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94
WITH SOLUTIONS
PART-A SHORT QUESTIONS
Model Paper-41,Q1(5o
Q1. What do you mean by UPFC?
series compensatre
Ans: synchronous compensator (STATCOM) and staticactive power between
combination of the static bidirectional flow of
UPFC is basically the common DClink. This combined system allows the controlled so tht
STATCOM. The UPFCis then
(SSSC) which are coupled by a shunt output terminals of the
of the SSSC and the without an external electric
energy source.
the series output terminals compensation can be achieved dynamiC COmpensator inthe
active andreactive series line control ofAC transmission network. It acts as a multifunctional
designed for thereal-time transmission lines. It provides
It is a device which is reactive power individually in
also controls the real and transmission sector.
AC transmissionsystem and solving number of problems faced by the power flów of power in transmission
flexibility that isnccessary forsimultaneously or selectively, all the parameters which affect the
UPFC controls either angle etc. This unique property of controllingthe parameters
include voltage impedance, phase
Iines. These controlled parameters the name "unified" for this
controller.
goveningthe power fiow has earned
constraints for operating UPFC?
Q2. What are the different
Ans:
following constraints.
The UPFCoperates with the
Magnitude of series injected voltage
inverter
2 Line current through series
Shunt converter currént
3
UPFC
4 Maximum line-side voltage of the
5 Minimum line-side voltage of the UPFC
series and shunt converter.
Flow of real power between the
6
overall control structure of a UPFC. Model Paper4, Q10)
Q3. Draw the block diagram of
Ans: important controls.
a UPFCconsists of three
The overall control structure of
control
1. Internal control or Converter
control
2. External controlor Functional operation
System optimization control.
3. Trans mssion line

0000

Series Converter
Shunt
Converrer

Phase
Locked
loop

Intemal
control Control Uait of
Control Unit
Series Converter
o1
Shunt Converter

External
V control

Mode
Sclection P...

System optimization control

Power
Operator System
inputs variables

Figure
proceedings.
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 JNIT-5 (Combined Compensators) 95
M What are the
Ans:
operating modes of UPFC?
Model Paper-il,Q10)
The operating modes of
UPFC are as follows,
1 VAR control mode
Automatic voltage control mode
3. Direct voltage injection mode
4 Bus voltage regulation and control
mode
Line impedance compensation mode
Phase angle regulation mode
7. Automatic power flow control mode.
Q5. Give the control attributes and symbolic representation of combined shunt and series connected
controllers.
Ans:
Model Paper-4, Q10)
Unified Power Flow Controller (UPFC) is an example of combined series and shunt controller.
Control Attributes
Active and reactive power control
Voltage control
(iü) VAR compensation
(iv) Damping oscillations
(v) Transient and dynamic stability
(i) Voltage stability
(vi) Fault current limiting
Symbolic Representation
Line

SSSC

STATCOM|

de link

Figure: Unified Power Flow Controller (UPFC)

of UPFC.
Write any two applications
Anss applications ofUPFC
various
The following are the
Power flow control
ü Power oscillation damping
(m) Voltage sag compensation
(iv) Fault current limitation
stability etc.
Enhancement ofpower system
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96 Model Paper-M, Q10)
Q7. Discuss the features of UPFC.
OR

of UPFC.
List out the technical benefits
OR

UPFC.
State the salient features of

compensation, terminal voltage regulation and

Ans:
shunt compensation, series
1. UPFC can perform the functions like reactive
phase angle regulation.
resheduling the generator.
It can minimize the power losses without
transmission line.
3 It can regulate the power flow through
4 It acts as harmonic isolator.

It provides dynamic security.

6 It is more reliable.

Q8. What do youmean by dynamic performance of UPFC?

Model Paper4, a10)
Ans:
hardware model as shown
real time transient network analyzer (TNA)
The dynamic performance of UPF i_ illustrated by
in figure.
CB4
CB3
Mechanical
CB2
Sending | Bypass
end
Ar odo Receiving
end

V, = V, Shunt Series
conver |conver
ter ter

UPFC
Control commands

Figure: TNA Hardware Model (Combination of Power System and UPFC Model)
TNA hardware model is atwo bus power systerm withsending end, receiving énd generators and two parallel transmission
lines represented by the lumped reactive powers. One of the transmission line is controlled by UPFC model which is operated by
the actual control used in fullscale system. The dynamicperformance of power flow control can be determined by performing
power system oscillation and transmission line fault operations.

