4 hr
3 5
In how much time will the tank be full? respectively. Find the speed of the second man if
Solution : the speed of the first is 24 km/hr.
1 1 7 Solution :
Part filled in 7 min = 7
36 45 20 Speed of the first man : Speed of the second man
7 13 b 24 3 36 6
Remaining part = 1
20 20 a 5 10 25 5
Time, Speed, Distance and Time & Work 6.7
where ‘a’ and ‘b’ are the time taken by the first and 16. A can beat B by 20 m in a 200 m race. B can beat
the second man after passing each other. C by 10 m in a 250 m race. By how many metres
can A beat C in a 100 m race?
5
Thus, the second man’s speed = 24 Solution :
6
= 20 km/hr. A runs 200 m when B runs 180 m.
13. Two cyclists cover the same distance with speeds B runs 250 m when C runs 240 m.
15 km/hr and 16 km/hr respectively. Find the LCM of 180 and 250 = 4500.
distance travelled by each, if one takes 16 min longer Thus, when A runs 5000 m, B runs 4,500 m.
than the other takes.
When B runs 4,500 m, C runs 4,320 m.
Solution :
A beats C by 680 m in a race of 5,000 m.
Let the required distance be x kilometres.
680
x x 16 Hence, A beats C by 100
5000
15 16 60 = 13.6 m in a 100 m race.
16x 15x 64 x 64. 17. A hare makes 9 leaps in the same time as a dog
Hence, the required distance = 64 km. 1
14. A thief is spotted by a policeman at a distance of makes 4. But the dog’s leap is 2 m while hare’s
3
200 m. If the speed of the thief be 10 km/hr and that is only 1 m. How many leaps will the dog have to
of the policeman be 12 km/hr, at what distance will make before catching up with the hare if the hare
the policeman catch the thief? has a start of 16 m?
Solution : Solution :
Relative speed of the policeman = 2 km/hr. Distance covered by the dog in one minute (4 leaps)
Time taken by the policeman to cover 200 m 7 28
= 4 m.
200 1 1 3 3
hr hr.
1000 2 2 Distance covered by the hare in one minute
In this time the thief covers a distance (9 leaps) = 9 × 1 = 9 m.
1 Distance gained by the dog in one minute (4 leaps)
10 1 km. 1
10 = m.
The policeman catch the thief at a distance of 3
(1 km + 0.2 km) 1.2 km Hence, for 1 m gain he has to make 12 leaps.
15. A train running at 54 km/hr takes 20 sec to cross a Number of leaps required by the dog to gain 16 m
platform and 12 sec to pass a man walking in the = 12 × 16 = 192 leaps.
same direction at a speed of 6 km/hr. Find the 18. A ship, 156 km away from the shore, springs a leak
lengths of the train and the platform? 7
Solution : which admits tonnes of water in 6.5 min. A pump
3
Let the length of the train = x metres and the length throws out 15 tonnes of water in 1 hr. If 68 tonnes
of the platform = y metres. would be suffice to sink the ship, find the average
Speed of the train relative to the man rate of sailing so as to just reach the shore.
40 Solution :
= 48 km/hr = m/s. Net volume of water in the ship in 1 min
3
In passing the man, the train covers its own length 7 1 15 17
with relative speed. tonnes.
3 6.5 60 156
40 Time for 68 tonnes of water
Length of the train = 12 160 m.
3 156
68 624 min.
Since speed of the train = 54 km/hr = 15 m/s, 17
Distance
xy Speed of the ship =
20 x y 300 y 140 Time
15
156 km 1
Length of the platform = 140 m. = km/min = 15 km/hr..
624 min 4
6.8 Time, Speed, Distance and Time & Work
19. A man rows 27 km downstream and 18 km upstream By 10 a.m., the bus from A would have covered
taking 3 hr each time. What is the velocity of the 20 km. Hence, the distance between the buses at
current? 10 a.m. = 120 – 20 = 100 km.
Solution : Relative speed of the buses = 20 km/hr.
27 100
Rate downstream = = 9 km/hr.. Time taken to meet = = 5 hr..
