52 :: Computer and Offic e Applications

Unit - INTRODUCTION TO INTERNET

2.1 INTRODUCTION
In the present age of information Technology, use of Internet
is becoming quite popular for accessing information on any
topic of your interest. It also provides tremendous opportunities
to students, researchers and professionals for getting
information on matters related to academic and professional
topics and lot more. In the present world, most of the people
who have computers around themselves use Internet to
access information from the World Wide Web, exchange
messages & documents and e-services.

2.1 OBJECTIVES
After going through this lesson, you would be able to:

 explain various terminology used in internet

 use various services provided by internet
 search the desired information over internet
 define e-mail and its various features
 explain the process of downloading file.

2.2 INTERNET
The Internet is a global system of interconnected computer
networks that use the standard Internet protocol suite (TCP/
IP) to serve billions of users worldwide. It is a network of
networks that consists of millions of private, public, academic,
business, and government networks, of local to global
scope,
that are linked by a broad array of electronic, wireless and
optical networking technologies. The Internet carries a vast
range of information resources and services, such as the inter-
linked hypertext documents of the World Wide Web (WWW)
and the infrastructure to support electronic mail.

2.3 Uses of Internet

Internet has been the most useful technology of the modern

times which helps us not only in our daily lives, but also our
personal and professional lives developments. The internet
helps us achieve this in several different ways.

For the students and educational purposes the internet is widely

used to gather information so as to do the research or add
to the knowledge of various subjects. Even the business
professionals and the professionals like doctors, access the
internet to filter the necessary information for their use. The
internet is therefore the largest encyclopedia for everyone,
in all age categories. The internet has served to be more useful
in maintaining contacts with friends and relatives who live
abroad permanently.

2.3.1 Advantages of Internet:

 E-mail: Email is now an essential communication tools in

business. With e-mail you can send and receive instant
electronic messages, which works like writing letters. Your
messages are delivered instantly to people anywhere in
the world, unlike traditional mail that takes a lot of time.
Email is free, fast and very cheap when compared to
telephone, fax and postal services.

 24 hours a day - 7 days a week : Internet is available,

24x7 days for usage.

 Information: Information is probably the biggest advantage

internet is offering. There is a huge amount of information
available on the internet for just about every subject,
ranging from government law and services, trade fairs and
conferences, market information, new ideas and technical
support. You can almost find any type of data on almost
any kind of subject that you are looking for by using search
engines like google, yahoo, msn, etc.
 Online Chat: You can access many ‘chat rooms’ on the
web that can be used to meet new people, make new
friends, as well as to stay in touch with old friends. You
can chat in MSN and yahoo websites.

 Services: Many services are provided on the internet like

net banking, job searching, purchasing tickets, hotel
reservations, guidance services on array of topics engulfing
every aspect of life.

 Communities: Communities of all types have sprung up

on the internet. Its a great way to meet up with people
of similar interest and discuss common issues.

 E-commerce: Along with getting information on the

Internet, you can also shop online. There are many online
stores and sites that can be used to look for products as
well as buy them using your credit card. You do not
need to leave your house and can do all your shopping
from the convenience of your home. It has got a real
amazing and wide range of products from household
needs, electronics to entertainment.

 Entertainment: Internet provides facility to access wide

range of Audio/Video songs, plays films. Many of which
can be downloaded. One such popular website is YouTube.

 Sof t ware Downloads: You can freely download

innumerable, softwares like utilities, games, music, videos,
movies, etc from the Internet.

2.3.2 Limitations of Internet

 Theft of Personal information: Electronic messages sent

over the Internet can be easily snooped and tracked,
revealing who is talking to whom and what they are talking
about. If you use the Internet, your personal information
such as your name, address, credit card, bank details and
other information can be accessed by unauthorized
persons. If you use a credit card or internet banking for
online shopping, then your details can also be ‘stolen’.

