INTRODUCTION TO PSYCHOLOGY

DEFINITION AND NATURE DIFFERENT TYPES OF BEHAVIOR

PSYCHOLOGY 1. Overt, Covert
 focuses on the individual behavior. - outwardly manifested
 Greek word psyche which means the mind or soul - hidden
and logos or study of.
 science of human behavior 2. Conscious, Unconscious
 scientific study of human behavior and mental - within the level of consciousness
processes (mind) - not within the level of consciousness
 scientific study and practical application of
observable behavior and mental processes of 3. Rational, irrational
organisms - exercised with reason
 scientific study of behavior and experience, and the - committed for no apparent reason/explanation
application of that knowledge to human problems
(APA) 4. Voluntary, involuntary
- full volition or will
Steps in Scientific Inquiry - process that our body go even sleeping

5. Simple, complex
- few neurons
- more number of neurons

AIMS AND GOALS OF PSYCHOLOGY

 Describe the behavior
 Understand & explain the behavior
 Identify factors that help predict the behavior
 Control or change the behavior

PSYCHOGENESIS OF PSYCHOLOGY
ANCIENT PERIOD
Animism
it is the gods and spirits who were attributed to be the
direct cause of events and activities of man

SCIENCE GREEK PERIOD

 Focused upon the study and investigation of certain Democritus - theorized that the human mind is composed
behavior with the application of one or a of atoms, which penetrate in and out of our system
combination of scientific methods.
 Gathering of factual information is considered Plato (428/427-348/347 BCE)
important to prove certain phenomena - believed that the soul is distinct to man and it is God-
given
STUDY OF BEHAVIOR - Knower, thinker, determiner
 In order to study the mind, one has to associate the Three distinct elements
way of thinking of an individual to his behavior. 1. Element of reason- head (mind)
 Behavior of a man what runs in his mind 2. Spirited element- heart (emotions)
3. Element of bodily appetites and desire- diaphragm
MENTAL PROCESSES
 Includes forms of cognition, ways of knowing Aristotle
( man’s perception, attention, and capability to Father of Psychology because he is the first person to put
remember, to reason, and to solve problems). into writing his explanation pertaining the behavior of
 Dreams, fantasies, wishes, and anticipation man.
Functions of the soul
BEHAVIOR 1. vegetative- basic maintenance of life
 Response or action of an individual 2. Appetitive- desire and motives
 Actions and reactions of an individual when 3. Rational- governs reason that is located in the
exposed or placed on a certain situation or heart ...the brain is merely a gland and would perform
environment minor functions
Hippocrates
- Father of the Medicine George Berkeley (1709)
- First theorized that mental disorders arose from natural -the idea of an individual becomes true only to himself
sources because this is the level of knowledge that he believes in
- First to classify different mental disorders during the
classical period. Christian Von Wolff had his theory of reality
Two Parts of Reality
Galen - Ontology-treats of possible things
- Theorized the relation of temperament to physiological - Metaphysics-treats of actual things
factors - Three Special Subjects:the universe, the soul and God
- Behavior may be attributed to the humors or vital juices
of the body or the bile David Hume (1748)
Sanguine- yellow- cheerfulness - gave the difference between impressions and ideas,
phlegmatic- green- sluggishness (slow) between created images and direct sensation
melancholic- black- sadness
choleric- red- irascibility (quick-tempered, irritable) Franz Anton Mezmer (1744)
- utilized the method of “animal magnetism” in curing
MEDIEVAL PERIOD hysteria, which evolved to hypnosis
St. Augustine of Hippo
introduced the method of introspection (individual tries to Immanuel Kant (1782)
describe his own conscious processes) - stated that the mind is not blank, but rather the mind is
capable of acquiring knowledge through sensory
St . Thomas Aquinas experiences
belief that when the body dies, the soul separates and
becomes a spirit Johann Friedrich Herbart
- was responsible for making psychology a science
PRE-MODERN PERIOD
Rudolf Gockel Ernest Weber (1817)
- often attributed for the initial use of the term - pioneered areas about the ideas that is necessary to be
“psychology” in his writing stimulated in order to be able to gain sensation