3 20
18 22. A and B can separately do a piece of work in 20
Rate upstream = = 6 km/hr.. and 15 days respectively. They worked together for
3
6 days, after which B was replaced by C. If the
Velocity of the current = 0.5(9 – 6) = 1.5 km/hr.
work was finished in next 4 days, then in how many
20. A man can row upstream at 7 km/hr and down- days could C alone do the work?
stream at 10 km/hr. Find his rate in still water and
Solution :
the rate of the current.
Solution : 1 1 7
(A + B)’s 6 days work = 6 .
Rate in still waters = 0.5(10 + 7) = 8.5 km/hr. 20 15 10
Rate of the current = 0.5(10 – 7) = 1.5 km/hr. 3
(A + C)’s 4 days work = ;
21. Buses take 12 hr to cover the distance of 120 km 10
between A and B. A bus starts f rom A at 3
8 a.m. and another bus starts from B at 10 a.m. on (A + C)’s 1 day work = .
40
the same day. When do the two buses meet?
1
Solution : A’s 1 day work = .
20
The distance between A and B is 120 km.
3 1 1
120 C’s 1 day work = – .
Speed of the buses = = 10 km/hr.. 40 20 40
12
Hence, C alone can finish the work in 40 days.
Time, Speed, Distance and Time & Work 6.9
Exercise
1. A can do a piece of work in 7 days of 9 hr each, 9. A and B can do a job in 12 days, and B and
and B can do it in 6 days of 7 hr each. How long C can do it in 16 days. After A has been working
42 for 5 days and B for 7 days, C finishes the work in
will they take to do it working together hr a 13 days. In how many days can C do the work
5
day? alone?
(a) 3 days (b) 4 days (a) 16 days (b) 24 days
(c) 4.5 days (d) None of these (c) 36 days (d) 48 days
2. A can do a piece of work in 80 days. He works for 10. Twelve men can do a job in 8 days. Six days after
10 days and then B alone finishes the remaining they start, 4 men join them. How many more days
work in 42 days. The two together could complete will it take to do the job?
the work in (a) 2.5 days (b) 3.5 days
(a) 24 days (b) 25 days (c) 1.5 days (d) 4 days
(c) 30 days (d) 29 days 11. Excluding the stoppages, the speed of a bus is
3. A and B can do a piece of work in 45 and 40 days 54 km/hr, and including the stoppages, it is 45
respectively. They begin together, but A leaves after km/hr. For how many minutes does the bus stop
some days and B completes the remaining work per hour?
in 23 days. For how many days did A work? (a) 9 min (b) 10 min
(a) 6 days (b) 8 days (c) 12 min (d) 20 min
(c) 9 days (d) 12 days 12. A job is done by 10 men in 20 days and 20 women
4. A does half as much as work as B in three-fourths in 15 days. How many days will it take for 5 men
of the time. If together they take 18 days to and 10 women to finish the work?
complete the work, how much time will B take to
1 1
do it? (a) 17 days (b) 17 days
2 7
(a) 30 days (b) 35 days
1
(c) 40 days (d) None of these (c) 17 days (d) 17 days
20
5. A can do a certain job in 12 days. B is 60% more
13. R and S can do a job in 8 and 12 days respectively.
efficient than A. B can do the work alone in
If they work on alternate days with R beginning, in
(a) 6 days (b) 6.25 days how many days will the work be finished?
(c) 7.5 days (d) 8 days
1 1
6. A and B can do a job in 25 days and 20 days (a) 9 days (b) 9 days
3 2
respectively. A started the work and was joined by
B after 10 days. The number of days taken to 1 1
(c) 9 days (d) 9 days
complete the work is 24 3
(a) 12.5 days (b) 14.22 days 14. A, B and C can do a job in 11, 20 and 55 days
(c) 15 days (d) 16.66 days respectively. How soon can the work be done if A
is assisted by B and C on alternate days?
7. A is twice as good as B, and they together finish
a job in 14 days. A will finish the work alone in (a) 7 days (b) 8 days
(a) 11 days (b) 21 days (c) 9 days (d) 10 days
(c) 28 days (d) 42 days 15. Machines A and B produce 8,000 clips in 4 hr and
6 hr respectively. If they work alternatively for 1 hr,
8. A and B can do a piece of work in 72 days;
A starting first, then 8,000 clips will be produced
B and C in 120 days; A and C in 90 days. In how
in
many days can A do it alone?