 Negative effects on family communication: It is generally

observed that due to more time spent on Internet, there is
a decrease in communication and feeling of
togetherness among the family members.
 Internet addiction: There is some controversy over
whether it is possible to actually be addicted to the Internet
or not. Some researchers, claim that it is simply people
trying to escape their problems in an online world.

 Children using the Internet has become a big concern.

Most parents do not realize the dangers involved when their
children log onto the Internet. When children talk to others
online, they do not realize they could actually be talking to
a harmful person. Moreover, pornography is also a very
serious issue concerning the Internet, especially when it
comes to young children. There are thousands of
pornographic sites on the Internet that can be easily found
and can be a detriment to letting children use the Internet.

 Virus threat: Today, not only are humans getting viruses,

but computers are also. Computers are mainly getting
these viruses from the Internet. Virus is is a program
which disrupts the normal functioning of your computer
systems. Computers attached to internet are more prone
to virus attacks and they can end up into crashing your
whole hard disk.

 Spamming: It is often viewed as the act of sending

unsolicited email. This multiple or vast emailing is often
compared to mass junk mailings. It needlessly obstruct
the entire system. Most spam is commercial advertising,
often for dubious products, get-rich-quick schemes, or
quasi-legal services. Spam costs the sender very little to
send — most of the costs are paid for by the recipient or
the carriers rather than by the sender

2.4 SERVICES OF INTERNET -E-mail, FTP, Telnet

Email, discussion groups, long-distance computing, and file

transfers are some of the important services provided by the
Internet. Email is the fastest means of communication. With
email one can also send software and certain forms of
compressed digital image as an attachment. News groups or
discussion groups facilitate Internet user to join for various
kinds of debate, discussion and news sharing. Long-
distance computing was an original inspiration for
development of
ARPANET and does still provide a very useful service on
Internet. Programmers can maintain accounts on distant,
powerful computers and execute programs. File transfer service
allows Internet users to access remote machines and retrieve
programs, data or text.

2.4.1 E-Mail (Electronic Mail)

E-mail or Electronic mail is a paperless method of sending

messages, notes or letters from one person to another or even
many people at the same time via Internet. E-mail is very
fast compared to the normal post. E-mail messages usually
take only few seconds to arrive at their destination. One can
send messages anytime of the day or night, and, it will get
delivered immediately. You need not to wait for the post
office to open and you don’t have to get worried about
holidays. It works 24 hours a day and seven days a week.
What’s more, the copy of the message you have sent will be
available whenever you want to look at it even in the middle of
the night. You have the privilege of sending something extra
such as a file, graphics, images etc. along with your e-mail.
The biggest advantage of using e- mail is that it is cheap,
especially when sending messages to other states or
countries and at the same time it can be delivered to a number
of people around the world.

It allows you to compose note, get the address of the recipient

and send it. Once the mail is received and read, it can be
forwarded or replied. One can even store it for later use, or
delete. In e-mail even the sender can request for delivery
receipt and read receipt from the recipient.

(i) Features of E-mail:

 One-to-one or one-to-many communications
 Instant communications
 Physical presence of recipient is not required
 Most inexpensive mail services, 24-hours a day and
seven days a week
 Encourages informal communications

(ii) Components of an E-mail Address

As in the case of normal mail system, e-mail is also based

upon the concept of a recipient address. The email address
provides all of the information required to get a message to the
recipient from any where in the world. Consider the e-mail ID.

[email protected]

In the above example john is the username of the person

who will be sending/receiving the email. Hotmail is the mail
server where the username john has been registered and
com is the type of organization on the internet which is
hosting the mail server.

2.4.2 FTP (File Transfer Protocol)

File Transfer Protocol, is an Internet utility software used to

uploaded and download files. It gives access to directories or
folders on remote computers and allows software, data and
text files to be transferred between different kinds of
computers. FTP works on the basis of same principle as that
of Client/ Server. FTP “Client” is a program running on your
computer that enables you to communicate with remote
computers. The FTP client takes FTP command and sends
these as requests for information from the remote computer
known as FTP servers. To access remote FTP server it is
required, but not necessary to have an account in the FTP
server. When the FTP client gets connected, FTP server asks
for the identification in terms of User Login name and
password of the FTP client (Fig. 3.1). If one does not have an
account in the remote FTP server, still he can connect to the
server using anonymous login.