Francis Bacon Hermann von Helmholtz (1856)

- first proposed that psychology should separate from - made the theory of color vision
philosophy and psychology should be treated as a natural
science-NATURALISM Charles Darwin (1859)
- introduced the theory of evolution; introduced the
Rene Descartes concept of natural selection
- introduced the idea of dualism and the concept of reflex
action which indicates that the mind and body interact. Gustav Fechner (1860)
Mind- spiritual entity - had an insight that the law of the connection between
Body- physical or material entity They work together to the mind and the body can be found in a statement of
make the individual functional quantitative relation between mental sensation and
material stimulus
Thosmas Hobbes
- discomforts/pains must be overcome human beings are Paul Broca (1861)
physical objects and sophisticated machines whose - observed that the persons who suffered from damage to
functions and activities can be described and explained in a specific area of the brain's left hemisphere may lose
purely mechanistic terms their ability to speak fluently

John Locke Francis Galton (1865)

Tabula Rasa- mind Blank tablet/slate- that gathers its -father of behavioral genetics
contents through the experiences that an individual will
have in his entire life MODERN PSYCHOLOGY
Wilhelm Wundt
- established the first psychological laboratory in Leipzig,
Germany
- father of modern/scientific psychology- 1879
 William Mcdougall
William James - exponent of hormic psychology,the central idea being
- founder of American Psychology, met with Wilhelm that there is an end or purpose which goads us to action,
Wundt and went to publish a two volume book entitled, without any real knowledge of its nature, and often without
Principles of Psychology benefit or even thought of pleasure
- theorized that human behavior is determined by both
Emil Kraeplin instinctive and intentional strivings
- first to formally describe bipolar behavior. “manic
depressive”- explain how mania and depression both Edward Thordike
affect the patient - “father of educational psychology” known for his early
- Father of Modern Psychiatry animal studies and the founding principle of Instrumental
Learning, “The Law of Effect”
Edward Titchener
studied under Wilhelm Wundt and went on to develop the BF Skinner
idea of Structuralism Operant Conditioning, contributed the system of operant
conditioning of which in the idea the organism is in the
CONTEMPORARY PSYCHOLOGY process of operating on the environment, which in
Sigmund Freud ordinary terms means it is bouncing around its world,
- father of psychoanalysis doing what it does
- underwent a thorough study of the unconscious mind
and developed the psychoanalytic process of free SCHOOLS OF PSYCHOLOGY
association 1. Structuralism
 William James and Wilhelm Wundt - believed that
Carl Jung the chief purpose of psychology was to describe,
- developed his theory of the origin of neurosis. A neo analyze and explain conscious experience,
freudian and established Analytic Psychology particularly feelings and sensations
- He gave emphasis on the importance of the collective  believed in the importance of the structure of the
unconscious as the basis of affect to behavior mind
 INTROSPECTION
Alfred Adler
- conceptualized the importance of superiority and 2. Functionalism
inferiority as a factor that affects man’s existence  John Dewey, William James, James Rowland
Angell, and Harvey Carr
Karen Horney  retract the idea of structuralism
- made a theory that human beings have the “basic need  importance of “function of the mind”
for love and security” she stated that humans tend to feel  importance of functional adjustment of an organism
anxious or agitated when they are alienated or isolated to his environment

