HP32

HP 32
HYDROLOGICAL PROCEDURE
HYDROLOGICAL STANDARD
FOR RAINFALL STATION
INSTRUMENTATION
HP 32
DEPARTMENT OF IRRIGATION AND DRAINAGE MALAYSIA

DISCLAIMER
The department or government shall have no liability or responsibility to the user or any other person
or entity with respect to any liability, loss or damage caused or alleged to be caused, directly or
indirectly, by the adaptation and use of the methods and recommendations of this publication,
including but not limited to, any interruption of service, loss of business or anticipatory profits or
consequential damages resulting from the use of this publication.
Opinions expressed in DID publications are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect those
of DID.
Copyright ©2018 by Department of Irrigation and Drainage (DID) Malaysia Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
Perpustakaan Negara Malaysia Cataloguing-in-Publication Data
HYDROLOGICAL STANDARD FOR RAINFALL STATION INSTRUMENTATION. HP 32

(HYDROLOGICAL PROCEDURE ; HP 32)
ISBN 978-983-9304-38-1
1. Hydrological stations--Malaysia.
2. Hydrology--Malaysia.
3. Government publications--Malaysia.
I. Department of Irrigation and Drainage Malaysia.
II. Series.
551.5709595
All rights reserved. Text and maps in this publication are the copyright of the Department of Irrigation
and Drainage Malaysia unless otherwise stated and may not be reproduced without permission.
i
PREFACE
The Hydrological Procedure (HP) No 32: Hydrological Standard for Rainfall Station Instrumentation
sets out guidelines and practices for the installation, operation and maintenance of rainfall
instrumentation in the field of hydrology, enabling them to carry out their work more efficiently. The
detailed description of the theoretical basis and applications of hydrological methods and techniques
are beyond the scope of this guide, although references to such documentation are provided
wherever applicable. It is hoped that this HP will be used, not only by Jabatan Pengairan dan Saliran
(JPS) Malaysia, but also by other stakeholders and agencies involved in water resource management
in general, and in water resource monitoring and assessment in particular.
Menara Teknik was commissioned by the Division of Water Resources and Hydrology to produce
Hydrological Procedure No 32: Hydrological Standard for Rainfall Station Instrumentation through
“Development of Hydrological Procedure No. 32: Hydrological Standard for Rainfall Station
Instrumentation, Hydrological Procedure No 33: Hydrological Standard for Water Level Station
Instrumentation and Hydrological Procedure No 35: Hydrological Standard for Water Quality Station
Instrumentation”, contract no. JPS/IP/C/H/06/2016. The HP 33: Hydrological Standard for Water Level
Station Instrumentation and HP 35: Hydrological Standard for Water Quality Station Instrumentation
were also produced under the same commission.
ii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The authors greatly acknowledge the valuable contribution and feedback from Department of
Irrigation and Drainage (DID) personnel especially the Director of Water Resources Management and
Hydrology, Dato’ Ir. Haji Nor Hisham Bin Mohd. Ghazali, Director of National Flood Forecasting and
Warning Centre (PRABN), Pn. Hajah Paridah Anun Binti Tahir and the staff namely Ir. Rajaselvam a/l
Govindaraju, Ir. Hasanuddin Bin Mohd Ibrahim and En. Hairuy Azmi bin Aziz.
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Table of Contents
DISCLAIMER.............................................................................................................................................. i
PREFACE .................................................................................................................................................. ii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ............................................................................................................................ iii
1. Introduction .................................................................................................................................... 1
2. Review of Existing Rainfall Gauges ................................................................................................. 1
Non Recording Rain gauge ...................................................................................................... 2
Recording Rain Gauge ............................................................................................................. 2
Tipping Bucket................................................................................................................. 3
Weighing Gauge .............................................................................................................. 4
Radar ............................................................................................................................... 7
3. Procedure in Selecting Rainfall Gauges .......................................................................................... 9
4. Selection of Site .............................................................................................................................. 9
5. Instrumentation ............................................................................................................................ 10
General Specification of Tipping Bucket ............................................................................... 10
General Specification of Windshield ..................................................................................... 11
General Specification of Pole Stand ...................................................................................... 11
General Specification of Data Logger.................................................................................... 12
General Specification of Manual Rain Gauge ....................................................................... 12
6. Construction of Station ................................................................................................................. 13
Station ................................................................................................................................... 13
Enclosure ............................................................................................................................... 14
Earthing ................................................................................................................................. 14
TN-C System .................................................................................................................. 17
TN-S- System ................................................................................................................. 17
TN-C-S System ............................................................................................................... 18
T-T System ..................................................................................................................... 19
IT-System ....................................................................................................................... 19
Lightning Protection .............................................................................................................. 20
Conduit .................................................................................................................................. 22
Fencing .................................................................................................................................. 23
Type of Fencing ............................................................................................................. 23
Comparison of Type of Fencing..................................................................................... 25
Signboard .............................................................................................................................. 25
7. Installation of Instrument ............................................................................................................. 25
Installation of Tipping Bucket ............................................................................................... 25
Installation of Mini Data Logger............................................................................................ 26
8. Solar Power Supply ....................................................................................................................... 26
9. Telemetry and Communication System ........................................................................................ 27
Remote Terminal Unit (RTU) ................................................................................................. 27
Communication Instruments ................................................................................................ 29
Radio Communication ................................................................................................... 29
GSM/ EDGE Communication – 3G/4G .......................................................................... 30
Satellite Communication ............................................................................................... 30
10. Maintenance of Instruments .................................................................................................... 31
11. Calibration of Instruments ........................................................................................................ 32
Calibration Procedure ........................................................................................................... 32
How and When to Calibrate.................................................................................................. 32
12. Guidelines for Safety & Health.................................................................................................. 33
Site Tidiness .......................................................................................................................... 33
Working at Height ................................................................................................................. 33
General Provisions ........................................................................................................ 33
Guard Rails .................................................................................................................... 34
Protective Equipment ........................................................................................................... 34
Safety Helmet................................................................................................................ 34
Footwear ....................................................................................................................... 34
Working in Hot Environment ................................................................................................ 35
Electrical Hazard.................................................................................................................... 35
Safety Procedures in Handling Electrical Equipment .................................................... 35
13. Do’s and Don’ts ......................................................................................................................... 36
14. Summary Sheet ......................................................................................................................... 37
15. References ................................................................................................................................ 39
Appendix A: Related Documents from Ms ISO 9001: 2015 ............................................................ A1-A4
Appendix B: List of Drawing ............................................................................................................ B1-B9
List of Figures
Figure 1 Typical Tipping Bucket .............................................................................................................. 4

Figure 2 Typical Weighing Gauge ............................................................................................................ 5
Figure 3 How a Rainfall Radar Works (Met Office UK 2017)................................................................... 7
Figure 4 X-band MP radar at Funabashi, Japan 9 (MLIT 2013) ............................................................... 8
Figure 5 Tipping Bucket Installed at the Top of Station Housing .......................................................... 13
Figure 6 Illustration for Earthing and Protective Conductor System .................................................... 15
Figure 7 TN-C System ............................................................................................................................ 17
Figure 8 TN-S- System ........................................................................................................................... 18
Figure 9 TN-C-S System ......................................................................................................................... 18
Figure 10 TT-System .............................................................................................................................. 19
Figure 11 IT-System............................................................................................................................... 19
Figure 12 Security Fence ....................................................................................................................... 23
Figure 13 Anti-Climb Fence ................................................................................................................... 24
Figure 14 Chain-link Fence .................................................................................................................... 24
List of Table
Table 1 General Specification of Weighing Type Tipping Bucket ........................................................... 6

Table 2 Comparison of Different Type of Fencing ................................................................................ 25
Table 3 Technical Specification of RTU ................................................................................................. 27
Table 4 Summary of Specification of VHF Band .................................................................................... 29
Table 5 Summary of Safety and Health Guidelines............................................................................... 33
1. Introduction
Since decades, Jabatan Pengairan Saliran (JPS) Malaysia has been the national hydrological agency
that develops hydrological stations nationwide to collect and obtain data for water resource
assessment, planning, development, early flood warning and river monitoring purposes. This
procedure is used as the standard instrumentation, installation and maintenance for rainfall stations
in Malaysia.
In fact, changes in instrumentation over the years have improved the time resolution and rainfall
depth over the recording history in many sites. Improvements in resolution however come at a cost
of maintaining stationarity. Also, the time interval pertaining to data collected has significantly
changed over time.
Over the last 60 years, rainfall intensity is recorded as a total over time interval. Often, the time
intervals are set hourly, 15 minutes, 7.5 minutes, 6 minutes or 5 minutes. However, the current data
loggers permit a greater range of options and a quick time resolution can now be achieved.
2. Review of Existing Rainfall Gauges
Rainfall is measured using rain gauge installed at a location of interest. Rainfall collected at this point
represents the rainfall volume of the area around the rain gauge. For more than 50 years, JPS has
been recording point rainfall data using rain gauge. There are two type of rainfall gauges;
i. Non-recording rain gauge; and

ii. Recording rain gauge.
Previously, rainfall data were manually collected or recorded by personnel who visit the rain gauge
stations regularly, to measure the rainfall accumulated since the previous visit. The rainfall that is
manually read is referred as the non-recording rain gauges. Over time, the rain gauges are replaced
or supplemented with automatic rain gauges, thus variation in rainfall intensity can also be
recorded. In the automatic rain gauge, there are recording devices or loggers attached to register
rainfall and its time of occurrence. So far, there are limited rainfall gauges. Most of the automatic
rain gauges are tipping bucket, weighing and radar types.
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Non Recording Rain gauge
There are two non-recording rain gauges used by JPS Malaysia;
i. 203 mm diameter rain gauge, which is referred as manual gauge and readings are
taken daily or weekly
ii. 127 mm diameter rain gauge with capacity to collect 4000 mm of rainfall, used to
check gauge and readings are taken monthly. This is installed in stations located in
remote areas.
The standard rain gauge, has a 203mm or 127mm diameter receiver cap on top to catch and
funnel the rain into a can. The receiving funnel has a knife edge to catch rain falling precisely
in the surface area of 203 mm or 127 mm diameter. Measurements are done by pouring the
rainwater collected in the rain gauge into a measuring cylinder. The standard measuring
cylinder is 381 mm in height and has internal diameter of 76.2 mm. It is developed by JPS to
be used with the 203 mm diameter rain gauge. The cylinder is graduated to 1 and 0.5 mm,
it is intended to read the depth of the rain collected without having to apply any factors.
The cylinder has a convex base to enable reading of rainfall less than 0.5 mm. The water
level in the measuring cylinder is determined from the bottom level of the meniscus.
Usually, the rain gauge is installed at a standard height of 1350 m above the ground,
equipped with windshield to reduce the wind turbulence effect so that the rain gauge
catchment storage capacity is not affected.
Recording Rain Gauge
Daily readings of rainfall do not provide information of the rainfall temporal distribution and
it does not give details like how intense is the rainfall over short time period, this information
is critical to design urban drainage and flood simulation systems. The tipping bucket rain
gauge solves the issue in recording rainfall intensity and temporal distribution and the DID’s
rainfall stations were replaced with this type of recorder. Its description is given in detail in
the Hydrology Manual - Revised and Updated 1988.
In the 80s, the tipping was recorded on paper charts but this soon gave way to digital
recordings in memory chips. Paper charts have to be digitised to convert it to digital form
and this is time consuming. The digital recordings have the advantage to provide the data in
digital form in an instant. With digital recordings in memory chips, there is no more
difference between weekly and long-term recording equipment, as data storage is no longer
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a constraint and all automatic recorders are now recording long-term data. All automatic
(long-term) recording stations have a manual station that acts as a check gauge. In the
weekly rainfall stations, the check gauge has smaller capacity. The long-term recording
station has larger storage of a check gauge.
Tipping Bucket
The tipping bucket type rain gauge consists of a funnel that collects and channels the
precipitation into a seesaw-like container. After a pre-set amount of precipitation falls, the
lever tips, dumping the collected water thus sending an electrical signal. The electrical digital
signal will then be connected to data logger or Remote Terminal Unit (RTU) to log as a rainfall
tip (the amount of tip depends on rain gauge size).
200 mm Diameter with 0.5 mm Capacity
The 0.5 mm tipping bucket is currently used as the main rainfall measurement instrument
for almost all hydrology rainfall stations nationwide. The integrated siphon mechanism has
high accuracy across a broad range of rainfall intensities. Each unit consists of a collector
funnel with leaf filter, an integrated siphon control mechanism, an outer enclosure with
quick release fasteners, and base which houses the tipping bucket mechanism device. The
unit also includes dual output reed switches with varistor protection as well as dual rainfall
discharge outlets for water collection and/or analysis. All of the rain gauges are installed
using 0.5 mm bucket capacity. Overall, rainfall sensors at the rainfall stations are in a good
working condition and can provide rainfall data to JPS.
The tipping bucket rain gauge is not as accurate as the standard rain gauge because the
rainfall may stop before the lever tips. When the next rain occurs, it may take no more than
one or two drops to tip the lever. This causes the pre-set amount of rainfall falls when in
fact, only a fraction of that amount has actually fallen. Tipping buckets also tend to
miscalculate the rainfall amount, especially during heavy rainfall. The advantage of the
tipping bucket rain gauge is, it enables the characterisation of the rain (light, medium, or
heavy). Rainfall character is decided by measuring the total amount of rainfall in a specific
period (usually 1 hour) and counting the number of 'clicks' in 10 minutes, for an observer to
deduce the rain characteristics. In the event of high intensity rainfall, the data algorithms
can be corrected.
3
Nano hydrophobic coatings are sprayed on liquids used to protect glass, ceramic, painted,
metal, fabric, wood and mineral surfaces with oleophobic, water-stain repellent and
superhydrophobic features. This provides the surface with water repellence, oleophobic
coating, stain repellence, scratch resistance and water proofing characteristics. Thus,
nanocoating should be applied to the outer side of tipping bucket for extra protection.
Figure 1 Typical Tipping Bucket
Weighing Gauge
According to the Guide to Meteorological Instruments No. 8 (WMO 2014), in these

