GATE-2001

1. The conversion for a second order, irreversible reaction (constant volume)

A K 2 B , in batch mode is given by
→

1
A.
1+ k 2 C Ao t

k 2 C Ao t
B.
1+ k 2 C Ao t
2
( k 2 C Ao t )
C.
1+ k 2 C Ao t
k 2 C Ao t
D. 2
( 1+k 2 C Ao t )
2. The reaction rate constants at two different temperature T1 and T2 are related by

( )
k2 E 1 1
A. ln = −
k1 E T 2 T 1

B. ln = ( − )
k E 12 1
k R T T
1 1 2

C. exp = ( − )
k E 1 1 2
k R T T 1 1 2

D. exp = ( − )
k E 1 1
2
k R T T 1 2 1

3. The E-curve for a non ideal reactor defines the fraction of fluid having age between t
and t + dt
A. At the inlet
B. At the outlet
C. In the reactor
D. Averaged over the inlet and outlet
4. The mean conversion in the exit stream, for a second-order, liquid phase reaction in a
non-ideal flow reactor is given by
∞
k 2 C Ao t
A. ∫ E ( t ) dt
0 1+k 2 C Ao t
∞
1
B. ∫ E ( t ) dt
0 1+k 2 C Ao t
 ∞
1
C. ∫ [ 1−E ( t ) ] dt
0 1+k 2 C Ao t
∞
exp (−k 2 C Ao t )
D. ∫ E ( t ) dt
0 1+ k 2 C Ao t

5. For a vapor phase catalytic reaction ( A+ B → P ) which follows ideal mechanism and the
reaction step is rate controlling, the rate of reaction is given by (reaction step is
irreversible, product also adsorbs)
k pA pB
A. −r A =
1+ K A p A + K p p p
2
k p A −k 1 p p
B. −r A =
1+ K A p A + K p p p
k p A pB
C. −r A = 2
( 1+ K A p A + K p p p )
k pA pB
D. −r A =
1+ K A p A

6. The first-order, gas phase reaction A K→2 2 B is conducted isothermally in batch mode.
The rate of change of conversion with time is given by
d xA 2
A. k ( 1−x A ) ( 1+2 X A )
dt 1
d xA 2
B. =k 1 ( 1−X A ) ( 1+ 0.5 X A )
dt
d xA
C. =k 1 ( 1−X A )
dt
d x A k 1 ( 1− X A )
D. =
dt ( 1+ X A )
7. The concentration versus batch time date for a constant volume, isothermal batch
reactor is given in the Table below. Assuming the reaction to first order in A. Find the
best value of k1 by least squares regression.
t(s) CA (k mol/m3)
0 1.00
30 0.92
60 0.89
90 0.81
120 0.76
150 0.72
180 0.70
8. A CSTR and a PFR of equal volume V (each) are given for the conduct of a second-
order, isothermal, liquid phase reaction. The reactors are to be arranged sequentially (in
series). Find the values of the conversions for the two possible reactor arrangements.
A k 2 B , k = 1 m3/mol s, 𝐶 = 0.1 kmol/m3s and 𝜏 = 5𝑠 (for volume V).
2 𝐴𝑜
→

GATE-2002
9. For an ideal plug flow reactor the value of the Peclet number is
(A) 0
(B) ∞
(C) 1
(D) 10
10. The extent of a reaction is
(A) Different for reactants and products
(B) Dimensionless
(C) Dependent on the stoichiometric coefficients
(D) all of the above
11. An exothermic reaction takes place in an adiabatic reactor. The product temperature
(choose the correct option) ________ the reactor feed temperature
(A) is always equal to
(B) is always greater than
(C) is always less than
(D) may be greater or less than
12. A pulse tracer is introduced in an ideal CSTR (with a mean residence time ) at time t =
0. The time taken for exit concentration of the tracer to reach half of its initial value will
be
(A) 2 
(B) 0.5 
(C) /0.693
(D) 0.693 
13. A batch adiabatic reactor at an initial temperature of 373 K is being used for the
reaction A  B. Assume the heat of reaction is –1 kJ/mol at 373 K and the heat
 capacity of both A and B to be constant and equal to 50 J/ mol K. The temperature rise
after a conversion of 0.5 will be
(A) 50 C
(B) 100 C
(C) 200 C
(D) 1000 C
14. Ammonia is produced by the following reaction N2 + 3 H2 ⇌ 2NH3. In a commercial
process for ammonia production, the feed to an adiabatic reactor contains 1 kmol/s of
nitrogen and stoichiometric amount of hydrogen at 700 K. What is the maximum
allowable conversion in the reactor, if the adiabatic temperature rise across the reactor
should not exceed 100 K. Assume the feed and product streams to be ideal gas
mixture. The heat of reaction at 700K for the above reaction is calculated to be –94.2
kJ/mol. Mean molar heat capacities (Cp), in the range 700 – 800 K, are 0.03, 0.0289
and 0.0492 kJ/mol K for nitrogen, hydrogen and ammonia, respectively.
15. A simple chemical reaction A  B is being carried out in two CSTRs connected in
series. The volume of the first reactor is 1.5 times that of the second reactor. The
temperature of the reactors are such that the rate constant in the first reactor is 1.5 times
the rate constant in the second reactor.

