CENTRO EDUCATIVO AMOR VIVIENTE

BILINGUAL,
SCHOOL
TEACHER:
MR. PIURA

STUDENT:
NORMA ABIGAIL CERRATO

CLASS:
MATHEMATICS

GRADE:
TENTH

SECTION:
UNIC

HOMEWORK:
REPORT 4.2

VALUE:
5%

DATE:
20-10-2023

JUTICALPA, OLANCHO
 Introducción

Trigonometry, a branch of mathematics that delves into the relationships between angles
and sides in triangles, has a captivating history that unfolds across centuries and
civilizations. From its humble beginnings in ancient Mesopotamia, where Babylonian
mathematicians laid the foundation with primitive tables of sine values, to the intricate
developments in ancient Greece, India, and the Islamic Golden Age, trigonometry has
evolved into a critical tool shaping our understanding of the physical world.
Embark on a journey through the annals of mathematical history as we explore the
captivating narrative of trigonometry—an ancient discipline that has intricately woven its
way through diverse civilizations and epochs. From the mathematical tables of Babylonian
scholars in ancient Mesopotamia to the abstract notations of Euler in 18th-century Europe,
trigonometry's evolution reflects the ingenuity of the human mind across cultures.
Our story begins in Babylon, around 2000–1600 BCE, where clay tablets bear witness to
the earliest glimpses of trigonometry.
Venturing eastward, we arrive in ancient India during the 5th to 6th centuries CE. Here,
mathematical visionaries like Brahmagupta and Aryabhata not only introduced
trigonometric functions but also provided detailed sine tables and explored the intricate
relationships between angles and sides.
The Islamic Golden Age, a period of enlightenment from the 8th to 14th centuries, served
as a crucible for mathematical knowledge. Scholars such as Al-Battani, Al-Khwarizmi,
and Omar Khayyam refined trigonometry, creating tables and applying these concepts to
practical fields like astronomy and geography.
The Renaissance, with its resurgence of interest in classical learning, marked
trigonometry's return to Europe. Regiomontanus and Rheticus played pivotal roles in
translating and disseminating mathematical texts from Arabic sources, rekindling the
flame of trigonometric inquiry.
Euler, a mathematical virtuoso of the 18th century, brought trigonometry to unprecedented
heights. His work not only introduced modern notation for trigonometric functions but
also formulated profound identities that transformed trigonometry from a practical tool
into a theoretical powerhouse.

As the 20th century dawned, trigonometry became an integral part of educational curricula
 THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
What is Trigonometry? ………………………………………………………………………………
.
Trigonometry is a branch of mathematics that focuses on the relationships between the
angles and sides of triangles. It has widespread applications in various fields such as
physics, engineering, computer science, architecture, and more. The core concepts of
trigonometry involve studying the properties and behavior of trigonometric functions,
which are functions ofofangles.
Key Components trigonometry: ………………………………………………………………
.
1. Trigonometric Functions:
Sine (sin): In a right-angled triangle, the sine of an angle is the ratio of the length
of the side opposite the angle to the length of the hypotenuse.
Cosine (cos): The cosine of an angle is the ratio of the length of the adjacent side to
the length of the hypotenuse in a right-angled triangle.
Tangent (tan): Tangent is the ratio of the length of the side opposite an angle to the
length of the adjacent side in a right-angled triangle.
2. Trigonometric Identities:
Trigonometric functions satisfy various identities, such as the Pythagorean identity
(sin²θ + cos²θ = 1), double angle identities, and sum and difference identities.
These relationships are fundamental in simplifying trigonometric expressions.
3. Unit Circle:
The unit circle is a circle with a radius of 1 centered at the origin of a coordinate
plane. Trigonometric functions can be defined on the unit circle, and this
representation provides a geometric interpretation of these functions.
4. Graphs of Trigonometric Functions:
Sine and cosine functions, in particular, exhibit periodic behavior. Their graphs are
wave-like and repeat over regular intervals. The amplitude, period, and phase shift
are important parameters in understanding these graphs.
5. Inverse Trigonometric Functions:
Inverse trigonometric functions, such as arcsin, arccos, and arctan, represent
operations that "reverse" the effects of their corresponding trigonometric functions.
They help solve equations involving trigonometric functions.
6. Applications:
Trigonometry is widely used in real-world applications. For example, it is crucial
in navigation, astronomy (calculating positions of celestial bodies), physics (study
 THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
7. Spherical Trigonometry:
Spherical trigonometry deals with triangles drawn on the surface of a sphere. It is
essential in navigation and astronomy for calculating distances and angles on the
celestial sphere.
8. Complex Numbers and Euler's Formula:
Trigonometry is closely related to complex numbers. Euler's formula establishes a
connection between trigonometric functions and complex exponentials, providing a
powerful tool for mathematical analysis.
Understanding trigonometry is foundational for more advanced studies in mathematics
and its applications in diverse scientific and technical fields. The historical
development of trigonometry, as mentioned earlier, reflects its importance and utility
HISTORY OF TRIGONOMETRY
 Trigonometry: A Journey through Time and Cultures
The history of trigonometry spans several civilizations and centuries, with
contributions from diverse cultures. Here is an overview of key developments in the
history of trigonometry:
Trigonometry, a branch of mathematics integral to numerous scientific and
engineering disciplines, boasts a rich and diverse history that spans civilizations and
centuries.
 Ancient Mesopotamia (2000–1600 BCE):
Its roots can be traced back to ancient Mesopotamia, where Babylonian
mathematicians, around 2000–1600 BCE, developed tables containing values for what
can be considered the sine function. While lacking the terminology of modern
trigonometry, these early mathematical tables laid the groundwork for understanding
relationships between angles and sides in triangles. The Babylonians were among the
earliest to record trigonometric relationships. They created tables containing values
for the sine function, though they didn't use modern trigonometric terminology.