Karl Pearson 3. Behaviorism

- major contribution to psychology through the statistical  John B. Watson - introduced Behaviorism in 1913
evaluation of human behavior. Apart from correlational  believed that observable behavior, not inner
analysis, Pearson developed the chi-squared statistic with experience, was the only reliable source of
intellectual encouragement of Galton information
 stressed the importance of the environment in
Charles Spearman shaping an individual’s behavior
- “first systematic psychometrician” and father of classical  chiefly looked for connections between observable
test theory- pioneered the statistical technique called behavior and stimuli from the environment
factor analysis and was able to discover a general  Ivan Pavlov- BF Skinner
factor(g) in correlations among mental tests.
4. Gestalt - found 1912
Alfred Binet and Theodore Simon  Max Wertheimer
- developed the First Intelligence Quotient (IQ) test  Gestalt means”to Configure” or to form or pattern”
 believed that human beings and other animals
Ivan Pavlov perceive the external world as an organized pattern.
- first experimental model of learning, Classical  “The whole is greater than the sum of its part”
Conditioning
5. Psychoanalysis 3. Social - study of people’s behavior in relation to society
 Sigmund Freud 4. Counseling - alleviating and preventing mental illness
 behavior is determined by powerful inner forces, 5. Clinical - treatment of mental disorders
most of which are buried in the unconscious mind. 6. Forensic/legal - law or legal proceedings
 from early childhood, people repress (force out of 7. Psychometric - measurement of behavior and
conscious awareness) any desires or needs that are capacities through the psychological tests
unacceptable to themselves or to society
 Repressed feelings can cause personality  Biopsychology - the application of the principle of
disturbances, self-destructive behavior, or even biology to the study of mental processes and
physical symptoms behavior
 Freud developed psychoanalysis as a form of  Physiological Psychology - the study of neural
psychotherapy, theory of personality, and theory of mechanisms of perception and behavior through
development direct manipulation of the brains of nonhuman
animal subjects in controlled experiment
6. Cognitive Psychology  Psychiatry - a branch of medicine which exists to
 is a theoretical perspective that focuses on the study, prevent and treat mental disorders in human
realms of human perception, thought and memory.  Psychotherapy - pertains to the application of
 Jean Piaget- students learn better when they can specialized psychological methods to the treatment
invent knowledge through inquiry and of diagnosed mental disorders or to the problems of
experimentation instead of acquiring facts presented a person's daily adjustment
by a teacher in class.  Psychotropics - a subfield of medicine that deals
 Lev Vygotsky- emphasized the role of social with the various pharmacological agents such as
interactions in knowledge construction. antidepressants, anti-anxiety, anti-manic, and
antipsychotic agents utilized to affect behavior,
7. Existentialist Psychology mood and feelings
 Existentialists believe in both free will and the  Psychosurgery - a branch of medicine which
uniqueness of the individual. Individual behaviors involves the surgical severing and chemical
are not seen as evil or good, but neutral, interpreted alterations of brain fibers with the purpose of
only by the individual. modifying psychological distrurbances and other
 Proponent: Brenato and Husseri behavior aberrations
 Social Psychology - merged the discipline of
8. Humanistic Sociology and Anthropology
 An individual’s behavior is primarily determined by  Psycholinguistics/Psychology of language - study of
his perception of the world around him; individuals psychological and neurobiological factors that
are not solely the product of their environment; and enable humans to acquire, use and understand
individuals are internally directed and motivated to language
fulfill their human potential
 Proponent: Abraham Maslow Difference Between Psychometricians, Psychologists,
Counselors and Psychiatrist
BRANCHES AND OTHER RELATED FIELDS
A. Theoretical - based from proposed explanation or  Psychometricians, psychologists, counselors and
conclusion involves theories, concepts and basic psychiatrists are all recognized as mental health
principles professionals. All have their respective licensures
1. Experimental - observations and experiments that regulate the practice of each profession. All
2. Abnormal - study the cause of behavioral disorders tries to understand how the brain works, including
3. Physiological - study the functions of the different emotions, feelings and thoughts.
organs and systems of the body relating to behavior  Psychometricians are psychology major graduates
4. Dynamic - interpretation of internal drives and motives who acquired licensure. They are primarily in-
5. Developmental - growth and development charge of assessment procedures, which are vital in
6. Comparative - behavior and mental processes of the ensuring effective treatment of mental health
different species problems.
 Psychologists (clinical) have specialized training in
