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Experiment 5 Uniform Flow

This document describes an experiment to determine uniform open channel flow properties using a laboratory flume. It involves measuring flow depth, time, slope and calculating discharge, velocity and roughness coefficients using Manning's and Chezy's equations. Graphs of velocity vs hydraulic parameters will be plotted and Manning's n determined from the slope.

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Abu Al Rub
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25 views

Experiment 5 Uniform Flow

This document describes an experiment to determine uniform open channel flow properties using a laboratory flume. It involves measuring flow depth, time, slope and calculating discharge, velocity and roughness coefficients using Manning's and Chezy's equations. Graphs of velocity vs hydraulic parameters will be plotted and Manning's n determined from the slope.

Uploaded by

Abu Al Rub
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Civil Engineering Department

School of Engineering
Al-Ahliyya Amman University

Fluid Mechanics Laboratory

Experiment No.5:Uniform Flow

Eng. Lubna Qaraleh


Introduction
• An open channel is a duct in which the liquid flows with a free surface exposed to
atmospheric pressure.

• The flow channel is one of the most important tools available for the teaching of hydraulic
principles. The flow channel has been designed to allow students a wide range of
experiments on water flow in an open channel under different flow conditions and analyze
the effects of test models of various shapes on water flow.

• It also allows the verification of the Chezy equation and Mannings friction factor.
Objectives this experiment aims to:

• To establish steady uniform flow conditions in laboratory flume and to


determine the Chezy’s constant “C” & Manning’s roughness
coefficient “n”.
• To determine the critical depth and the critical slope of the open
channel.
Uniform Flow Apparatus
CLASSIFICATION BASED ON CHANNEL FLOW

• Steady flow & Unsteady flow


• Uniform flow& Non-Uniform flow
• Laminar flow & turbulent flow
• Subcritical flow, critical flow, Supercritical flow
1-
• Steady Flow
In this type of flow in which flow properties (discharge, velocity etc )
remains same with respect to time at a particular section. Steady
uniform flow
• Unsteady Flow
In this type of flow in which flow properties (discharge, velocity etc )
does not remain same with respect to time at a particular section. ex
river flow.
2-
• Uniform Flow
In this type of flow in which flow properties (discharge, velocity etc )
remains same with respect to distance. ex:- flow through a pipe of
uniform diameter is steady uniform flow.

• Non-Uniform Flow
In this type of flow in which flow properties (discharge, velocity etc )
change with respect to distance. ex:- flow through a pipe of
varying diameter. Steady
3-
Flow Classifications Depending on the Reynolds number, Re
• Laminar Flow (if Re < 500): very slow and shallow flowing water in
very smooth open channels.
• Turbulent Flow (if Re > 1000): ordinary flow in ordinary open
channels.
• Transition Flow (if 500 < Re < 1000)

V = Average channel velocity


L = Length of channel
v = kinematic viscosity of fluid
4-
Depending on Froude number, Fr

Fr = 1 : Critical Flow
Fr < 1 : Subcritical Flow – slow flowing water
Fr > 1 : Supercritical Flow – fast flowing water

• V = average channel velocity


• g = gravity acceleration
• D = hydraulics water depth
• Normal depth is the depth of flow that would occur if the flow was
uniform and steady and is usually predicted using the Manning's
Equation.

• Critical depth is defined as the depth of flow where energy is at a


minimum for a particular discharge and is determined when Fr=1.
Assumptions of an Ideal Fluid

 Fluid is non viscous.


 Fluid is incompressible.
 Fluid motion is steady.
 Fluid is Uniform.
GEOMETRIC PROPERTIES OF OPEN CHANNELS

y Normal depth of flow y


b Bottom channel width b
(surface width)

A Cross-sectional Area of
flow, normal to the
direction of flow A=by

Rectangular Cross-Section p Wetted Perimeter P= b+2y


R Hydraulic Radius R= =

D Hydraulic Depth D=y=


• The two most common uniform flow formulas are Manning’s equation
and Chezy’s equation. Of these two Manning’s is the most widely used
to compute flow in open channels.

Manning’s equation

 V is the velocity in m/s


 R is the hydraulic radius in m, R=
 S is the slope
 n is the roughness coefficient called Manning’s n.
The Chezy equation was developed much earlier and is considered by
most to be the first uniform flow equation.

 V is the velocity in m/s,


 R is the hydraulic radius in m,
 S is the slope,
 C is a flow resistance factor called Chezy’s C
Relationship between Chezy’s & Manning’s Formula

By combining the two equations, the relationship between Chezy’s C and Manning’s n can be
experessed in the following equation.
Data Table
 b= Bottom channel width = 7.5 cm = 0.075 m

Trial y,mm Time, sec Water Mass, Kg Slope

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Results Table
Critical Flow Fr=1
Table 1: Uniform flow experiment result Subcritical Flow Fr <1
Supercritical Flow Fr>1
Tria Y Time Volume Slope Q Area P R V n C Fr Type of 𝑹𝟐/𝟑 𝑺𝟏/𝟐
l (m (sec) (m³) S (m3/s) (m²) (m) (m) (m/s) flow
m) 𝟐
𝑹𝟑 × 𝑺 𝟐
𝟏
𝟏 𝑽
𝐖𝐚𝐭𝐞𝐫 𝐌𝐚𝐬𝐬, 𝐊𝐠 𝟏
(
𝐊𝐠
) (Vol/time) (b.y) (Q/A) 𝑽 𝒏 × 𝑹𝟔 𝒈𝒚
𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎
m³

5
• Plot a graph of the velocity V against 𝟐/𝟑 𝟏/𝟐 , and determine the
Manning roughness value from the slope of the graph

V
• Manning roughness value (n) = Best fit line

Find Slope

𝑹𝟐/𝟑 × 𝑺𝟏/𝟐
• Calculate the result table

• Plot a graph of the velocity V against 𝟐/𝟑 𝟏/𝟐 , and determine the
Manning roughness value from the slope of the graph.

• Discuss your results

• Write sources of error

• Any recommendation

• Sample of calculation for one trial

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