(a) Is the data given above consistent for a first order reaction kinetic? Justify.
(b) Is the data given above consistent for a second order reaction kinetics? Justify.
16. An enzyme immobilized on the surface of a non-porous solid catalyzes a single-
Vm
substrate reaction according to the first order rate equation given by v= S.
Km

Where Vm and Km are the reaction parameters and S is the substrate (reactant)
concentration at the surface of the solid.
(a) If reaction rate is inhibited by liquid-film mass transfer resistance, find the overall
rate expression for enzyme catalysis at steady state in terms of V m, Km, the bulk liquid
substrate concentration So and the film mass transfer coefficient ks.
(b) If the reaction rate is of the first order even at the bulk liquid concentration, what
will be the value of the effectiveness factor for the following values of the reaction
parameters:
 Vm = 10–10mol/cm2 s, Km = 2 × 10–3 mol/l, ks = 5 × 10–5 cm/s.
GATE - 2003

17. For a series of reactions A k→1 B k→2 C k1 << k2, the reaction system can be approximated as

A. A k→1 B

B. A k→2 B

C. A k→2 C

D. A k→1 C

18. An elementary liquid phase decomposition reaction A →

k Bis to be carried out in a CSTR.
The design equation is
XA
A. kτ =
1−X A

X A ( 1+ X A )
B. kτ =
1− X A
XA
C. kτ = 2
( 1−X A )
2
X A ( 1+ X A )
D. kτ C Ao= 2
( 1− X A )
19. A CSTR is to be designed in which an exothermic liquid phase first order reaction of
the type A  R is taking place. The reactor is to be provided with a jacket in which
coolant is flowing. Following data is given
𝐶𝐴𝑜 = 5 kmol/m3; 𝑋𝐴 = 0.5 ;
Feed temperature = reactor temperature = 40℃.
Rate constant at 40℃ = 1 min–1;
∆H = – 40 kJ/mol; ρ = 1000 kg/m3;
𝐶𝑃 = 4 J/gm℃ ; q = 10–3 m3/ min
(ρ and Cp are same for the reactant and product stream). The amount of heat to be
removed is
(A) 2/3 kW
(B) 1 kW
(C) 5/3 kW
 (D) 4 kW
20. A liquid phase reaction is to be carried out under isothermal conditions. The reaction
rate as a function of conversion has been determined experimentally and is shown in the
figure given below. What choice of reactor combination will require the minimum
overall reactor volume, if a conversion of 0.9 is desired?

(A) CSTR followed by a PFR

(B) CSTR followed by a PFR followed by CSTR
(C) PFR followed by a CSTR followed by a PFR
Common data questions 21 & 22
The following gas phase reactions are carried out isothermally in a CSTR
A  2R r 1=k 1 p A k 1=¿ 20 mol / (sec – m3 bar)

A  3S r 2=k 2 p A k 2=¿ 40 mol / (sec – m3 bar)

Total pressure = 1 bar, F A = 1 mol/sec; feed is pure A

o

21. What is the maximum possible value of FR (mol/sec)

(A) 1/3
(B) 1/2
(C) 2/3
(D) 2
22. The volume of a CSTR required for fractional conversion of A equal to 0.3 due to the
first reaction is
(A) 0.11
(B) 0.21
(C) 0.275
(D) 0.375
23. Find a mechanism that is consisted with the rate equation and reaction given below:
 2A + B  A2B, (-rA) = k CACB
(A) A+B ⇌ AB; AB+A  A2B
(B) A+B  AB; AB+A  A2B
(C) A+A  AA; AA+B  A2B
(D) A+A ⇌ AA; AA+B  A2B
24. A step input tracer test is used to explore the flow pattern of fluid through a vessel of
total volume equal to 1m3 having a feed rate of 1 m3/min.

