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OBJECTIVES
1. To understand how to correctly
categorize workplace hazards in
RISK ASSESSMENT order to enhance our ability to
eliminate or control such hazards.
2. To understand how to establish
risks levels and prioritize them for
mitigation purposes

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MORE ELABORATE DEFINITION OF

WHAT IS RISK ASSESMENT?
RISK MANAGEMENT
• Risk Assessment is the process of determining the
likelihood of short and long term adverse consequences “Risk Management is the term applied to a
to individuals or groups of people from the use of a logical and systematic method of
particular technology in a particular area. It is also
defined as the characterization of the potential adverse establishing the context, identifying,
health effects of human exposures to environmental
hazards analyzing, treating, monitoring and
communicating risks associated with any
• Risk Management is the administrative, political and activity, function or process in a way that
economic actions taken to decide how and if a particular
societal risk is to be reduced to a certain level and at will enable organizations to minimize
what cost.
losses and maximize opportunities”.
• Risk assessments are one of the most common uses of
environmental /occupational exposure assessment.
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WHAT IS RISK ASSESMENT?

WHEN IS RISK ASSESMENT DONE?
(WHO DOES WHAT?)
• The estimation of risk is a scientific • Now, if you have not done it before
question – and therefore, a legitimate • When any new work is planned
activity of scientists.
• When a significant change occurs
• The acceptability of a given level of risk , • After an incident
however, is a political question, to be
determined in the political arena. • At regular predetermined intervals (s. 60 of
OHS Act

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DEFINITIONS? TYPES/CATEGORIES OF HAZARDS

“Hazard ...is a condition or set of circumstances that has a • Mechanical hazards
potential of causing harm or contributing to injury or
death”
• Physical hazards
“Safety hazards ..those hazards that can cause accidents,
injuries, and sometimes even death” • Chemical hazards

“Heath hazards …those hazards that can cause • Biological hazards

occupational disease or illness”

“Risk… combination of likelihood that injury or • Ergonomic hazards

damage to people’s health, or property will occur
and the severity of the consequences of that • Psychosocial hazards
event.
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SOURCES OF HAZARDS WHAT RISK ASSESSMENT IS ALL ABOUT?

• Planning and Design (people involved in planning and • “Risk Assessment” is nothing other than a
design activities may create hazards)
careful examination of what, in your work,
• Production and Distribution (production, process,
could cause harm to people, so that you
distribution can result in hazards) can weigh up whether you have taken
enough precautions or should do more to
• Maintenance and Repair (hazards may come from prevent harm”.
insufficient, delayed and improper maintenance)

• Communication (poor communication or failures in • The aim is to make sure that no one gets
communications can introduce hazards) hurt or becomes ill.
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WHY IS WORKPLACE ASSESSMENT WHY IS WORKPLACE ASSESSMENT

IMPORTANT? IMPORTANT? cont..
• Accidents and ill health can ruin lives, and affect your business too • Recognize, quantify, and analyze hazards present at a
if output is lost, machinery is damaged, insurance costs increase, or
you have to go to court. particular workplace so as to establish their capacity to
do harm, and degrees to which exposure exists.
• You are legally required to assess the risks in your workplace (S. 60
of OHS Act).
• Calculate risk indices for a particular workplace, or
• The important things you need to decide are whether a hazard is process or material for the purpose of risk ranking.
significant, and whether you have it covered by satisfactory
precautions so that the risk is small. For instance, electricity can kill
but the risk of it doing so in an office environment is remote, • Evaluate existing control measures
provided that ‘live’ components are insulated and metal casings
properly earthed.
• Determine the control measures to reduce the risk (IH,
• Helps to establish effective risk reduction strategy Med. Surveillance, SMP, Training)

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PRE-REQUISITES OF DOING FIVE STEPS OF RISK ASSESSMENT PROCESS

RISK ASSESSMENT
• The initial step in evaluating workplace Step 1: Hazard Identification (look for the hazards)
safety is conducting risk assessment. Step 2: Exposure Evaluation (decide who might be harmed
and how)
• Risk assessment is a legal obligation Step 3: Risk Characterization (evaluate the risks and
under the Occupational Health and Safety decide whether the existing precautions are adequate or
whether more should be done)
Act,2003 (Section 60).
Step 4: Preparation of Risk Matrix (risk assessment matrix)
• The risk assessment should be performed
Step 5: Recommendation of Control Measures
by a ‘competent person’.
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HAZARD IDENTIFICATION HAZARD IDENTIFICATION cont..