 Ancient Egypt (circa 1600 BCE):

While not explicitly focused on trigonometry, ancient Egyptians used geometric
methods for practical applications, such as land surveying.
Certainly, the ancient Egyptians made significant contributions to mathematics, often
as a means to address practical problems related to their civilization, particularly in
  Trigonometry: A Journey through Time and Cultures

 Ancient Greece (circa 5th Century BCE):

Greek mathematicians like Hipparchus made significant contributions. Hipparchus is
often credited with developing the first trigonometric table and using chords, which is
a precursor to the modern concept of the sine function.
The torch of trigonometric knowledge was passed to ancient Greece, where scholars
like Hipparchus made significant contributions. Hipparchus, often called the "father of
trigonometry," is credited with developing the first trigonometric table and
introducing chord-based calculations, a precursor to the sine function. The Greeks'
geometric approach to trigonometry greatly influenced subsequent mathematical
thought.

 India (circa 5th to 6th Century CE):

In India, around the 5th to 6th centuries CE, mathematicians such as Brahmagupta and
Aryabhata advanced trigonometric concepts. They introduced the idea of
trigonometric functions, provided tables of sines, and explored relationships between
angles and sides in right-angled triangles. Meanwhile, Islamic scholars during the
Golden Age (8th to 14th centuries) further refined trigonometry, applying it to
astronomy and geography. Al-Battani, Al-Khwarizmi, and Omar Khayyam made
substantial contributions, including the development of trigonometric tables.
Indian mathematicians, including Brahmagupta and Aryabhata, introduced the
concept of trigonometric functions and explored their properties. They provided sine
tables and discussed relationships between angles and sides in right-angled triangles.

 Islamic Golden Age (8th to 14th Century):

During the Islamic Golden Age, which spanned roughly from the 8th to the 14th
century, the scholars in the Islamic world made remarkable contributions to various
fields of knowledge, including trigonometry. They not only preserved and built upon
the mathematical heritage of earlier civilizations, such as Greece, India, and Persia but
also made substantial advancements in the understanding and application of
trigonometry.
 THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
 Trigonometry: A Journey through Time and Cultures

 Renaissance Europe (16th Century):

With the decline of the Islamic Golden Age, the knowledge of trigonometry found its
way back to Europe during the Renaissance (16th century). Mathematicians like
Regiomontanus and Rheticus played crucial roles in translating and disseminating
Arabic mathematical texts, reviving interest in trigonometry in European academia.
Trigonometry was reintroduced to Europe through translations of Arabic texts.
European mathematicians like Regiomontanus and Rheticus played key roles in
disseminating and expanding trigonometric knowledge.

 18th and 19th Centuries:

European mathematicians, including Euler and Gauss, made further advancements.
Euler, in particular, introduced modern notation for trigonometric functions and
identities.

The 18th and 19th centuries witnessed the work of European luminaries such as Euler
and Gauss, who further advanced trigonometry. Euler, in particular, introduced the
modern notation for trigonometric functions and formulated many important
identities. This period marked trigonometry's transition from a practical tool for
navigation and astronomy to an abstract and analytical branch of mathematics.

 20th Century and Beyond:

The 20th century witnessed trigonometry's integration into mainstream education and
its widespread application across scientific and engineering disciplines. The
development of computers and calculators further facilitated the use of trigonometry
in real-world problem-solving. Today, trigonometry stands as a testament to the
collaborative nature of mathematical development, with its roots deeply embedded in
the mathematical traditions of diverse cultures and civilizations.
Trigonometry became an integral part of mathematics education. Its applications
expanded into various fields, including physics, engineering, computer science, and
more. The development of calculators and computers further enhanced the practicality
of trigonometry.
Throughout its history, trigonometry evolved from practical applications in ancient
civilizations to a sophisticated branch of mathematics with a wide range of
applications. The collaboration and exchange of knowledge between different cultures
 Conclusion

In conclusion, the history of trigonometry is a fascinating journey through time and across
diverse cultures. From its humble beginnings in ancient Mesopotamia and the geometric
methods of ancient Egypt to the mathematical brilliance of scholars during the Islamic
Golden Age, trigonometry has evolved into a crucial branch of mathematics with profound
real-world applications.
The ancient Babylonians, Greeks, Indians, and Islamic scholars all contributed to the
development of trigonometry, each adding pieces to the intricate puzzle of relationships
between angles and sides in triangles. These early mathematical explorations laid the
foundation for later advancements, making trigonometry an essential tool in fields as
varied as astronomy, navigation, architecture, and engineering.
The European Renaissance marked the return of trigonometry to the Western world, where
scholars like Regiomontanus, Rheticus, and Euler played pivotal roles in translating,
disseminating, and advancing trigonometric knowledge. With Euler's formulation of
modern trigonometric notation and identities, trigonometry transformed from a practical
tool into a sophisticated branch of mathematics.
As the 20th century dawned, trigonometry became a standard component of mathematics
education and found diverse applications in the sciences and technology. The advent of
computers and calculators made complex trigonometric calculations more accessible,
further expanding its role in problem-solving.
The historical evolution of trigonometry reflects the collaborative nature of mathematical
progress, where knowledge was shared and refined across civilizations and time periods.
Today, trigonometry continues to play a vital role in our understanding of the physical
ANNEXES