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UNIT-5 (Combined Compensators) 97

PART-B ESSAY QUESTIONS WITH SOLUTIONS

5.1
9.
INTRODUCTtON TO UNIFIED PoWER FLOW
GONTROLLER--BASIC OPERATING PRINCIPLES
Explain the basic principle of UPFC.
Ans:
Model Paper4, @10
For answer refer Unit-V, QI.
In a two machine power system the
conceptual representation of the UPFC is shown in tigure.
SVS- P

V.
Ppa

Figure
Where,

V= Sending end voltage

V Receiving end voltage
X = Transmission line reactance
V= Voltage drop due to reactance

P = Real power
I=Line current

V Equivalent sending end voltage

= Phasor sum of V, and
Injected compensating voltage
transmission
The oneration of aUPFC can be viewed as a generalized SynchrÍnous Voltage Source (SVS) in series witha
phasor This controllable voltage magnitude
line. An SyS operates at fundamental frequency and is represented by a voltage in series with the transmiseion line
0 Sp S 2rr
has limits of 0 SVSVpa.and a phase angle p with limits of
as the phase angle are regulated, both the real power and the
Eor an unrestricted operation wherein the voltage as well system.
and the transmission
Teactive power are exchanged between SVS
cither supplied to SVs
An SVS functionally generates only the reactive power being exchanged. The real power has to be
or absorbed from SVSby usinga suitable power supply or a sink. The real power which is exchanged in this UPFC arrángement.
buses (here it is the sending end bus).
isdone by using one of the end
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10. Mlustrate the implementation of the UPFC. by twoback-to-back voltage-sourced converters?

Ans:
(JNTU-HYDERABADI
AUnified Power Flow Controller (UPFC) consisting of two voltage sourced converters connected back to back is shown
in figure.

line Series Converter-1 Converter-2

ion trans fomer

sTransis

GTo D
------Y,
HH
R! R
y!
ac

Supply
trans fomer

Control

Measured
variables
Para meter
Settings

Figure
Where,
V = Injected voltage
GTO = Gate turn-off thyristor
D= Diode
=Reference voltage
Reference value of impedance
,r Reference value of the angular phase shift
, = Reference value of reactive power.
The two converters operates from a common DC link
which is
represents an idealAC toACpower converter wherein the real power canprovidedfreely
with a DCstorage capacitor. The arrangement
flow in either direction between the AC terminals
of'the twO converters. Each of the converters can either
level.
generate or absorb the reactive power
independently at its own AC output
The main operation of UPFC is done by converter-2 which
ofo in series with the line. This voltage injection injects a controllable votage of magnitude Vand a phase angle
is accomplished by a series insertion
by the converter-2 basically acts as synchronous AC voltage source.
transformer. The voltage being injected
Areal and reactive power exchange occurs whenever the
transmission line current flows through the voltage source. The
converter-2 generates reactive power intermally which gets exchanged at the AC terminals. The real power exchanged at the AC
terminal is now converted into DC power that appears a the DCterminals as a positive or negative real nower demand.
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UNIT-5 (Combined Compensators) 99
The primary
common DC link. function
of
converter-1 is to cithersupply or absorb the real ppower whichis demanded by converter-2.
The converter-1
at the
the transmission line bus converts the DClink power demand of converter-2 back to the AC power and is coupled to
power when desired so through shunt connected transformer. The
a absorbs controllable reactive
that shunt reactive converter Ialso generates or
It should be
observed
compensation
that the real power has a
for the line can be achieved indepcndently.
series voltage
injection through converts l and 2 closed direct path which is negotiated by the action of
the converter-2 occurs locally and back to the line. But the corresponding reactive power exchange (generation or
ahbsorption) by
hence does not need to be
Thus, the operation of
transmitted by the line.
exchange with the line converter-1 occurs at unity power factor or it can be controlled so as to have a reactivedoespower
independent of the reactive power, exchanged by converter-2. As a result the UPFC DClink not
carry any reactive power.
Q11. Explain the functional block diagram of a séries
converter control in a UPFC.
Ans: Model Paper-ill, Q10

The functional block diagram of a series converter control is

shown in figure.