(a) 150 days (b) 120 days (a) 4.33 hr (b) 4.66 hr
(c) 100 days (d) 80 days (c) 5.33 hr (d) 5.66 hr
6.10 Time, Speed, Distance and Time & Work
16. Father can work on a task as fast as his two sons 24. A leak in the bottom of a tank can empty it in 6 hr.
working together. If one does the work in 3 hr and A pipe fills the tank at the rate of 4 L per min.
the other in 6 hr, in how many hours can the father When the tank is full, the inlet is opened but due
do the work? to the leak the tank is emptied in 8 hr. What is the
capacity of the tank?
(a) 1 hr (b) 2 hr
(a) 5,260 L (b) 5,760 L
(c) 3 hr (d) 4 hr
(c) 5,846 L (d) 6,970 L
17. A sum of money is sufficient to pay A’s wages for
25. A and B can fill a tank in 6 hr and 4 hr respectively.
21 days and B’s wages for 28 days. It is then
If they are opened on alternate hours and A is
sufficient to pay the wages of both for opened first, how many hours will it take to fill the
(a) 12 days (b) 14 days tank?
(c) 12.25 days (d) 24.5 days (a) 4 hr (b) 5 hr
18. A does half as much as work as B, and C does (c) 4.5 hr (d) 5.5 hr
half as much as work as A and B together in the 26. A car can finish a journey in 10 hr at 48 km/hr. To
same time. If C alone can do the work in 40 days, cover the same distance in 8 hr, the speed must
then all of them together will finish the work in be increased by
(a) 13.33 days (b) 15 days (a) 6 km/hr (b) 7.5 km/hr
(c) 20 days (d) 30 days (c) 12 km/hr (d) 15 km/hr
27. Tarun can cover a certain distance in 1 hr 24 min
19. Pipes A, B and C take 20, 15 and 12 min to fill a
2
cistern. Together they will fill the cistern in by covering of the distance at 4 km/hr and the
3
(a) 5 min (b) 10 min rest at 5 km/hr. The total distance is
(c) 12 min (d) 15.66 min (a) 5 km (b) 6 km
20. Two pipes can fill a tank in 10 hr and 12 hr, while a (c) 8 km (d) 9.2 km
third pipe can empty it in 20 hr. If all three pipes 3
are opened, the cistern will be filled in 28. Walking at of his normal speed, a man is late
4
(a) 7 hr (b) 8 hr by 2.5 hr. The usual time is
(c) 7.5 hr (d) 8.5 hr (a) 7.5 hr (b) 3.5 hr
21. A cistern can be filled in 9 hr but it takes 10 hr due 7
(c) 3.25 hr (d)hr
to a leak. In how much time can the leak empty 8
the full cistern? 29. If a boy walks from his house at 4 km/hr, he
reaches school 10 min early. If he walks at
(a) 60 hr (b) 70 hr
3 km/hr, he reaches 10 min late. What is the
(c) 80 hr (d) 90 hr distance from his house to the school?
22. Taps A and B can fill a tank in 12 min and 15 min (a) 6 km (b) 4.5 km
respectively. If both are opened and A is closed (c) 4 km (d) 3 km
after 3 min, how long will it take for B to fill the
30. If a train runs at 40 km/hr, it is late by 11 min, but
tank? if it runs at 50 km/hr, it is late by 5 min. The correct
(a) 7 min 45 sec (b) 7 min 15 sec time to complete the journey is
(c) 8 min 5 sec (d) 8 min 15 sec (a) 13 min (b) 15 min
23. If two pipes operate simultaneously, a tank will be (c) 19 min (d) 21 min
full in 12 hr. If one pipe takes 10 hr less than the 31. Two trains start from opposite directions, 200 km
other, how much time does the other take to fill apart, at the same time. They cross each other at
the tank? a distance of 110 km from one of the stations. What
is the ratio of their speeds?