(DO NOT BE OVERCOMPLICATED)
• Provide an overview of the hazards associated • In most firms in the commercial, service and light
with the workplace, thereby appropriately industrial sectors, the hazards are few and
directing detailed risk evaluation simple. Checking them is common sense, but
necessary.

• Hazards are first identified and then allocated • You probably already know whether, for
harmfulness scores example, you have machinery that could cause
harm, or if there is an awkward entrance or stair
• Data can be collected using sources such where someone could be hurt. If so, check that
literature, walkthrough inspection, interviews, etc you have taken what reasonable precautions
you can to avoid injury.
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RISK CHARACTERIZATION
EXPOSURE EVALUATION
• Decide who might be harmed and how. • Evaluate the risks and decide whether existing
precautions are adequate or more should be done.
Do not forget special groups who may be at particular
risk (Young workers, trainees, new and expectant • Consider how likely is it that each hazard could cause
harm.
mothers, etc).
• Ask yourself whether you have done all that are required
• Contractors, maintenance workers, etc who may not be by law.
in the workplace all the time.
• Ask yourself whether accepted industry standards are in
• Members of the public, or people you share your place.
workplace with, if there is a chance they could be hurt by
your activities. • Decide for each significant hazard whether the remaining
risk is high, medium or low….The aim is to make all risks
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RISK CHARACTERIZATION cont… WHAT DOES RA INVOLVE?

• If you find that something needs to be done, • RA usually involve identifying the hazards
draw up an ‘action list’ and give priority to any present in the workplace
remaining risks which are high and/or those
which could affect most people.
• Evaluating the extent of risks involved
• In taking action ask yourself:
- Can I get rid of the hazard altogether? • Evaluating the effectiveness of control
- If not can I control the risk so that harm is measures/existing precautions
unlikely?

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RISK ASSESSMENT MATRIX RISK SCORE

• Identify the hazards you can reasonably • Risk score provides a qualitative tool that
expect and assess the risks from such assists in prioritizing risk.
hazards.
• Risk Score Calculator determines the level
• For each and every hazard identified, the of risk by defining consequences,
hazards are allocated a consequence exposure and probability.
(hazard severity) score and a
probability score.
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HOW TO USE
THE RISK SCORE CALCULATOR CONSEQUENCES

• Step 1 - Identify the Consequences Category Human Injury Financial

Cost
Work Environ

Catastrophe

• Step 2 - Estimate the Exposure Disaster

Very Serious

• Step 3 - Estimate the Probability Serious

Substantial

• Step 4 - Determine the Risk Minor

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EXPOSURE PROBABILITY
Almost certain The most likely and expected result if the
hazard – event takes place.

Very rare Not known to have occurred

Quite possible Quite possible, would not be unusual,
even 50/50 chance
Rare Occurs rarely, but has been known
to occur Unusual but possible Unusual but possible sequence or
coincidence
Infrequent Occurs between once per month
and once per year Remotely possible Remotely possible coincidence

Conceivable but unlikely Has never happened after may years of

Frequent Occurs approximately once per
exposure, but is conceivably possible
day

Practically impossible Practically impossible, has never

Continuous Occurs many times per day happened before
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FREQUENTLY USED METHODS IN

RISK ASSESSMENT MATRIX PRIORITIZATION OF OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH
AND SAFETY HAZARDS.
• Simple priority system with two outcomes (YES/NO).

• Simple occupational health and safety scoring system

with three outcomes (HIGH/MEDIUM/LOW priority).

• Three factor ranking system (Probability that an injury

or fatality will happen; Severity of the potential injury;
Frequency of the exposure).

• Total score = Probability X Severity X Frequency

( = Probability X Consequence X Exposure)

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RISK CONTROL MEASURES

RISK CONTROL MEASURES (HIERARCHY OF CONTROL)
• Required risk reduction initiatives • Elimination

• Remedial actions required to reduce or eliminate the risk. • Substitution

• Risk management interventions may include: • Redesigning

- H & S training
- monitoring • Isolation
- surveillance
- Recruitment • *Administrative (require adequate supervision)

Priority setting/ranking (severity, frequency, cost-benefit analysis, etc) • *PPE (require adequate supervision)

* Lowest priority

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SELECTION OF SIX STEPS OF

RISK REDUCTION TECHNIQUES RISK MANAGEMENT PROCESS
1. Establish the context
Deciding which of the techniques available 2. Identify hazards
should be used in dealing with the risk 3. Analyze risks that may result because of
(consideration should be given to the size the hazard
of potential loss, its probability, resources 4. Evaluate the risks
involved, benefits, costs, corporate policy,
best available information). 5. Treat the risks
6. Review and Monitor the risk