Computes Computes
Real & React ive Real & React ive
Quments Quments

Series
Magnitude
Error Injected and Angle
Anplifier Vo ltage
Computer
limiter

Phase
Limit Locked
Computer loop

Gate logie
mof
Patterm
Senics Converter
Series Converter

Figure
the magnitude
is assumed to generate the output voltage suchthat it is controllable in both
adopting avector
converter by
The operation ofaseries A series converter can have an automatic power flowcontrolsynchronous reference
bus voltage. transmission line by using a
and phase angle at a given DC in regulating the curent inthestate.
control scheme. This control scheme helps steady
the The synchronous reference frame is produced by
control quantities resemble as dc signals inangle .
trame wherein the reference
phase-locked loop that produces the
an appropriate andIreactive current components i, and i are evaluated.
reference value P,and the requiredreal
Initially, for the desired values of the line current i.e., with i, and i, respeçtively. The
compared with that of the measured
then
The values i, and i, are magnitude and angle of the: series
converter voltage and p respectively.
drive the
also used to
values of i, and i, are the forward path enforces
practical.limitations on the injected voltage. These practical
limiter which is used limit and current imit or equipment and component ratings.
A voltage restrictionsi.e., voltage
limitations include, the
system
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Q12. Explain the functional block diagram of a shunt converter control in a UPFG
Ans:
in figure (1) and figure (2).
Ihe controlstructure of ashunt converter uses a vector control scheme as shown

Vokage
Magnitude
conputer

Eror
Amplifier

Reactive
Limi Magaitude
Oument and
computer imiter Emor
Amplifier Angle
Computer

Real and Phase -

Error Locked
Reactive
Ampliier loop
Current
computer

sbp

8+a

Gate logic
Pattern of
shunt comverter

Shunt Converter

Figure (1: Control Structure of a Shunt Converter Operating with a Constant D.C Link Voltage
from the line. For this scheme,
The shunt current i, is the controlled parameter which is drawn by the shunt converter
control loop. The reactive
the reference value of the reactive component of shunt current isho is generated by an outer voltage
component of shunt current
component of shunt current basically regulates the A.C bus voltage. The réference value of the real
ih is generated by secondary control loop. isho basically regulates the D.C bus voltage.
is done by regulating the real
The balancing of DCpower from the series converter to maintain a desired bus voltage
power negotiation by the shunt converter.
Limiter Eror
Error
amplifer (Reactive amp lifer
Qument)

Computer Phase -
Limt (Real & locked
Computer computer Reactive loop
(Volage Current)
mgotude)

+a

Gate pattem
logic of
shunt converter

Shunt
converter

Figure (2): Control structure of a Shunt Converter when Operating with a Varying DC Link Voltage

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 UNIT-5 (Combined Compensators) 101
In the scheme
shown in
by usng eouier Vvoltage loop. figure (2), regulation of the AC bus voltage and controlling the D.C capacitor voltage is obtained
andithe AC bus The outer loop brings ahout chonoe in thevalue of'a'. the angle between the converer
As to achieve thevoltage. The adjustment in a occurs until the D.C capacitor reaches a value that is
vog
e3sential so
reactive voltage across the
The shunt reactivecompensation demanded.
curent id, is the most important limit imposed on the shunt converter. The shunt reactive
Curentsh 1S a Tunction of the real power which is nassed through Dthat
C bus so as to support the real power demand or tne
converter. This avoids 's (shunt current reference) from Sernes
exceeding i.. (maximum tated shunt curent).
Q13. Discuss the dynamic
Ans: performance of UPFC.
Model Paper 41,Q11
Ine dynamic performance ofUPF is illustrated by real time transient
in figure (1). network analyzer (TNA) hardware model as shown
CB3 CB4

