Periodic table: Arrangement of elements in groups and periods, where properties of elements at regular intervals
1. Doberniers triads
2. Newlands octaves
3. Mandellevs periodic
……
46. Modern period table(mosely)
Modern periodic table
law: the physical and chemical properties are the periodic functions of the atomic number
(Phy & che gets repeated) (Phy & che depends upon atomic no)
LANTHANOIDS & ACTANIDESReason ,to be kept down:
1. As they differnt properties ans structure or shape of periodic table destroid , they are kept down
2.58-71(14 elements)- lanthanoides as starts from lanthanum, 3rd group, 6th period
3.90-103(14elements)- Actanides as starts from Actinium , 3rd group, 7th period
Groups =
I .Valency number in the last shell= Group no(signifies)
Eg: Ca 2nd group, 2 electrons present in the last shell
1.To 3rd to 12th group , it can’t applied, as properties entirlt different
2.13 th group - 3 electrons
3. 14th group- 4 electron so on …..
II. Valancy: combing capacity of an atom element or no of lectrons lost or gained or shared during chemical reaction to
ubtain stability , having 8 electrons,like nobel gases
1g- +1 valancy(loose), 2g- +2 valancy 3g to12g- variable, 13g- +3valancy,14g- 4 val( share)
15g- 8-5= -3(gain),16g-8-6=-2(gain) 17g-8-7=-1(gain) 18g- zero
1g to 14th group. Increase, 14g to 18th group decreases
Iii. Names of groups
IA-Alkali groups- They form strong water soluble bases , when are put in water
Na + H2O——NaOH, NaOH soluble in water , NaOH is alkali(base)
IIA- Alkaline earth metals- 1. These also form weak water soluble bases, when are put in water
2.they are all present in earth crust
III to12th group- d-block elements or transition elements
13 group- boron family
14 group-Carbon family
15 group- Nitrogen family
16group - Chalcogens ( ore forming ability with metals)
17 group- Halogens ( salt formers ex NaCl)
18group- Nobel gases ( no reaction)
2. Elements have same valancy number and same valancy(either gain or loose electrons)-why?
2.elements that are in group or come after certain gap ,have same physical and chemical properties (function )-why?
3. Elements have same electronic configuration- reasons of above all
PERIODS
I. periodic number= no of orbitals (indicates)
Eg: Ca (z=20)- 4period , 4 shells, valancy electrons present in the 4th shell
No of shells across a period remains same
No of shells increases down the group ( top to bottom)
II. No of shells
1p- 2 elements ( smallest)
2p- 8. “
3p- 8. “
4p- 18. “
5p- 18. “
6p- 32. “
7p- 32. “. (Largest period)
Periodicity : its property that gets repeated-after certain intervals( or atomic nos)
Cause/reason: they have similar outer most electonic configuration( same no of electrons)
Different periodic properties
1. Atomic size
2. Metallic character
3. Non metallic character
4. Ionisation enthalpy
5. Electron affinity
6. Electonic negativity
7. Chemical reactivity
1. Atomic size
The distance between centre of the nucleus and last shell
Practically it isnot possible , finding atomic size
Half of the internuclear distance between the bonded atoms in a molecule,
this distnce nearly or exactly equal to atomic radius
Factors affecting:
1. Atomic size € No of shells in groups
2.Atomic size € Nuclear charge:(no of protons) in periods
II. METALLIC CHARECTER
bility of an element to loose valance electron to form ions
Na——Na +
Factor affecting
1. Mettalic character € Atomic size
2.Mettalic character € nuclear charge
Note
Metals always form basic compounds
As metallic nature € basic nature
Eg: which of these , most basic , Li2O, BeO, ,N2O,
Ans: Li2O
Which is most basic ? Li2O, Na2O, K2O,Cs2O
Ans: Cs2O
III. NON METALLIC CHARACTER
Ability of an atom to gain (accept) electron
Factors
1. Atomic size:
smaller the size of an atom, more is non metallic character
Non metallic charactor €. 1 / atomic size
Eg: F + 1e———-+ F-
F is small in size
F has more attraction to attract othr electrons
2. Nuclear charge:
As nuclear charge increases, non metalic charge also increases
Trend in non metallic character
From left to right (across period)- non metallic chractor increases
Down the group , non metallic character decreases, as size increases
Note: compounds which arr formed from non metals are acidic
Eg: Na2O, MgO, Al2O3, SO3, Cl2O3 are more acidic?
Cl2O
Chemical reactivity:
an element with greater tendency to loose or gain electrons is said to be more reactive.
IA - most reactive element. VIIA - most reactive elements
Li
Na F
K Cl
Rb Br
Cs - is most reactive and most metallic I - is most reactive and most reactive
Across period- More —— less——more
Chemical reactivity Decreases from more and increases
Down the group: ( top to bottom). -
Chemical reactivity increases
III. Ionisation enthalpy/Ionisation potential
the ebergy required to remove electrin from neutral gaseous atom(only in loosing electron)
M +———>M+ + 1e. (IE1) + energy (+ indicates energy is supplied)
M———>M+ + 2e. (IE2)
M———>M+ + 3e. (IE3). So on
At a time , 3 electrons can’t be removed. One by one can be removed.
Factor:
IE @ 1 / atomic size
IE @ nuclear charge. Periods: increases (L to R)
Groups: decreases (down)
He.
Li Ne
Na Ar. He has the
Cs has the
K highest IE
least IE in kr.
Rb
entire periodic Xe
Cs
table
IV.Electron gain enthalpy/Electron affinity:
it opposite to IE
The energy is released when an electron is added to neutral gaseous atom(only in accepting the
electron not in loosing). This energy is released only when accepting electron.
F + 1e———->F- + heat energy(-298kJ/mole) (negative sign indicates energy is released energy)
This energy is EA.
Factors:
EA@ 1/ atomic size
EA@ Nuclear charge
Periods: Increased (left to right)
Groups: decreased (down)
F Li
Cl Na
17th group have highest EA. K 1group elements have tje leasr EA
Br
I Cs
F> Cl > Br> I. This is the actual order
But it is not practically.
Cl>F>Br>I
F has small out most shell. When electron is accepted to get stability, repulsion takes place by other electron that are in out
most shell.
Cl has larger shell than F. When electron is accepted to get stability, repulsion doesn’t takes place…., so it can release
more energy.
V. Electronegativity
Ability of an atom to pull the bonded pair of electrons itself, this will observe in compounds and molecules which
have chemical bond.( it is only pulling)
Speacially in covelent bonds.
H ** Cl. Cl pull electron pair towards it. H. **Cl
Factors:
EN@1/ atomic size
EN@ nuclear charge
Period: increases (L to R)
Groups: decreases(down)
F
Cl
Br
I
F> Cl> Br>I. Fluorine has the highest EA among all elements