instruments, the weight of a container and the precipitation accumulated therein, is
recorded continuously, either by means of a spring mechanism or a balance weight system.
All precipitations, both liquid and solid, are recorded as the fall. This type of gauge normally
has no provision to empty itself; the capacity (namely, the maximum accumulation between
recharge) ranges between 250 and 1500 mm, depending on the model.
Low-capacity models should be avoided in areas where the maximum accumulation can
occur over short time period. The gauges must be maintained to minimise evaporation loss,
which is accomplished by adding sufficient oil or evaporation suppressants inside the
container, to form a film over the water surface. Any difficulties in balancing strong wind
oscillation is reduced via microprocessor programming to avoid readings from being
affected.
4
Such weighing gauges (Figure 2) are useful in recording snow, hail, as well as mixture of
snow and rain, since the solid precipitation does not need to be melted before being
recorded. The instrument does not use any moving mechanical parts in the weighing
mechanism; only elastic deformation occurs. Therefore, mechanical degradation and the
need for maintenance are significantly reduced.
Figure 2 Typical Weighing Gauge
In general, the digitised output signal is averaged and filtered. Precipitation intensity is
calculated from the difference between two or more consecutive weight measurements.
The accuracy of this gauge depends on the measurement and/or recording characteristics,
which can vary between manufacturers. Many instruments have data output with
diagnostic parameters, which are useful for further evaluation of measured data and data
quality control.
Errors and correction
Except for the errors due to the wetting loss in the container when it is emptied, weighing
gauges are susceptible to other sources of error. Another common fault with weighing
gauges is wind pumping. This occurs during high winds when turbulent air currents flow
around the catchment container, causing oscillation in the weighing. Errors associated with
anomalous recordings can be minimised by averaging readings over short time intervals,
usually ranging from 1 to 5 minutes. Timing errors in the instrument clock assign the catch
to the wrong period or date. Some weighing gauges also exhibit temperature sensitivity in
the weighing mechanism that adds a component to the output, which is proportional to the
diurnal temperature cycle.
5
Some potential errors in manual precipitation measurement are minimised by using
weighing gauges. Random errors associated with human error and systematic errors, such
as evaporation and wetting loss are minimised. In some countries, trace observations are
given a value of zero, thus resulting in a biased underestimate of the seasonal total
precipitation. This is minimised with weighing gauge, since the small amount of precipitation
will accumulate over time.
A fundamental characteristic of weighing gauges in measuring precipitation intensity is the

response time (filtering process included), which leads to measurement errors (systematic
delay). The response time, which is available in operation manuals or evaluated during the
previous WMO inter-comparison (WMO, 2009), are in the order of six seconds to few
minutes, depending on the gauge's design and model. The 1-minute precipitation intensity
resolution is different between weighing gauges and depends on the transducer resolution.
Such gauges may exhibit a limited or discriminatory threshold for precipitation intensity.
The correction of weighing gauge data on hourly or daily basis is more difficult than longer
collection period, such as monthly climatological summary. Ancillary data from automatic
weather stations, such as wind at gauge height, air temperature, present weather or snow
depth, are useful in interpreting and correcting the automatic gauge precipitation
measurements. The specification of weighing tipping bucket is illustrated in Table 1.
Table 1 General Specification of Weighing Type Tipping Bucket
Item Specification
Recordable Liquid, solid and mixed
precipitation
Collecting area 200 cm3
Sensor element Sealed load cell
Measuring range Precipitation: 0…3000 mm/h
Accuracy Amount: +- 0.1 mm or +-1% of measured value
Intensity: +- 0.1 mm/min or +-1% of measured value
Power Supply 5.5… 28 V DC, typically 12 VDC secured against reverse polarity
Protection Pipe housing closed: IP65
Pipe housing open: IP63
Load cell: IP68
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Radar
A weather radar is used to locate precipitation, calculate its motion, estimate its type (rain,
snow, hail, etc.) and forecast its future position and intensity. The most common weather
radars are Doppler, which can detect the motion of rain droplets besides the precipitation
intensity. Both data types can be analysed to determine the structure of storms and their
potential to cause severe weather.
For real-time use, this radar provides a unique mean of obtaining widespread, spatially
continuous measurements of precipitation location and intensity at scale of hundreds of
metres. Rainfall radar products are directly used by weather forecasters, and are fed into
forecasting models. In the areas of aviation and flood forecasting, they are crucial to protect
life and property.
Each radar sends out microwave radiation pulses and detects the return signals reflected by
precipitation particles, either liquid or frozen (Figure 3). The strength of the return signal is
used to estimate precipitation intensity, and its delay is a measure of distance from the radar
site. The radar generates polar (circular) measurement maps by 360 degrees rotation at
azimuth base, while transmitting pulses concentrated in a narrow beam. Some of the ‘scans’
are taken at a number of low elevation angles above the horizon. A scanning cycle takes 5
minutes, providing data up to 255 km from the site with a resolution up to 1 km.
Figure 3 How a Rainfall Radar Works (Met Office UK 2017)
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In 2010, the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism (MLIT) of Japan
developed X-band multi-parameter radar known as XRAIN for flood forecasting, equipped
with high resolution and quasi real-time observation in urban areas to reduce damage from
localised heavy rain and torrential downpour (Figure 4).
Figure 4 X-Band MP Radar at Funabashi, Japan 9 (MLIT 2013)
XRAIN real time information is delivered to the public via the MLIT website. Application and
contents for mobile devices are developed by the private sector and are widely used. When
heavy rain exceeds a specified value, MLIT sends alert via email to concerned individuals for
disaster prevention.
The summarised characteristics of XRAIN are as below (MLIT 2013):
(i) High resolution - X-band radar has short wavelength and can be observed at high
resolution (8-12 GHz)
(ii) Real Time - Measure shape of raindrops by transmitting two type of waves (horizontal
and vertical) and estimate rainfall from flattening of raindrops.
(iii) Suitable for rainfall prediction - Enable the user to observe raindrop in moving
direction and speed by Doppler Effect
8
3. Procedure in Selecting Rainfall Gauges
The radar rain gauge is known for real time and are very costly. Automatic rain gauge consists of
recording devices such as data loggers connected to either tipping bucket or weighing gauges system
device. The weighing gauge are useful in recording snow, hail as well as mixture of snow and rain.
Therefore, tipping bucket type is more suitable to be used in Asian country.
According to New Zealand National Environmental Monitoring Standards (NEMS), resolution of

tipping bucket rainfall gauges as per below:
i. 0.5 mm in general
ii. 0.1 mm or 0.2 mm in catchments < 25 km2
iii. 1.0 mm in high rainfall, mountainous areas.
Currently, JPS Malaysia adopts 0.5 mm tipping bucket.
4. Selection of Site
Location of the rainfall station is important and therefore, due consideration should be given to the
following criteria in selecting the site;
i. The spot at which rain gauge is to be installed should truly represent the area, of which it is
supposed to give depth of rainfall.
ii. The rain gauge station should be accessible to the observer at all times.
iii. The gauge should be erected on level ground, not upon a slope or terrace.
iv. A position sheltered from the wind is preferable over an exposed one (in mountains and
near sea coasts, it is essential to ensure that the gauge is not exposed to the wind).
v. The gauge should be properly secured and locked.
vi. The rain gauge station should not be too close to the buildings or trees etc. the proximity of
such objects affects the entry of rainfall into the funnel. According to the Guide to
Meteorological Instruments No. 8 (WMO 2014), rain gauge distance from other objects
should not be less than twice the height of the object above the rim of the gauge.
9
5. Instrumentation
A standard list of instruments to be installed in a rainfall station is as follows:
i. Tipping bucket
ii. Windshield (optional)
iii. Pole stand
iv. Data logger
v. Manual rain gauge
General Specification of Tipping Bucket
The 0.5 mm tipping bucket is used as the main rainfall measurement instrument for most of
hydrology rainfall stations throughout Malaysia. General specifications of tipping bucket are
as below;
Receiver : 200mm+/- 0.3 diameter heavy duty cast aluminum, powder coated
Bucket Capacity : 0.5 mm of rainfall
Sensitivity : one tip
Maximum : 700 mm/hr
intensity
Humidity : 0 – 100%
Temperature : -20 to +70 °C
Contact system :-Dual reed switches potted in soft silicon rubber with varistor
protection
Max capacity : 24V (0.5 amps max)
Resistance : Initial contact resistance 0.1 Ω
Syphon : 0.4mm (12ml) capacity of rainfall
Bucket : Synthetic ceramic coated brass bucket balanced to +/- 0.05gms
Base : Cast aluminum
Level : Bull’s eye level adhered to aluminum base
Mounting holes : Three 10mm diameter mounting holes with 117 mm p.c.d cast in
feet attached to the base outer diameter.
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General Specification of Windshield
Windshield is made of zinc painted with aluminium oxide. Refer Appendix B: List of Drawing;
Drawing No: BSAH/HP32/TB/01 for arrangement installation. Experiments were carried out
by the Hydrology Division to study the impact of JPS’s standard windshield on rainfall
catchment since wind turbulence is the major factor affecting the catch of rainfall by rain
gauges (Water Resource Publication No. 14, 1984). However, the results showed that the
undercatch is only 1% for rain gauge without windshield, which is installed according to the
JPS standard, with the height of 1350 mm. Thus, windshield is optional, however, a
windshield will help to;
i. ensure a parallel air flow over the orifice of the gauge

ii. avoid local acceleration above the orifice, and
iii. reduce the velocity of the wind striking the sides of the gauge.
General Specification of Pole Stand
General specifications of pole stand are as below:
Pole Material : Hot dipped galvanised iron

Pole Height : 990 mm
Diameter Pole : 90 mm with hollow circular section
Pole Thickness : 700 mm/hr
Plate Thickness : 6 mm
Plate Diameter : 250 mm
Plate Material : Hot dipped galvanised iron
Footing : 300 x 300 x 300 mm concrete footing (concrete grade 25)
Detail drawing as shown in Appendix B: List of Drawing; Drawing No: BSAH/HP32/TB/02.
11
General Specification of Data Logger
A data logger (known as data recorder) is an electronic device that records data over time
or in time series, either with a built-in instrument/sensor or via external instruments &
sensors. They are based on digital processor (or computer). In general, they are small,
battery powered, portable, and equipped with a microprocessor, internal memory for data
storage, and sensors. Some data loggers can interface with a personal computer and utilise
software to be activated to view and analyse the collected data, while others have a local
interface device (keypad, LCD) for them to be used as a standalone device. General
specifications of data logger are as below;
Low Power consumption : 3.6 V lithium lasts up to 2 years

