Chapter 1

THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND

Introduction

In the last few decades, modern herbicides have become more widely produced

than any other type of insecticide. Herbicides are applied to unwanted plants to alter or

control them. The most common use of herbicides is in row crop farming, when they are

sprayed either before or during planting in order to minimize other vegetation and increase

crop productivity1. The use of herbicides for weed control is a common practice in

agriculture and gardening.

However, it's a common fact that herbicides are bad for the environment and

human health2. According to Department of Biology, Institute of Biosciences, São Paulo

State University (UNESP) in Brazil, Herbicides' negative impacts on human health depend

on a number of variables, including the chemical class of those compounds, dose,

exposure route, and duration. Both higher and lower dosages of herbicides can be

hazardous to humans3. According to Doll and Peto's estimated 35% of cancer cases in the

United States population are related to dietary intake, including the herbicides found in

food4. In 2010, Lu et al. conducted a local investigation, which indicated that 10.2% of

pesticide-related poisoning incidents are caused by herbicides. It indicates that there have

been situations where people in the country have been harmed by herbicides 5. To

1
US EPA, ORD. 2015. “Herbicides”
2
Cláudia José Francisco Gaspar, 2021
3
Aparecida, Maria, Bruna de Campos Ventura- Camargo, and Mrcia Miyuki. 2013. ‘Toxicity of Herbicides:
Impact on Aquatic and Soil Biota and Human Health’. Herbicides - Current Research and Case Studies in
Use. InTech. doi:10.5772/55851
4
Doll, R.; Peto, R. The causes of cancer: quantitative estimates of avoidable risks of cancer in the United
States today. Journal National Cancer Institute, v. 66, p. 1191-1308, 1981.
5
Lu JL, Cosca KZ, Del Mundo J. Trends of pesticide exposure and related cases in the Philippines. J Rural
Med. 2010;5(2):153-64. doi: 10.2185/jrm.5.153. PMID: 25649374; PMCID: PMC4309360.
minimize the risks associated with herbicides, it is essential to find alternative methods for

pest control that are less harmful to human health and the environment.

In Palawan National School, grassy weeds are common specifically the Yellow

Nutsedge (Cyperus esculentus), a grass-like plant that reproduces only by underground

tubers6. Yellow nutsedge competes aggressively against crops for moisture and nutrients,

and can seriously reduce agricultural yields 7. Agriculture students stated that weeds are a

big problem and affect the growth of plants and vegetables. In many ways, weeds hinder

crop growth by competing with the crop plants for resources such as light, space, water,

and nutrients. Therefore, in order to obtain a high crop yield, it is essential to eliminate

weeds from the cultivated field as soon as possible8.

As a result, there is a growing interest in investigating more sustainable and

alternative weed management techniques. Using organic herbicides made from natural

sources is one such alternate method. Coconut vinegar and lemongrass oil have emerged

as potential candidates due to their reported herbicidal properties.

Coconut vinegar is a byproduct of coconut water fermentation and contains acetic

acid, which has been shown to exhibit herbicidal effects. It damages plant cell membranes,

which can lead to dehydration and eventual plant death. Essential to the manufacturing of

citrus chemicals, foods, cosmetics, medications, and fragrances, lemongrass oil is

6
Zhang, S, P Li, Z Wei, Y Cheng, J Liu, Y Yang, Y Wang, Margot Schulz, and Vincenzo Tabaglio. 2022.
‌
7
“Weed Profile: Yellow Nutsedge (Cyperus Esculentus) and Purple Nutsedge (C. Rotundus) | EOrganic.”
n.d.

‌
8
BYJU. n.d. “Why Is It Important to Remove Weeds from the Cultivated Field in Early Stage of the Crop?”
Byjus.com. Accessed March 6, 2024.

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extracted from the lemongrass plant and contains substances like citral that possess

herbicidal properties. It prevents weeds of every variety from growing. Herbicides with a

lemongrass base break down naturally and are not harmful to organisms that are not their

intended targets. Lemongrass is an environmentally friendly weed control option that is

sustainable.

The potential benefits of using coconut vinegar and lemongrass oil as organic

herbicides are numerous. Firstly, these substances are derived from renewable and

sustainable sources, making them environmentally friendly compared to synthetic

herbicides. Additionally, they have the potential to be cost-effective and easily accessible

to farmers and gardeners, particularly here in Puerto Princesa City where coconuts and

lemongrass are abundant. However, the herbicidal properties of coconut vinegar and

lemongrass oil have been suggested by informal reports and sparse research, but

comprehensive scientific studies evaluating their effectiveness and possible negative

effects are lacking. Thus, by examining the efficacy of coconut vinegar and lemongrass oil

as substitute organic herbicides, this study seeks to close this research gap. To determine

how these natural substances, affect weed germination, growth inhibition, and long-term

weed control, the study will include both lab experiments and field trials. The possible

impacts on nearby beneficial organisms and non-target plants will also be evaluated. By

carrying out comprehensive scientific research, this project aims to offer evidence-based

insights on the effectiveness and possible uses of lemongrass oil and coconut vinegar as

organic herbicides.

Statement of the Problem

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 This study aims to discover the potential of coconut vinegar and lemongrass as an

organic herbicide in terminating Yellow Nutsedge (Cyperus esculentus) found in Palawan

National School campus.

Specifically, this study sought answers to the following questions:

1.What are the effects of the application of McCoco’s on the soil plot in terms of;

a. Elimination of Yellow Nutsedge (Cyperus esculentus)

b. Soil pH level

2.How does the state of the Cyperus esculentus of the plot subsequent to the application of

the herbicide compare to the state of the plot prior to the application of the herbicide?

3.Is there a significant difference on the population of Cyperus esculentus before and after

the application of McCoco’s herbicide?

Hypothesis

Ho: The McCoco’s mixtures will not be an effective herbicide.

Ha: The McCoco’s mixtures will demonstrate effective herbicidal properties.

Ho: The McCoco’s mixtures will not affect the pH level of the soil.

Ha: The McCoco’s mixtures will affect the pH level of the soil.

Ho: The subsequent state of the soil plot will not have any significant difference from the
prior state of the soil plot.

Ha: The subsequent state of the soil plot will have a significant difference from the prior
state of the soil plot. The McCoco’s mixtures will not be effective as herbicide.

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Significance of the Study

The investigation of the study “Potency of McCoco’s: Coconut (Cocos Nucifera)

Vinegar and Lemongrass (Cymbopogon Citratus) Oil as an Alternative Herbicide for

Yellow Nutsedge (Cyperus esculentus)” is deemed significant of the following:

For the Agriculture Students/ Gardeners. this research will offer substantial

benefits. This research offers practical insights into agricultural practices and challenges

specific to students, addressing identified problems in the sector. It also has the potential

to uncover innovative solutions and inform educational institutions and policymakers

about students' needs, aiding in curriculum enhancements and support systems.

For the agricultural agencies and organizations focused on sustainable

practices. The outputs of this study will provide valuable insights. The research presents a

natural, eco-friendly alternative to conventional herbicides, addressing chemical pollution

and soil health concerns. It contributes to sustainable agricultural practices by

demonstrating the efficacy of coconut vinegar and lemongrass oil. The findings can

influence policies for integrating organic alternatives..