Mechanical
Sending
end
| Bypass CB2

Receiving
end

V, =V, Shunt Series =V,

|conver conver
ter ter

UPFC
Control commands
Figúre (1): TNA Hardware Model (Combination of Power System and UPFC Model)
TNA hardware model is a two bus power system with sending end, receiving end generators and two
lines represented by the lumped reactive powers. One of the transmission line is controlled by UPFC model parallel
which is
transmission
the actual ctonrol used in full scale system. The dynamic performance of power flow control can be operated by
determined by performing
power system oscillation and transmission line fault operations.
Power Flow Control
UPFCis operated in automatic power flow control mode. To determine the characteristics of UPFC for P
flow control, the bus voltages are maintained constant for sending end and receiving end transmission lines. The andO power
and reactive references in P_and ,are instructed to perfom series of step changes in fast progression. The valueinputs of active
of P increases
then O and persued by series of decreases. It ends with a negative value of . The output result of power flowcontrol is shòwn
in figure (2).
P.Qlin
power

Time
(sec)

Time
(sec)

Time
(sec)
Line
cuTent

Time
(sec)

Figure (2: Simulation Results of TNA for Stop-like Changes in Pand 0Demanda
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102 POWER QUALITY AND FACTS (JNTU-HYDERABADI
Operation Under Pewer Systen Oscillation
transnission
Under dynamic system and in stcady state condition UPFC has a capability of facing a desircd power flow on the
system. 1he dynamic disturbances in the power low control, results in power oscillations. To explain the possible oscillatory
condition ofUPFC, the TNA model is combincd with recciving cnd bus program (swing bus and control algorithm). The fault is
applicd in the system for a duration of several cycles through an impedance to ground at V, as shown in figure (3).
Fault

Voltage
TNA wavcform
Model construction

P.ele Swing angle

P.mech

Power
controller 2S
2H:S
D
Block Diagram of Swing Equation

Figure (3): Modified TNA Model for Oscillatory Condition

The response of power flow oscillation can be obtained by performing the operation in three different modes.
Mode-l - Direct voltage injection mode
Mode-II-Constant reference automatic power flow control mode.
Model-1I -Automatic power flow control mode with active damping control.
In direct voltage injection mode, the magnitude and angle of the injected voltage are adjusted by the system control (or)
operator tillthe appropriate power factor is achieved. In constant reference automatic power flow control mode, UPFC infuence
the flow.on the line constant and the oscillating power needed to synchronize generators is drifted by parallel line. In
automatic
power flow control mode with active damping control, the rate of change of phase angle between sending and receiving end is
sensed and transmitted to real power command. The output results of three different modes is shown in figure (4).
P.
Electrical power absorbed by generator

Time

Rate of change of angle

AAA Terminal voltage of series transforner

Time

Time

Line current

Tume

(a) Power Flow Control During Power Dscillation in Mode-l

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UNIT-5 (Combined Compensators) 103

Time

Fime

Time

Tinme

(b) Power Flow Control During Power Flow Oscillation in Mode-l

P
Time

Time

Time

Time

(c) Power Flow Control During Power Oscillation in Mode-lll

Figure (4)
peration Under Line i'aults
For the operation under line faults, TNA is combined with external fault with normal clearing time (fault 1) and internal
fault with delayed clearing time (fault 2) as shown in figure (5).
Fault 1

. CB3 CB4

Fault 2

PCBI P

Control
commands

Fiugre (5: Power System and UPFC TNA Model with External and lnternal System Faults
Thefault nath has zero impedance. After six ¢yCles or ne laut, breaker s and4 open to clear the fault and reclose nine
is sensed by UPFC, activates bypass to protect series converter. The shunt converter
cycles after opening. When the fault phase Awith normal alans
remains onerationalto supply reactive compensation. Tne output or OPre response to an external
clearing is shown in figure (6).
and intermalphase A with delayed
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Line
voltages
(V)
AAAAAAAA Phese A

AAAAAAAAAA Phase B

Line
current
(4)

