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Mixing Summary

The document discusses different types of mixing including definitions, processes, scales of scrutiny, and how to evaluate mixing. It covers mixing solids, liquids, and semi-solids and discusses particle properties, mechanisms of mixing, and types of mixers.

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Shaakira Hassim
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11 views4 pages

Mixing Summary

The document discusses different types of mixing including definitions, processes, scales of scrutiny, and how to evaluate mixing. It covers mixing solids, liquids, and semi-solids and discusses particle properties, mechanisms of mixing, and types of mixers.

Uploaded by

Shaakira Hassim
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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MIXING:

Definition Operation that aims to treat two or more components, initially in an


unmixed state, so that each unit of the component lies as near as possible in
contact with a unit of each of the other components.
® Ideal situation – perfect mix
® Mixing operation used will determine proximity to reaching a perfect
mix.
Types of
mixtures

Mixing
Process

Random mix Definition: Random mixture is the mixture with the smallest attainable
variance from any physically realizable blending process.

Scale of Unit weight of a tablet is 200 mg:


scrutiny • A 200 mg sample from the mix needs to be scrutinized.
• Scale of scrutiny = 200 mg
Numbers of particles in the scale of scrutiny
depends on:
• Particle size
• Particle density
Question You have been asked to mix 100 mg API with a diluent powder (100g).
1. What will you use to mix the powders together in the lab?
2. How are you going to achieve an even mix?
• Add ingredient of smallest quantity (API) first to mortar.
• The 2nd powder (dilutent) added in approximately the same quantity as
the API.
• Add more diluent in approximately the same volume as the mixture in the
mortar.
• Continue in this way until all the diluent has been added.
• Doubling-up method.

Evaluating Manufactures may require some means of monitoring of mixing for the
the degree of following reasons:
mixing • Indicate the degree / extent of mixing.
• Follow a mixing process.
• Indicate sufficient mixing has occurred.
• Assess efficiency of the mixer.
• Determine the mixing time required for a process.
Mixing
index (MI)

Demixing – • Opposite to mixing.


powder • May not be able to achieve a random mix.
segregation • Acceptable mix achieved.
• Segregation can be reduce with increasing
mixing time.
• An optimal mixing time may exist with
segregated mixes.

Effect of
Particle size
on
segregation

Particle • Percolation potentiated if small particles are denser. More dense – move
density downwards
• Trajectory segregation may occur massed on weight difference.

Particle • Segregate more easily


shape • Interlocking structures
Minimize • Select drug & excipient within narrow particle size range & of similar
segregation density.
• Milling components:
– Reduce particle size range.
– Ensure all particles below a certain range.
• Controlled crystallization → particular size and shape.
• Granulation of powder mix.
• Reduce exposure of powders to vibration or movement post mixing.
• Production of an ordered mix.

Mixing Types of mixers used:


liquids • Propeller mixers
• Turbine mixers

• Stirring / shaking.
• Density of liquids very important:
– Low η liquids – little mixing required.
– High η liquids – require vigorous agitation.
Mixing • Particle size paramount importance.
solids with If solute is soluble in solvent:
liquids • Easily forms a solution.
If solute insoluble in solvent:
• Ensure even distribution throughout.
• Forms an suspension.

Mechanism Convection mixing – transfer of large groups of particles from one part of
of mixing powder bed to another.

Shear mixing – when a layer of material moves or


flows over another.

Diffusive mixing – a powder is forced to move or flow when the powder


bed dilates. Powder particles become less tightly packed = increase in
voids or spaces between them.
Mixing of • Do not over- or underfill the mixer.
powders • Use a mixing mechanism suitable for product.
• Appropriate mixing time – remove & analyze samples at certain times.
• Static charges created as particles rub against one another → should be
suitably earthed to overcome this.

Mixing of • Do not flow easily.


semi – solids • “Dead spot” → no flow in these areas.
• Mixers have rotating elements with narrow clearances between
themselves and edge of container.
• High degree of shear no diffusion or convective mixing.

Types of mixers used:


• Planetary mixers
• Sigma blade mixer

Ordered • Mixtures of large particles with small results in segregation.


mixers • Solution: adsorption of powder (micronized) onto active sites on larger
carrier particles.
• Very important in:
– direct compression tablet formulations.
– dry powder inhaler formulations.

Tumbling
mixers

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