Materials Today: Proceedings 62 (2022) 2094–2099

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Materials Today: Proceedings

journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/matpr

A review on 3D printing: An additive manufacturing technology

Aniket Jadhav a,⇑, Vijay S. Jadhav b
a
Student, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Government College of Engineering, Karad, India
b
Associate Professor, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Government College of Engineering, Karad, India

a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t

Article history: Additive manufacturing, often known as 3D printing, is a type of digital fabrication technique that builds
Available online 10 March 2022 physical items from a geometrical model through the addition of materials. The field of 3D printing is one
that is rapidly expanding. 3D printing has been a common practice around the world in recent years.
Keywords: Mass customization and manufacture of open-source designs are becoming increasingly common uses
Prototype of 3D printing in the agricultural, healthcare, automotive, and locomotive industries. Using a CAD model
Additive Manufacturing (AM) as a starting point, 3D printing technology can build a three-dimensional object layer by layer. This paper
Slicing
provides an overview of the different types of 3D printing techniques, Classification, Materials used, &
STL
their applications in various sectors.
Copyright Ó 2022 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Selection and peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the International Confer-
ence on Design, Manufacturing and Materials Engineering.

1. Introduction Regarding non-manufacturing, area-selective atomic layer deposi-

tion (ALD) has emerged as a viable alternative. ALD restricts the
Many different kinds of products and services use 3D printers to amount of material deposited at a restricted location. Patterning
create actual replicas of computer-generated designs, including and chemical mechanical polishing can be reduced, allowing for
everything from toys to medical implants to detailed maps and his- self-aligned production and reducing the number of manufacturing
torical artefacts. Many other materials can be used to create tem- stages [4–6]. Due to the competitive process and usage of certain
plates, such as plastic and plaster and metal and fruit. Each of tools, especially in high-quality manufacturing, 3D printing tech-
these materials has its own set of advantages and disadvantages. nology is tested for its compatibility with porous clay materials.
There’s also the matter of paper to consider. Using ordinary paper New technical approaches for producing porous attractiveness
as a construction material to generate additively manufactured are reviewed here.
pieces is a letdown. It’s possible that a 3D-printed item might Parts of blue-green clay are 3D printed and then fused in order
not be able to handle the wear and tear that you might put it to complete the process. Different powders are created depending
through. Using the correct binding and sealing methods, you may on the 3D printing quality of the pottery and the materials being
practically return paper to its original wood type, with all the examined. The physical features of the particles, such as particle
strength, durability, and ruggedness of wood-based objects. With size, flow, and water, are also explored in relation to the 3D print-
the help of a variety of programming tools, this paper explores ing process. Looks examines the relationship between the final
and describes the additive manufacturing process from all angles. print outcome and various 3D printing parameters. Low extent
Applications and growth materials must be considered while additives made to order3-D printing variations are growing sur-
selecting printing procedures [1–3]. This study examines and pre- prisingly in prototyping manufacturing [7–10]. 3D printing and
sents the benefits and drawbacks of this technology in the context its many materials and their qualities are the focus of this study,
of large application development. There is a wide range of available which covers a wide range of technologically interesting ground.
technology and materials for making metal items. With a wide They take a look at the history of 3-D printing and examine what
selection of materials already available, including titanium and materials have been utilized to produce 3-D printed gadgets and
nickel alloys, as well as stainless steel, the range is only growing. choose the best materials for our 3-D printing equipment from
them. Metal foil laminated object manufacturing and sheet metal
laminated object manufacturing principles are also discussed in
⇑ Corresponding author.
this paper. The experimental results for qualifying and optimizing
E-mail address: [email protected] (A. Jadhav).

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2022.02.558
2214-7853/Copyright Ó 2022 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Selection and peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the International Conference on Design, Manufacturing and Materials Engineering.
A. Jadhav and V.S. Jadhav Materials Today: Proceedings 62 (2022) 2094–2099

each sub-process of metal foil laminated manufacturing methods

are revealed for each sub-process of the method [11–13]. Fig. 1
shows a general process flow for Additive manufacturing.