B. Applied - application of concepts, theories and the diagnosis and treatment of mental illness. Unlike
principles psychometricians, they hold a masters or doctorate
1. Educational - psychological principles to the level qualification in psychology, before acquiring
problems of education their license. Psychologists focus on providing
2. Industrial - business, firms and industries psychotherapy (talk therapy) to help patients.
 On the other hand, psychiatrists are medical Clinical Psychology
doctors. Psychiatrists diagnose illness, manage  Clinical psychology is a branch of psychology that
treatment and provide a range of therapies for focuses on assessing, diagnosing, and treating
complex and serious mental illness. They prescribe mental, emotional, and behavioral disorders in
medication that psychologists can't. individuals.
 Lastly, a counselor is a mental health professional  Clinical psychologists often work with individuals of
who has a master's degree (MA) in psychology, all ages, from children to older adults, helping them
counseling, or a related field. Counselors generally address a wide range of psychological issues.
have received training similar to clinical
psychologists but with emphasis on helping people Role in Mental Health:
cope with more normal life problems.  Clinical psychologists play a vital role in promoting
mental health and well-being by providing therapy
Methods Used by Psychologists in Studying Behavior and interventions for those experiencing
psychological distress.
A. Introspection - study of oneself  They work in a variety of settings, including
B. Naturalistic Observation - method of examining and hospitals, private practices, schools, and mental
interpreting but never interfering with the behavior being health clinics, contributing to the broader mental
studied healthcare system.
C. Participant Observation - direct observation;
participates with the subject Common Practices and Treatment
D. Surveys - is used when the investigator wants to  Clinical psychologists use various therapeutic
investigate a larger group within a shorter time -may use approaches, such as cognitive-behavioral therapy
tools such as questionnaires, inventories, schedules or (CBT), psychoanalysis, and humanistic therapy,
interviews, opinionnaires or attitude scale tailored to the individual's needs.
E. Experimental Method - used to study behavior which
can be brought into the laboratory and studied under  They conduct assessments and psychological
controlled behavior evaluations to determine the nature and severity of
-Wilhelm Wundt first used this psychological disorders.
method in his laboratory in Germany at Leipzig University
in 1987  Treatments often involve counseling,
F. Correlational Studies - search for relationship psychotherapy, and the development of coping
G. Case History Method - a complete detailed account of strategies to improve mental health and overall well-
phenomenon or any social event which may have being.
scientific value or which may provide insights into group
behavior Famous Clinical Psychologists
- a research of the past and its  Sigmund Freud: Known for his development of
implication at the present status psychoanalysis, an influential school of thought in
H. Historical Method and Archival Research - search for clinical psychology.
materials in libraries or other recorded sources, say,  Carl Rogers: Pioneered humanistic psychology and
archives client-centered therapy.
I. Animal Studies - useful in investigating and  Aaron T. Beck: Developed cognitive therapy, a
accumulating proofs in the biological basis of learning, widely used approach for treating depression and
memory and behavior anxiety disorders.
J. Qualitative and Descriptive Research- Researchers try  Albert Ellis: Founder of rational emotive behavior
to describe the behavior manifested and change of quality therapy (REBT), an effective form of cognitive
to certain behavior. Ethical guidelines need to be taken therapy.
into consideration when covert observation is carried out  Virginia Satir: Known for her work in family therapy
K. Longitudinal Studies - A research method which and communication.
observes a particular population over certain period of
time Cognitive Psychology
L. Neuropsychological Methods - involves the study of  Cognitive psychology is the study of mental
both healthy individuals and patients, typically who have processes, including perception, memory,
suffered either brain injury or mental illnesses reasoning, decision-making, and problem-solving.
M. Computational Modeling - is a tool often used in  It seeks to understand how people acquire, process,
mathematical psychology and cognitive psychology to store, and use information, leading to insights into
simulate a particular behavior using a computer human thought and behavior.
BRANHCES OF PSYCHOLOGY
 Cognitive psychologists investigate processes such Adulthood (19-65)
as attention, language, perception, and memory. - Adulthood encompasses a broad range of experiences,
 They examine how individuals think, learn, and from early adulthood to middle age.
make decisions. - Key milestones include career development, forming
intimate relationships, and possibly starting a family.
Research Areas: - Challenges vary but can include establishing