Identify for each curve in Group 1 a suitable flow model from the list given under
Group 2.
Group 1 Group 2
P: Curve 1 1: PFR and CSTR in series
Q : Curve 2 2: CSTR with dead space
3: PFR in series with a CSTR and dead
space
4: CSTR
(A) P-4, Q-3
(B) P-4, Q-1
(C) P-2, Q-3
(D) P-2, Q-1
25. Following isothermal kinetic data are obtained in a basket type of mixed flow reactor
for a porous catalyst. Determine the role of pore diffusion and external mass transfer
process.
Pellet Diameter Leaving concentration of Spinning rate of the (-rA)
the reactant basket
1 1 High 2
2 1 Low 1
 2 1 High 1

(A) Strong pore diffusion control and mass transfer not controlling
(B) Both pore diffusion and mass transfer not controlling
(C) Both pore diffusion and mass transfer controlling
(D) Mass transfer controlling
GATE – 2004
26. The rate expression for the gaseous phase reaction CO + 2H ⇄ CH3OHis given by
CO+ 2 H 2 ⇄ C H 3 OH is given by r =k 1 pCOαp H 2 β−k 2 pγC H 3 OH

Which of the following is NOT possible?

(A) α = 1, β = 1, γ = 1
(B) α = 1, β = 2, γ = 1
(C) α = 1/3, β = 2/3, γ = 1/3
(D) α = 1/2, β = 1, γ = ½
27. The rate of ammonia synthesis for the reaction N 2 + 3H2 ⇄ 2NH3 is given by
3 2
r =0.8 p N p H −0.6 p NH .
2 2 3

If the reaction is represented as, 0.5N2 + 1.5H2 ⇄ NH3, the rate of ammonia synthesis is

(A) r =0.8 pN 0.5

0 −0.6 p NH 3

(B) r =0.8 pN 2 pH 32−0.6 p2 NH 3

(C) r =0.5 ( 0.8 pN 2 pH 2−0.6 p NH 3 )

3 2

(D) r =0.5 ( 0.8 pN 2 pH 2 −0.6 p NH 3)

0.5 1.5

28. An endothermic aqueous phase first order irreversible reaction is carried out in an
adiabatic plug flow reactor. The rate of reaction
(A) Is maximum at the inlet of the reactor
(B) Goes through a maximum along the length of the reactor
(C) Goes through a minimum along the length of the reactor
(D) Is maximum at the exit of the reactor.
29. A first order gaseous phase reaction is catalyzed by a non-porous solid. The kinetic rate
constant and the external mass transfer coefficient are k and kg, respectively. The
effective rate constant (keff) is given by
(A) k eff =k + k g
 (k + kg)
(B) k eff =
2
1/ 2
(C) k eff =( k k g )