(a) 25 hr (b) 28 hr
(a) 11 : 20 (b) 9 : 20
(c) 30 hr (d) 35 hr
(c) 11 : 9 (d) None of these
Time, Speed, Distance and Time & Work 6.11
32. A thief steals a car at 2.30 p.m. and drives it at 60 41. A train 300 m long crossed a platform 900 m long
km/hr. At 3 p.m. the owner sets off in another car in 1 min 12 sec. The speed of the train (in km/hr) is
at 75 km/hr. When will the owner overtake the (a) 45 (b) 50
thief? (c) 54 (d) 60
(a) 4.30 p.m. (b) 4.45 p.m. 42. A train crosses a pole in 15 sec and a platform
(c) 5 p.m. (d) 5.15 p.m. 100 m long in 25 sec. Its length is
33. The speeds of A and B are in the ratio 3 : 4. A (a) 200 m (b) 150 m
takes 30 min more than B to reach the destination. (c) 50 m (d) Data insufficient
How much time does A take to reach?
43. A train 110 m long is travelling at speed of
(a) 1.25 hr (b) 1.33 hr 58 km/hr. What is the time in which it will pass a
(c) 2 hr (d) 2.5 hr man walking in the same direction at a speed of
34. A man goes uphill at 24 km/hr and comes down 4 km/hr?
at 36 km/hr. What is his average speed? (a) 6 sec (b) 7.5 sec
(a) 30 km/hr (b) 28.8 km/hr (c) 7.33 sec (d) 7.33 min
(c) 32.6 km/hr (d) None of these 44. A train 108 m long moving at the rate of 50 km/hr
crosses another train of 112 m long coming from
35. A plane trav els 2,500 km, 1,200 km and
the opposite direction in 6 sec. The speed of the
500 km at the rate of 500 km/hr, 400 km/hr and
second train is
250 km/hr respectively. The average speed is
(a) 48 km/hr (b) 54 km/hr
(a) 405 km/hr (b) 410 km/hr
(c) 66 km/hr (d) 82 km/hr
(c) 420 km/hr (d) 575 km/hr
45. Two trains travel in opposite directions at
1 36 km/hr and 45 km/hr. A man sitting in the slower
36. A car has to cover 80 km in 10 hr. If it covers of
2 train passes the faster train in 8 sec. The length
3 of the faster train is
the journey in of the time, what should be its
5 (a) 80 m (b) 100 m
speed for the remaining journey?
(c) 120 m (d) 180 m
(a) 8 km/hr (b) 6.4 km/hr
46. A man sees a train passing over a bridge, 1 km
(c) 10 km/hr (d) 20 km/hr long. The length of the train is half that of the
37. A is twice as fast as B, and B is twice as fast as bridge. If the train clears the bridge in 2 min, the
C. The distance covered by C in 54 min will be speed of the train is
covered by A in (a) 30 km/hr (b) 45 km/hr
(a) 216 min (b) 27 min (c) 50 km/hr (d) 60 km/hr
(c) 108 min (d) 13.5 min 47. A man rows 13 km upstream and 28 km
38. The ratio of speeds of A and B is 3 : 4. If B covers downstream in 5 hr each. The velocity of the stream
a distance in 36 min, A will cover it in is
(a) 27 min (b) 48 min (a) 1.5 km/hr (b) 2 km/hr
(c) 2.5 km/hr (d) 3 km/hr
3
(c) 15 min (d) None of these 48. If a man rows at 6 km/hr in still water and
7 4.5 km/hr against the current, then his rate of
39. A train 110 m long is moving at 132 km/hr. How rowing along the current is
long will it take to cross a platform 165 m long? (a) 9.5 km/hr (b) 7.5 km/hr
(a) 5 sec (b) 7.5 sec (c) 7 km/hr (d) 5.25 km/hr
(c) 10 sec (d) 15 sec 49. A river runs at 2 km/hr. If a man takes twice as
40. A train travelling at the rate of 90 km/hr crosses a long to row up the river as to row down, the speed
pole in 10 s. Its length is of the man in still water is
(a) 250 m (b) 150 m (a) 6 km/hr (b) 4 km/hr
(c) 900 m (d) 100 m (c) 10 km/hr (d) 8 km/hr
6.12 Time, Speed, Distance and Time & Work
50. A stream runs at 1 km/hr. A boat goes 35 km 53. Salma and Nagma are standing on a circular track
upstream and back again in 12 hr. The speed of diametrically opposite to each other. They start to
the boat in still water is run in anticlockwise direction. If the initial distance
(a) 6 km/hr (b) 7 km/hr between them is 70 metres and speed of Salma
(c) 8 km/hr (d) 8.5 km/hr is 5 m/s and that of Nagma is 6m/s, then how
many times will they meet each other in first
51. Ajay completes one lap of a circular track of radius
6 minutes
21 m in 6 minute while Bijay completes it in
8 minutes. If they start together from the same (a) 1 (b) 2
point in the same direction after how much time (c) 3 (d) 4
(in minutes) will they meet for the first time? 54. In the above Question, if Nagma runs in clockwise
(a) 24 (b) 16 direction then, after how many seconds they will
(c) 12 (d) 20 meet for the third time?