AAAa
A
AAA AAAAA

AAAA
AAAAAAAA
(a) UPFC Response to an External Fault with Normal Clearing
Line
voltages
MAAAA AAAAA Phase A

AAAAAAAAnaa
AAAAAAAAA AAAAAAA Phase C

AAAB

AAAB
AAAAA

(b) UPFCResponse to an Internal Fault with Delayed Clearing

Figure (6}: Output of UPFC Response to Internal and External Fault
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 UNIT-5 (Combined Compensators) 105

5.2 CoONVENTIONAL CONTROL CAPABILITIES INDEPENDENT CoNTROL OF REAL AND KEACTIVE

PowER
o14. Explain the illustration of conventional transmission control
capabilities of the UPFC.
Ans:
ConventionalTransmission Control Capabilities
The UPFCcan pertorm the functions such as reactive shunt compensation, series
Hence, it can satisty several control objectives by adding the injected voltage phasor compensation and phase angie regia
of suitable magnitude and phase angie
to the sending end voltage V,.
The phasor diagrams showing the conventional transmission çontrol capabilities of UPFC are shown in
hgure.

VAV V4V

V+V.
V-v,la

(a) Voltage (b) Series reactive (c) Phase shifting (d) Multi function
regulation compensation power flow control

Figure
The basic power flow functions of UPFC are as follows,
1. Voltage regulation with gradually variable in-phase or out of phasevoltage injection for voltage increments -AVG =0).
2 Line impedance compensation or serves reactive compensation by injecting a voltage = V, in quadrature with the line
current T. This injected voltage phasor can be maintained constant, i,required, or can be varied with respect to the line
current to emulate the compensation achieved with a series reactor.
3. Phase shifting is achieved by injectinga voltage =V, with an angular relationship with the terminal voltage VIn other
words, the desired phase shift can be obtained wifhout any change in the voltage magnitude.
4 Simultaneous multifunction power flow controlby an adequate adjustment of the terminal voltage, series impedance
compensation and phase shifing. This operational capability is unique to the UPFC. No other single conventional devices
has multifunctional capability. Here V =AV+ V+ V,.
The canabilities of UPFC summarized above in terms of conventional transmission control concepts can be incorporated
into a generalized power flow controller that is able to control independently real and reactive power in the line.
15. Explain how the independent real and reactive power control is done by usingg UPFC.
Ans: Model Paper-i, Q11
Considera UPFC incorporated in a two machine power system as shown in figure (1).

P
V,

Pg
Figure (1)
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--(134)

(2) y2
Whes,

.3) -24

Figre
 UNIT-5 (Combined Compensators) 107

Case(ti)

When,

V 0

by equation
On injecting the values of the real and reactive powers of the transmission line will not remain as given
limit of 0SoS21. With the value of pbetween 0 and
) and equation (2). The phase angle of the injected voltage phasor has a
attainable can be obtained on rotating the phaser With
23. the limits of the controllable region for P(8,p) and O(S.p) which is
its maximum magnitude VPAmax'

The control region with V

pg
0 is also a circle with the centre C= (P(S), O(6)) and

radius = v,p4
X

When,

The equation governing the system is given by,

VW, ... (4)
[Pô,p)- Pp6)}F + le,t8.p)-Q. 6)} -|"
different values of are shown beloW.
The controllable regions for

With the assumption that,

V= 1.0p.u, p4mas
0.5 p.u and K= 1.0p.u

(0) When 8 = 0°
Controllab le reg ion

1.0 1.5 P
I8= 0

P. m(©)

-0.5

Paun(Vo =0
-1.0

Figure( 3)
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POWER QUALITY AND FACTS
108
() When 8 30"
). Controllab le reg lon
0.5

0.5
L.5
P

Pm(8)

0.5

Pm()
-1.0
-Q,
Figure (4)
When S = 60
(iii)

0.5
Controllab le region
10 1.5
0.5 P

Pm(6)

-0.5

Pmi)
-1.0

Figure (5)

(iv) When &= 90º

8= 900
0.5
1.°) 1.5
0.5 10

-Pm (8)

-0.5

8=909
-1,0

Controllab le reg ion

Figure (6)

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INIT-5 (Combined Compensators)
R Explain the basic structure of a 109
UPFC control scheme.
Ans:
The basic structure of a UPFC Model Paper-4. O0
control scheme is shown in figure.
Transmission line

Shunt Series
Converter Converter

Control Control
Unit Unit

P.