For the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). The outputs of the study will

hold significant advantages. This research presents a natural, eco-friendly alternative to

conventional herbicides, addressing chemical pollution and soil health concerns. It

contributes to sustainable agricultural practices by demonstrating the efficacy of coconut

vinegar and lemongrass oil. The findings can influence policies for integrating organic

alternatives.

For the Palawan National School Community. The outputs of this study will

bring numerous benefits. This research offers a sustainable, eco-friendly solution for weed

control at Palawan National School, addressing concerns about conventional herbicide

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use. It introduces organic alternatives and contributes to new knowledge, influencing

school guidelines and promoting a healthier environment for students and staff.

For the Researchers. This study will offer several benefits. This research presents

an innovative approach to weed control in agriculture using organic means, contributing to

sustainable farming practices. It focuses on the need for effective herbicides with minimal

environmental impact. The study expands knowledge on coconut vinegar and lemongrass

oil as organic herbicides, potentially influencing policies and reducing reliance on

conventional herbicides.

For Future Researchers, the study will serve as a valuable resource. This study

explores the sustainable alternatives to synthetic herbicides for weed control, reducing

dependency on synthetics. It addresses environmental impact and promotes ecologically

friendly practices. The study expands knowledge on coconut vinegar and lemongrass oil as

organic herbicides, inspiring future innovations.

Scope and Delimitation

This study is delimited on the following:

Problem. This study is entitled “Potency of McCoco’s: Coconut (Cocos

Nucifera) Vinegar and Lemongrass (Cymbopogon Citratus) Oil as an Alternative

Herbicide for Yellow Nutsedge (Cyperus esculentus)”. It aims to assess the efficacy of

coconut vinegar and lemongrass oil in suppressing weed growth. This study will employ

laboratory studies and field trials to evaluate the herbicidal properties of these natural

compounds. The investigation will examine weed germination rates, weed growth

inhibition, and long-term weed control. Additionally, the study will explore the potential

impacts of coconut vinegar and lemongrass oil on non-target plants and beneficial

organisms in the surrounding ecosystem.

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 This study will delimit its focus solely to assessing the herbicidal properties of

coconut vinegar and lemongrass oil as alternative organic herbicides. It will be conducted

exclusively at the Palawan National School campus. The research will exclude

investigation into other potential organic or synthetic herbicides. Additionally, the study

will not extend to exploring commercial applications or large-scale agricultural practices

beyond the research site, ensuring a focused evaluation of coconut vinegar and lemongrass

oil as potential herbicidal agents within a controlled environment.

Locale. The study will be conducted to in the Palawan National School Campus. The

specimen will be tested and collected on the school’s garden.

The map of Palawan National School, Puerto Princesa City, Palawan is presented below.

Figure 1. Map of Palawan National School

Time Frame. The study will be conducted from February 2024 until May 2024.

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 Chapter 2

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURES AND STUDIES

This chapter presents the relevant literature and studies local or foreign taken from

some books, journals, published thesis and dissertation, and from the internet.

A. Theme 1: Herbicides

Herbicides, or chemical weed killers, have largely replaced mechanical methods of

weed control in countries where intensive and highly mechanized agriculture is practiced.

Herbicides provide a more effective and economical means of weed control than

cultivation, hoeing, and hand pulling9. They are substances, mainly chemical ones, used to

eradicate or suppress the growth of undesirable plants, including invasive species and

weeds in homes and farms. The simplicity of application of chemical herbicides, which

frequently results in labor cost savings, is a significant benefit over mechanical weed

control methods10.

The adsorption characteristics of model herbicide 2,4-D onto two organo-

montmorillonites to synthesize polymer-based controlled release formulations (CRFs).

Results show that adsorption follows the pseudo-second-order kinetics model and is

controlled by the chemisorption process. The synthesized CRF microbeads have slow-

releasing behavior at various pHs, temperatures, and ionic strengths, and show excellent

weed control efficacy on different broad-leaf weed species under glasshouse conditions 11.

Over reliance on herbicides in grain and cotton-producing regions has led to herbicide-

9
Ware, George. “An introduction to herbicides. Colombia: Selangor (Malaysia).”
10
Britannica, T. Editors of Encyclopaedia. "herbicide." Encyclopedia Britannica, January 13, 2024.
11
Paul, S.K., Xi, Y., Sanderson, P. et al. Controlled release herbicide formulation for effective weed control
efficacy. Sci Rep 14, 4216 (2024).

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resistant weed populations, particularly those with simultaneous resistance to multiple

herbicides (MHR). Herbicide-only syndrome (HOS) occurs when growers focus solely on

herbicide technology, neglecting evolutionary principles and diversity in weed control

practices. Implementing diversity requires creativity in sectors like growers, industry,

researchers, consultants, retailers, and regulators. A regulatory incentive could allow

herbicide registrants to receive extended data exclusivity periods in exchange for not

developing new herbicides in multiple crops or implementing stewardship practices. This

would incentivize good resistance management and provide financial and biological

benefits to registering companies and stakeholders . 12

Herbicides significantly boost agricultural production worldwide, aiding in weed

control, environmental protection, and crop production. However, their use raises concerns

about human health and the environment. Despite these risks, misuse is a common issue,

posing significant health and environmental risks 13. Mites are classified into superfamilies

Tetranychoidea and Tarsonemidae, with economically important species like spider, flat,

and fowl mites. They are small and cryptic, making them difficult to detect. Mites colonize

new habitats and have rapid population growth due to high egg production, reproduction

modes, short life cycles, and adaptability to diverse ecological conditions. The increasing

global transport of humans and plant and animal products may increase concerns over mite

pests in the future14.

B. Theme 2: Vinegar as Herbicide

12
Powles SB, Gaines TA. Exploring the Potential for a Regulatory Change to Encourage Diversity in
Herbicide Use. Weed Science. 2016;64(S1):649-654.
13
Pak J. Weed,”Herbicide Use: Benefits for society As A Whole Review,” 135-147
14
Shariq I. et al, “Modes of Action of Different Classes Of Herbicides,” 8

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 Currently, some plant-based herbicides employ vinegar, lemon juice, and other

compounds have been released. Despite a few these weed killers only have natural

ingredients, others mix both synthetic and natural components. Although some of these

substances can be applied around gardens, others are applied along fence lines, roads, and

flowerbeds. The quantity and variety of weed being removed, along with the herbicide's

acetic acid concentration have a major impact on its effectiveness. The acetic acid in

vinegar breaks the cell membranes following its application to the plant sections that come

into touch with it15. According to a study by Gardening Know How, around 5% of vinegar

is made up of acetic acid, which burns when comes in contact with. Utilizing vinegar in

gardening is often advocated as a remedy for numerous gardening issues, especially weed

management, as it has burning properties. The vinegar's acetic acid destroys cell

membranes, causing tissues to dry up and the plant to die. Vinegar with greater amount of

concentration of this acid (10-20%) have the potential to inhibit the sprouting of

certain weeds. It also kills the leaves of perennial weeds without destroying the roots,

therefore allowing regeneration to transpire 16. Although on the contrary, another study

claimed that Acetic acid, the main component in vinegar, may be made by chemical

processes or by bacterial fermentation. Yet, horticultural vinegar is a less appealing

herbicide, at concentrations sufficient to prove efficient against weeds. Vinegar becomes

dangerous and can harm the environment at high amounts. As an herbicide, vinegar

destroys whatever it comes into contact with in a span of hours or days. It may appear to

be effective as first, but eventually weeds will once again emerge from the roots17.