1.1. Classification of Additive manufacturing

Additive manufacturing, often known as 3D printing or layered

manufacturing, is fabricating things by layering materials in a 3D
printer. ASTM defines additive manufacturing as ‘‘the process of
combining materials to build products from 3D model data, usually
in a layer-by-layer way, as opposed to subtractive manufacturing
approaches.” Charles W. Hull brought additive manufacturing to
the world in 1984, and it has been thoroughly investigated in the
previous two decades. A stereolithography file is often built from
a computer-aided design (CAD) file. A 3D printer can decode the
STL file format. To render 3D printing, a variety of polymers, met-
als, ceramics, and composites are used. Material extrusion, binder
jetting, material jetting, powder bed fusion directed energy depo-
sition, sheet lamination, and vat photopolymerization are among
the seven additive manufacturing techniques classified by ASTM/
F2921 (Fig. 2). Additive manufacturing is built to process smart
and adaptive materials [36,37].

1.2. 3D printing materials Fig. 2. Classification of Additive manufacturing.

The quantity of 3D-printable materials utilized globally is a

Table 1
small percentage of all polymers, composites, alloys, and metals. Technologies with their input materials.
3D printers, on the other hand, use a diverse and ever-expanding
Technology Sample Materials
spectrum of ordinary, precious, and exotic materials. Polymers,
composites, carbon fibre, and other materials can all help grow Material Jetting Photopolymers, silver, wax
any business. Even if any organization doesn’t have a market for Powder Bed Fusion Aluminum, ceramic, cobalt, gold, Inconel, nickel,
polymer, silicate, steel, titanium
3D printed products, you’ll always need to replace broken parts, Binder Jetting Aluminum, bronze, ceramics, foundry sand,
even if it’s just a temporary fix while you wait for an OEM part. gypsum, Inconel, stainless steel
You may have assembly procedures that necessitate the usage of Stereolithography (vat Polymers, composites
specialized jigs and fixtures by your finishing staff. You may have photopolymerization)
Sheet Lamination Carbon fiber, copper, fiberglass, Kevlar, stainless
innovative operations and maintenance people who can adapt
steel, titanium
commercial-off-the-shelf equipment to manufacture new and bet- Material Extrusion Polymers, composites, fiberglass, Kevlar, metal,
ter inkjet-printed items using 3D printed parts. Table 1 shows nylon, biomaterials
different-different technologies with their input materials [35–37]. Directed Energy Aluminum, copper, Inconel, magnesium, nickel,
Deposition steel, titanium, zirconium

2. Types of Additive Manufacturing/3D Printing

Fig. 3. Mr. Scott Crump first introduced this kind of 3D printing
2.1. FDM-Fused Deposition Modelling technology in 1986 [14–17].

Basically, FDM stands for Fused Deposition Modelling. In this

technology, a thermoplastic filament coil is used as input material. 2.2. SLS- Selective Laser Sintering
The most commonly used material in FDM is ABS (Acrylonitrile
Butadiene Styrene). In this process, a particular thermoplastic fila- Basically, Sintering is a process in which powder is used as a
ment is heated up to its melting point on the inside of an extruder, raw material and this powder is heated up just below the It’s melt-
and then it is extruded layer by layer, and that particular layer by ing point was reached, and then this particular powder melted
layer arrangement is done to form a 3D solid object as shown in together to form a solid object.

Fig. 1. Additive Manufacturing Process (Source: www.javelin-tech.com).

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A. Jadhav and V.S. Jadhav Materials Today: Proceedings 62 (2022) 2094–2099

Fig. 3. Fused Deposition Modelling (Source: www.pcbway.com).

Selective Laser Sintering is an additive manufacturing (AM) STL file, the 3D printer prints 3D objects accurately. In the SLA pro-
technology. In this, polymeric powder is used to create a 3D object. cess, a laser heats the photopolymer liquid’s upper surface, and
There are different materials that are available that are used as raw then the photopolymer liquid gets hardened up instantly. This par-
materials in the Selective Laser Sintering Process, like Thermoplas- ticular laser has the provision to move in any shape to form the
tic, Ceramic, Glass, Metal, etc. But the majority of the material used design of that particular object as shown in Fig. 5 [19,20].
is plastic, and in plastic material, Nylon 11 and Nylon 12 are used.
In SLS, a CO2 laser is used, and this laser is connected to the user’s
computer. After the laser tracts the accurate geometries, inside the
chambers, powder is heated just below its melting point, and then
this particular powder is fused together to form a solid object as
shown in Fig. 4 [18]. 2.4. LOM- Laminated Object Manufacturing