Using anonymous login anyone can login in to a FTP server

and can access public archives; anywhere in the world, without
having an account. One can easily Login to the FTP site with
the username anonymous and e-mail address as password.

(i) Objectives of FTP :

 Provide flexibility and promote sharing of computer

programs, files and data
 Transfer data reliably and more efficiently over network
 Encourage implicit or indirect use of remote computers
using Internet
 Shield a user from variations in storage systems among
hosts.
 USER INTERFACE

SERVER A FTP Commands

USER A USER
FTP Replies

Connection USER B
FILE SERVER FILE
SYSTEM B SYSTEM

FTP SERVER CLIENT FTP

Fig. 3.1

(ii) The basic steps in an FTP session

 Start up your FTP client, by typing ftp on your system’s

command line/’C>’ prompt (or, if you are in a Windows,
double-click on the FTP icon).
 Give the FTP client an address to connect. This is the
FTP server address to which the FTP client will get
connected
 Identify yourself to the FTP remote site by giving the Login
Name
 Give the remote site a password
 Remote site will verify the Login Name/Password to
allow the FTP client to access its files
 Look directory for files in FTP server
 Change Directories if requird
 Set the transfer mode (optional);
 Get the file(s) you want, and
 Quit.

2.4.3 Telnet (Remote Computing)

Telnet or remote computing is telecommunication utility

software, which uses available telecommunication facility and
allows you to become a user on a remote computer. Once
you
gain access to remote computer, you can use it for the intended
purpose. The TELNET works in a very step by step procedure.
The commands typed on the client computer are sent to the
local Internet Service Provider (ISP), and then from the ISP to
the remote computer that you have gained access. Most of the
ISP provides facility to TELENET into your own account from
another city and check your e-mail while you are travelling or
away on business.

The following steps are required for a TELNET session

 Start up the TELNET program

 Give the TELNET program an address to connect (some
really nifty TELNET packages allow you to combine steps
1 and 2 into one simple step)
 Make a note of what the “escape character” is
 Log in to the remote computer,
 Set the “terminal emulation”
 Play around on the remote computer, and
 Quit.

2.5 TYPES OF INTERNET CONNECTIONS

There are five types of internet connections which are as follows:

(i) Dial up Connection

(ii) Leased Connection
(iii) DSL connection
(iv) Cable Modem Connection
(v) VSAT

3.5.1 Dial up connection

Dial-up refers to an Internet connection that is established

using a modem. The modem connects the computer to
standard phone lines, which serve as the data transfer medium.
When a user initiates a dial-up connection, the modem dials
a phone number of an Internet Service Provider (ISP) that is
designated to receive dial-up calls. The ISP then establishes the
connection, which usually takes about ten seconds and is
accompanied by several beepings and a buzzing sound.
After the dial-up connection has been established, it is
active until the user disconnects from the ISP. Typically, this
is done by selecting the “Disconnect” option using the ISP’s
software or a modem utility program. However, if a dial-up
connection is interrupted by an incoming phone call or
someone picking up a phone in the house, the service may
also be disconnected.

Advantages
 Low Price
 Secure connection – your IP address continually changes
 Offered in rural areas – you need a phone line

Disadvantages
 Slow speed.
 Phone line is required.
 Busy signals for friends and family members.

3.5.2 Leased Connection

Leased connection is a permanent telephone connection
between two points set up by a telecommunications
common carrier. Typically, leased lines are used by businesses
to connect geographically distant offices. Unlike normal
dial-up connections, a leased line is always active. The fee
for the connection is a fixed monthly rate. The primary factors
affecting the monthly fee are distance between end points and
the speed of the circuit. Because the connection doesn’t carry
anybody else’s communications, the carrier can assure a
given level of quality.