15
Stein, Dan and Rumsey, Kay. "5 TIPS for USING VINEGAR WEED KILLER". Northwest Center for
Alternatives to Pesticides, (2015).
16
Grant, Amy. “Garden Uses for Vinegar – Tips for Using Vinegar in Gardens.” Gardening Know How.
(2018).
17
Roach, Margaret. “Why It Can Be Dangerous to Use Vinegar to Kill Weeds.” Good Housekeeping, (2018).

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 For weeds that are herbicide-resistant, one study reports a staggering 388 unique

cases of herbicide-resistant weeds worldwide, encompassing 210 different species.

Notably, weeds have evolved resistance to 21 out of 25 known herbicide sites of action,

with resistance observed in 152 distinct herbicides. Among these, ALS inhibitors are

particularly prone to resistance, with 126 resistant species identified, followed by triazines

(69 species) and ACCase inhibitors (42 species). primarily due to the repeated use of

atrazine and simazine in maize crops. Growers subsequently shifted to ALS and ACCase

inhibitor herbicides in the 1980s and 1990s to combat triazine-resistant weeds, and later

adopted glyphosate-resistant crops in the mid-1990s to address resistance issues with ALS,

ACCase inhibitors, and triazines. However, the widespread adoption of glyphosate-

resistant crops has led to a rapid increase in the evolution of glyphosate-resistant weeds,

which are now found in 23 species across 18 countries altogether18.

According to another study by Integrated Pest Management Reviews, it highlights

the difficulties caused by the absence of new herbicides with innovative modes of action

on the market for more than 30 years. Herbicide resistance is becoming a bigger problem

as a result of growers' increased reliance on novel applications of already-approved

herbicides. Further reducing the possibilities for managing weeds is the loss of several

herbicides due to strict licensing and environmental laws, especially in Europe19.

Another study uses high-throughput sequencing to demonstrate the recent

advances made in discovering and functionally assessing putative NTSR genes in weed

species including Alopecurus myosuroides and Lolium rigidum. This study offers a viable

18
Heap, Ian. “Herbicide Resistant Weeds, Integrated Pest Management”, 281–301, (2014).

19
Heap, Ian. “Global Perspective of Herbicide-Resistant Weeds.” Pest Management Science 70 (9): 1306–
15, (2014).

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technique to comprehend how NTSR genes function in intricate detoxification processes

linked to herbicide resistance. As a useful result of this work, PCR-based DNA markers

for NTSR screening and detection are also anticipated, similar to markers frequently

employed for TSR diagnosis.

Considering the widespread use of glyphosate as a pesticide, the evaluation also

addresses developed glyphosate resistance. It describes the various resistance mechanisms

that are seen in plants that are resistant to glyphosate. These mechanisms include

decreased translocation of glyphosate, quick necrosis of the leaves, increased sequestration

of vacuolar space, multiple substitutions of amino acids in the target-site EPSPS gene, and

amplification of the EPSPS gene. Novel resistance mechanisms, such as the double point

mutation (Thr102Ile and Pro106Ser) in Eleusine indica and the light-activated rapid

necrosis response in Ambrosia trifida, are also highlighted. It describes the various

resistance mechanisms that are seen in plants that are resistant to glyphosate. These

mechanisms include decreased translocation of glyphosate, quick necrosis of the leaves,

increased sequestration of vacuolar space, multiple substitutions of amino acids in the

target-site EPSPS gene, and amplification of the EPSPS gene. Novel resistance

mechanisms, such as the double point mutation (Thr102Ile and Pro106Ser) in Eleusine

indica and the light-activated rapid necrosis response in Ambrosia trifida, are also

highlighted20.

C. Theme 3: Coconut Vinegar and It’s Properties as Herbicides

Annually farmers suffer crop losses due to the invasive weed. The two major

reasons for the losses are the rapid reproduction and adaptability of this aggressive

20
Busi, Roberto et al. “Herbicide-Resistant Weeds: From Research and Knowledge to Future Needs.”
Evolutionary Applications 6 (8): 1218–21, (2013).

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species.21 Weed Management is one of the major challenges that farmers face in farming,

which leads to heavy dependence on mechanical tactics that need intensive labor and are

harmful to the environment.So the farming industry chose to use organic herbicides as an

alternative, such as vinegar (coconut vinegar).22

The primary components of vinegar are water and acetic acid. Acetic acid (CH 3

COOH) is produced through anaerobic fermentation (vinegar) or synthesized through

various industrial chemical methods. Acetic acid can destroy cell membranes, which can

result in plant tissue desiccation and plant death. 23 Vinegar has been touted as a herbicide.

It can burn through the wax coating of a weed's leaf surface and destroy the leaves. 24

Coconut Vinegar Herbicide (CVH) with 12.5% Acetic acid is effective for weed control, 25

reducing grass density root and shoot biomass. Increasing weed control efficiency by

70.37 and 56.3% at 15 to 45 days after spray(DAS).26 However, in the study of Smith

(2015), it may take more than one application of a 20% acetic acid product to kill only a

portion of the annual weeds seen in the landscape. Horticultural vinegar with a higher

acetic acid content, has been used as a natural weed killer due to its ability to effectively

control certain types of weeds.27 The Acetic acid in vinegar is what gives it the power to

kill weeds, and higher acetic acid percentages are generally more effective for weed

21
Frank Garcia and Yolander Youngblood, “Agricultural Vinegar as a Growth Control Agent” 1:40, 2017.
22
Sasikumar et al., “ Effect of Organic Herbicides in Weed Management ”, The Pharma Innovation
journal 12 (7):555-60, 2023.
23
Webber, “Impact of Acetic Acid Concentration, Application Volume, and Adjuvants on Weed Control
Efficacy.” Journal of Agricultural Science, March 5, 2024.
24
Smith, “Vinegar: It is a “Safer” Herbicide, OSU Extension, July, 21,2015.
25
Sasikumar et., “Effect of Organic Herbicides in Weed Management ”, 555.
26
Sasikumar, “Evaluation of Herbicidal properties of Horticultural crop products", 2019.
27
Beaulieu, “ How to use a Homemade Weed Killer With Vinegar”, The Spruce,November, 11 2022

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control.28 With the application of herbicides(CVH), some of the weed species got reduced

at the time of sowing, and regrowth of certain weed species was observed. 29 Overall,

coconut vinegar, which contains acetic acid, has the potential to be used as a natural

herbicide for weed control in organic farming.