1 1 1
(D) = +
k eff k k g

30. For a packed bed reactor, the presence of a long tail in the residence time distribution
curve is an indication of
(A) Ideal plug flow
(B) Bypass
(C) Channeling
(D) Dead Zone
31. The following gas phase reaction is taking place in a plug flow reactor, A + ½ B → C,
The stoichiometric mixture of A and B at 300 K is fed to the reactor. At 1 m along the
length of the reactor, the temperature is 360 K. The pressure drop is negligible and an
ideal gas behavior can be assumed. Identify the correct expression relating the
concentration of A at the inlet (CAO), concentration of A at 1 m (CA) and the
corresponding conversion of A (X).
( 1−X )
(A) C A=1.2 C A 0
(1−0.33 X )
( 1− X )
(B) C A=1.2 C A 0
( 1−0.5 X )
(1−X )
(C) C A=0.83C A 0
(1−0.33 X )
(1−X )
(D) C A=0.83C A 0
(1−0.5 X )
32. A second order liquid phase reaction A → B is carried out in a mixed flow reactor
operated in semi-batch mode (no exit stream). The reactant A at concentration CAF is
fed to the reactor at a volumetric flow rate of F. The volume of the reacting mixture is
V and the density of the liquid mixture is constant. The mass balance for A is
d ( V C A) 2
(A) =−F ( C AF −C A ) −k C A V
dt
d ( V C A) 2
(B) =F ( C AF −C A )−k C A V
dt
d ( V C A) 2
(C) =−F C A −k C A V
dt
 d ( V C A) 2
(D) =F C AF −k C A V
dt
33. For an isothermal second order aqueous phase reaction A → B, the ratio of the time
required for 90% conversion to the time required for 45% conversion is
(A) 2
(B) 4
(C) 11
(D) 22
34. An isothermal aqueous phase reversible reaction P ⇄ R is to be carried out in a mixed
flow reactor. The reaction rate in (kmol / m 3h) is given by r = 0.5 CP – 0.125CR. A
stream containing only P enters the reactor. The residence time required (in hours) for
40% conversion of P is
(A) 0.80
(B) 1.33
(C) 1.60
(D) 2.67
35. A pollutant P degrades according to first order kinetics. An aqueous stream containing
P at 2 kmol / m3 and volumetric flow rate 1 m3/h requires a mixed flow reactor of
volume V to bring down the pollutant level to 0.5 kmol/m 3. The inlet concentration of
the pollutant is now doubled and the volumetric flow rate is tripled. If the pollutant
level is to be brought down to the same level of 0.5 kmol/m3, the volume of the mixed
flow reactor should be increased by a factor of
(A) 7
(B) 6
(C) 3
(D) 7/3
36. Consider a reversible exothermic reaction in a plug flow reactor. The maximum and
minimum permissible temperatures are Tmax and Tmin, respectively. Which of the
following temperature (T) profiles will require the
shortest residence time to achieve the desired conversion?
 (A) (B)

(C) (D)
37. An irreversible aqueous phase reaction A + B  P is carried out in an adiabatic mixed
flow reactor. A feed containing 4 kmol/m3 of each A and B enters the reactor at 8 m 3/h.
If the temperature of the exit stream is never to exceed 390 K, what is the maximum
feed inlet temperature allowed? Data: Heat of reaction = –50 kJ/mol, density of the
reacting mixture = 1000 kg/m3, specific heat of reacting mixture 2 kJ/kg. K. The above
data can be assumed to be independent of composition and temperature.
(A) 190
(B) 290
(C) 390
(D) 490
38. Pick the WRONG design guideline for a reactor in which the reactions A → R
(desired) and A → S (undesired) are to take place. The ratio of the reaction rates is

=
( )
r R k 1 a−b
C
r S k2 A

(A) Use high pressure and eliminate inert when a > b

(B) avoid recycle when a > b
(C) use batch reactor or plug flow reactor when a > b
(D) use CSTR with a high conversion when a > b

GATE - 2005
39. For the reaction 2R + S → T, the rates of formation, r R, rS and rT of the substances R, S
and T respectively, are related by
 (A) 2 rR =rS = rT
(B) 2 rR = rS = –rT
(C) rR = 2rS = 2 rT
(D) rR = 2rS = – 2rT
40. For the liquid phase reaction A → P, in a series of experiments in a batch reactor, the
half-life t1/2 was found to be inversely proportional to the square root of the initial
concentration of A. The order of the reaction is
(A) 3/2
(B) 1
(C) +1/2
(D) –1/2
41. Which is the correct statement from the following statements on the Arrhenius model of
the rate constant k = A. e–E/RT?
(A) A is always dimensionless,
(B) For two reactions 1 and 2, if A1 = A2 and E1 > E2, then k1 (T) > k2 (T)
(C) For a given reaction, the % change of k with respect to temperature is higher at
lower temperatures.
(D) The % change of k with respect to temperature is higher for higher A.
42. The rate expression for the reaction of A is given by
2
k1 C A
−r A = 1 /2
1+ k 2 C A