52. In the above questions after how many minute they (a) 70 (b) 40
meet for the second time at the starting point? (c) 50 (d) 90
(a) 24 (b) 36
(c) 48 (d) 40
Answer Key
1. (a) 2. (c) 3. (c) 4. (a) 5. (c) 6. (d) 7. (b) 8. (b) 9. (b) 10. (c)
11. (b) 12. (b) 13. (b) 14. (b) 15. (b) 16. (b) 17. (a) 18. (a) 19. (a) 20. (c)
21. (d) 22. (d) 23. (c) 24. (b) 25. (b) 26. (c) 27. (b) 28. (a) 29. (c) 30. (c)
31. (c) 32. (c) 33. (c) 34. (b) 35. (c) 36. (c) 37. (d) 38. (b) 39. (b) 40. (a)
41. (d) 42. (b) 43. (c) 44. (d) 45. (d) 46. (b) 47. (a) 48. (b) 49. (a) 50. (a)
51. (a) 52. (c) 53. (b) 54. (c)
Time, Speed, Distance and Time & Work 6.13
Explanations
1. a A takes 7 × 9 = 63 hr. B works 2 units in 4 hr..
1 2
In 1 hr A does of work. In 1 hr = unit of work.
63 4
B takes 6 × 7 = 42 hr. 1 1
Work done per hour = A : B = : 2:3 .
1 3 2
In 1 hr B does 42 of work. A + B can do 5 units in 1 day..
1 1 A + B can do 5 × 18 units in 18 days.
(A + B)’s work in 1 hr = .
63 42 Total work = 90 units.
42 1 1 42 90
(A + B) in hr = Time taken by B to complete the work = = 30
5 63 42 5 3
105
42 1
days.
63 42 5 3 5. c A : B work done in same time = 10 : 16 = 5 : 8.
1 (As B is 60% more efficient)
Number of days = = 3 days.
1
3 A can finish work in 12 days.
Units of work = 12 × 5 = 60.
1
2. c A’s work in one day = 80 . 60
B can finish work in days = 7.5 days.
10 1 8
10 days work = 80 8 . 1 2
6. d A’s 10 days’ work = 25 10 5 .
1 7
Work to be done by B = 1 .
8 8
Remaining work = 1
2 3
5 5
7 7 7
x 42 , x .
8 42 8 336 1 1
work is done by (A + B) in 1 day
336 25 20
Number of days required by B = = 48 days.
7 3 100 3
work is done by them in 6.66 days.
1 1 128 5 9 5
A + B = 80 48 80 48
Number of days = 10 + 6.66 = 16.66 days
Number of days =
80 48
30 days.
7. b Let A can finish a job in x days and B can do it in
128 2x days
3. c B’s work lasts 23 days. 1 1 1
23 2x x 14
Work done in 23 days by B = .
40 x = 21 days.
Remaining work = 23 17
. 8. b A + B = 72 days, B + C = 120 days, A + C = 90
1
40 40 days.
1 1
th
Assume units of work = 360 = [(LCM(72, 120, 90)].
(A + B) in one day =
45 40
of work.
360
(A + B)’s work in 1 day = = 5 units.
17 72
Number of days required to finish 40
of work 360
(B + C)’s units of work in 1 day = = 3 units.
120
17 40 45 17 40 45
9 days. 360
40 45 40 40 85 (A + C)’s of work in 1 day = = 4 units.
90
4. a Work done A : B = 1 : 2. 2(A + B + C) units in 1 day = 5 + 3 + 4 = 12.
Time taken A : B = 3 : 4. 12
A works 1 unit in 3 hr..
(A + B + C)’s work in 1 day = = 6.