Figure
The controlling of UPFC(Unified Power Flow Controller) is based upon the vector control approach. In this approach a
equals zero.
currents whose sum
set of three vector quantities which may be either instantaneous phase variables, voltages or
vectors not being stationary, rotate around a fxed
Vand i represent the voltage and current vectors respectively. These
point in the plane accordingly with the change in phase variables. Thus the vectors describe various trajectories that become
variables represent a balanced, steady-state condition.
circles which are identical to those obtained with phasors when the phase
There are two axes p and q respectively. The axis p is
The vectors are assumed to be in orthogonal coordinate system.
quadrature with ù.
coincident with the voltage vector ù and the axis q is in accounted by
thep-axis curent component "i"while the reactive power is
The instantaneous real power is accounted by components of the voltage and current vectors are constant quantities
q-axis
he -axis current component i, The p-axis and
nder the balanced steady-state conditions.
into two parts.
The control unit of a UPFC is divided
(a) Internal controls
(b) External controls.
(a) Internal Controls by the
as the converter control. The operations of the two converter units is controlled also to
The intemalcontrol is also called series injected voltage and
includes the production of the commanded
internalcontrol unit The converter control
simultaneously. lhe gating Signals of the converter valves are controlled by the
draw the required shunt reactive current to the set off reference
output voltages of the converter respond properly with respect
internal controls so that the series converter responds directly and
values (i,.i . Whenever there is a demand for series volage,lnetheby this series converter. This imnlies that
injected with the transmission
independently. The required voltage is then be affected almost instantaneousy
voltage vector Vg can
any change in the series STUDENTS
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 te ink
tenat (wnol

the xtemal vonnot n al vefevred as the fAtional opeation contol his contod s pmohe b ytiny a
ntrmat reteves and , Ihese intemal veferece vales ensblesthe eries nd shaa canpeteate su
he n meetig the jwevailg dennande of tlhe tranNmision system.
Themodex of fnctional operation and the compensation demands which are represented hy exlernal tefetee npss c

Matually by the operator (o)

Datated tby an autonnatic systenn optimization controls.
in order to meet the specified operation and contingency requirement the external reference inputs are et to apgrore
vahves.
Q17. Brieftly explain the functional control of shunt converter and describe its different modes of operation.
Ans:

The operation of a shunt converter is such that it draws a controlled current i from the line. The real component of fhe
shunt current ie iis estimated automatically depending on the requirement such that the real power of the series convea is
halanced. On the otherhand, the reactive component of shunt current i.e., isho is set to any desired reference level. This referesce
level can be inductive or capacitive and lies within the capability ofthe shunt converter.
Modes of Control

There are basically two modes of controladopted for shunt converter.

(a) Reactive Power Controi Mode

(b) Automatic Voltage Control (AVC) Mode.

(2) Reactive Power Control Mode
This mode of control is also referred as the VAR Control mode. The reference input in a VAR Control mode would be either
an inductive VAR request or a capacitive VAR request. This VAR reference is then translated by the shunt converter control
into a corresponding shunt current request.
The shunt converter control also establishes the desired current by adjusting the gating of the converter. In order to enfore
the curent reference, the control in the closed-loop arrangement makes use of the current feedback signals as obained
from the output of the shunt converter.
In order o ensure the necessary DClink voltage a feedback signalwhich represents the DC bus voltage (V,)is also used
in this mode.