When considering the use of coconut vinegar as a weed repellent, it is important to

be mindful of its potential impact on desirable plants. Vinegar-based weed killers are non-

selective, meaning they can also kill or damage desirable plants. Additionally, the

application of vinegar weed killer is recommended for smaller, shallow-rooted weeds and

may be less effective on stubborn deep-rooted weeds. 30 There is a need for caution when

handling horticultural vinegar, as it can cause chemical burns if proper care is not

taken.31In conclusion, while coconut vinegar shows promise as a natural herbicide, further

research and careful consideration of its application are crucial to maximize its benefits

and minimize potential risks in organic farming practices.

D. Theme 4: Lemongrass and It’s Properties as Herbicides

Lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus) is a popular herb known for its culinary and

medicinal uses. Beyond its aromatic and flavorful qualities, lemongrass possesses potent

properties that make it a valuable tool in weed control. Research over the past five years
28
Beaulieu, “ How to use a Homemade Weed Killer With Vinegar”
29
Sasikumar, “Evaluation of Organic Herbicides”, (See footnote 5)
30
Wu, “DIY Vinegar Weed Killer Guide”
31
Reichhuber, “ Does Vinegar Kill Weeds?” Ag-community Horticultural/Landscape, July 22,2020.

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has demonstrated that lemongrass contains natural herbicidal compounds. Lemongrass's

main powerful ingredients are citral and essential oil 32. It has been determined that the

main ingredient in lemongrass oil, citral, is what primarily causes the oil to kill weeds.

Usually extracted through steam refining, citral is one of the primary constituents of

lemongrass oil, with an approximate concentration of 65-85%. It is a crucial part of the

production of fragrances, citrus chemicals, food, cosmetics, and medications. In addition

to steam refining, citral can also be extracted using solvent extraction, supercritical fluid

extraction, and ultrasonication; the technique used to extract the material determines its

quality. Being an unstable molecule, air exposure causes it to rapidly degrade. Through the

use of two distinct biochemical pathways, the acetate–mevalonate (A–MVA) pathway and

the 2C-methylerythritol–4-phosphate (MEP) pathway, plants biosynthesize citral using the

fivecarbon precursor isopentenyl diphosphate (IPP) units33.

One of the remarkable properties of lemongrass is its broad-spectrum weed

control ability. Studies have shown that lemongrass extracts can effectively suppress the

growth of various weed species, including broad leaf weeds and grassy weeds34.

Allelochemicals or essential oils obtained from plants are phytotoxins, and they have

demonstrated great promise and efficacy in managing a wide range of weeds. These

substances are biodegradable, exhibit a variety of modes of action, are frequently safe for

human health, and do not harm non-target species, which are just a few of the benefits

these compounds are said to have over synthetic herbicides. Allelochemicals are of

particular interest; these are secondary metabolites produced by a plant that, when applied

32
Soliman, Wagdi Saber, Sabri Salaheldin, and Heba M. Amer. "Chemical composition evaluation of
Egyptian lemongrass, Cymbopogon citratus, essential oil." Int. J. Sci. Eng. Res 8, no. 11 (2017): 630-634.
33
Sandeep et. al., "Chemical properties and therapeutic potential of citral, a monoterpene isolated from
lemongrass." Medicinal Chemistry 17, no. 1 (2021): 2-12.)
34
Lorena Fernandez et al., “A Natural Herbicide Containing Lemongrass Essential Oil.” (2008)

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to another plant, cause detrimental changes to the enzymes, hormones, genetics, and

metabolic processes. Experiments and advancements in this field have revealed a number

of plant sources that have the potential to be combined to create a bioherbicide, as these

effects ultimately result in extreme plant stress and slow plant death35.

The application of lemongrass oil as a weed-killing pre- and post-emergence

herbicide. If synthetic herbicides are available now, it can be a safer substitute. One of the

main goals is to offer new herbicidal formulations with lemongrass oil as an active

ingredient that target grass and broadleaf weeds. Providing a safe, food-grade, non-toxic

herbicidal composition and an environmentally friendly method are additional goals. The

current invention achieves the aforementioned goals as well as additional ones. It focuses

on creating herbicidal compositions that contain lemongrass oil along with other plant

essential oils, stabilizers, and carriers to prevent weeds from sprouting and growing.

Unlike synthetic herbicides that can have harmful effects on the environment, lemongrass

offers a natural and environmentally friendly alternative 36. Lemongrass-based herbicides

are biodegradable and pose minimal risk to non-target organisms. This eco-friendly aspect

makes lemongrass a sustainable choice for weed control. As reported by Rueda et.al,

another advantage of lemongrass is its safety for use around humans and animals.

Lemongrass oil has low toxicity levels and is considered safe when used according to

instructions. This makes lemongrass an attractive option for organic farming and home

gardeners who prioritize safety37.

35
Roberts, Jason, Singarayer Florentine, WG Dilantha Fernando, and Kushan U. Tennakoon.
"Achievements, developments and future challenges in the field of bioherbicides for weed control: A global
review." Plants 11, no. 17 (2022): 2242.
36
Lorena Fernandez et al., “A Natural Herbicide Containing Lemongrass Essential Oil,” 2008
37
Angelica Plata-Rueda et al., “Acute Toxicity and Sublethal Effects of Lemongrass Essential Oil and Their
Components against the Granary Weevil, Sitophilus Granarius,” Insects 11, no. 6 (June 18, 2020): 379

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 Synthesis

1. Herbicides

Herbicides, defined as chemical weed killers, have become a foundation in modern

agriculture, largely replacing mechanical weed control methods in highly mechanized

settings. These chemical substances, designed to eradicate or suppress undesirable plant

growth, offer an effective and economically advantageous solution compared to traditional

cultivation, hoeing, and hand pulling methods. The simplicity of applying chemical

herbicides leads to labor cost savings, making them a preferred choice. However, relying

too much on herbicides has led to weeds becoming resistant, and just using herbicides

might not be the best approach. Some farmers only use herbicides and ignore other ways

to control weeds, which can make the problem worse. To encourage better management of

herbicides, a possible solution could be giving companies longer exclusive rights to their

herbicide data if they use good weed control practices. But we need to be careful because

using herbicides can also have bad effects on people's health and the environment.

Additionally, small pests like mites are hard to detect and can cause big problems in

agriculture as they spread quickly. As people and goods move around the world more, the

issue of controlling these pests becomes even more important.

2. Vinegar Herbicides

The utilization of vinegar in plant-based weed killer has generated curiosity about weed

control. The vinegar's acetic acid concentration makes it a good killer of weeds as it may

destroy their cell membranes leading to its extermination. Higher acetic acid concentrations

can prevent weed growth. However, overuse of such herbicides can be hazardous to the

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environment, and its effectiveness may eventually wear off when weeds emerge from their

roots once again. Herbicide resistance creates problems for the agricultural industry at the

same time, which is made worse by the fact that new modes of herbicides haven't been on the

market in the past couple of years.

3. Coconut Vinegar and It’s Properties as Lemongrass

Farmers annually suffer significant crop losses due to invasive weeds, with rapid

reproduction and adaptability being the major reasons for these losses. Weed management

is a major challenge in farming, leading to heavy dependence on mechanical tactics that

require intensive labor and are harmful to the environment. As an alternative, the farming

industry has turned to organic herbicides, such as coconut vinegar, for weed control.