For example, a T-1 channel is a type of leased line that

provides a maximum transmission speed of 1.544 Mbps. You
can divide the connection into different lines for data
and voice communication or use the channel for one high
speed data circuit. Dividing the connection is called
multiplexing.

Increasingly, leased lines are being used by companies, and

even individuals, for Internet access because they afford faster
data transfer rates and are cost-effective if the Internet is used
heavily.
Advantage
 Secure and private: dedicated exclusively to the customer
 Speed: symmetrical and direct
 Reliable: minimum down time
 Wide choice of speeds: bandwidth on demand, easily
upgradeable
 Leased lines are suitable for in-house office web hosting
Disadvantages
 Leased lines can be expensive to install and rent.
 Not suitable for single or home workers
 Lead times can be as long as 65 working days
 Distance dependent to nearest POP

 Leased lines have traditionally been the more expensive

access option. A Service Level Agreement (SLA) confirms
an ISP’s contractual requirement in ensuring the service
is maintained. This is often lacking in cheaper alternatives.

3.5.3 DSL connection

Digital Subscriber Line (DSL) is a family of technologies that

provides digital data transmission over the wires of a local
telephone network. DSL originally stood for digital subscriber
loop. In telecommunications marketing, the term DSL is widely
understood to mean Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line (ADSL),
the most commonly installed DSL technolog y. DSL service is
delivered simultaneously with wired telephone service on the
same telephone line. This is possible because DSL uses higher
frequency bands for data separated by filtering. On the
customer premises, a DSL filter on each outlet removes the high
frequency interference, to enable simultaneous use of the
telephone and data.
The data bit rate of consumer DSL services typically ranges
from 256 kbit/s to 40 Mbit/s in the direction to the
customer (downstream), depending on DSL technology, line
conditions, and service-level implementation. In ADSL, the data
throughput
in the upstream direction, (the direction to the service provider)
is lower, hence the designation of asymmetric service. In
Symmetric Digital Subscriber Line (SDSL) services, the
downstream and upstream data rates are equal.

Advantages:

 Security: Unlike cable modems, each subscriber can be

configured so that it will not be on the same network. In
some cable modem networks, other computers on the
cable modem network are left visibly vulnerable and are
easily susceptible to break in as well as data destruction.

 Integration: DSL will easily interface with ATM and WAN

technology.

 High bandwidth
 Cheap line charges from the phone company.
 Good for “bursty” traffic patterns

Disadvantages

 No current standardization: A person moving from one

area to another might find that their DSL modem is just
another paperweight. Customers may have to buy new
equipment to simply change ISPs.

 Expensive: Most customers are not willing to spend more

than $20 to $25 per month for Internet access. Current
installation costs, including the modem, can be as high as
$750. Prices should come down within 1-3 years. As
with all computer technology, being first usually means
an emptier wallet.

 Distance Dependence: The farther you live from the

DSLAM (DSL Access Multiplexer), the lower the data rate.
The longest run lengths are 18,000 feet, or a little over
3 miles.

3.5.4 Cable Modem Connection

A cable modem is a type of Network Bridge and modem that
provides bi-directional data communication via radio frequency
channels on a HFC and RFoG infrastructure. Cable modems
are primarily used to deliver broadband Internet access in the
form of cable Internet, taking advantage of the high bandwidth
of a HFC and RFoG network. They are commonly deployed in
Australia, Europe, Asia and Americas.

Fig.3.2 : Cable modem connection

Figure 3.2 shows the most common network connection

topologies when using cable modems. The cable TV
company runs a coaxial cable into the building to deliver
their Internet service. Although fed from the same coax that
provides cable TV service, most companies place a splitter
outside of the building and runs two cables in, rather than
using a splitter at the set-top box. The coax terminates at the
cable modem.