Optional External Power : 6-16 VDC
Inputs Monitoring : 1 x Digital Rain gauge, 1 x External Battery Voltage
Data Memory : 512 KB Serial Flash EPROM
Events Recorded : 100,000 events, 1 Second Resolution
Communications : RS232 Port, (Tx, Rx)/ USB/ Ethernet / Wi-Fi
Environmental : -40C to + 70C at 95% RH Non
General Specification of Manual Rain Gauge
The optional manual rain gauge (Refer Appendix B: List of Drawing; Drawing No:
BSAH/HP32/NR/01) may be installed in the rainfall station. The function is to manually check
the water collected in the can. The standard measuring cylinder is 381 mm in height and has
internal diameter of 76.2 mm). It is developed by JPS to be used with the 203 mm diameter
rain gauge. The cylinder is graduated to 1 and 0.5 mm, it is intended to read the depth of
the rain collected without having to apply any factors. The cylinder has a convex base to
enable reading of rainfall less than 0.5 mm. The water level in the measuring cylinder is
determined from the bottom level of the meniscus.
12
6. Construction of Station
Station
At first, the site should be cleared by getting shrubs, grass and overgrowth weeded out.
Then the site should be levelled. The fencing should be constructed according to the
specifications and dimensions shown in Appendix B: List of Drawing; Drawing No:
BSAH/HP32/FEN/01.
There are two type of rainfall station construction in JPS. They are ground level installation
and roof top installation. For installation at the ground level, it is essential that each
instrument installed at the station does not affect the exposure of other instruments: e.g.
the enclosure should not affect rainfall collection in the rain gauge. The detailed layout of
the installation is shown in Appendix B: List of Drawing; Drawing No: BSAH/HP32/GA/01.
Roof top installation are done by installing tipping bucket with pole stand wall plugged to
roof slab. The enclosure will be placed indoor as shown in Figure 5. This is practiced for
combine stations where there will be two sensors or parameters being measured.
Figure 5 Tipping Bucket Installed at the Top of Station Housing
The construction should be done with care to avoid excavated earth being thrown onto the
levelled site. It is advisable to check the site level once the fencing has been constructed.
13
Enclosure
The enclosure should be water resistant with ingress protection of IP65 and complete with
compartment for manual. Also, it needs to be tidied up and maintained in good condition
all times. For future installation, it is recommended that JPS specifies the use of epoxy
coated galvanised enclosures.
Cable gland are used to attach and secure the end of the electrical cable. Cable gland
provides strain relief and connects with suitable cable for which it is designed, including
electrical connection to the armour or braid and lead or aluminium of the cable sheath, if
any. Rubber seal gaskets need to be replaced frequently, to ensure that the enclosure is not
accessible by insects or small rodents. Moreover, the wiring inside the enclosure need to be
terminated with suitable ferrule, flexible conduits, cable ties and labelled accordingly.
Finally, the enclosures on-site need to be provided with troubleshooting manuals, such as
wiring diagrams, operation & maintenance manual as well as as-built drawings. All
equipment on site should be labelled accordingly to make the troubleshooting easier. The
enclosure is sealed with JPS logo and marked with “HAK MILIK KERAJAAN MALAYSIA”.
Earthing
Every building, equipment, power plants, substations and facilities that use electricity
require earth grounding, either directly or through a grounding system. By definition, the
earthing system that is sometimes called ‘earthing’, it means the total set of measures used
to connect electrically conductive part to earth. Figure 6 illustrates the earthing and
protective conductor system. The earthing system is an essential part of power networks at
both high- and low-voltage levels. In this system, we are going to use voltage less than 1 Ω
and the installation of Surge Protection Device (SPD) 7 step is necessary for overvoltage
protection. In general, a good earthing system is required to protect station buildings and
installations against lightning, safeguard human and animal life by limiting touch and step
voltage to safe value, rectify operation of the electrical supply network and ensure good
power quality.
14
Figure 6 Illustration for Earthing and Protective Conductor System
15
The ground system resistance is tested beforehand to provide a concrete proof that the
preliminary design assumption is accurate and the earthing system is adequate and effective
in protecting rainfall station system. Besides, ground resistance measurements are to verify
the new ground system adequacy and determine ground potential rise (GPR) in developing
protection for power and communication circuits. In designing an earthing system, the
system shall provide low impedance path to ground for personnel and equipment
protection, as well as circuit relaying and it shall withstand and dissipate repeated fault and
surge current.
Overall, the earthing system is essential to complete an electrical path to ground if there is
non-designed or unanticipated above-normal potential current or voltage surge during
operating conditions. Personal injury, death or equipment damage can happen if the
grounding system is not properly designed and installed to guide the potentially dangerous
charge safely to ground. Furthermore, the earthing system under normal conditions carries
no current. It only carries current under abnormal conditions, when an electrical appliance
or equipment is faulty, and becomes a potential shock or fire hazard.
In conclusion, it is important for the earthing system at rainfall station to be inspected,

tested and reviewed periodically, so that all components are protected from hazard or
damage, thus ensuring data collection for rainfall measurement runs continuously.
BS 7671 lists five types of earthing system: TN-S, TN-C-S, TT, TN-C, and IT.
• T = Earth (from the French word Terre)

• N = Neutral
• S = Separate
• C = Combined
• I = Isolated
16
TN-C System
• Neutral and protective functions combined in a single conductor in a part of the system.
• The usual form of a TN-C-S system is as shown (Figure 7), where the supply is TN-C and
the arrangement in the installations is TN-S.
• This type of distribution is also known as protective multiple earthing.
• The supply system PEN conductor is earthed at two or more points and an earth
electrode may be necessary at or near a consumer’s installation.
• All exposed-conductive-parts of an installation are connected via the main earthing
terminal and the neutral consumer’s installation.
Figure 7 TN-C System
TN-S- System
• Separate neutral and protective conductors throughout the system (Figure 8).
• The protective conductor (PE) is the metallic covering of the cable supplying the
installation or a separate conductor.
• All exposed-conductive-parts of an installation are connected to this protective
conductor via the main earthing terminal of the installation.
17
Figure 8 TN-S- System
TN-C-S System
• This type of distribution is known as protective multiple earthing.
terminal and the neutral terminal, these terminals being linked together.
Figure 9 TN-C-S System
18
T-T System
• All exposed-conductive-parts of an installation are connected to an earth electrode

which is electrically independent of the source earth (Figure 10).
Figure 10 TT-System
IT-System

(Figure 11).
• The source is either connected to earth through a deliberately introduced earthing
impedance or is isolated from earth.
Figure 11 IT-System
19
Lightning Protection
The lightning protection system shall be provided where necessary based on site condition.
It shall include air termination network, down-conductors, joints and bonds, testing joints,
lightning flash counter, earth termination, earth electrodes and accessories incidental to the
whole system (Refer Appendix B: List of Drawing; Drawing No: BSAH/HP32/ELP/01).
Air termination network shall consist of a network of vertical and horizontal conductors, as
shown in the drawing. Whether shown in the drawings or not, all metallic projections,
chimneys, ducts, gutters, vent pipes, guard rails, aerial masts on or above the main surface
of the roof of the structure shall be bonded to and form part of the air termination network.
Other than air terminal or vertical finial, air termination network shall be of 25 mm x 3 mm
annealed copper tape. The method and nature of the fixing shall be simple, solid and
permanent. Air terminal or vertical finial shall be having rounded end and made of copper.
They shall be 300 mm in length and 16 mm diameter with lock nut. Down conductors shall
be 25 mm × 3 mm bare annealed copper tape, installed around the walls outside of the
structure.
The lightning protection system should have as few joints as possible. Joints and bonds shall
be mechanically and electrically effective, via copper clamps, welding, soldering or brazing.
Contact surface shall first be cleaned then protected against oxidation with a noncorrosive
compound. Each earth termination shall be connected to a down-conductor. Earth
termination shall be made by 25 mm x 3mm annealed copper tape, connecting the down
conductor at the testing joint to the earth electrodes.
All measuring and test instruments used for lightning protection system installations shall
be regularly tested and calibrated by manufacturers or calibration laboratories, to preserve
their functionality and accuracy at the rainfall station. This is followed by the installation of
Surge Protection Device (SPD) 7 Steps in the lightning protection system. SPD is an electrical
installation protection component. This device is connected parallel to the power supply
circuit of the load that it has to protect. It is also used at all power supply network levels. It
is the most efficient overvoltage protection. SPD is designed to limit transient overvoltage
of atmospheric origin and divert current wave to earth, to limit the overvoltage amplitude
to a value that is non-hazardous for the electrical installation, electric switchgear and control
gear.
20
SPD eliminates overvoltage in the following ways;
i. common mode, between phase and neutral or earth;

ii. differential mode, between phase and neutral.
iii. in the event of an overvoltage exceeding the operating threshold, the SPD conducts
the energy to earth, in common mode; and
iv. Distributes the energy to the other live conductors, in differential mode.
SPD is classified into 3 types, namely Type 1, Type 2 and Type 3. The Type 1 SPD is
recommended in service-sector and industrial buildings, protected by a lightning protection
system or meshed cage. It protects electrical installation against direct lightning stroke. It
discharges the lightning back-current from the earth conductor to the network conductors.
Type 1 SPD is characterised by 10/350 µs current wave. The Type 2 SPD is the main
protection system for low voltage electrical installation, installed in electrical switchboard,
to prevent the spread of overvoltage in electrical installation and protect the loads. Type 2
SPD is characterised by 8/20 µs current wave, with low discharge capacity. Therefore, they
must be installed as a supplement to Type 2 SPD and in the vicinity of sensitive load. Type 3
SPD is characterised by a combination of voltage wave (1.2/50 µs) and current wave (8/20
µs).
International standard IEC 61643-11 Edition 1.0 (03/2011) defines the characteristics and
tests for SPD connected to low voltage distribution system into three characteristics. The
first characteristic is Uc, which is the maximum continuous operating voltage where A.C. or
D.C. voltage is above which the SPD becomes active. This value is according to the rated
voltage and earthing arrangement. Another characteristic is Up, the voltage protection level
(at In). This is the maximum voltage across the SPD terminals when it is active. This voltage
is reached when the current flowing in the SPD equals to in. The voltage protection level
must be lower than the load overvoltage withstand capability (see section 3.2). In the event
of lightning stroke, the voltage across the SPD terminals remains lesser than Up. The last
one is In, the nominal discharge current where the peak current value is 8/20 µs waveform,
this is when the SPD can discharge for 15 times.
21
Conduit
Rainfall station consist of electrical components connected in a system to operate as JPS

data collection station. This system requires proper wiring and conduit system to make
maintenance work easier, in terms of fault detection and repair. In general, wiring and
conduit system is an electrical distribution connected through wires, which use wiring
conductors inside a room or building with better load control at rainfall station. Therefore,
PVC conduit wiring is recommended to be installed to connect electrical instrument and
enclosure board (Refer Appendix B: List of Drawing; Drawing No: BSAH/HP32/EC/01).
In addition, PVC conduit wiring has advantages such as being cheap and easy to install and
customise, strong and durable. In fact, PVC conduit wiring installed on roof or wall is known
as surface conduit wiring. In the conduit wiring system, the conduits should be electrically
continuous and connected to earth at suitable points, in case of steel conduit. The conduit
protects the cables from being bitten by rodents, which will result in short circuit.
In the external wiring system, it is recommended to use GI pipes as protection. External

wiring will cause further damage due to activities such as vandalism, theft and excavation
work. To install GI pipe, marking point shall be marked according to designed drawing and
laid underground. In addition, marking signage shall be provided along GI pipe to notify the
existence of wiring line.
For voltage drop in consumer installation, in the absence of any consideration, under normal
service condition, the terminal voltage of any fixed current-using equipment shall be greater
than the lower limit of the equipment standard. The fixed current-using equipment is not
subjected to product standard, thus the terminal voltage shall not impair the equipment
safety. These requirements are satisfied if the voltage drop between the origin of the
installation (usually the supply terminals) and socket-outlet or terminals of the fixed current-
using equipment does not exceed;
Requirements Lighting Other Uses