The units of k1 and k2 are, respectively,

(A) (mol–1 m3 s–1), (mol–1/2 m3/2)
(B) (mol–1 m3 s–1), (mol1/2 m3/2)
(C) (mol m3 s–1), (mol–1/2 m3/2 s–1)
(D) (mol–1 m3 s–1), (mol–1/2 m3/2 s–1/2)
43. The first order liquid phase reaction A → P is to be carried out isothermally in the
following ideal reactor configurations.
(P) A 1 m3 CSTR followed by a 1 m3 PFR,
(Q) A 2 m3 CSTR (R) A 1 m3 PFR followed by a 1 m3 CSTR,
(S) A 1 m3 CSTR followed by a 1 m3 CSTR,
The overall exit conversions X, for the above configurations P, Q, R and S, assuming
identical inlet conditions and temperature, are related as
 (A) XP> XR> XS> XQ
(B) XP = XR> XS> XQ
(C) XP = XS = XQ = XR
(D) XQ> XP> XR> XS
44. The gas phase rxn A  B+C is carried out in an ideal PFR achieving 40% convention of
A. The feed has 70 mol % A and 30 mol % units. The inlet temperature is 300 K and
outlet temperature is 400 K. The ratio of the outlet to inlet molar concentration of ‘A’
(Assuming ideal gas mixture and uniform pressure) is
(A) 0.60
(B) 0.30
(C) 0.47
(D) 0.35
45. Match the items in Group I with those in Group II
Group I Group II
(P) Porous catalyst (1) Selectivity
(Q) Parallel reactions (2) Shrinking core model
(R) Non-ideal tubular reactor (3) Thiele modulus
(S) Gas-solid noncatalytic reaction (4) Dispersion number

(A) P-3, Q-1, R-4, S-2

(B) P-1, Q-3, R-2, S-4
(C) P-1, Q-4, R-2, S-3
(D) P-3, Q-4, R-1, S-2
46. The rate of the liquid phase reversible reaction A↔2B in (kmolm –3min–1) at 298 K, is –
rA = 0.02 CA – 0.01CB, where the concentrations CA and CB are expressed in (kmol m –3).
What is the maximum limiting conversion of A achievable in an isothermal CSTR at
298 K, assuming pure A is fed at the inlet
(A) 1
(B) 2/3
(C) 1/2
(D) 1/3
Linked Answer Questions 47 – 48
The residence time distribution E(t) (as shown below) of a reactor is zero until 3
minutes and then increases linearly to a maximum value Emax at 8 minutes after which
it decreases linearly back to zero at 15 minutes.
47. What is the value of Emax?
(A) 1/6
(B) 1/8
(C) 1/4
(D) 1/3
48. What is the value of the mean residence time in minutes?
(A) 5.7
(B) 8
(C) 8.7
(D) 12
GATE - 2006
49. The reaction 2A + B → 2C occurs on a catalyst surface. The reactants A and B diffuse
to the catalyst surface and get converted completely to the product C, which diffuses
back. L The steady state molar fluxes of A, B and C are related by
(A) NA = 2NB = NC
(B) NA = – (1/2) NB = –NC
(C) NA = 2NB = –NC
(D) NA = (1/2) NB = NC
50. An irreversible gas phase reaction A→ 5B is conducted in an isothermal batch reactor at
constant pressure in the presence of an inert. The feed contains no B. If the volume of
the gas at complete conversion must not exceed three times the initial volume, the
minimum mole percent of the inert in the feed must be
(A) 0
(B) 20
(C) 33
(D) 50
51. A first order reversible reaction A ↔ B occurs in a batch reactor. The exponential decay
of the concentration of A has the time constant.
1 1
(A) (B)
k1 k2

1 1
(C) (D)
k 1−k 2 k 1 +k 2

52. Consider the following reactions between gas A and two solid spherical particles, B and
C of the same size.
A + B  gaseous product,
A + C  ash
The ash does not leave the particle C, let t 1 and t2 be the times required for A to
completely consume particles B and C, respectively, If k 1 and k2 are equal at all
temperatures and the gas phase mass transfer resistance is negligible, then
(A) t1 = t2 at all temperatures
(B) t1 = t2 at high temperatures
(C) t1> t2 at high temperatures
(D) t1< t2 at high temperatures
53. A reaction A → B is to be conducted in two CSTRs in series. The steady state
conversion desired is Xf. The reaction rate as a function of conversion is given by 𝑟𝐴 = –
1/(1+X). If the feed contains no B, then the conversion in the first reactor that
minimizes the total volume of the two reactors is
(A) 1 – Xf
(B) 0.2 Xf
(C) 0.5 Xf
(D) 0.5 (1–Xf)
54. Consider the following elementary reaction network