(b) AutomaticVoltage Control (AVC) Mode

in practical applications this mode of control is gencrally adopted for a shunt converter. In this mode of control, the
regulationof shunt converter current occurs aulornatically. On account of this, the transmission linc voltage is mantaincd
o 2reference value at the point ofconnection with the specified dropping characterislies.
The magitude of the posstive sequence component of the bus volage V, which is generally represcnted by the voltage
feedback signals are adopted in this type of control mode.
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UNIT-5 (Combined Compensators) 111
MR Explain the functional control of series converter and describe its control mnodes.
OR
Explain in detail the modes of control of series converter.
Model Paper-!, Q11
Ans:
The magnitude and the angle of theinjected voltage vector pq in the transmission line is controlled by the series converter.
There is a direct or indirect influence on the power flow in the transmission line due to the injection of voltage. However. the
woltage vector Vp basically depends upon the mode of operation in which it is selected to control the power flow in the UPFC.
The basic control modes are,
(a) Direct voltage injection mode
(b) Bus voltage regulation and control mode
(c) Line impedance compensation mode
() Phase angle regulation mode
(e) Automatic power flow control mode.
(0) Direct Voltage Injection Mode
Based on the request of the reference input, the magnitude and phase angle of the voltage vector , is genèrated by the
series converter.
coordinated system of a UPFCand other
Adirect voltage injection mode of operation proves advantageous only when a
FACTS controllers used in transmission system is operated by aseparate system optimization control.
The special functions of this control mode includes,
() p9 in
Maintaining V phase with the system voltage to control the voltage magnitude.
boosting".
(ii) Maintaining pq in quadrature with the system voltage for controlled 'quadrature
controllable reactive series compensation can be
(ii) Maintaining V in quadrature with the line current vector i so that
provided.
(b) Bus Voltage Injection and Control Mode reference value by
bus voltage vector V, is maintained at the givea
In this mode of control, the magnitude of "output"
"input" bus voltage vector and controlling its magnitude.
keeping the injected voltage vector VP in phase with the
(c) Line Impedance Compensation Mode in
the reactive impedance is emulated by maintaining the magnitude of injected vo Itage vector
In this control mode, insert in series with the
the magnitude of line current. The reference input is generally a complex impedance to
phase with compersation takes place
impedance. In order to emulate purely reactive compensation,a specialcase of impedance
line
quadrature with the line current.
when a voltage is injected in
(d) Phase Angle Regulation Mode the injected voltage vector V with reference to the
"input" bus
magnitude and angle of
In this mode of control, the bus volta ge vector by
controlled. This control of vector Vo result in a phase shift of "output"
voltage vector are the quactrature booster"
reference signal without any change in its magnitude. In order to emulate
an angle given by the place.
maintained perpendicular to the ,a special case of phaseshifting takes
when is
Control Mode
(e) Automatic Power Flow
the njected voltage vector V, are calculated simult:aneously. The
magnitude and angle of po

In this mode of control the the requirement of the real and reactive power
flow
current vector i so that
controlling is done such that it enforces a line
in the lines is fulfilled. stomatically
closed loop control system determines the series injected voltage ai
mode, a when changes in
In an automaticpower flow control power (P) and reactive power () are maintained even
the desired real impedance p0 wer sourc
and continuously to ensure that mcorporated transmisSIon Ime is viewed as a high
a UPFC
power system occurs. Because of this,
power system. that the dynamic system
or sink by the rest of the management, this control mode can be adopted so
and
Apart from power flow scheduling
efhciently.
disturbances are handled STUDENTS
ENGINEERING
SPECTRUM ALLIM-ONE JOURNAL FOR
112
POWER QUALITY AND FACTS (JNTU-HYDERABADI

Important Questions
Q1. Explain the basic principle of UPFC.
Ans: Refer Q9. Imporant Quosion
voltage-sourced converters?
Q2. llustrate the implementation of the UPFG, by two back-to-back
Ars: Refer Q10. Important Question
shunt converter control in a UPFC.
Q3. Explain the functional block diagram of a
Important Queston
Ans: Refer Q12.

Explain the illustration of conventional transmission

controlcapabilities of the UPFC.
Q4.
mportant Question
Ans: Refer Q14.
scheme.
Q5. Explain the basic structure of a UPFCcontrol
Important Questlon
Ans: Refer Q16.
converter and describe its control modes.
Q6. Explain the functional controlof series
Important Question
Ans: Refer Q18.

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