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ACHIEVING RISK REDUCTION GOALS EVALUATION AND REVIEW

THROUGH COST JUSTIFICATION MODEL
…Consider a worker who experiences back injury after • Evaluation and review must be included in the
lifting 150 lbs…a job he/she performs twice a week. For
a cost of TZS 10,000,000 you can fix the problem. Your risk management program (risk management
GM says it is a lot of money, after all the worker lifts only process does not take place in a vacuum, things
twice a week (risk factor not high).
change – risks come and disappear).
…But, what are the cost if the worker gets injured?
- Lost time (7 -15 days rest - TZS 800,000); replacement -
TZS 800,000; investigation by SHE dept - TZS 120,000; • Evaluation and review involves:
Supervisor and finance people involvement - TZS - Setting standards
120,000 + TZS 40,000; equipment damage TZS
4,000,000; medical expenses TZS 5,000,000; training - Measuring performance against those stds
on safe lifting techniques. This does not include premium
increase. Will you now fix the problem? - Taking corrective action
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RISK ASSESSMENT
AFTER ACCIDENT/INCIDENT ACCIDENT INVESTIGATION PROCEDURES
(ACCIDENT INVESTIGATION)
• The main purpose is to prevent recurrence of the same or similar 1. Define scope of AI.
event. 2. Select investigators.
3. Present prelim briefing to the AI team (accident description, NOP,
• At times hazards exist, which no one seems to recognize until they maps, location of AS, list of witnesses, preceding event).
result in accident or incident. 4. Visit the AS.
5. Inspect AS (secure the AS, photos, sketches).
• Reasons for doing AI include: 6. Interview victims and witnesses.
- Understand what happened 7. Determine (what, where, when and how abnormality occurred).
- Gather info and data for present and future 8. Analyze the data obtained in Step 7.
- Determine cause and effect 9. Determine (why, probable causes, alternative sequence).
- Provide answers for effectiveness of intervention and prevention 10. Check each sequence against Step 7.
approaches 11. Determine the most likely sequence of events and probable
- Document circumstances for legal issues causes.
- Is a vital component of your S & H program 12. Conduct post-investigation briefing
13. Prepare report
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INFORMATION TO BE CONTAINED IN
ACCIDENT INVESTIGATION REPORT
ACCIDENT INVESTIGATION REPORT
1. Background information (where, when, 1. Case classification (e.g. injury, poisoning, etc)
who and what). 2. Date and time of accident
2. Account of accident (what happened – 3. Identification of injured person (name, sex, age,
sequence of events, extent of damage, experience, address, job title)
accident type, agent or source). 4. Address of employer and location
3. Discussion (analysis – how, why – 5. Injury description (e.g. fall-type of accident;
direct/indirect causes, basic causes) fracture – nature of injury, leg – body part)
4. Recommendations (to prevent 6. Work activity at the time of accident
recurrence)
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INFORMATION TO BE CONTAINED IN INFORMATION TO BE CONTAINED IN

ACCIDENT INVESTIGATION REPORT ACCIDENT INVESTIGATION REPORT
cont.. cont..
7. Name of health care provider and location 12. Any unsafe condition (e.g. improper
if offside illumination, poor housekeeping)
8. Nature of treatment (outpatient/admitted) 13. Unsafe act (e.g. taking unsafe
9. Factual report of the accident (what position/posture)
happened, how the accident occurred) 14. Unsafe personal factor
10. Records of witnesses 15. Control measures
11. Immediate action to prevent recurrence

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ENDING THE ACCIDENT INVESTIGATION! SOME RISK MANAGEMENT TERMS

• Who do you consider to be the most responsible • Risk Index (control score minus hazard score)
for this accident? …pinpointing not witch
• Relative Risk (all risk score minus risk score for best
hunting! dept)
• What controls were in place at the time of
• Percent Risk Index (dividing the absolute value of
accident? relative risk for each dept by total risk)
• What controls could be implemented to prevent
this type of accident from recurring? • Composite Exposure Dollars (= sum of monetary value
of property value + business interruption + personnel
• List factors that contributed to the accident? exposure)

• Composite Risk (composite exposure dollars x percent

risk index)
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INTRODUCTION TO HAZARD
INTRODUCTION TO HAZARD
OPERABILITY STUDIES (HAZOPS)
OPERABILITY STUDIES (HAZOPS)
cont…
• Hazop is structured technique, which may be applied to a production
process, identifying hazards resulting from potential malfunctions in
the process.
• The technique of Hazard and Operability Studies
(HAZOPS) has been used and developed over
• It is essentially a qualitative process. approximately four decades for 'identifying
potential hazards and operability problems'
• A HAZOP study would typically be undertaken by a multi-disciplinary caused by 'deviations from the design intent' of
team involving scientists, engineers, production managers, both new and existing process plants.
designers and safety specialists etc. asking a series of “what if?”
questions.