2
1 A’s work in 1 day = 6 – 3 = 3 units.
In 1 hr = unit of work.
3 360
A will finish 360 units in = 120 days.
3
6.14 Time, Speed, Distance and Time & Work
9. b Assume a units of work = LCM of (12, 16) = 48. 15. b Assume units of work = 12 [LCM(4,6)]
48 12
(A + B)’s work in 1 day = = 4 units. A’s 1 hour work = 3 units
s
12 4
48 12
(B + C)’s work in 1 day = = 3 units. B’S 1 hour work = 2 units
16 6
(A + B) worked for 5 days = 4 × 5 = 20 units done. (A + B)’s 2 hour work = 3 + 2 = 5 units
(B + C) worked for 2 days = 3 × 2 = 6 units done. In 4 hours 10 unit of work will be completed.
Remaining work = 48 – 26 = 22 units. 2
Next 2 unit of work will take 3 hr = 0.66 hours.
C finishes in (13 – 2) days = 11 days.
Total time = 4 + 0.66 = 4.66 hours.
22
Units of work in 1 day by C = = 2.
11 16. b Assume the units of work = 18.
48 Father in 1 hr = 9 units. (6 + 3)
Number of days required for C = = 24 days.
2 Time taken = 2 hr..
10. c Total work = 12 × 8 = 96. 17. a Assume total wages = 21 × 28.
12 men finish 6 days of work = 12 × 6 = 72. 28
Work left = 96 – 72 = 24. A’s wages for 1 day = 21 × = 28.
21
Now number of men = 12 + 4 = 16. 21
B’s wages for 1 day = 28 × = 21.
24 1 28
Time = 1 = 1.5 days.
16 2 A + B’s wages of 1 day = 49.
11. b Due to stoppage, it covers 9 km less. 28
A + B’s wages will last for 21 × = 12 days.
9 49
Time taken to cover 9 km = 60 min = 10 min.
18. a A : B = 1 : 2
54
12. b 10 men in 20 days = 20 women in 15 days. C : (A + B) = 1.5 : 3
5 men in 40 days and 10 women in 30 days. If C does 1.5 units of work per day, A does 1 and B
1
does 2.
(5 men + 10 women) in days Total units done by C = 40 × 1.5 = 60.
1 1
40 30 Number of units done by (A + B + C) in 1 day =
1200 1 60
= 70 days = 17 7 days. 4.5, Hence all three will take 13.33 days.
4.5
13. b Assume the units of work done = 24 = [LCM 19. a Units to fill up = LCM(20, 15, 12) = 60.
(12, 8)]. Units filled up by A, B, C in 1 min = 3, 4, 5
24 60
Units of work done by R in a day = = 3. Time taken by (A + B + C) to fill up = = 5 min.
8 12
24 20. c Say, capacity in units = LCM(10, 12, 20) = 60.
Units of work done by S in a day = 12 = 2.
60 60 60
In 2 days units of work done = 5. Rate of A, B, C per hour = , , 6, 5 and 3
10 12 20
In 8 days units of work done = 20. units.
A + B = 11 units, C = 3 units.
In 9 days units of work done = 23.
Per hour intake = 11 – 3 = 8 units.
On 10th day, work to be done = 24 – 23 = 1 unit.
1 60
Time required by S = days Time to fill up = = 7.5 hr..
2 8
1
21. d Capacity in units = LCM(9, 10) = 90.
Total time = 9 days.
2 Filling rate = 10 units/hr (i.e. 90/9).
14. b Units of work done = 220 = LCM (11, 20, 55). Similarly, filling rate with leak = 9 units/hr (i.e. 90/
Units of work in a day by A, B and C = 20, 11, 4. 10).
1st day = (A + B) = 31, Resultant outflow = 10 – 9 = 1 unit/hr..
2nd day = (A + C) = 24, Total outflow = 90 units.
work done in 2 days = 55. 90
So time required = = 90 hr..
1
work done in 8 days = 220.
Time, Speed, Distance and Time & Work 6.15
22. d Say, capacity of tank = LCM(12, 15) = 60 units. 84
27. b Total time = 60 + 24 = hr..
60 60 60
In 1 min total intake in units = = 9.
12 15 2 / 3d 1
At 4 km/hr, time t1 d hr..