Coconut vinegar, containing acetic acid, is used as a herbicide, reducing grass

density and increasing weed control efficiency by 70.37% and 56.3% after 15 to 45 days

after spray, despite its potential to destroy cell membranes. A coconut Vinegar, a natural

herbicide, has potential for organic weed control, but its not non-selective nature and

potential for chemical burns should be considered, especially shallow-rooted weeds and

stubborn deep-rooted ones.

It's important to note that although coconut vinegar holds potential as a natural

weed killer, conducting studies and applying its use thoughtfully are key to enhancing its

advantages and reducing risks in farming. This becomes particularly significant due to the

non-selective nature of vinegar-based weed killers and the varying effectiveness on

different types of weeds.

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 To sum up, coconut vinegar, which has acid, could serve as a natural weed killer in

farming. However, careful consideration of its application and further research are

necessary to ensure its effectiveness and minimize potential risks.

4. Lemongrass and It’s Properties as Herbicides

Lemongrass or Cymbopogon Citratus is a herb known for its culinary and medical

use. Researches highlights its potential as a herbicide due to the presence of materials that

fits in that category, mainly its essential oils and citral. Lemongrass oil's primary

ingredient, citral, has been found to be the main factor responsible for its ability to kill

weeds. Steam refining is a common method of extracting citral from lemongrass oil,

which has a concentration of 65-85%. It demonstrates broad-spectrum weed control,

suppressing the growth of various kinds of weeds. Allelochemicals are secondary

metabolites that causes detrimental changes to enzymes, genetics, hormones, and the

metabolic processes of the affected weed or plant, it is obtained from plants and offer

several advantages over synthetic herbicides. They are safe for human health in most

cases, biodegradable, have several modes of action, and do not harm non-target species.

An option for a safer substitute for synthetic herbicides is the pre- and post-

emergence application of lemongrass oil. Targeted control of grass and broadleaf weeds

can be accomplished by creating herbicidal compositions with lemongrass oil as an active

ingredient. To inhibit the growth of weeds, these mixtures may also contain stabilizers,

carriers, and other essential oils from plants. Herbicides based on lemongrass are safer for

the environment, biodegradable, and less hazardous to organisms that are not their

intended targets than synthetic ones. When used as directed, lemongrass oil has low

toxicity levels and is deemed safe for use around both humans and animals in addition to

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its herbicidal qualities. Because of this, organic farming and home gardeners who value

safety will find lemongrass to be a desirable option. All things considered, lemongrass

presents a sustainable, environmentally beneficial, and natural substitute for weed control,

opening up a promising new direction for herbicide research and development.

B. Theoretical discussion

The farming industry has been struggling with uncontrollable weed growth,

leading to the development of organic herbicides like CVH. Higher acetic acid CVH is

more effective than lower acetic acid, and its efficacy depends on the time applied. Some

studies suggest that 12.5% is the most effective method, but more than one application of

20% acetic acid may be needed. CVH is non-selective and recommended for smaller,

shallow-rooted weeds, but may not be as effective for stubborn deep-rooted weeds.

Therefore, users should consider other factors when using CVH as an organic herbicide, as

it may not always work effectively.

Natural herbicides' effectiveness depends on concentration, weed type, and age.

Herbicide-resistant weeds, like glyphosate-resistant ones, pose challenges in weed

management. New herbicides and understanding NTSR genes in weed species are needed

to understand herbicide resistance's detoxification process. Resistance mechanisms include

reduced glyphosate transport and amino acid changes.

The lemongrass contains natural herbicides. The lemongrass oil main composition

is citral which is commonly obtained by use of a steam refining method. Citral is what

makes lemongrass oil a weed killer. The synthetic herbicides has a wide range of negative

effects in human health as well as in environment. Lemongrass contains allelochemicals

which is biodegradable, safe for human health, animals, and has less risk to non-target

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plants, providing a safe, food-grade ,non-toxic herbicide composition, making it a safer

alternative as a weed repeller. Lemongrass oil-based herbicides primarily targets grass and

broadleaf weeds. Unlike environmentally harmful synthetic herbicides, lemongrass offers

a natural and environmentally friendly alternative.

C. Gaps in the literature

This literature review consists of gaps in the provided information. The primary

challenge is the limited availability of comprehensive related scientific studies

investigating the effectiveness, dosage, and application methods of coconut vinegar and

lemongrass oil as herbicides. The existing related literature might lack rigorous

experimental design and statistical analysis, and various respondents are found in the

literature and studies; therefore, it cannot serve as a representative of the entire population.

Coconut vinegar and lemongrass oil may exhibit varying levels of herbicidal effects

depending on factors such as concentration, application method, and weed species.

Understanding this variability and establishing optimal conditions for maximum efficacy

can be a challenge. Also, evaluating the potential impacts of coconut vinegar and

lemongrass oil on non-target organisms, such as beneficial insects or plants, is crucial.

Theoretical Framework

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 Figure 2. Theoretical Paradigm

Figure 2. The theoretical framework integrates several related theories to

contextualize the development and evaluation of the herbicide mixture. One pertinent

theory is the concept of allelopathy, which suggests that certain plants release biochemical

compounds that inhibit the growth of neighboring plants. Lemongrass, known for its

allelopathic properties due to compounds like citral, serves as a natural herbicide by

disrupting weed growth. Additionally, the principle of sustainable agriculture underpins

the research, emphasizing the importance of eco-friendly practices in weed management.

By utilizing coconut vinegar and lemongrass as herbicides, the study aligns with

sustainable agriculture principles by reducing reliance on synthetic chemicals and

minimizing environmental impact. Furthermore, the theory of integrated pest management

(IPM) informs the research approach, advocating for a holistic and multifaceted strategy

for pest and weed control. By exploring the efficacy of McCoco's herbicide mixture, the

study embodies the IPM principle of using a combination of techniques, including

biological, cultural, and chemical controls, to manage pest and weed populations

effectively. Integrating these theories enriches the research paradigm by providing a

theoretical framework for understanding the mechanisms and potential outcomes of using

coconut vinegar and lemongrass as herbicides in agriculture.

Conceptual Framework

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 Figure 3. Conceptual Paradigm

Figure 3. above shows, the production of organic herbicides derived from Coconut

Vinegar and lemongrass oil, the coconut vinegar which contains acetic acid and

lemongrass that has citral, are the proponents that made it a potential herbicide against

unwanted weeds. This study will utilize three various concentrations to test if there is a

significant difference between the three different concentrations in terms of PH level and

weed elimination on different weeds mortality. Additionally, the process also includes

various usage patterns of the organic herbicide to determine if there is a significant

difference when it comes to efficacy. The integration of this organic herbicide aims to kill

weeds to reduce the unwanted weed population.

To illustrate the study to be conducted, the research paradigm is presented below.