Low voltage installations supplied directly from a public low 3% 5%
voltage distribution system
Low voltage installation supplied from private LV supply (*) 6% 8%
22
A voltage drop greater than the amount stated above is acceptable for a motor during
starting period and equipment with high inrush current, provided that the voltage variation
is verified within the limit specified in the equipment product standard or, in the absence of
product standard, it should be in accordance with the manufacturer recommendations.
Fencing
The type of fencing should be chosen depending on the area. The construction should be
done with care to refrain excavated earth from being thrown onto the levelled site. It is
advisable to check the site level once fencing has been constructed.
Type of Fencing
Type of fencing used are:
i. Security fence
ii. Anti-Climb Fence
iii. Chain-link fence
Security Fence
Security fence, also known as roll top fence (Figure 12) is a hot dipped galvanised iron
welded mesh panel that provides see-through security, with contemporary design. It has
spacing specification of 50 mm × 150 mm, making the place looks safe and elegant. The
fence is designed with a triangular roll on the top and bottom parts, thus making it stronger
and tougher. With wire thickness of 5 mm and 50 mm × 150 mm spacing, the roll top fence
is very strong, hard to be bent. Hence, this prevents anyone from climbing over the fence to
reach the protected area.
Figure 12 Security Fence
23
Anti-Climb Fence
Anti-climb fence is the heavy duty hot dipped galvanised iron welded mesh panel with toe
and finger proof profile, this provides the highest degree of see-through security. With
spacing specification of 75 mm × 12.5 mm, which makes it impossible for fingers and toes
to go through, this prevents anyone from climbing over the fence to reach the protected
area. The fence is known as anti-cut fence as it is difficult to cut through the panel with
simple hand tools. With wire thickness of 4 mm and 75 mm × 12.5 mm spacing, intruders
can never cut off the fence.
Figure 13 Anti-Climb Fence
Chain Link Fence
Chain link fence is the most economical and oldest fence available in the market. The chain
link fence (also referred to as wire netting, wire-mesh fence, chain-wire fence, or diamond-
mesh fence) is made of thick steel wire and has a diamond-shaped pattern, often galvanised
or PVC wire is used for this fence.
Figure 14 Chain-link Fence
24
Comparison of Type of Fencing
Table 2 shows the comparison between fencings. Different fences are used, depending on
the rainfall station area.
Table 2 Comparison of Different Type of Fencing
Type of Perimeter Size Cost Safety Effect to the Ease of

Fence (w x l x h) (m) Data Quality Installation
Chain Link 3 x 3 x 1.3 Lowest Lowest No Easy
Safety Fence 3 x 3 x 1.3 Moderate Moderate No Easy
Anti-climb 3 x 3 x 2.5 Highest Highest Yes Hard
Signboard
General specifications of signboard are as below:
Plate Material : 1300 mm x 1000 mm aluminium plate

Frame Material : 50 mm x 25 mm hollow section mild steel
Pole material : 50 mm diameter mild steel pipe
Reinforcement : 30 mm x 30 mm x 30 mm angle section (anchor)
The detailed drawings and wordings are depicted in Appendix B: List of Drawing; Drawing
No: BSAH/HP32/SB/01.
7. Installation of Instrument
Installation of Tipping Bucket
Installation of tipping bucket must adhere to but not limited to the following procedures;
1. Perform installation work based on the DID Hydrology Manual (DIDM) 2009 and
manufacturer installation manual.
2. The height of tipping bucket must 1.35 m from the ground level or concrete, to the
top part of tipping bucket.
3. The foundation of the tipping bucket pole must be made of concrete (300 mm × 300
mm × 450 mm) and buried underground, subjected to the soil condition.
4. Test the instrument according to procedure and prepare installation and
maintenance report.
25
Installation of Mini Data Logger
Installation of mini data logger must adhere to but not limited to the following procedures;
1. Ensure the mini data logger and input cable are tested by qualified personnel before
installation at site.
2. Connect input cable to mini data logger as per manufacturer’s manual.
3. Key in the parameters and station information into data logger.
4. Test to ensure data is received and stored by mini data logger.
5. Ensure that one tipping bucket cable output is only for one input cable (sharing is not
allowed)
6. Delete test data before leaving the station.
8. Solar Power Supply

The calculation of the power consumption for the Hydrological Standard of Rainfall Station
Instrumentation is as below;
Total Amp Hour consumption for Enclosure including running of a (1) Tipping Bucket, one (1) Data
Logger, one (1) Telemetric Equipment, one (1) Power Supply and related components in enclosure
= 1.4 Amp
Thus, total Power Consumption (PC) for 24 Hours,

PC = V x AH = 12 x (1.4 x 24 hours) = 12 x 33.6 = 403.2 WH
Total Power Consumption for 24 hours, PT = PC = 403.2 WH
Total Sunshine Hour = 4 Hours,
Efficiency of Solar Panel Charging = 0.85
Thus, total solar power (100W) required to charge the battery

= (403.2) / (100 x Sunshine hour x Efficiency of solar charging)
= (403.2) / (100 x 4 x 0.85)
= (403.2 / 340)
= 1.18 (value more than 1)
= 2 pieces of 100W Solar Panels.
From the calculation, it shows that 2 pieces of 100W solar panel are needed to recharge the battery
every day, with around 40% of reserve. This is to make sure that the power is enough during rainy
day.
26
The calculation to prove that the system is sufficient for 14 non-sunny days.
Thus, total Ampere Hour Consumption for 24 hours,

AHC = 24 x 1.4 = 33.6 AH
And total Ampere Hour Consumption for 14 days,
AH4D = 14 x 33.6 = 470.4 AH
5 unit of 100Ah battery shall be used as power storage and power backup.
Thus, total Ampere Hour available from batteries, AHB = 100 x 5 = 500 AH.
Total Power Reserve Available = AHB – AH4D = 500 – 470.4 = 29.6 AH
From the calculation, this shows that power consumption is sufficient for 14 non-sunny days, with
5 units of 100 Ah battery as power storage and backup system. The total power reserve available
from the design is 29.6 Ah, which is around 5.92% of the total power storage of 500 Ah.
9. Telemetry and Communication System

Remote Terminal Unit (RTU)
A remote terminal unit (RTU) is a microprocessor-controlled electronic device interface

objects in the physical world to a distributed control system or supervisory control and data
acquisition system (SCADA) by transmitting telemetry data to the system and/or altering the
connected objects based on control messages received from the system. With the low
power consumption concept, it has been successful in monitoring and control system
applications. RTU can directly interface with most of measuring instrument present on site.
Table 3 shows the summarized general specification of the RTU.
Table 3 Technical Specification of RTU
Capability • Long-term data telemetry, data collection, monitoring and

control of Real Time Data Management and Telemetry
System
• Automatic and reliable data logging, alarm reporting and
transmitting of collected telemetry data to Telemetry
Gateway Server
Internal Data Storage Minimum of 125MB
27
Real-time Clock Yes
Communication • Ethernet Port

Interfaces • USB Port
• Host RS232 Port
LCD Display Yes
Power • External Power of 10-24VDC

• Internal Battery
Humidity Up to 70% RH
I/O Module Minimum of 4DI, 2DO, 5AI
Protocols supported Modbus, FTP, HTTP, XML, SMTP, NTP and SDI-12
Bulit-in Software and • The software shall be built in without no major application
Application installation is required.

• Easy to configure, interactive interface, able to access live
and historical data.
• The application shall be used to collect, automate and

transmit the data telemetrically with the connected or built
in 3G/GPRS Modem.
28
Communication Instruments
Communication devices modems are important in a telemetry system to transmit data from
on-site RTUs to its master station for data processing, display and archiving purposes. In
general, there are three telecommunication mediums used as the communication media for
the hydrology telemetry system, they are radio communication, GSM/GPRS communication
and satellite communication.
Radio Communication
Radio modem is a modern way to create private radio network (PRN). PRN is used in
industrial critical applications, when real-time data communication is required. Also, radio
modem enables users to be independent of telecommunication or satellite network
operators. Users use licensed frequency, either the UHF or VHF band. VHF band is utilised
as the radio communication channel medium for the telemetry system. Licensed frequency
is reserved for users in certain area, thus ensuring that there is lesser radio interference
from other RF transmitters. The Tait radio modem is used as the radio communication
modem for telemetry systems, using radio VHF communication and the specification is
summarised in Table 4.
Table 4 Summary of Specification of VHF Band

Channels Frequency Ranges Supply Voltage Transmitter Power
4 (Simplex or 13.8 V nominal 25W
66-88 MHz
semi-duplex) 10.8-16.0 V 22.5W 500-530 MHz
136-174 MHz
Channel range 15W 800 MHz, 900
175-225 MHz
Spacing MHz
220-270 MHz
12.5 kHz
330-360 MHz
20 kHz
360-400 MHz
25 kHz
400-470 MHz
450-520 MHz
500-530 MHz
800 MHz: 806-870 MHz Tx
: 851-870 MHz Rx
900 MHz: 896-941 MHz Tx
: 935-941 MHz Rx
29
GSM/ EDGE Communication – 3G/4G
Global System for Mobile (GSM) Communications, originally Groupe Spécial Mobile, is a
standard developed by the European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI) to
describe the second generation (2G) digital cellular network technology. Developed to
replace the first generation (1G) analog cellular network, the GSM standard originally
describes a digital, circuit-switched network optimised for full duplex voice telephony. The
standard was expanded over time to include first circuit-switched data transport, then
packet data transport via General Packet Radio Services (GPRS). GPRS is a best-effort service,
implying variable throughput and latency that depend on the number of users using the
service concurrently, as opposed to circuit switching, where quality of service (QoS) is
guaranteed during the connection. The enhanced data rate for GSM Evolution (EDGE) (also
known as Enhanced GPRS (EGPRS), or IMT Single Carrier (IMT-SC), or Enhanced data rate for
Global Evolution) is a digital mobile phone technology that improves data transmission rate
via a backward-compatible extension of GSM. EDGE is a pre-3G radio technology and is part
of ITU’s 3G definition.
Also, EDGE is standardised by 3GPP as part of the GSM family. Through the introduction of
methods such as coding and data transmission, EDGE delivers higher bit-rates per radio
channel, resulting in a threefold increase in capacity and performance as compared to
GSM/GPRS connection. EDGE is used for any packet switched application, such as an
Internet connection.
Satellite Communication
A communications satellite (sometimes abbreviated to COMSAT) is an artificial satellite

stationed in space for telecommunication purpose. Communications satellite use a variety
of orbits such as geostationary orbit, Molniya orbit, elliptical orbit and low (polar and
nonpolar) Earth orbit. For fixed (point-to-point) service, communication satellite provides a
microwave radio relay technology complementary to that of communication cable. Satellite
internet access is utilised as one of the communication methods in remote areas, where it
is difficult to deploy radio communication or GSM/GPRS communication.
30
10. Maintenance of Instruments
JPS headquarters will assist the state hydrological officer in carrying out the maintenance, repair or
calibration works. The data logger readings should be checked regularly with telemetric instrument.
If any appreciable error occurs between the two reading sets, the cause of error must be identified
and rectified.
Regular maintenance of the rainfall tipping bucket is essential in collecting good quality data.
Maintenance must comply with but not limited to the following items;
i. Cleanliness of equipment. The following items should be checked regularly for cleanliness:
a. Catch filter
b. Syphon
c. Interior of bucket
d. All insect screens
ii. Ensure Rain Gauge is level using the bubble level fitted to the base
iii. Enclosure locking screws - lightly lubricate after cleaning
iv. Conductivity of mercury switch and Pulse cable
v. Test tipping using portable calibrator for about 40 tips as recommended by manufacturer.
vi. Fill up TKUP 6 form as attached in appendix.
Maintenance of the rainfall recorder must comply with but not limited to the following item:
i. Cleanliness of equipment
ii. Date time starting
iii. Date time off
iv. Compare reading of recorder/ logger and telemetry
v. Battery reading
vi. Check connectivity with sensors
vii. Record any malfunction or missing date
viii. Fill up TKUP 7 form as attached in appendix.
ix. Fill up TKUP 9 for station with telemetry.
31
11. Calibration of Instruments
The purpose of calibration is to provide measurement accuracy. Rainfall gauge shall be calibrated at
the intensity(s) recommended by the manufacturer or as advised, in Malaysia, by an accredited
calibration agency. Gauge shall maintain its performance up to the measurement intensity.
According to Jadual Servis, Ujian dan Tentukuran Alat (JSUTA) from JPS ISO 2015, rainfall tipping
bucket is valid for five (5) years, afterwards, it needs to be calibrated at workshop.
Calibration Procedure
Calibration work must comply with but not limited to the following procedures:
1) The left volume vessel is filled with water and the 100 mm/hour nozzle is inserted.
2) Calibration is commenced by turning on the outlet valve and recording time using
stopwatch, after all the water is drained from the left volume vessel.
3) The procedure is repeated using 200 mm/hour and 300 mm/hour consecutively.
4) Similar procedures are repeated for right volume vessel.
5) Calibration is done based on the Hydrological Services Lab.TB- RG Calibration
Standard.
6) Fill in UT5 form as attached in appendix.
How and When to Calibrate
Rainfall gauge shall be calibrated in accordance with the methodology recommended by the
manufacturer or calibration agency;
1) when the instrument validation has failed to conform with the specifications, and
2) with frequency recommended by the manufacturer. Often, tipping bucket is
calibrated every five years at workshop and every three months on site using
calibrator.
32
12. Guidelines for Safety & Health
These guidelines are to protect workers from hazards and eliminate work-related injuries, ill health,
diseases, incidents and deaths. Table 5 summarises the hazard, risk and control during installation,
operation and maintenance works of rainfall station.
Table 5 Summary of Safety and Health Guidelines
Hazard Risk Control