In 3 minutes total intake in units = 9 × 3 = 27. 4 6
Units to be filled = 60 – 27 = 33. 1/ 3d 1
At 5 km/hr, time t2 d hr .
33 5 15
Time taken by B = = 8.25 (8 min 15 sec).
4 d d 84
Total time = d = 6 km.
23. c Let two pipes A and B are there 6 15 60
1 1 1 28. a Let his usual time be t hours and his usual speed
, say A takes x hours to fill. Then B be s km/hr.
A B 12
will take x – 10 hr to fill the tank. 3
Distance d = st = s × (t + 2.5)
1 1 1 x 10 x 1 4
x x 10 12 x x 10 12 4t 3t 7.5 t 7.5 hr.
2x 10 1 29. c Let his normal speed be s km/hr.
x x 10 12
Let his normal time be t hours.
24x – 120 = x2 – 10x
1 1
x 2 – 34x + 120 = 0 d st 4 t 3 t
6 6
x 2 – 30x – 4x + 120 = 0
4 3 7
x(x – 30) – 4(x – 30) = 0 4t 3t , t hr.
6 6 6
(x – 4)(x – 30) = 0
7 1
x = 4, 30 Distance = 4 4 km.
6 6
x = 30 hr ( x cannot be 4)
30. c Let the normal speed be s km/hr and normal time
24. b 4 L per minute = 240 L per hour. be t hours.
Let’s assume that capacity of tank = LCM(6, 8) =
11 5
24 units. d st 40 t 50 t
60 60
24
When inlet is also opened, net outflow = 44 25
8 4t 5t
60 60
= 3 units per hour.
4 – 3 = 1 unit per hour of water contributed by 19
t hr = 19 min
60
the pipe.
1 unit = 240 L. 31. c By the time the trains cross each other, let one
cover 110 km, second cover 90 km.
24 units = 24 × 240 = 5,760 L.
25. b Say capacity of tank = 12 units. Ratio of speeds = Ratio of the distances covered
12 110
A can fill = = 2 units per hour.. = 11 : 9
6 90
12 32. c Thief starts at 2.30 p.m.
B can fill = = 3 units per hour..
4 Owner starts at 3 p.m.
A + B alternately in 2 hr = 2 + 3 = 5 units.
1
A + B alternately in 4 hr = 5 × 2 = 10 units. In 30 min or hr
2
, the thief covers
In the 5th hour, A is opened.
1
A fills the remaining 2 units. 60 = 30 km
2
Total time = 5 hr..
At that time
26. c (a) Distance = Speed × Time = 48 × 10 = 480 km.
distance between them = 30 km,
(b) To cover the same distance in 8 hr.
Relative speed = 75 – 60 = 15 km/hr.
d 480
Speed = = 60 km/hr.. 30
t 8 Owner will overtake the thief in = 2 hr,,
Speed must be increased by 15
60 – 48 = 12 km/hr. i.e. at 5 p.m.
6.16 Time, Speed, Distance and Time & Work
33. c Let speed of A = 3x km/hr and speed of B = 4x 39. b To cross the platform the train has to cover
km/hr. 165 + 110 = 275 m.
1 5 110
Time taken by A = tB + hr.. 132 km/hr = 132 × 18 3 m/sec
2
Time taken by B = tB hr 275
t = 110 3 7.5 sec
1
d s t 3x tB 4x tB
2 40. a t = 10 sec.
3 3 1 3 5
3tB 4tB tB , t A 2 hr. Speed = 90 km/hr = 90 × 18 = 25 m/s.
2 2 2 2
Short cut: Length = s × t = 25 × 10 = 250 m.
Speed is inversely proportional to time taken. 41. d Total length to be covered
34. b Let the distance be d. = Length of train + Length of platform
d = 900 + 300 = 1200 m
Uphill travelling time = .
24
Total time = 60 + 12 = 72 sec
d
Downhill travelling time = . 1200 50 50 18
36 Speed = 72 3 m/s = 3 5 = 60 km/hr..
Total dis tan ce
Average speed = 42. b Let length of the train be l m and its speed be x m/s.
Total time
It crosses a pole in 15 sec.
2d 2 24 36 144
28.8 km/hr l
d d 24 36 5 = 15 x … (i)
24 36 It crosses a platform of 100 m long in 25 sec.