Laminated Object Manufacturing (LOM) is an additive manufac-

2.3. SLA- Stereo-lithography
turing process that is used to create 3D objects using paper, plastic,
and metals. In this process, paper or plastic laminates are succes-
Stereolithography is the first ever process of 3D printing that
sively glued together and the desired shape of the object is cut
was introduced to the market. This particular process can manu-
using a laser cutter. In this laminated object manufacturing pro-
facture the 3D printed parts from liquid resin polymer into solid
cess, initially a sheet is joined to a substrate with a heated roller,
objects. There are four important components present in this pro-
then a laser is used to trace the desired dimensions of the model
cess. The first one is UV Curable Photopolymer Liquid, which is pre-
or the prototype. Actually, the laser removes the area which is
sent in the tank. The second one is the perforated table. The third
not part of the object, then the platform with the completed layers
one is the laser source, and the last one is the computer, which
moves down. After that, a fresh sheet of metal is rolled into the
controls the movement of the laser source and perforated table.
position, and the platform goes back to its original position to
After the CAD file is prepared, that CAD file is converted into an
receive the next layer again as shown in Fig. 6. The process is
STL file, which is the input file of a 3D printer, and according to that
repeated until the model or prototype is completed [21–23].

Fig. 4. SLS- Selective Laser Sintering process (Source: 3dprint.com). Fig. 5. SLA- Stereo-lithography Process (Source: manufactur3dmag.com).

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A. Jadhav and V.S. Jadhav Materials Today: Proceedings 62 (2022) 2094–2099

3. Applications

3D printers have been used for centuries, regularly transform-

ing 3D computer plans into complex physical artefacts for product
creation, educational, artistic, medical, surveying, ancient preser-
vation and other applications, few of them are explained below
as shown in Fig. 8 [27].

3.1. Medical Application

In the healthcare profession, AM can be utilised to create pros-

thetic parts of the body that are personalized to the user’s needs.
Printing out a hearing aid shell can also be done with this printer.
Fig. 6. LOM- Laminated Object Manufacturing process (Source: www. Preparation for surgery can benefit from the ability of AM to build
starrapid.com). complicated models. 3D printed representations of a patient’s
anatomy can be used instead of MRI and CT scans by surgeons to
better understand the patient’s anatomy prior to surgery. Addition-
2.5. SDL-Selective Deposition Lamination ally, these models can be utilised for surgical training and simula-
tion purposes [27,28].
A sheet of paper is laid out on the platform at the beginning of
the process. To ensure that the support can be easily removed, glue
3.2. Education
is selectively sprayed to the paper, with a larger concentration in
the working region and a lower concentration in the support area,
Every forward-thinking academic institution and every innova-
respectively. A paper feeding mechanism places a fresh sheet over
tive educator strive to maximise student-teacher collaboration in
the recently adhered one in the next stage. The built plate is now
the pursuit of ever-improving methods for improving the educa-
pushed closer to the heated plate and applied to ensure a uniform
tional experience. Because of this, educational institutions have
bond. Build height is reached, and then a sharp edge tool cuts one
been forced to keep pace with rapid changes in technology. Stu-
sheet of paper in accordance with design data and produces the
dents are increasingly exposed to new and innovative ways of
part’s edge as shown in Fig. 7. As the initial sheet is finished, the
learning, including online virtual classrooms, online learning.
next sheet is immediately deposited until the part is finished
Nowadays lots of people are talking about AM in the educational
[24,25].
community. AM also emerged as the ground-breaking technology
To analyze SDL more thoroughly, a survey is performed on
and is being recognized as a new motivator for education. Clearly,
levels that justify the term ‘‘selective deposition lamination.”
this technology has made its way into many schools, institutes, and
even curriculums, as educational institutions have come to realise
 Selective: Aid elimination is made easier due to the machine’s
its relevance and how it aids in the achievement of successful edu-
ability to provide better glueing at the working region while
cational experiences [29–32].
decreasing the amount at the aid position. As a result of the
LOM procedure, glue is applied to the entire piece of paper,
making it difficult to remove. 3.3. Architecture
 Deposition: Applying glue as in SLS, with the aid of a paper cut-
ter is an art that requires perfection. LOM gluing is done more AM is very useful for architects because when architects design
consistently, where glue is applied to the entire sheet. a building, they usually do so with a blueprint or a plan. Due to
 Lamination: Laminates are sheets stacked on top of each other their complex nature, a layman cannot understand these blue-
in a layered fashion. Paper is used to construct these compo- prints. Quite often, architects cannot express their ideas clearly
nents, so they will last a long time [26]. and have to make renderings that are time-consuming.AM now
changes all of that, models are direct scaled versions of the draw-

Fig. 7. Working of selective deposition lamination process (Source: www.makepartsfast.com).

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