The activation energies for the individual reactions are E 1 = 100 kJ/mol,
E2 = 150 kJ/mol, E3 = 100 kJ/mol, and E4 = 200kJ/mol. If the feed is pure A and the
desired product is C, then the desired temperature profile in a plug flow reactor in the
direction of flow should be
 (A) Constant at low temperature
(B) Constant at high temperature
(C) Increasing
(D) Decreasing.
1 −t / τ
55. The exit age distribution in a stirred reactor is given by E ( t )= e . Fluid elements e1
τ
and e2 enter the reactor at times t = 0 and t = θ > 0, respectively. The probability that e 2
exits the reactor before e1 is
(A) 1/2
(B) ½ e−θ /τ

(C) e−θ /τ
(D) zero.
GATE - 2007
56. A well-stirred reaction vessel is operated as a semi-batch reactor in which it is proposed
to conduct a liquid phase first order reaction of the type A → B. The reactor is fed with
the reactant A at a constant rate of 1 liter/min having feed concentration equal to 1
mol/liter. The reactor is initially empty. Given k = 1 min -1, the conversion of reactant
A based on moles of A fed at t = 2 min is
(A) 0.136
(B) 0.43
(C) 0.57
(D) 0.864
57. A liquid phase exothermic first order reaction is being conducted in a batch reactor
under isothermal conditions by removing heat generated in the reactor with the help of
cooling water. The cooling water flows at a very high rate through a coil immersed in
the reactor such that there is negligible rise in its temperature from inlet to outlet of the
coil. If the rate constant is given as k, heat of reaction (–ΔH), volume of the reactor, V,
initial concentration as CAO, overall heat transfer coefficient, U, heat transfer area of the
coil is equal to A, the required cooling water inlet temperature, T ci is given by the
following equation :
(−ΔH ) Vk C A 0
(A) T ci=T −
UA
(−ΔH ) Vk C A 0 e−kt
(B) T ci=T −
UA
(−ΔH ) V C A 0 e−kt
(C) T ci=T −
UAt
 (−ΔH ) V C A 0
(D) T ci=T −
UAt
58. The following liquid phase reaction is taking place in an isothermal CSTR
A k1 B k2 C
→ →

2 A k3 D
→

Reaction mechanism is same as the stochiometry given above. Given k 1 = 1 min–1; k2 =

1 min–1; k3 = 0.5 lit/(mol) (min); CAO = 10 mol / liter, CBO = 0 mol / liter and CB = 1
mol / liter, the solution for F / N (flow rate/reactor volume in min–1) yields
(A) 6.7
(B) 6 and 0.5
(C) 2 and 4/3
(D) 8
59. A pulse of concentrated KCl solution is introduced as tracer into the fluid entering a
reaction vessel having volume equal to 1 m3 and flow rate equal to 1 m3/min. The
concentration of tracer measured in the fluid leaving the vessel is shown in the figure
given below. The flow model parameters that fit the measured RTD in terms of one or
all of the following mixing elements, namely, volume of plug flow reactor, V p, mixed
flow volume, Vm, and dead space, Vd, are

(A) Vp = 1/6 m3, Vm = 1/2 m3, Vd = 1/3m3

(B) Vp = Vm = Vd = 1/3 m3
(C) Vp = 1/3 m3, Vm = 1/2 m3, Vd = 1/6m3
(D) Vm = 5/6 m3, Vd = 1/6 m3
60. The first order reaction of A to R is run in an experimental mixed flow reactor. Find the
role played by pore diffusion in the run given below. C AO is 100 and W is fixed.
Agitation rate was found to have no effect on conversion.
dp FAO XA
4 2 0.8
6 4 0.4
(A) Strong pore diffusion control
(B) Diffusion free
(C) Intermediate role by pore diffusion
(D) External mass transfer
61. A packed bed reactor converts A to R by first order reaction with 9 mm pellets in strong
pore diffusion regime to 63.2% level. If 18 mm pellets are used what is the conversion.
(A) 0.39
(B) 0.61
(C) 0.632
(D) 0.865
62. The following rate-concentration data are calculated from experiment. Find the
activation energy temperature (E/R) of the first order reaction.
dp CA -rA T
1 20 1 480
2 40 2 480
2 40 3 500
(A) 2432.8
(B) 4865.6
(C) 9731.2
(D) 13183.3
63. Determine the level of (high, low, intermediate), temperature profile (high, low,
increasing, decreasing), which will favor the formation of the desired product indicated
in the reaction scheme given below.
A 1 R 3 S (desired)
→ →