Working at a height Falling • Planning
• Working at height safety programme
• Wearing safety harness
• Comply Factories and Machinery (Safety, Health and
Welfare) Regulations, 1970 – Regulation 12.
Insects bite Injury • Wearing long sleeves, trousers, and protective
footwear.
Working in hot Heat-related • work/rest cycles
environment illness • enough hydration
Site Tidiness
i. The site should be kept tidy.

ii. Walkways and stairs should be free from slipping and tripping hazards.
iii. There are no protruding nails on loose or fixed materials.
Working at Height
General Provisions
i. Ensure that working platform is secure and check that it;

(a) will support the weight of workers as well as materials and equipment they are
likely to use or store on it.
(b) is stable and will not overturn.
(c) is footed on stable ground or on stable support or structure.
ii. Provide guard rails, barriers at open edges, including floor edges, floor openings, roof
edges and working platform edges.
33
Guard Rails
Guard rails should;
i. be made from strong and rigid material to prevent people from falling and can
withstand other loads placed on them.
ii. be fixed to a structure, or part of a structure capable of supporting them.
iii. include;
(a) a main guard rail at least 900 mm above any edge, from which people tend to
fall.
(b) a toe board with at least 150 mm height.
(c) a sufficient number of intermediate guard rails or suitable alternatives.
iv. Risk of falling through opening or fragile material (e.g. roof lights) is reduced by
providing appropriate and adequate guard rails or barriers to cover the opening or
material.
Protective Equipment
Employers on construction site need personal protective equipment (PPE) to ensure their
safety and health such as;
Safety Helmet
i. Employees should be provided with safety helmets to protect their head from injury
due to falling, flying objects or striking against objects or structures.
ii. Employers should ensure that safety helmets are worn by the employees.
iii. When working at height, a strap should be used to prevent the safety helmets from
falling.
Footwear
i. Protective footwear should be worn by workers who are exposed to the risk of injury
of materials being dropped on their feet or nail, or sharp objects penetrating their
sole.
ii. When employees are working in water or wet concrete, they should wear appropriate
boots.
34
Working in Hot Environment
Excessive exposure to heat causes a range of heat-related illnesses, such as heat rash, heat
cramp, heat exhaustion and heat stroke. To reduce heat exposure and risk of heat-related
illness while working, practise work/rest cycle, drink water often, and provide an
opportunity for workers to build up tolerance level while working in the heat.
Electrical Hazard
Electrical hazard is defined as;
• A dangerous condition where a worker makes electrical contact with energised

equipment or a conductor, and from which the person may sustain injury from shock;
and/or
• the worker may face arc flash burn, thermal burn, or blast injury.
Electricity has the potential to cause serious injury and death. Electrical hazards exist in
contact with the exposed live parts, electrical faults are the source of ignition that initiates
fire or explosion.
Safety Procedures in Handling Electrical Equipment
i. Ensure only licensed or registered electricians carry out electrical work

ii. Switch off electrical supply before working on equipment
iii. Ensure tag out and isolation procedures are in place and used
iv. Ensure electrical equipment is in good working order (testing and tagging)
v. Use battery operated tools rather than main power tool where possible
vi. Remove damaged, unsafe electrical equipment or cords from the workplace
vii. Use residual current devices (or safety switches) with portable equipment (as per the
WHS Regulations)
viii. Don’t overload power sockets. Use power board not double adaptor.
ix. Meet electrical safety standards.
35
13. Do’s and Don’ts
No Main Points Do’s Don’ts
1 Installation of • Install at flat land. • Rain gauge shall not be deployed
tipping bucket • Ensure minimum distance of on a slope and nearby the tree.
two times height from any
tree.
2 Maintenance • Carry checklist and enough • Do not forget to fill in proper
spare parts for maintenance checklist before leaving site.
before a trip. • Do not compromise by not
changing the battery as
scheduled.
3 Personnel • Installation, maintenance • Do not go to site without

and calibration must only be understanding the site safety
done by trained personnel. requirement as it may differ from
site to site.
4 Calibration • Follow calibration schedule • Do not use uncalibrated rainfall

accordingly gauge.
5 Power Supply • Only use battery • Solar system is not required for
System recommended by rainfall station without telemetry.
manufacturers.
36
14. Summary Sheet
1 INTRODUCTION This section describes about a standard and its aim.
2 REVIEW OF EXISTING This section reviews current rainfall gauges that consist of non-
RAINFALL GAUGES recording and recording rain gauges. The recording rain gauges
are tipping bucket, weighing and radar types. Currently JPS
adopts 0.5 mm tipping bucket.
3 PROCEDURE IN SELECTING This section provides procedures in selecting rainfall gauge.

RAINFALL GAUGES Currently, JPS adopts 0.5 mm tipping bucket.
4 SELECTION OF SITE This section explains criteria in selecting rainfall station site for
optimum reading.
5 INSTRUMENTATION This section provides a general specification of instruments to

be installed in a rainfall station is as follows;
(i) Tipping bucket

(ii) Windshield (optional)
(iii) Pole stand
(iv) Data logger
(v) Manual Rain Gauge
6 CONSTRUCTION OF STATION This section gives a brief explanation on other items set up at
rainfall station that include;
(i) Station housing

(ii) Enclosure
(iii) Earthing
(iv) Lightning Protection
(v) Conduit
(vi) Fencing
(vii) Signboard
7 INSTALLATION OF This section provides information on installation of tipping

INSTRUMENTS bucket and its logger.
37
8 SOLAR POWER SUPPLY This section explains that five (5) units of 100 Ah batteries as
power storage and backup system are sufficient for power
consumption within 14 non-sunny days.
9 TELEMETRY AND This section describes the technical specification of telemetry

COMMUNICATION SYSTEM as well as different communication mediums such as radio,
GSM 3G/4G, and satellite.
10 MAINTENANCE OF This section provides information on maintenance procedures

INSTRUMENTS of tipping bucket and its logger.
11 CALIBRATION OF This section provides information on calibration procedures of

INSTRUMENTS tipping bucket.
12 GUIDELINE FOR SAFETY AND This section provides brief guidelines on safety and health
HELATH during installation, operation and maintenance works.
13 DO’S AND DON’TS This section provides Do’s and Don’ts during installation,
operation and maintenance works.
38
15. References
1 World Meteorological Organisation; Guide to Hydrological Practices; Volume 1; Hydrology
–From Measurement to Hydrological Information. WMO-No. 168; Sixth Edition 2008
2 NEMS (2013) Rainfall Recording, National Environmental Monitoring Standards, New

Zealand
3 World Meteorological Organisation, Guide to Meteorological Instruments and Methods of

Observation. WMO-No 8; 7th Edition.
4 Department of Irrigation and Drainage - DID (2000). Volume 4 Hydrology and Water
Resource Urban Stormwater Management Manual for Malaysia. Department of Irrigation
and Drainage, Ministry of Agriculture, Malaysia.
5 Department of Irrigation and Drainage – DID (1984). WRP 14 Comparison of Raingauge

Performance Under Tropical Climate Conditions. Jabatan Pengairan dan Saliran,
Kementerian Pertanian Malaysia.
6 MetOffice UK- Rainfall Radar. https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/learning/making-a-

forecast/first-steps/making-observations/rainfall-radar
7 Water and Disaster Management Bureau, Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and
Tourism of Japan (2013) - Radar Observation of Precipitation for River Management in Japan
39
Appendix A: Related Documents from MS ISO 9001: 2015
No. Title
A1 Borang Tatacara Kerja Ujijalan dan Penyelenggaraan Rainfall Tipping Bucket (TKUP 6)
A2 Borang Tatacara Kerja Ujijalan dan Penyelenggaraan Perakam Hujan (TKUP 7)
A3 Borang Tatacara Kerja Ujijalan dan Penyelenggaraan Telemetrik (TKUP 9)
A4 Borang Ujian dan Tentukuran Perakam Hujan (UT4)

SEKSYEN PERALATAN HIDROLOGI
BAHAGIAN PENGURUSAN SUMBER AIR DAN HIDROLOGI
JABATAN PENGAIRAN DAN SALIRAN MALAYSIA
BORANG TATACARA KERJA UJIJALAN DAN PENYENGGARAAN RAINFALL TIPPING BUCKET ( TKUP 6 )
Jenis Alat : 0.5 mm Rainfall Tipping Bucket Tarikh Lawatan :

Nombor Siri :
Nama Stesen :
Nombor Stesen :
Bil Tatacara Kerja Penyenggaraan Tindakan/Catatan

Alatan Kerja
i. Tool Box
ii. Multimeter
ii. Portable rainfall tipping bucket calibrator .
1 Periksa Casing Bersih / Kotor
2 Periksa Netting Ada / Tiada
3 Periksa spirit level Ada / Tiada
4 Periksa water reservoir Bersih / Kotor
5 Periksa bucket Bersih / Kotor
6 Periksa conductivity mercury Baik / Tidak Baik

switch / reed switch
7 Periksa conductivity Pulse cable Baik / Tidak Baik
8 Buat ujian tipping dengan

mengunakan portable rainfall
tipping bucket calibrator Jumlah Tips Tips
( Range 40-42 Tip )
SAH SEHINGGA
Diperiksa Oleh : Disemak Oleh :
Tarikh : Tarikh :
TKUP6_Issue03
A1-1
BORANG TATACARA KERJA UJIJALAN DAN PENYENGGARAAN PERAKAM HUJAN

DAN ARAS AIR ( TKUP 7 )
Jenis Alat : Nama Stesen :

Nombor Siri : Nombor Stesen :
Tarikh Lawatan :
Bil Tatacara Kerja Penyenggaraan

1 Tarikh dan waktu ON perakam / logger dahulu
2 Tarikh dan waktu semasa sebenar
3 Tarikh dan waktu OFF perakam / logger
4 Bacaan perakam hujan / aras air mm / m
mm / m
6 Bacaan telemetrik hujan / aras air mm / m
7 Bacaan shaft encoder aras air m
8 Bacaan tolok hujan / tolok lurus mm / m
9 External Bateri Perakam hujan / aras air
i ) Bateri Perakam volts ( minima 11.0v )
Bateri ditukar : Ya / Tidak
ii ) Solar Panel volts ( minima 12.0v )
11 Bateri shaft encoder aras air : volts ( minima 11.0v )

12 Data Mini Logger
i ) Sambungan kabel ke sensor Baik / Tidak Baik
ii ) Bateri ( Min 3.0 volt ) __________ Volt
iii ) Paparan Setting Baik / Tidak Baik
iv ) Lampu LED Baik / Tidak Baik
v ) Ujian penerimaan data menggunakan laptop atau PDA Baik / Tidak Baik
13 Periksa pelampung, pemberat, float cable,float pulley dan offset pulley

perakam aras air : Baik / Tidak Baik
Tindakan jika tidak baik
14 Kebersihan perakam : Bersih / Kotor
15 Rumah perakam : Baik / Tidak Baik