Total dis tan ce
35. c Average speed =
100 l
25
Total time
x
… (ii)
2500 1200 500 4200 Solving (i) and (ii),
420 km/hr
2500 1200 500 10
500 400 250 100 + 15 x = 25 x
36. c d = s × t 100
x 10 m/s l 150 m
10
1 3
journey 40 km in of time 6 hr
2 5 43. c Length of the train = 110 m.
Total distance = 80 km. 5
Speed of the train = 58 × m/s = 16.11 m/sec.
Total time = 10 hr. 18
5
80 = 40 + S2 × 4, Speed of man = 4 km/hr = 4 × = 1.11 m/sec.
18
S2 = 10 km/hr
110 m 110
Time = = 7.33 sec.
37. d A = 2B, B = 2C. C takes 54 min. So, B would 16.11 1.11 15
cover the same distance in half of the time = 44. d Length of the first train = 108 m. Its speed = 50
54
27 min. km/hr.
2
Length of the second train = 112 m.
27
So, time taken by A = min = 13.5 min. Let its speed = x km/hr.
2
SA 3 Time to cross = 6 s
38. b
SB 4
108 112 220 18
6
Speed of A = 3x km/min. 50 x 18 50 x
5 5
Speed of B = 4x km/min.
250 + 5x = 660 5x = 410
Distance is same.
x = 82 km/hr
d = SA × t A = S B × t B
45. d Length of the faster train
3x × tA = 4x × 36;
5 5
tA = 48 min = (36 + 45) × × 8 m = 81 × × 8 = 180 m.
18 18
Time, Speed, Distance and Time & Work 6.17
46. b Length of the bridge = 1 km. 22
51. a Length of the track 2r 2 21 132 metres
Length of the train = 0.5 km. 7
132
2 Speed of Ajay is m/minute and that of
Time to clear the bridge = 2 min = hr.. 6
60
132
1 0.5 1.5 Bijay is m/minute
Speed = 60 45 km / hr . 8
2 / 60 2
They are running in same direction,
47. a Let speed of the boat be x km/hr and speed of the
stream be y km/hr. 132 132 132
\ Relative Speed = m/minute
6 8 24
13
Speed upstream = = x–y ... (i) 132
5 \ Time taken to meet first time = 132
24 minutes
28 24
Speed downstream = =x+y ... (iii)
5
52. c Time taken to meet first time at starting point =
Solving for (y) y = 1.5 km/hr.. LCM of 6 and 8 = 24 minutes
48. b Speed of the boat in still water be ‘x’ = 6 km/hr. So they will meet second time after 2 × 24 = 48
Let speed of the stream be ‘y’. minutes
x – y = 4.5 km/hr 53. b The length of the track = 220 metres
y = 1.5 km/hr Two situations will arise in this, for meeting first
Rate along the stream = (x + y) = 1.5 + 6 1 220
time it will take seconds = 110 seconds
= 7.5 km/hr. 2 6 5
and after first meet it will take 220 second for each
49. a Let x be the speed of the man in still water.
consecutive meet, Because for first meeting, they
Speed of the river = 2 km/hr = ‘y’. will have to fill the gap of half of the length of the
Speed upstream = x – y km/hr. track.
Speed downstream = x + y km/hr. So in 6 minutes (i.e. 360 seconds) they will meet
(x – y)2t = (x + y)t two times.
2(x – 2) = x + 2 x = 6 km/hr.. 54. c They are running in opposite directions
50. a Speed of the stream = 1 km/hr. Relative speed = 6 + 5 = 11 m/s
Let speed of the boat in still water = x km/hr. For meeting third time the distance they will have
Total time = 12 hr. 1
to cover = 2 2 times of length of the track
35 35 1 1 2x
12 = = 35 x 1 x 1 35
x 1 x 1 x 2 1 5
= 2 ´ 220 = 550 metres
12x2 – 70x – 12 = 0
(half for first and two for next two meetings)
6x 2 – 35x – 6 = 0
6x2 – 36x + x – 6 = 0 Time taken = 550 = 50 seconds
11
6x (x – 6) + 1 (x – 6) = 0
(x – 6) (6x + 1) = 0
x = 6 km/hr
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