Input Process Output

McCoco: Coconut (Cocos Nucifera) Reduction in weed/plant
Vinegar growth or elimination
Application of McCoco
Lemongrass (Cymbopogon vinegar
PAGE and lemongrass 5
\* MERGEFORMAT Assessment of the efficiency
Citratus) Oil oil to target weeds/plants and effectiveness of the
Target Yellow Nutsedge (Cyperus alternative herbicides
Monitoring of compared to conventional
esculentus)”
 Figure 4. Research Paradigm

Figure 4. The research paradigm shows materials include the utilization of various

amounts of vinegar derived from coconuts (Cocos nucifera) and lemongrass

(Cymbopogon citratus) as a potential herbicide mixture against the Yellow Nutsedge

(Cyperus esculentus)”. The process involves four key steps aimed at evaluating the

efficacy and potential environmental impact of the alternative herbicides: the application

of McCoco’s herbicide to the target weeds using specific methods and application rates to

ensure effective coverage and absorption. The change in weed population will be

monitored and assessed. The efficacy of alternative herbicides will be assessed. The

results of McCoco’s herbicide application will be analyzed to gain insights into how they

affect weed extermination. The outcome of this product is expected to be a reduction in

the weed population due to the application of McCoco’s.

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Definition of Terms

In order to facilitate a common understanding of the information conveyed in this

research study, these terms are hereby defined operationally and theoretically. For

clarification, the important term used in the study has been defined.

Agro-ecosystems - Ecosystems that undergo human management or modification for

agricultural purposes. These include cultivated areas such as farmland, orchards, and

pasturelands, where agricultural activities like crop cultivation and livestock raising take

place.

Allelochemical - A chemical compound produced by plants that can influence the growth,

development, or behavior of other organisms, particularly other plants. These compounds

can have both beneficial and detrimental effects on neighboring plants and are involved in

allelopathy, which is the chemical interaction between plants.

Bioherbicide - A type of herbicide derived from natural sources, such as microorganisms,

plants, or biochemical compounds. Unlike synthetic herbicides, bioherbicides have

minimal impact on non-target organisms and are considered environmentally friendly.

They are often used to target specific weed species or stages of growth.

Citral - A naturally occurring organic compound found in the essential oils of plants like

lemongrass, lemon, and orange. It is widely used in the fragrance and flavor industry due

to its citrusy aroma and flavor.

Coconut Vinegar - A type of vinegar made from the sap or coconut water of coconut

trees. It undergoes fermentation and has a slightly milder flavor compared to other

vinegars.

Efficacy - Refers to the effectiveness or ability of a treatment, product, or intervention to

produce the desired outcome under specific conditions. In the context of herbicides,

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efficacy measures the ability of a herbicide to control or suppress target weeds with

minimal impact on non-target plants and the environment.

Herbicide - A chemical substance or formulation used to control, inhibit, or kill unwanted

vegetation, including weeds, grasses, and brush. Herbicides are commonly used in

agriculture, forestry, landscaping, and home gardening to manage weed populations and

improve crop yields.

Inhibition - Refers to the suppression, restriction, or hindrance of a biological process or

activity. In the context of herbicides, inhibition may refer to the inhibition of weed growth,

germination, photosynthesis, or other physiological processes essential for plant

development.

Lemongrass - Lemongrass, also known as Cymbopogon citratus, is a perennial plant

native to tropical regions. It is cultivated for its aromatic leaves, which are commonly

used in culinary dishes, herbal teas, and medicinal preparations due to their citrusy flavor

and aroma.

Lemongrass Oil - An essential oil extracted from the leaves or grass of the lemongrass

plant. It is known for its citrusy aroma and is used in aromatherapy, perfumery, and as a

flavoring agent in food and beverages.

Non-Target Plants - Plants that are not intended to be affected by a particular treatment,

such as herbicide application. These plants may be susceptible to damage or unintended

effects if they come into contact with herbicides or other chemicals.

Synthetic Compounds - Chemical compounds that are artificially manufactured or

synthesized by humans through chemical reactions or processes. These compounds may

be created for various purposes, including pharmaceuticals, pesticides, plastics, and

industrial chemicals.

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Vinegar - A sour-tasting liquid produced through the fermentation of ethanol alcohol. It

typically contains acetic acid, water, and trace amounts of other compounds.

Weed Germination - Process by which weed seeds sprout and begin to grow into mature

plants. It involves the activation of dormant seed embryos under suitable environmental

conditions, including soil moisture, temperature, and light.

Weeds - The kind of plants that grow in unwanted locations, such as agricultural fields,

gardens, lawns, or natural habitats. They compete with cultivated plants for nutrients,

water, and sunlight, often leading to reduced crop yields or ecological imbalances. Weeds

can be classified as broadleaf weeds, grassy weeds, or sedges and are typically managed

through various methods such as manual removal, herbicide application, or cultural

practices.

Chapter 3

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODOLOGY

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 This chapter presents the research design, sampling method and techniques,

instrumentation, research methods and procedures, and data analysis used in this study. It

also includes Ethical considerations dealing with human participants, vertebrate animals,

potentially hazardous biological agents, and hazardous activities and devices.

Research Design
This research employed a true experimental approach, specifically utilizing a

randomized pretest-posttest control group design. Initially, the randomization process

guarantees that any distinctions observed among the groups can be attributed solely to the

treatment and not to other variables. Before the administration of the treatment, both the

treatment and control groups undergo an initial assessment (pretest) to measure the

baseline levels of the outcome variable. This pretest is instrumental in establishing a

reference point against which subsequent changes can be evaluated. Subsequently, the

treatment group, McCoco's Herbicide receives the intervention. Conversely, the control

group does not receive any form of treatment and functions as the comparative baseline.

Following the treatment duration, both groups are subjected to a follow-up assessment

(posttest), mirroring the procedures employed during the pretest phase. By comparing the

pretest and post-test scores of both groups, the researchers can assess the impact of the

treatment on the outcome variable.

The diagram below shows the experimental design,

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 Treatment R O X O
Group Area 1 - Mortality of -Experimental Group - Mortality of
weeds (treatment) weeds
- PH level - McCoco’s Herbicide - PH level

Control Group R O C O
Area - Mortality of No Treatment - Mortality of
2 weeds weeds
- PH level - PH level

Figure 5. Experimental Design

where R is the Randomized sample

O is the Pretest observation

X is the Experimental group receiving McCoco’s Herbicide.

C is the control group receiving no treatment.

O is the Posttest observation

Sampling Technique and Procedures

This Research will utilize Quadrat sampling as the chosen sampling technique.

Quadrat Sampling is a highly suitable method for studying the measurement and

distribution of organisms within a specific area, making it an ideal choice for examining

the effects of coconut vinegar with lemongrass oil as a weed-killing Herbicide.

Quadrat Sampling offers several advantages that make it particularly appropriate

for this study. By randomly placing multiple squares within the designated study area, this

technique allows for a systematic and representative assessment of weed abundance and

distribution38. This systematic approach minimizes selection bias and provides accurate
38
Aid, Statistical. 2020. “Quadrat Sampling: Application with Advantages and Disadvantages.” Statistical
Aid: A School of Statistics. December 26, 2020.