• By undertaking a HAZOP study at an early design stage, potential

problems can be avoided instead of having to make costly • The concept involves investigating how the plant
modifications after the plant is built. might deviate from the design intent.

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HAZOPS GUIDING PRINCIPLE THE HAZOP CONCEPT

• HazOp is based on the principle that several experts with • The HazOp concept is to review the plant in a
different backgrounds can interact and identify more
problems when working together than when working series of meetings, during which a
separately and combining their results. multidisciplinary team
methodically "brainstorms" the plant design,
• The HAZOP team would systematically examine a following the structure provided by the guide
proposed process design by asking questions using words and the team leader's experience.
guidewords representing deviations from the intended
parameters of the process.
• The primary advantage of this brainstorming is
• The "Guide-Word" HazOp is the most well known of the HazOps
that it stimulates creativity and generates ideas.

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THE HAZOP CONCEPT cont… THE HAZOP CONCEPT cont…

• This creativity results from the interaction • The team focuses on specific points of the design (called
"study nodes"), one at a time.
of the team and their diverse backgrounds.
• At each of these study nodes, deviations in the process
parameters are examined using the guide words.
• The process requires that all team
members participate. • The guide words are used to ensure that the design is
explored in every conceivable way.

• Team members must refrain from • Thus the team must identify a fairly large number of
deviations, each of which must then be considered so
criticizing each other to the point that that their potential causes and consequences can be
members hesitate to suggest Ideas. identified.

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POTENTIAL HAZARD AND

FACTORS UPON WHICH SUCCESS OR
OPERABILITY PROBLEMS
FAILURE OF THE HAZOP DEPENDS
• High profile of production plant accidents, • The completeness and accuracy of drawings
and other data used as a basis for the study
is the reason for emphasis on the
identification of hazards and neglect the • The technical skills and insights of the team
potential operability problems.
• The ability of the team to use the approach as
an aid to their Imagination in visualizing
• Yet, it is in the operability problems that deviations, causes, and consequences
benefits of a Hazop Study are usually the
greatest. • The ability of the team to concentrate on the
more serious hazards which are identified.
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KEY TERMS KEY TERMS cont…

• “Intention” - defines how the plant is • “Deviations” - these are departures from the
intention which are discovered by systematically
expected to operate in the absence of applying the guide words (e.g., "more
deviations at the study nodes. pressure").

• This can take a number of forms and can • “Causes” - these are the reasons why deviations
might occur. These causes can be hardware
either be descriptive or diagrammatic; e.g., failures, human errors, an unanticipated process
flow-sheets, line diagrams, etc. state (e.g., change of composition), external
disruptions (e.g., loss of power), etc.

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KEY TERMS cont… EXAMPLES OF GUIDE WORDS

• “Consequences” - these are the results of the Guide Word Parameter Deviation
deviations should they occur (e.g., release of
toxic materials). Trivial consequences, relative to NO FLOW NO FLOW
the study objective, are dropped.
MORE PRESSURE HIGH PRESSURE
• “Guide words” - these are simple words which
are used to qualify or quantify the intention in AS WELL AS ONE PHASE TWO PHASE
order to guide and stimulate the brainstorming
process and so discover deviations. OTHER THAN OPERATION MAINTENANCE

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HAZOP GUIDE WORDS AND MEANINGS OTHER USEFUL MODIFICATIONS

TO GUIDE WORDS
Guide Word Meaning
No/None The negation of the intention • SOONER or LATER for OTHER THAN when
(e.g. no flow) considering time
Less A quantitative decrease
(e.g. low pressure)
• WHERE ELSE for OTHER THAN when
More A quantitative increase
considering position, sources, or destination
(e.g. high pressure)
Part of Qualitative Decrease (only I of 2
components present) • HIGHER and LOWER for MORE and LESS
As well as Qualitative Increase (e.g. impurity) when considering elevations, temperatures, or
Reverse Logical Opposite of the Intent pressures.
(e.g. backflow)
Other than Complete Substitution (e.g. wrong55 56

material)

GUIDELINES FOR THE PROCEDURE

1. Define the purpose, objectives, and

scope of the study
2. Select the team
3. Prepare for the study
4. Carry out the team review
5. Record the results

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