Tindakan jika tidak baik :
16 Tempoh kehilangan data dan sebabnya :
SAH SEHINGGA
Diuji Oleh : Disemak Oleh :
Tarikh : Tarikh :
TKUP7_Issue03
A2-1
BORANG TATACARA KERJA UJIJALAN DAN PENYENGGARAAN TELEMETRIK ( TKUP 9 )
Tarikh Lawatan : Jenis Stesen : Hujan / Aras Air / Hujan & Aras Air
Nama Stesen : Pengenalan Stesen ( ID ) :
Nama Sungai : Nombor Stesen :
Daerah / Kawasan : Nama Stesen Repeater :

Alat kerja
i. Tool Box ii.Multimeter iii. Meter Kuasa iv. Earth Tester
v. Portable Tipping Bucket Calibrator
A RTU ( Remote Terminal Unit )
1. Jenis RTU
2. Nombor Siri
3. Casing RTU Baik / Tidak Baik
4. Keypad/ Touch Skrin Baik / Tidak Baik
5. Jenis Paparan LED / LCD Baik / Tidak Baik
6. Paparan Tarikh Baik / Tidak Baik
7. Paparan Masa Baik / Tidak Baik
8. Paparan Hujan mm
9. Paparan Aras Air Meter
10. Stick Gauge Meter
11. Connector dan kabel Baik / Tidak Baik
B Sistem Perhubungan
1. Jenis alat perbubungan ( VHF/GSM/PSTN/GPRS/MESH )

2. Nombor Siri
3. TX Frequency mHz
4. RX Frequency mHz
5. Kuasa TX watts
6. Kuasa RX watts
7. Pengunaan arus sistem sedia amps
8. Pengunaan arus sistem aktif amps
9. Ujian suara Baik / Tidak Baik
10. Jenis modem
11. Nombor Siri
12. Jenis antenna
13. Bilangan element
14. Jenis kabel
15. Connectors Baik / Tidak Baik
16. Impedance antenna ohm
17. Jenis tiang
18. Staywire Baik / Tidak Baik
TKUP9_Issue04
A3-1
C Sistem Bekalan Kuasa
1. Bekalan kuasa AC Ada / Tiada

2. Jenis bateri
3. Bilangan
4. Voltan bateri volt
5. Bilangan solar
6. Voltan solar volt
7. Solar Charging amps
8. Pendawaian Kemas/ Tidak
D Sistem Pembumian ( Earthing )
1. Impedance pembumian ohm

2. Arrestor Ada/Tiada
E Sistem Penderia ( Sensor )
1. Jenis rainfall tipping bucket

2. Nombor Siri
3. Tamat tempoh
4. Ujian tipping ( 40-42 Tip )
5. Jenis sensor aras air
6. Bacaan sensor aras air Meter
7. Nombor Siri
8. Tamat tempoh
9. Jenis perakam
10. Tamat tempoh
11.Jenis Encoder
12. Bacaan Encoder Meter
13. Bekalan kuasa encoder volt
14. Stick Gauge meter
F Bangunan Stesen
1. Bagunan / Housing Baik / Tidak Baik

2. Keselamatan stesen Baik / Tidak Baik
3. Kebersihan stesen Bersih / Kotor
Tarikh : Tarikh : :
TKUP9_Issue04
A3-2
BORANG UJIAN RAINFALL TIPPING BUCKET ( UT 4 )
Jenis Alat :
Kapasiti Bucket : mm
Nombor Siri :
Tarikh Ujian :
Bil Perkara Catatan
Perkara diuji dan diperiksa

I. Komponen Mekanikal
ii. Conductivity
iii. Bucket capacity
1 Komponen Mekanikal
1.1 Casing Baik / Tidak Baik
1.2 Netting Baik / Tidak Baik
1.3 Spirit level Baik / Tidak Baik
1.4 Reservoir/Syphon Baik / Tidak Baik
1.5 Bucket Baik / Tidak Baik
1.6 Stopper screw Baik / Tidak Baik
1.7 Drain Hole Baik / Tidak Baik
1.8 Base Baik / Tidak Baik
1.9 Magnet Baik / Tidak Baik
2 Ujian Conductivity
2.1 Mercury switch/Reed Switch Baik / Tidak Baik
3 Ujian kapasiti bucket

3.1 Kapasiti bucket kanan ml ( Teori 15.69 ml )
3.2 Kapasiti bucket kiri ml ( Teori 15.69 ml )
Bucket Tanpa Syphon 14.5ml - 15.0ml ( Amali )
Bucket Dengan Syphon 14.4ml sahaja ( Amali )
Tarikh : Tarikh :
UT4_issue03
A4-1
Nombor Siri :
Untuk Rainfall Tipping Bucket Garis Pusat 200 mm
Saiz Kapasiti Bucket Tips Setiap 653 ml Air

Teori Amali Teori 300mm / jam 200, 100, 50, 16 mm / jam
0.2 mm 6.28 ml 5.2 ml 103.9 99.9 ke 108 tips 100.8 ke 107
0.5 mm 15.69 ml 14.4 ml 41.6 39.9 ke 43.2 tips 40.3 ke 42.8
1.0 mm 31.39 ml 29.5 ml 20.8 20 ke 221.6 tips 20.1 ke 21.4
Saiz Bacaan Purata Catatan

Nozzle (Tips) (Tips)
mm / jam 1/5 2/5 3/5 4/5 5/5
100
200
300
Purata Ketepatan %
Ketepatan Tanpa Syphon kurang dari 5% boleh diterima
Ketepatan Dengan Syphon kurang 2% boleh diterima
Tarikh tentukur daripada ke
Ditentukur Oleh : Disemak Oleh :
Tarikh : Tarikh :
STICKER
UT4_issue03
A4-2
Appendix B: List of Drawing
NO DRAWING NO DRAWING TITLES
1 BSAH/HP32/GA/01 GENERAL ARRANGEMENT OF RAINFALL STATION
2 BSAH/HP32/NR/01 STANDARD 203 MM DIAMETER NON-RECORDING RAINFALL
GAUGES
3 BSAH/HP32/TB/01 TYPICAL INSTALLATION OF TIPPING BUCKET
4 BSAH/HP32/TB/02 TYPICAL INSTALLATION OF TIPPING BUCKET POLE
5 BSAH/HP32/EN/01 TYPICAL COMPACT, INDOOR AND OUTDOOR ENCLOSURES
6 BSAH/HP32/FEN/01 TYPICAL FENCING
7 BSAH/HP32/ELP/01 EARTHING AND LIGHTNING PROTECTION
8 BSAH/HP32/EC/01 ELECTRICAL CONDUIT
9 BSAH/HP32/SB/01 TYPICAL DETAIL OF SIGNBOARD
DISCLAIMER
of DID.

ISBN 978-983-9304-38-1
II. Series.
551.5709595
i
PREFACE
ii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
iii
Table of Contents
DISCLAIMER.............................................................................................................................................. i
PREFACE .................................................................................................................................................. ii
1. Introduction .................................................................................................................................... 1
Tipping Bucket................................................................................................................. 3
Weighing Gauge .............................................................................................................. 4
Radar ............................................................................................................................... 7
Station ................................................................................................................................... 13
Enclosure ............................................................................................................................... 14
Earthing ................................................................................................................................. 14
TN-C System .................................................................................................................. 17
TN-S- System ................................................................................................................. 17
TN-C-S System ............................................................................................................... 18
T-T System ..................................................................................................................... 19
IT-System ....................................................................................................................... 19
Conduit .................................................................................................................................. 22
Fencing .................................................................................................................................. 23
Type of Fencing ............................................................................................................. 23
Signboard .............................................................................................................................. 25
Site Tidiness .......................................................................................................................... 33
Guard Rails .................................................................................................................... 34
Safety Helmet................................................................................................................ 34
Footwear ....................................................................................................................... 34
13. Do’s and Don’ts ......................................................................................................................... 36
14. Summary Sheet ......................................................................................................................... 37
15. References ................................................................................................................................ 39
List of Figures

Figure 10 TT-System .............................................................................................................................. 19
Figure 11 IT-System............................................................................................................................... 19
List of Table

1. Introduction
in Malaysia.
changed over time.

1
remote areas.
2
Tipping Bucket
can be corrected.
3
Weighing Gauge

affected.
4
quality control.
5

Item Specification
precipitation
Load cell: IP68
6
Radar
life and property.
7
8

9
5. Instrumentation
i. Tipping bucket
iii. Pole stand
iv. Data logger
as below;
Maximum : 700 mm/hr
intensity
protection
10


11

12
Station
BSAH/HP32/FEN/01.
13
Enclosure
Earthing
power quality.
14
15
surge current.


• N = Neutral
• S = Separate
• C = Combined
• I = Isolated
16
TN-C System
TN-S- System
17
TN-C-S System
18
T-T System

Figure 10 TT-System
IT-System

(Figure 11).
Figure 11 IT-System
19
structure.
gear.
20

µs).
21
Conduit



22
Fencing
Type of Fencing
i. Security fence
Security Fence
23
Anti-Climb Fence
Chain Link Fence
24

Signboard

maintenance report.
25
allowed)

= 1.4 Amp


= (403.2) / (100 x 4 x 0.85)
= (403.2 / 340)
day.
26

AHC = 24 x 1.4 = 33.6 AH
AH4D = 14 x 33.6 = 470.4 AH



System
Gateway Server
27
Real-time Clock Yes

• Host RS232 Port
LCD Display Yes



in 3G/GPRS Modem.
28
Radio Communication

66-88 MHz
136-174 MHz
175-225 MHz
Spacing MHz
220-270 MHz
12.5 kHz
330-360 MHz
20 kHz
360-400 MHz
25 kHz
400-470 MHz
450-520 MHz
500-530 MHz
800 MHz: 806-870 MHz Tx
: 851-870 MHz Rx
900 MHz: 896-941 MHz Tx
: 935-941 MHz Rx
29

30
and rectified.
a. Catch filter
b. Syphon
iii. Date time off
v. Battery reading
31
Standard.
calibrator.
32
Hazard Risk Control

footwear.
Site Tidiness

Working at Height
General Provisions

33
Guard Rails
Guard rails should;
iii. include;
fall.
material.
Safety Helmet
falling.
Footwear
sole.
boots.
34
Electrical Hazard

and/or
fire or explosion.

WHS Regulations)
35
tree.
scheduled.

site to site.

accordingly gauge.
manufacturers.
36
14. Summary Sheet

optimum reading.

(i) Tipping bucket

(iii) Pole stand
(iv) Data logger
(i) Station housing

(ii) Enclosure
(iii) Earthing
(v) Conduit
(vi) Fencing
(vii) Signboard

37



38
15. References

Zealand



39
No. Title


Nombor Siri :
Nama Stesen :
Nombor Stesen :

Alatan Kerja
i. Tool Box
ii. Multimeter


( Range 40-42 Tip )
SAH SEHINGGA
Tarikh : Tarikh :
TKUP6_Issue03
A1-1


Tarikh Lawatan :

mm / m

12 Data Mini Logger


SAH SEHINGGA
Tarikh : Tarikh :
TKUP7_Issue03
A2-1

Alat kerja
1. Jenis RTU
2. Nombor Siri
8. Paparan Hujan mm

2. Nombor Siri
3. TX Frequency mHz
4. RX Frequency mHz
5. Kuasa TX watts
6. Kuasa RX watts
10. Jenis modem
11. Nombor Siri
12. Jenis antenna
14. Jenis kabel
17. Jenis tiang
TKUP9_Issue04
A3-1

2. Jenis bateri
3. Bilangan
5. Bilangan solar


2. Nombor Siri
3. Tamat tempoh
7. Nombor Siri
8. Tamat tempoh
9. Jenis perakam
10. Tamat tempoh
11.Jenis Encoder
F Bangunan Stesen

Tarikh : Tarikh : :
TKUP9_Issue04
A3-2
Jenis Alat :
Nombor Siri :
Tarikh Ujian :
Bil Perkara Catatan

ii. Conductivity

Tarikh : Tarikh :
UT4_issue03
A4-1
Nombor Siri :

0.2 mm 6.28 ml 5.2 ml 103.9 99.9 ke 108 tips 100.8 ke 107
0.5 mm 15.69 ml 14.4 ml 41.6 39.9 ke 43.2 tips 40.3 ke 42.8
1.0 mm 31.39 ml 29.5 ml 20.8 20 ke 221.6 tips 20.1 ke 21.4

mm / jam 1/5 2/5 3/5 4/5 5/5
100
200
300
Purata Ketepatan %
Tarikh : Tarikh :
STICKER
UT4_issue03
A4-2
GAUGES
DISCLAIMER
of DID.