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estimations of the number and spatial arrangement of weeds, enabling an understanding of

the herbicide’s impact on weed populations.

Furthermore, Quadrat Sampling provides a standardized approach to data

collection, ensuring comparability across different research and studies. By using

consistent quadrat sizes and placement methodologies, this technique allows for

meaningful comparisons between areas where herbicide is applied 39. This standardization

enhances the reliability and validity of the research findings, enabling firm conclusions

about the efficacy of coconut vinegar with lemongrass oil as a herbicide

The quadrants will be randomly distributed across the study area, within each

quadrant, the presence or absence of weeds will be recorded 40. Additionally, relevant

information such as weed height, coverage and species composition will be documented to

gain insights into the specific effects of the herbicide on different weed species and their

growth patterns.

By employing this sampling technique, the study aims to evaluate the effectiveness

of coconut vinegar with lemongrass oil as a herbicide.

Research Instrument

Observation Guide

‌
39
Census Of Marine Life . 2021. “Quadrat Sampling | Census of Marine Life.” Coml.org. 2021.

‌
40
“Sampling Technique: Quadrat Sampling.” n.d.

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Pre-Test Application (# of weeds) Post-Test

pH # of D1 D2 D3 D4 D5 D6 D7 pH # of Weight

Level weed Level weed

s s

Treatment

Controlle

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 Figure 7. Observation Guide

# Criterion Y N Observations

1 The researchers identified their target

weeds.
2 The researchers note the date and time of
herbicide application.
3 The researchers assess the initial density
and distribution of the target week before
applying the herbicide
4 The researchers observed and documented
any visual symptoms such as wilting,
yellowing, necrosis, and stunted growth.
5 Researchers maintained the mortality rate
of the target weeds over time.
6 The researchers assessed whether the
herbicides has any residue effects on the
surrounding vegetation on soil.
7 The researchers noted the environmental
conditions during and after herbicide
application in terms of temperature,
humidity, rainfall and sunlight that can
influence the effectiveness of the
treatment.
8 Safety Precautions
The researchers emphasized the
importance of following safety precautions
when handling and applying herbicide
including personal protective equipment
(PPE).

Observation Checklist

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# Criterion Y N Observations

1 The researchers identified their target

weeds.
2 The researchers note the date and time
of herbicide application.
3 The researchers assess the initial density
and distribution of the target week
before applying the herbicide
4 The researchers observed and
documented any visual symptoms such
as wilting, yellowing, necrosis, and
stunted growth.
5 Researchers maintained the mortality
rate of the target weeds over time.
6 The researchers assessed whether the
herbicides has any residue effects on the
surrounding vegetation on soil.
7 The researchers noted the environmental
conditions during and after herbicide
application in terms of temperature,
humidity, rainfall and sunlight that can
influence the effectiveness of the
treatment.
8 Safety Precautions
The researchers emphasized the
importance of following safety
precautions when handling and applying
herbicide including personal protective
equipment (PPE).
Figure 8. Checklist

The observation guide fulfills two vital functions: 1) It serves as a reminder of the

main points of observation and the interesting subjects related to each; and 2) It initiates a

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reflexive exercise where the observer considers his or her own relationship and

contribution to the observed at any given time (e.g., how the observer was affected by the

observations). Whatever the role of the observer, an observation guide is a valuable tool 41.

In figure 1 is the set that the study should follow, the observation guide shows three

column, which consists of the pre-test, application, and post-test. The columns are

classified into two, the treatment and controlled, controlled being no treatment, a standard

treatment whose effect is already known, or a placebo (a fake treatment to control for

placebo effect), whereas the treatment receives the “treatment” whose effect the researcher

is interested. With its classification, the pH level, number of weeds and its weight is what

the post-test and pre-test should contain as shown in the said figure.

A list of questions, points, or areas to help an observer assess performance and

behavior is called an observation checklist 42. The researchers created the observation

checklist which adapted from a previous studies to achieve the objective of the research. It

also contained components of what should be observed in the process of conducting the

making and application of the herbicide. It also shows also what must be observed to

consider the study a safe and rule abiding research.

Instrumentation

The agricultural study will include the formulation of an herbicide mixture

utilizing coconut vinegar and lemongrass as the primary ingredients, and the recording of

changes in the pH level and the weight of the soil plot after the application of McCoco’s

Herbicide in comparison to the former state of the plot.

41
Roller, Margaret R. 2016. “Observation Guide.” Research Design Review. April 26, 2016.
‌
42
“Classroom & Teacher Observation Checklists | PDF.” 2019. SafetyCulture. January 4, 2019.
‌

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 For the extraction of lemongrass oil, 10 lemongrass stalks will be obtained from

the market to be extracted, scissors will be used for cutting the lemongrass into slices, a

mortar and pestle will be used to grind the oil from the lemongrass, 360 ml of coconut oil

will be used to soak the pounded lemongrass for boiling, 1 bowl, 1 cooking pan with

water, and 1 stove will be used to double boil the oil and lemongrass, 1 sheet of filter

paper will be utilized for the separation of the lemongrass oil from the solid particles, 1

beaker will be used for measuring the volume of the extracted product, and as storage for

the lemongrass oil, and 1 rubber band will be used to cover the mouth of the beaker using

filter paper. The extracted product will be ingredient in the herbicide as part of the

experimental treatment variable.

For the production of the McCoco’s Herbicide, 4 liters (4000 ml) of coconut

vinegar will be acquired from Roxas, Palawan, 1 cup (237 mL) of iodized salt, 1 tbsp of

dishwashing liquid43, and the extracted 175 ml of lemongrass oil will be mixed, 1gallon

water container with cap to mix and store the McCoco’s Herbicide mixture. The produced

mixture will be the main component of the study. The mixture is an experimental

instrument that answers the descriptive research question 1 and the comparative research

question 2.

For the testing of the pH levels of the herbicide and the soil, universal pH paper

strips will be used; with the guide coming from the box. 30 mL of the soil and 30 mL of

distilled water will be used to test the pH level of the soil 44, and 30 mL of the McCoco’s

mixture will be used to test the pH level of the herbicide. The instrument will act as an

43
Sharples, Anna. “Homemade Weed Killer: How to Make an Effective Solution Using Kitchen Items.”
Garden Benches Blog (blog), February 12, 2024.
44
Soil Science Society, Of America. 2019. Soil PH. Soils4teachers

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experimental variable that answers the descriptive question 1 and the comparative

questions 2 and 3.

For the testing of the McCoco’s herbicide, 2 soil plots nearly identical in weight

and the contained amount of Yellow Nutsedge (Cyperus esculentus), and a spray bottle

will be used to store and apply the herbicide. The 1 st soil plot is an experimental group,

and the 2nd soil plot is a controlled group used to compare the changes after the application

of the McCoco’s herbicide. An observation form will be used in observing the occurring

changes on the soil plots in the span of 7 days. The instruments aim to answer the

descriptive research question 1 and the comparative research questions 2 and 3.