The cable modem itself attaches to the SOHO computing

equipment via its 10BASE-T port. In most circumstances, the
cable modem attaches directly to a user’s computer. If a LAN
is present on the premises (something many cable companies
frown upon), some sort of router can be connected to the cable
modem.

Advantages

 Always Connected: A cable modem connection is always

connected to the Internet. This is advantageous because
you do not have to wait for your computer to “log on” to
the Internet; however, this also has the disadvantage of
making your computer more vulnerable to hackers.
Broadband: Cable modems transmit and receive data as
 digital packets, meaning they provide high-speed Internet
access. This makes cable modem connections much faster
than traditional dial-up connections.

 Bandwidth: Cable modems have the potential to receive

data from their cable provider at speeds greater than 30
megabits per second; unfortunately, this speed is rarely
ever realized. Cable lines are shared by all of the cable
modem users in a given area; thus, the connection
speed varies depending upon the number of other
people using the Internet and the amount of data they
are receiving or transmitting.

 File Transfer Capabilities: Downloads may be faster, but

uploads are typically slower. Since the same lines are used
to transmit data to and from the modem, priority is
often given to data traveling in one direction.

 Signal Integrity: Cable Internet can be transmitted long

distances with little signal degradation. This means the
quality of the Internet signal is not significantly decreased
by the distance of the modem from the cable provider.

 Routing: Cable routers allow multiple computers to be

hooked up to one cable modem, allowing several devices
to be directly connected through a single modem. Wireless
routers can also be attached to your cable modem.

 Rely on Existing Connections: Cable modems connect

directly to preinstalled cable lines. This is advantageous
because you do not need to have other services, such as
telephone or Internet, in order to receive Internet through
your cable modem. The disadvantage is that you cannot
have cable internet in areas where there are no cable lines.

Disadvantages

 Cable internet technology excels at maintaining signal

strength over distance. Once it is delivered to a region,
however, such as a neighborhood, it is split among that
regions subscribers. While increased capacity has
diminished the effect somewhat, it is still possible that
users will see significantly lower speeds at peak times when
more people are using the shared connection.
 B andwidth equals money, so cable’s advantage in
throughput comes with a price. Even in plans of similar
speeds compared with DSL, customers spend more per
Mb with cable than they do with DSL.

 It’s hard to imagine, but there are still pockets of the

United States without adequate cable television service.
There are far fewer such pockets without residential land-
line service meaning cable internet is on balance less
accessible in remote areas.

3.5.5 VSAT

Short for very small aperture terminal, an earthbound station

used in satellite communications of data, voice and video
signals, excluding broadcast television. A VSAT consists of two
parts, a transceiver that is placed outdoors in direct line of
sight to the satellite and a device that is placed indoors to
interface the transceiver with the end user’s communications
device, such as a PC. The transceiver receives or sends a signal
to a satellite transponder in the sky. The satellite sends and
receives signals from a ground station computer that acts as a
hub for the system. Each end user is interconnected with the
hub station via the satellite, forming a star topology. The
hub controls the entire operation of the network. For one end
user to communicate with another, each transmission has to
first go to the hub station that then retransmits it via the
satellite to the other end user’s VSAT.

Advantages

Satellite communication systems have some advantages that

can be exploited for the provision of connectivity. These are:

 Costs Insensitive to Distance

 Single Platform service delivery (one-stop-shop)
 Flexibility
 Upgradeable
 Low incremental costs per unit

Disadvantages

However like all systems there are disadvantages also. Some of

these are
 High start-up costs (hubs and basic elements must be
in place before the services can be provided)
 Higher than normal risk profiles
 Severe regulatory restrictions imposed by countries that
prevent VSAT networks and solutions from reaching critical
mass and therefore profitability
 Some service quality limitations such the high signal delays
(latency)
 Natural availability limits that cannot be mitigated against

 Lack of skills required in the developing world to

design, install and maintain satellite communication
systems adequately

2.6 DOWNLOADING FILES

Downloading is the process of copying a file (such as a game or
utility) from one computer to another across the internet. When
you download a game from our web site, it means you are
copying it from the author or publisher’s web server to your
own computer. This allows you to install and use the
program on your own machine.