ISBN 978-983-9304-38-1
II. Series.
551.5709595
i
PREFACE
ii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
iii
Table of Contents
DISCLAIMER.............................................................................................................................................. i
PREFACE .................................................................................................................................................. ii
1. Introduction .................................................................................................................................... 1
Tipping Bucket................................................................................................................. 3
Weighing Gauge .............................................................................................................. 4
Radar ............................................................................................................................... 7
Station ................................................................................................................................... 13
Enclosure ............................................................................................................................... 14
Earthing ................................................................................................................................. 14
TN-C System .................................................................................................................. 17
TN-S- System ................................................................................................................. 17
TN-C-S System ............................................................................................................... 18
T-T System ..................................................................................................................... 19
IT-System ....................................................................................................................... 19
Conduit .................................................................................................................................. 22
Fencing .................................................................................................................................. 23
Type of Fencing ............................................................................................................. 23
Signboard .............................................................................................................................. 25
Site Tidiness .......................................................................................................................... 33
Guard Rails .................................................................................................................... 34
Safety Helmet................................................................................................................ 34
Footwear ....................................................................................................................... 34
13. Do’s and Don’ts ......................................................................................................................... 36
14. Summary Sheet ......................................................................................................................... 37
15. References ................................................................................................................................ 39
List of Figures

Figure 10 TT-System .............................................................................................................................. 19
Figure 11 IT-System............................................................................................................................... 19
List of Table

1. Introduction
in Malaysia.
changed over time.

1
remote areas.
2
Tipping Bucket
can be corrected.
3
Weighing Gauge

affected.
4
quality control.
5

Item Specification
precipitation
Load cell: IP68
6
Radar
life and property.
7
8

9
5. Instrumentation
i. Tipping bucket
iii. Pole stand
iv. Data logger
as below;
Maximum : 700 mm/hr
intensity
protection
10


11

12
Station
BSAH/HP32/FEN/01.
13
Enclosure
Earthing
power quality.
14
15
surge current.


• N = Neutral
• S = Separate
• C = Combined
• I = Isolated
16
TN-C System
TN-S- System
17
TN-C-S System
18
T-T System

Figure 10 TT-System
IT-System

(Figure 11).
Figure 11 IT-System
19
structure.
gear.
20

µs).
21
Conduit



22
Fencing
Type of Fencing
i. Security fence
Security Fence
23
Anti-Climb Fence
Chain Link Fence
24

Signboard

maintenance report.
25
allowed)

= 1.4 Amp


= (403.2) / (100 x 4 x 0.85)
= (403.2 / 340)
day.
26

AHC = 24 x 1.4 = 33.6 AH
AH4D = 14 x 33.6 = 470.4 AH



System
Gateway Server
27
Real-time Clock Yes

• Host RS232 Port
LCD Display Yes



in 3G/GPRS Modem.
28
Radio Communication

66-88 MHz
136-174 MHz
175-225 MHz
Spacing MHz
220-270 MHz
12.5 kHz
330-360 MHz
20 kHz
360-400 MHz
25 kHz
400-470 MHz
450-520 MHz
500-530 MHz
800 MHz: 806-870 MHz Tx
: 851-870 MHz Rx
900 MHz: 896-941 MHz Tx
: 935-941 MHz Rx
29

30
and rectified.
a. Catch filter
b. Syphon
iii. Date time off
v. Battery reading
31
Standard.
calibrator.
32
Hazard Risk Control

footwear.
Site Tidiness

Working at Height
General Provisions

33
Guard Rails
Guard rails should;
iii. include;
fall.
material.
Safety Helmet
falling.
Footwear
sole.
boots.
34
Electrical Hazard

and/or
fire or explosion.

WHS Regulations)
35
tree.
scheduled.

site to site.

accordingly gauge.
manufacturers.
36
14. Summary Sheet

optimum reading.

(i) Tipping bucket

(iii) Pole stand
(iv) Data logger
(i) Station housing

(ii) Enclosure
(iii) Earthing
(v) Conduit
(vi) Fencing
(vii) Signboard

37



38
15. References

Zealand



39
No. Title


Nombor Siri :
Nama Stesen :
Nombor Stesen :

Alatan Kerja
i. Tool Box
ii. Multimeter


( Range 40-42 Tip )
SAH SEHINGGA
Tarikh : Tarikh :
TKUP6_Issue03
A1-1


Tarikh Lawatan :

mm / m

12 Data Mini Logger


SAH SEHINGGA
Tarikh : Tarikh :
TKUP7_Issue03
A2-1

Alat kerja
1. Jenis RTU
2. Nombor Siri
8. Paparan Hujan mm

2. Nombor Siri
3. TX Frequency mHz
4. RX Frequency mHz
5. Kuasa TX watts
6. Kuasa RX watts
10. Jenis modem
11. Nombor Siri
12. Jenis antenna
14. Jenis kabel
17. Jenis tiang
TKUP9_Issue04
A3-1

2. Jenis bateri
3. Bilangan
5. Bilangan solar


2. Nombor Siri
3. Tamat tempoh
7. Nombor Siri
8. Tamat tempoh
9. Jenis perakam
10. Tamat tempoh
11.Jenis Encoder
F Bangunan Stesen

Tarikh : Tarikh : :
TKUP9_Issue04
A3-2
Jenis Alat :
Nombor Siri :
Tarikh Ujian :
Bil Perkara Catatan

ii. Conductivity

Tarikh : Tarikh :
UT4_issue03
A4-1
Nombor Siri :

0.2 mm 6.28 ml 5.2 ml 103.9 99.9 ke 108 tips 100.8 ke 107
0.5 mm 15.69 ml 14.4 ml 41.6 39.9 ke 43.2 tips 40.3 ke 42.8
1.0 mm 31.39 ml 29.5 ml 20.8 20 ke 221.6 tips 20.1 ke 21.4

mm / jam 1/5 2/5 3/5 4/5 5/5
100
200
300
Purata Ketepatan %
Tarikh : Tarikh :
STICKER
UT4_issue03
A4-2
GAUGES
PEMILIK:
PELAKSANA:
PENGARAH BAHAGIAN:
TIMBALAN PENGARAH:
HAKCIPTA :
KESELURUHAN ATAUPUN SEBAHAGIAN LUKISAN YANG TERTERA DALAM PELAN INI

TIDAK DIBENARKAN DICETAK SEMULA KECUALI DENGAN MENDAPAT KEBENARAN
BERTULIS DARIPADA KETUA PENGARAH PENGAIRAN DAN SALIRAN MALAYSIA
NOTA AM :
TIPPING BUCKET
ENCLOSURES
PINDAAN:
Butiran Pindaan T/tangan Tarikh
PROJEK:
TAJUK LUKISAN:
DIREKABENTUK:
DILUKIS:
DISEMAK :
TARIKH:
SKALA:
NO. LUKISAN PINDAAN:
STATUS LUKISAN
HP 32
HYDROLOGICAL STANDARD
FOR RAINFALL STATION
INSTRUMENTATION
HP 32
DEPARTMENT OF IRRIGATION AND DRAINAGE MALAYSIA

DISCLAIMER
of DID.

ISBN 978-983-9304-38-1
II. Series.
551.5709595
i
PREFACE
ii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
iii
Table of Contents
DISCLAIMER.............................................................................................................................................. i
PREFACE .................................................................................................................................................. ii
1. Introduction .................................................................................................................................... 1
Tipping Bucket................................................................................................................. 3
Weighing Gauge .............................................................................................................. 4
Radar ............................................................................................................................... 7
Station ................................................................................................................................... 13
Enclosure ............................................................................................................................... 14
Earthing ................................................................................................................................. 14
TN-C System .................................................................................................................. 17
TN-S- System ................................................................................................................. 17
TN-C-S System ............................................................................................................... 18
T-T System ..................................................................................................................... 19
IT-System ....................................................................................................................... 19
Conduit .................................................................................................................................. 22
Fencing .................................................................................................................................. 23
Type of Fencing ............................................................................................................. 23
Signboard .............................................................................................................................. 25
Site Tidiness .......................................................................................................................... 33
Guard Rails .................................................................................................................... 34
Safety Helmet................................................................................................................ 34
Footwear ....................................................................................................................... 34
13. Do’s and Don’ts ......................................................................................................................... 36
14. Summary Sheet ......................................................................................................................... 37
15. References ................................................................................................................................ 39
List of Figures

Figure 10 TT-System .............................................................................................................................. 19
Figure 11 IT-System............................................................................................................................... 19
List of Table

1. Introduction
in Malaysia.
changed over time.

1
remote areas.
2
Tipping Bucket
can be corrected.
3
Weighing Gauge

affected.
4
quality control.
5

Item Specification
precipitation
Load cell: IP68
6
Radar
life and property.
7
8

9
5. Instrumentation
i. Tipping bucket
iii. Pole stand
iv. Data logger
as below;
Maximum : 700 mm/hr
intensity
protection
10


11

12
Station
BSAH/HP32/FEN/01.
13
Enclosure
Earthing
power quality.
14
15
surge current.


• N = Neutral
• S = Separate
• C = Combined
• I = Isolated
16
TN-C System
TN-S- System
17
TN-C-S System
18
T-T System

Figure 10 TT-System
IT-System

(Figure 11).
Figure 11 IT-System
19
structure.
gear.
20

µs).
21
Conduit



22
Fencing
Type of Fencing
i. Security fence
Security Fence
23
Anti-Climb Fence
Chain Link Fence
24

Signboard

maintenance report.
25
allowed)

= 1.4 Amp


= (403.2) / (100 x 4 x 0.85)
= (403.2 / 340)
day.
26

AHC = 24 x 1.4 = 33.6 AH
AH4D = 14 x 33.6 = 470.4 AH



System
Gateway Server
27
Real-time Clock Yes

• Host RS232 Port
LCD Display Yes



in 3G/GPRS Modem.
28
Radio Communication

66-88 MHz
136-174 MHz
175-225 MHz
Spacing MHz
220-270 MHz
12.5 kHz
330-360 MHz
20 kHz
360-400 MHz
25 kHz
400-470 MHz
450-520 MHz
500-530 MHz
800 MHz: 806-870 MHz Tx
: 851-870 MHz Rx
900 MHz: 896-941 MHz Tx
: 935-941 MHz Rx
29

30
and rectified.
a. Catch filter
b. Syphon
iii. Date time off
v. Battery reading
31
Standard.
calibrator.
32
Hazard Risk Control

footwear.
Site Tidiness

Working at Height
General Provisions

33
Guard Rails
Guard rails should;
iii. include;
fall.
material.
Safety Helmet
falling.
Footwear
sole.
boots.
34
Electrical Hazard

and/or
fire or explosion.

WHS Regulations)
35
tree.
scheduled.

site to site.

accordingly gauge.
manufacturers.
36
14. Summary Sheet

optimum reading.