Lemongrass Oil Extraction

Permission to conduct the study will be sought from the school authorities to fulfill

the research. The necessary materials will be obtained and thoroughly rinsed before the

start of making the product. The 10 bundles of lemongrass will be washed with distilled

water. The 10 stalks will be chopped into small pieces. The cut lemongrass will be placed

on the mortar. The pestle will be used to grind the lemongrass thoroughly. The grinded

lemongrass will be soaked with 360 ml of coconut oil in a bowl until fully submerged. The

bowl will be placed on the cooking pan with water above the stove to double boil the

lemongrass until the oil is extracted. One part of the filter paper will be cut in a circular

shape. Then, the filter paper will be formed into a cone shape on the mouth of the beaker.

The lemongrass oil will be poured to the beaker with the filter paper to separate the solid

leaves from the liquid oil. The volume of the extracted oil is expected to be 175 ml from

the markings on the beaker. Another circle-cut filter paper will be placed above the beaker

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and tied with a rubber band to keep the lemongrass oil stored for the creation of the

herbicide.

Creation of McCoco’s Herbicide Mixture

The 4 liters of Coconut Vinegar will be poured into the 1gallon water container.

The 1 tbsp of dishwashing liquid will be mixed with the coconut vinegar, followed by the

1 cup of table salt45. Then, the extracted 175 ml of lemongrass oil will be poured last into

the mixture. The cap will be tightly closed and the water container will be shaken

thoroughly until the smaller ingredients dissolved. The herbicide mixture will be left to

settle for 15 minutes. The container will be stored in an area with room temperature for the

testing of the product.

Testing the pH Level of the McCoco’s Herbicide Mixture

To test the pH level of the herbicide, 30 mL of the mixture will be poured into the

beaker. A pH paper will be placed at the surface of the mixture, allowing the liquid to

travel to the pH paper after 1 minute. The pH level will be labelled as 1-14 based on the

observed color as instructed in the box.

Gathering of Soil Plot Samples

Permission will be sought from the principal and the school authorities for the

fulfillment of the research. The sample location was selected beforehand to be the TLE

department of Palawan National School. Using the Quadrat sampling, two soil samples

with identical dimensions 1x1 meter, number of weeds present, and weight will be

45
Plantinfo. “Vinegar Weed Killer.” Plantinfo, January 18, 2024.

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obtained to serve as the experimental and controlled group. Some modifications may be

performed by the researchers to keep the initial state of the soil plots identical.

Pretest of pH Level of the Soil Plots

In order to test the pH level of the soil plots, 1:1 ratio of soil and water will be

mixed. 30 mL of soil will be placed in a beaker, and 30 mL of distilled water will be

poured inside. The treatment will be mixed thoroughly, and will be let settle for 10-15

minutes. A pH paper will be placed on the surface of the mixture for 1 minute. The pH

level will be labelled based on the color of the pH paper based on the category provided on

the box 246.

Application of McCoco’s Herbicide to Yellow Nutsedge (Cyperus esculentus) Weeds

The soil plots will be randomly selected as the experimental and the controlled

group. The McCoco’s mixture will be poured into a spray bottle. The McCoco’s will be

sprayed on the weeds until fully engulfed once every 2 days. After 7 days, the application

of McCoco’s will discontinue.

Post Test pH Level Soil

The pH level of the soil of the experimental group will be tested. 30 mL of the soil

will be placed in a beaker, and 30 mL of distilled water with a ratio of 1:1 will be mixed

thoroughly and will be let settle for 10-15 minutes. A strip of pH paper will be slightly

dipped in the mixture for 1 minute. The color of the pH paper will determine the pH level

of the soil after the discontinuation of McCoco’s application 2. This will be repeated and

recorded for a week.

462
Soil Science Society, Of America. 2019. Soil PH. Soils4teachers.

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Post Test pH Level McCoco’s Herbicide

The pH level of the McCoco’s will be once again tested for changes that may have

transpired. 30 mL of soil will be poured in a beaker. 1 strip of pH paper will be slightly

dipped in the herbicide for 1 minute. The pH level will be determined based on the color

of the pH paper. This will be repeated and recorded for a week.

Figure 9. Process

Data Analysis

A randomized controlled trial with replicates will be conducted, statistical analyses

will be performed to compare weed mortality rates, and factors such as weed density

reduction and regrowth inhibition will be evaluated. Collected data will be analyzed to

determine effectiveness, results will be compared with control groups, conclusions were

drawn regarding the suitability of the herbicide mixture. Further considerations will be

made for environmental factors and potential long-term effects. Environmental factors will

be considered, including temperature, humidity, and soil conditions, and experiments will

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be repeated as necessary for validation. Using pH paper, the pH levels of the herbicide

combination will be measured, and changes will be made as needed to maximize its

effectiveness in controlling weeds.

Basic statistical approaches shall be employed such as regression analysis, and t-

tests. Regression analysis will be used to evaluate the impact of a particular explanatory

variable on the dependent variable47. In this study this approach will be used to investigate

how the percentage of coconut vinegar and lemongrass oil in the herbicide mix affects

weed control and soil pH levels. We specifically focus on how different concentrations

can reduce the weed population over a specific time.

An inferential statistic called a t-test will also be used to assess whether there is a

significant difference between the means of two groups and its relationship 48. T-test will

be integrated by comparing the results of pretest and posttest. The average weed density

before and after applying each herbicide to see if there are any significant differences. In

addition, it will be used to see if there are any changes in soil pH levels from the initial

measurements taken before applying the herbicide.

Ethical Consideration

Safety

47
“Regression Analysis: An Overview.” n.d. Www.kellogg.northwestern.edu.

‌
48
“T-Test: What It Is with Multiple Formulas and When to Use Them.” n.d. Investopedia.

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 The researchers will consider the possible impact on the human and environment as

well as the possible prolonged impact of the experiment, to ensure that no one can

encounter possible harm whether it is to humans or the environment. The researchers will

follow certain measures to conduct this experiment, such as precautions for those who are

or could be affected when conducting the experiment and conducting a thorough

assessment to minimize the effect of the experiment that will occur49.

Transparency and Integrity

Conducting research ethically, the researchers should work with scientific integrity

and should avoid bias. The researcher will work with a clear vision and will state the

methods, data, and results of the study which is characterized by openness, honesty, and

adherence to ethical principles. To ensure reliability, credibility, and truthfulness, the

researcher will remain separated from the study, and any falsification, fabrication, or

plagiarism will be eliminated50.

Regulatory Compliance

To ethically conduct research involving the testing and use of herbicides,

researchers must adhere to relevant laws, regulations, and ethical guidelines. They should

also maintain accountability and transparency in their actions. This includes ensuring that

compliance procedures and systems are transparent and accessible to all stakeholders.

49
Bhandari, Pritha. 2023. “A Guide to Ethical Considerations in Research.” Scribbr. 2023.

‌
50
Resnik, David B. 2020. “What Is Ethics in Research & Why Is It Important?” National Institute of
Environmental Health Sciences. 2020.

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Adhering to the law not only promotes transparency and safety in the study but also steers

the research toward safer practices51.

51
“The Importance of Ethical Considerations in Regulatory Compliance.” n.d. Www.hilarispublisher.com.
Accessed May 5, 2024.
‌

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