Here’s how to download a file using Internet Explorer and

Windows XP. (This example shows a download of the file
“dweepsetup.exe” from Dexterity Games.) If you’re using a
different browser such as Netscape Navigator or a different
version of Windows, your screen may look a little different, but
the same basic steps should work.

1. Click on the download link for the program you want to

download. Many sites offer multiple download links to the
same program, and you only need to choose one of
these links.
2. You may be asked if you want to save the file or run it from
its current location. If you are asked this question, select
“ Save.” If not, don’t worry — some browsers will
automatically choose “Save” for you. (Fig. 3.3(a))
3. You will then be asked to select the folder where you want
to save the program or file, using a standard “Save As”
dialog box. Pay attention to which folder you select before
clicking the “Save” button. It may help you to create a
folder like “C:\Download” for all of your downloads, but
you can use any folder you’d like.

4. The download will now begin. Your web browser will keep
you updated on the progress of the download by
showing a progress bar that fills up as you download. You
will also be reminded where you’re saving the file. The
file will be saved as “C:\Download\dweepsetup.exe” in
the picture below. (Fig. 3.3(b))

Note: You may also see a check box labeled “Close this
dialog box when download completes.” If you see this
check box, it helps to uncheck this box. You don’t have to,
but if you do, it will be easier to find the file after you
download it.

5. Depending on which file you’re downloading and how fast

your connection is, it may take anywhere from a few
seconds to a few minutes to download. When your
download is finished, if you left the “Close this dialog
box when download completes” option unchecked, you’ll
see a dialog box as shown in fig. 3.3(c) :

Fig 3.3.(a) Downloading Window

Fig 3.3.(b) Downloading Window Fig 3.3.(c) Downloading Window

6. Now click the “Open” button to run the file you just
downloaded. If you don’t see the “Download complete”
dialog box, open the folder where you saved the file and
double-click on the icon for the file there.

What happens next will depend on the type of file you

downloaded. The files you’ll download most often will end
in one of two extensions. (An extension is the last few
letters of the filename, after the period.) They are:

o .EXE files: The file you downloaded is a program.

Follow the on-screen instructions from there to install
the program to your computer and to learn how to
run the program after it’s installed.
o .ZIP files: ZIP is a common file format used to compress
and combine files to make them download more
quickly. Some versions of Windows (XP and sometimes
ME) can read ZIP files without extra software.
Otherwise, you will need an unzipping program to read
these ZIP files. Common unzipping programs are
WinZip, PKZIP, and Bit Zipper, but there are also many
others. Many unzipping programs are shareware,
which means you will need to purchase them if you
use them beyond their specified trial period.

INTEXT QUESTION 3.1

1. What are the different types of Internet Connection?

2. Fill in the blanks:

(a) A is a type of Network Bridge and modem

that provides bi-directional data communication via
radio frequency channels on a HFC and RFoG
infrastructure.
(b) The ___ ___ is a global system of interconnected
computer networks that use the standard Internet
protocol suite (TCP/IP) to serve billions of users
worldwide.
(c) VoIP stands for , referring to the
protocol that underlies all Internet communication.
2.7 WHAT YOU HAVE LEARNT
In this lesson you learnt about the Internet, its importance
and types of internet services and different types of internet
connections have also been discussed along with their
advantages and disadvantages.

2.8 TERMINAL QUESTIONS

1. W hat is Internet? W hat are its advantages and

disadvantages?

2. What are the various services of internet?

3. Explain in brief different types of internet connection.

2.9 ANSWER TO INTEXT QUESTIONS

Intext Question 3.1

1. The types of internet connection are:

 Dial up Connection
 Leased Connection
 DSL connection
 Cable Modem Connection
 VSAT

2. (a) cable modem (b) Internet (c) Voice-over-Internet Protocol