 Cognitive psychology encompasses a wide range of independence, pursuing career goals, and raising a
topics, including cognitive development, problem- family.
solving, decision-making, and cognitive
neuroscience. Old Age (65+)
 It explores areas such as memory improvement - Old age is characterized by changes in physical health,
techniques, perception studies, and artificial cognitive decline, and the potential for retirement.
intelligence. - Key milestones may involve retirement, reflecting on
Key Findings: one's life, and adjusting to aging-related challenges.
 Some key findings in cognitive psychology include - Challenges include health issues, coping with loss, and
the discovery of cognitive biases, the study of maintaining social connections.
human memory systems, and the development of
cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT). Social Psychology
 Examines how individuals are influenced by the
Developmental Psychology presence and actions of others.
 Developmental psychology focuses on  It explores how people perceive, interact, and
understanding the growth and changes that occur behave in social contexts.
throughout a person's life. Study of How People Are Influenced:
 It investigates how individuals develop physically,  Social psychologists investigate phenomena such
emotionally, socially, and cognitively from infancy to as social influence, group dynamics, and
old age. interpersonal relationships.
 They explore the impact of social norms, attitudes,
Stages of Human Development and prejudices.
Infancy (0-2 years old)  key topics include conformity (the tendency to align
- A period of rapid physical growth and sensory with group behavior), obedience (compliance with
development. authority), and the study of stereotypes and
- Key milestones include motor skill development, the prejudices.
emergence of language, and the formation of attachment  Social psychology also delves into pro-social
to caregivers. behavior and aggression.
- Challenges may involve basic needs, such as feeding Real World Applications:
and comfort.  The insights from social psychology have real-world
applications in areas such as marketing, conflict
Childhood (3-11 years) resolution, and understanding social issues like
- Time of expanding cognitive abilities and social discrimination and group behavior.
interactions.
- Key milestones include the development of abstract Behavioral Psychology
thinking, language proficiency, and the acquisition of  Focuses on the study of observable behaviors and
social skills. how they are acquired and modified.
- Challenges include the transition to school, peer  It emphasizes the role of environmental factors and
relationships, and moral development. learning in shaping behavior.
Behaviorism vs. Other Approaches:
Adolescence (12-18 years):  Behaviorism, a major perspective in this field,
- Marked by physical and hormonal changes, identity suggests that behavior is a result of conditioning
exploration, and increased independence. and learning.
- Key milestones include identity formation, the  Contrasts with other approaches, such as cognitive
development of moral reasoning, and the pursuit of psychology, which emphasizes mental processes.
autonomy. Famous Behaviorists:
- Challenges often revolve around peer pressure, identity  Renowned behaviorists include B.F. Skinner, who
issues, and future planning. developed operant conditioning, and Ivan Pavlov,
known for classical conditioning experiments with
dogs.
Educational Psychology
 Focuses on the application of psychological
principles in educational settings.
 It aims to improve teaching and learning by
understanding how students acquire knowledge and
skills.
 Johann Herbart (1776–1841) is considered the
father of educational psychology. He believed that
learning was influenced by interest in the subject
and the teacher. He thought that teachers should
consider the students' existing mental sets—what
they already know—when presenting new
information or material

Role in Education:
 Educational psychologists work to enhance teaching
methods, curriculum development, and classroom
management.
 They address issues like learning disabilities and
educational assessment.

Learning Theoriers
 Key learning theories, including behaviorism,
constructivism, and social learning theory, inform
educational practices.
 Understanding these theories helps educators tailor
their teaching methods.

 Educational psychology is applied in designing

effective instructional materials, assessing student
performance, and promoting inclusive education.

Forensic Psychology
 a specialized field that applies psychological
principles and knowledge to the legal and criminal
justice systems. Forensic psychologists may work
in various capacities within the legal system,
contributing to both civil and criminal cases.
 involves the intersection of psychology and the law.
It encompasses the study and application of
psychological principles to understand and address
legal issues, criminal behavior, and the justice
system.
 Hugo Münsterberg (/ˈmʊnstərbɜːrɡ/; June 1, 1863 –
December 16, 1916) was a German-American
psychologist. He was one of the pioneers in applied
psychology, extending his research and theories to
industrial/organizational (I/O), legal, medical,
clinical, educational and business settings.