(i) Tipping bucket

(iii) Pole stand
(iv) Data logger
(i) Station housing

(ii) Enclosure
(iii) Earthing
(v) Conduit
(vi) Fencing
(vii) Signboard

37



38
15. References

Zealand



39
No. Title


Nombor Siri :
Nama Stesen :
Nombor Stesen :

Alatan Kerja
i. Tool Box
ii. Multimeter


( Range 40-42 Tip )
SAH SEHINGGA
Tarikh : Tarikh :
TKUP6_Issue03
A1-1


Tarikh Lawatan :

mm / m

12 Data Mini Logger


SAH SEHINGGA
Tarikh : Tarikh :
TKUP7_Issue03
A2-1

Alat kerja
1. Jenis RTU
2. Nombor Siri
8. Paparan Hujan mm

2. Nombor Siri
3. TX Frequency mHz
4. RX Frequency mHz
5. Kuasa TX watts
6. Kuasa RX watts
10. Jenis modem
11. Nombor Siri
12. Jenis antenna
14. Jenis kabel
17. Jenis tiang
TKUP9_Issue04
A3-1

2. Jenis bateri
3. Bilangan
5. Bilangan solar


2. Nombor Siri
3. Tamat tempoh
7. Nombor Siri
8. Tamat tempoh
9. Jenis perakam
10. Tamat tempoh
11.Jenis Encoder
F Bangunan Stesen

Tarikh : Tarikh : :
TKUP9_Issue04
A3-2
Jenis Alat :
Nombor Siri :
Tarikh Ujian :
Bil Perkara Catatan

ii. Conductivity

Tarikh : Tarikh :
UT4_issue03
A4-1
Nombor Siri :

0.2 mm 6.28 ml 5.2 ml 103.9 99.9 ke 108 tips 100.8 ke 107
0.5 mm 15.69 ml 14.4 ml 41.6 39.9 ke 43.2 tips 40.3 ke 42.8
1.0 mm 31.39 ml 29.5 ml 20.8 20 ke 221.6 tips 20.1 ke 21.4

mm / jam 1/5 2/5 3/5 4/5 5/5
100
200
300
Purata Ketepatan %
Tarikh : Tarikh :
STICKER
UT4_issue03
A4-2
GAUGES
PEMILIK:
PELAKSANA:
PENGARAH BAHAGIAN:
TIMBALAN PENGARAH:
HAKCIPTA :

NOTA AM :
TIPPING BUCKET
ENCLOSURES
PINDAAN:
PROJEK:
TAJUK LUKISAN:
DIREKABENTUK:
DILUKIS:
DISEMAK :
TARIKH:
SKALA:
STATUS LUKISAN
PEMILIK:
PELAKSANA:
PENGARAH BAHAGIAN:
TIMBALAN PENGARAH:
HAKCIPTA :

NOTA AM :
PINDAAN:
PROJEK:
TAJUK LUKISAN:
DIREKABENTUK:
DILUKIS:
DISEMAK :
TARIKH:
SKALA:
STATUS LUKISAN
PEMILIK:
PELAKSANA:
PENGARAH BAHAGIAN:
TIMBALAN PENGARAH:
WINDSHIELD (OPTIONAL) HAKCIPTA :
380
TIPPING BUCKET BERTULIS DARIPADA KETUA PENGARAH PENGAIRAN DAN SALIRAN MALAYSIA
NOTA AM :
PINDAAN:
1370
HOUSING FOR
MEASURING
CYLINDER
990
(OPTIONAL)
PROJEK:
TAJUK LUKISAN:
DIREKABENTUK:
DILUKIS:
DISEMAK :
TARIKH:
SKALA:
STATUS LUKISAN
PEMILIK:
PELAKSANA:
PENGARAH BAHAGIAN:
TIMBALAN PENGARAH:
Section A-A
HAKCIPTA :
All Round Welded TIDAK DIBENARKAN DICETAK SEMULA KECUALI DENGAN MENDAPAT KEBENARAN
NOTA AM :
10 mm Dia.
6 mm Thk. G.I Circular Plate PINDAAN:

With 250 mm Dia.

90 mm Dia. G.I Hollow
Circular Section
A A PROJEK:
300 x 300 x 350 mm

Concrete Footing
2880
(concrete grade 25)
TAJUK LUKISAN:
DIREKABENTUK:
720
DILUKIS:
DISEMAK :
TARIKH:
SKALA:
STATUS LUKISAN
PEMILIK:
PELAKSANA:
1000
800
500
600
PENGARAH BAHAGIAN:
100
LPU
RTU, solar charger
500
and other accessories
compartment
TIMBALAN PENGARAH:
TRUNKING
COMPACT TYPE ENCLOSURE
1400
SENSOR
500
compartment HAKCIPTA :

NOTA AM :
INSIDE VIEW SIDE VIEW

PINDAAN:
500
400
300
300
50
LPU
PROJEK:
RTU, solar charger

250

compartment
INDOOR / OUTDOOR ENCLOSURE TRUNKING

700
SENSOR
250
TAJUK LUKISAN:
compartment
DIREKABENTUK:
DILUKIS:
DISEMAK :
INSIDE VIEW SIDE VIEW TARIKH:
SKALA:
STATUS LUKISAN
PEMILIK:
PELAKSANA:
5mmØ
50.8
1000 2000 114.3 1000 2000

152.4
PENGARAH BAHAGIAN:
1350
TIMBALAN PENGARAH:
GROUND LEVEL GROUND LEVEL GROUND LEVEL
700 HAKCIPTA :

FRONT VIEW SIDE VIEW NOTA AM :
PINDAAN:
3000
PROJEK:
3000 TOP VIEW

TAJUK LUKISAN:
DIREKABENTUK:
DILUKIS:
DISEMAK :
TARIKH:
SKALA:
STATUS LUKISAN
PEMILIK:
PELAKSANA:
PENGARAH BAHAGIAN:
TIMBALAN PENGARAH:
500
SANDLE IN PROPER CLAM.
HAKCIPTA :
DOOR SENSOR KESELURUHAN ATAUPUN SEBAHAGIAN LUKISAN YANG TERTERA DALAM PELAN INI
700
NOTA AM :
ENCLOSURE
PINDAAN:
TIPPING BUCKET
25mm G.I CONDUIT LAID UNDERGROUND

2500
ALL SIGNAL CABLE NEED A PROPER PROTECTION

PROJEK:
25mm G.I CONDUIT LAID UNDERGROUND

1000
ALL SIGNAL CABLE NEED A PROPER PROTECTION TAJUK LUKISAN:
DIREKABENTUK:
DILUKIS:
DISEMAK :
SOLAR POLE TIPPING BUCKET POLE TARIKH:
SKALA:
STATUS LUKISAN
PEMILIK:
PELAKSANA:
LPU
3mm X 25mm COPPER TAPE
RTU PANEL (CONCEALED IN WALL / COLUMN)
SEE DETAIL 'B'

RTU, solar charger TEST JOINT
compartment
PENGARAH BAHAGIAN:
(CONCEALED IN WALL / COLUMN) COLUMN / WALL
PRE-CAST CONCRETE INSPECTION LID

GROUND LEVEL
TRUNKING
TIMBALAN PENGARAH:
SENSOR PEAT COPPER TAPE 3mm x 25mm COPPER TAPE FOR LIGHTNING PROTECTION
compartment REQUIRED
HEAVY DUTY CONCRETE INSPECTION CHAMBER / PIT
16mm DIA. COPPER JACKETED
STEEL CORE RODS OF 1500mm PERMANENT LABEL WITH 4.7mm LETTERING
LENGTH EARTH ELECTRODE ''SAFETY ELECTRICAL CONNECTION. DOT NOT REMOVE'' AND : HAKCIPTA :
1. LIGHTNING PROTECTION
2.MSB TO SUIT KESELURUHAN ATAUPUN SEBAHAGIAN LUKISAN YANG TERTERA DALAM PELAN INI
EXOTHERMIC WELDING CONNECTION TIDAK DIBENARKAN DICETAK SEMULA KECUALI DENGAN MENDAPAT KEBENARAN
3.MDP BERTULIS DARIPADA KETUA PENGARAH PENGAIRAN DAN SALIRAN MALAYSIA
MAIN EARTHING BAR (NOT TO SCALE) NOTA AM :
EARTH CHAMBER FOR EARTHING

EARTH CHAMBER
SYSTEM / LIGHTNING PROTECTION
PINDAAN:
ELECTROD TO MEET 5 OHM Butiran Pindaan T/tangan Tarikh
25mm X 3mm THK COPPER TAPE
610mm
PROJEK:

(CONCEALED IN WALL / COLUMN) 15mm
300mm (min)
6mm 6mm
300mm (min)
16mm
TEST JOINT
16mm 9.52mm x 27mm TAJUK LUKISAN:
80mm
25mm X 3mm COPPER TAPE C/W SADDLE CLIP RUN
ON SURFACE ROOF TOP.
mm
6.5
100mm
EARTH CHAMBER FOR EARTHING (CONCEALED IN WALL / COLUMN) DIREKABENTUK:
SYSTEM DILUKIS:
DISEMAK :
TARIKH:
SKALA:
STATUS LUKISAN
PEMILIK:
PELAKSANA:
PENGARAH BAHAGIAN:
1300
TIMBALAN PENGARAH:
JABATAN PENGAIRAN DAN SALIRAN
1000
NEGERI
JENIS STESEN 50mmx25mm HAKCIPTA :
holow section KESELURUHAN ATAUPUN SEBAHAGIAN LUKISAN YANG TERTERA DALAM PELAN INI
NAMA STESEN mild steel

STESEN ID: NOTA AM :
LONG: 50mm dia. M.S Pipe

LAT:
1170
PINDAAN:
JPS DAERAH BAHAGIAN/SEKSYEN/UNIT

JPS NEGERI
NO. TEL: NO. TEL: 30mmx30mmx3mm
angle section
400
PROJEK:
300
TAJUK LUKISAN:
DIREKABENTUK:
DILUKIS:
DISEMAK :
TARIKH:
SKALA:
STATUS LUKISAN

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HP 32

DEPARTMENT OF IRRIGATION AND DRAINAGE MALAYSIA

Perpustakaan Negara Malaysia Cataloguing-in-Publication Data

HYDROLOGICAL STANDARD FOR RAINFALL STATION INSTRUMENTATION. HP 32

Figure 1 Typical Tipping Bucket .............................................................................................................. 4

Table 1 General Specification of Weighing Type Tipping Bucket ........................................................... 6

2. Review of Existing Rainfall Gauges

i. Non-recording rain gauge; and

Recording Rain Gauge

200 mm Diameter with 0.5 mm Capacity

Figure 1 Typical Tipping Bucket

According to the Guide to Meteorological Instruments No. 8 (WMO 2014), in these

Figure 2 Typical Weighing Gauge

Errors and correction

A fundamental characteristic of weighing gauges in measuring precipitation intensity is the

Table 1 General Specification of Weighing Type Tipping Bucket

Figure 3 How a Rainfall Radar Works (Met Office UK 2017)

Figure 4 X-Band MP Radar at Funabashi, Japan 9 (MLIT 2013)

The summarised characteristics of XRAIN are as below (MLIT 2013):

According to New Zealand National Environmental Monitoring Standards (NEMS), resolution of

Currently, JPS Malaysia adopts 0.5 mm tipping bucket.

A standard list of instruments to be installed in a rainfall station is as follows:

General Specification of Tipping Bucket

i. ensure a parallel air flow over the orifice of the gauge

General Specification of Pole Stand

General specifications of pole stand are as below:

Pole Material : Hot dipped galvanised iron

Detail drawing as shown in Appendix B: List of Drawing; Drawing No: BSAH/HP32/TB/02.

Low Power consumption : 3.6 V lithium lasts up to 2 years

General Specification of Manual Rain Gauge

Figure 5 Tipping Bucket Installed at the Top of Station Housing

In conclusion, it is important for the earthing system at rainfall station to be inspected,

• T = Earth (from the French word Terre)

Figure 7 TN-C System

Figure 9 TN-C-S System

• All exposed-conductive-parts of an installation are connected to an earth electrode

• All exposed-conductive-parts of an installation are connected to an earth electrode

i. common mode, between phase and neutral or earth;

Rainfall station consist of electrical components connected in a system to operate as JPS

In the external wiring system, it is recommended to use GI pipes as protection. External

Requirements Lighting Other Uses

Figure 12 Security Fence

Figure 13 Anti-Climb Fence

Chain Link Fence

Figure 14 Chain-link Fence

Table 2 Comparison of Different Type of Fencing

Type of Perimeter Size Cost Safety Effect to the Ease of

General specifications of signboard are as below:

Plate Material : 1300 mm x 1000 mm aluminium plate

8. Solar Power Supply

Thus, total Power Consumption (PC) for 24 Hours,

Total Sunshine Hour = 4 Hours,

Efficiency of Solar Panel Charging = 0.85

Thus, total solar power (100W) required to charge the battery

Thus, total Ampere Hour Consumption for 24 hours,

Total Power Reserve Available = AHB – AH4D = 500 – 470.4 = 29.6 AH

9. Telemetry and Communication System

A remote terminal unit (RTU) is a microprocessor-controlled electronic device interface

Table 3 Technical Specification of RTU

Capability • Long-term data telemetry, data collection, monitoring and