Scribd
Upload
36 views3 pages

Week 4

Dimensionality reduction techniques are used to reduce high-dimensional datasets while preserving important information. Common methods include PCA, LDA, t-SNE, autoencoders, factor analysis, sparse coding, and ICA. Each has strengths and limitations depending on the data and analysis objectives.

Uploaded by

MANISH P
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
36 views3 pages

Week 4

Dimensionality reduction techniques are used to reduce high-dimensional datasets while preserving important information. Common methods include PCA, LDA, t-SNE, autoencoders, factor analysis, sparse coding, and ICA. Each has strengths and limitations depending on the data and analysis objectives.

Uploaded by

MANISH P
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 3

WEEK 4 BUSINESS DATA MINING

Dimensionality reduction techniques are used to reduce the number of features or


variables in a dataset while preserving as much relevant information as possible. High-
dimensional datasets with a large number of features can suffer from the curse of
dimensionality, leading to increased computational complexity, overfitting, and difficulty
in visualizing and interpreting the data. Dimensionality reduction methods help address
these challenges by transforming the dataset into a lower-dimensional space while
retaining important patterns and relationships. Here are some common methods of
dimensionality reduction:

1. Principal Component Analysis (PCA):


- PCA is one of the most widely used techniques for dimensionality reduction. It works
by transforming the original features into a new set of orthogonal (uncorrelated) features
called principal components.
- The principal components are ordered in terms of the amount of variance they explain
in the data. The first principal component captures the maximum variance, followed by
the second principal component, and so on.
- PCA finds the linear combinations of the original features that maximize the variance
in the data. It is particularly useful for reducing the dimensionality of high-dimensional
datasets and visualizing patterns in the data.
- PCA is an unsupervised technique and does not take into account the class labels or
target variable when finding the principal components.

2. Linear Discriminant Analysis (LDA):


- LDA is a supervised dimensionality reduction technique that is closely related to
PCA. It aims to find the linear combinations of features that best separate the classes or
categories in the data.
- Unlike PCA, which maximizes the variance in the data, LDA maximizes the between-
class scatter while minimizing the within-class scatter. This results in a lower-
dimensional space where the classes are well-separated.
- LDA is commonly used for classification tasks where the goal is to reduce the
dimensionality of the feature space while preserving the discriminatory information
between classes.

3. t-Distributed Stochastic Neighbor Embedding (t-SNE):


- t-SNE is a nonlinear dimensionality reduction technique that is particularly useful for
visualizing high-dimensional data in low-dimensional space (usually 2 or 3 dimensions).
- t-SNE works by modeling the pairwise similarities between data points in the high-
dimensional space and in the low-dimensional space. It aims to preserve the local
structure of the data, meaning that similar data points are mapped close together in the
low-dimensional space.
- t-SNE is often used for exploratory data analysis and visualization, especially in fields
such as natural language processing, genomics, and image analysis.

4. Autoencoders:
- Autoencoders are neural network-based models that learn to reconstruct the input data
from a compressed representation (encoding) of the data. They consist of an encoder
network that maps the input data to a lower-dimensional latent space and a decoder
network that reconstructs the input data from the latent space.
- By training the autoencoder to minimize the reconstruction error, the encoder network
learns to extract the most important features or patterns in the data. The dimensionality of
the latent space can be controlled by adjusting the size of the bottleneck layer in the
network.
- Autoencoders are powerful nonlinear dimensionality reduction techniques that can
capture complex relationships in the data. They are often used for feature learning,
anomaly detection, and data denoising.

5. Factor Analysis:
- Factor analysis is a statistical technique that is used to identify the underlying factors
or latent variables that explain the correlations between observed variables in the data.
- Factor analysis assumes that the observed variables are linear combinations of a
smaller number of unobserved factors, plus random error. The goal is to estimate the
factors and their loadings (weights) on the observed variables.
- Factor analysis is commonly used in social sciences, psychology, and market research
to uncover the underlying dimensions or constructs in a dataset.

6. Sparse Coding:
- Sparse coding is a dimensionality reduction technique that aims to find a sparse
representation of the data in terms of a small number of basis vectors (atoms).
- The sparse coding model assumes that the data can be represented as a linear
combination of a few basis vectors, with most coefficients being zero. The goal is to find
the sparsest representation of the data that preserves the essential structure and
information.
- Sparse coding is often used in signal processing, image compression, and feature
learning tasks.

7. Independent Component Analysis (ICA):


- ICA is a blind source separation technique that aims to separate a set of mixed signals
into their underlying independent components.
- Unlike PCA, which finds orthogonal components that capture the maximum variance
in the data, ICA finds statistically independent components that are as statistically
independent as possible.
- ICA is often used in fields such as neuroscience, telecommunications, and image
processing to separate and analyze mixed signals or sources.
These are some of the common methods of dimensionality reduction used in data
analysis, machine learning, and signal processing. Each technique has its own strengths,
limitations, and applications, and the choice of method depends on the specific
characteristics of the data and the objectives of the analysis.

You might also like