A 2U
→

n1 E1 n2 E2 n3 E3
 2 25 1 35 3 45
(A) High CAO increasing T, PFR
(B) Low CAO increasing T, PFR
(C) High CAO decreasing T, MFR
(D) High CAO decreasing T, PFR
Common Data for Questions 64 & 65: The following liquid phase reaction is taking
place in an isothermal batch reactor
A k 1 (first order) B k 2 ( zero order) C
→ →

Feed concentration = 1mol / liter

64. The time at which the concentration of B will reach its maximum value is given by

(A) t=
1
k1
ln
k1
k2 ( )
(B) t=
1
k 2−k 1
ln
( )
k2
k1

(C) t=
1
k2
ln
k2
k1 ( )
(D) t=
1
k2
ln
k1
k2 ( )
65. The time at which the concentration of B will become zero is given by the following
equation:

(A) ( 1−e−k t )=k 2 t

1

(B) t=∞
1
(C) t=
k2

1
(D) t=
k1

GATE - 2008
66. A species (A) reacts on a solid catalyst to produce R and S as follows:
1) A → R rR = k1 C2A
2) A → S rS = k2 C2A
 Assume film resistance to mass transfer is negligible. The ratio of instantaneous
fractional yield of R in the presence of pore diffusion to that in the absence of pore
diffusion is
(A) 1
(B) >1
(C) <1
(D) Zero
67. The gas phase reaction A + 3B → 2C is conducted in a PFR at constant temperature and
pressure. The PFR achieves a conversion of 20% of A. The feed is a mixture of A, B
and an inert I. It is found that the concentration of A remains the same throughout the
reactor. Which ONE of the following ratios of inlet molar rate (F A,in : FB,in : FI,in) is
consistent with this observation? Assume the reaction mixture is an ideal gas mixture.
(A) 2: 3: 0
(B) 2: 2: 1
(C) 3: 2: 1
(D) 1: 2: 1
68. The elementary liquid phase series parallel reaction scheme
A→B→C
A→R
is to be carried out in an isothermal CSTR. The rate laws are given by
rR = k′ CA
rB = kCA – kCB
Feed is pure A. The space time of the CSTR which results in the maximum exit
concentration of B is given by
1
(A)
√ k k'
1
(B)
√ k ( k +k )
' '

1
(C)
√( k +k ) '

1
(D)
√ k ( k +k ) '

69. The liquid phase reaction A → Products is governed by the kinetics

–rA= k CA1/2
 If the reaction undergoes 75% conversion of A in 10 minutes in an isothermal batch
reactor, the time (in minutes) for complete conversion of A is.
(A) 40/3
(B) 20
(C) 30
(D) ∞
70. The homogeneous reaction A + B → C is conducted in an adiabatic CSTR at 800 K so
as to achieve a 30% conversion of A. The relevant specific heats and enthalpy change
of reaction are given by
CPA = 100 J / (mol K), CPC = 150 J / (mol K), CPB = 50 J / (mol K),
ΔHrxn = –100 kJ / mol,
If the feed, a mixture of A and B, is available at 550 K, the mole fraction of A in the
feed that is consistent with the above data is
(A) 5/7
(B) 1/4
(C) 1/2
(D) 2/7
71. The irreversible zero order reaction A → B takes place in a porous cylindrical catalyst
that is sealed at both ends as shown in the figure. Assume dilute concentration and
neglect any variations in the axial direction. The steady state concentration profile is

[( ) ]
2
CA ϕ0 r 2
=1+ −1
C AS 4 R

Where o is the Thiele modulus. For o = 4, the range of r where CA = 0 is

r
(A) 0< r <
R
R
(B) 0< r <
2

(C) 0 ≤ r ≤
√ 3
4
r

(D) 0 ≤ r ≤ R
Common Data Questions 72 and 73: A liquid is flowing through a reactor at a
constant flow rate. A step input of tracer at a molar flow rate of 1 mol/min is given to
the reactor at time t =0. The time variation of the concentration (C) of the tracer at the
exit of the reactor is as shown in the figure:
72. The volumetric flow rate of the liquid through the reactor (in L / min) is
(A) 1
(B) 2
(C) 1.5
(D) 4
73. The mean residence time of the fluid in the reactor (in minutes) is
(A) 1
(B) 2
(C) 3
(D) 4
Linked Answer Questions 74 and 75: The liquid phase reaction A → P is to be carried
out at constant temperature in a CSTR followed by a PFR in series. The overall
conversion of A achieved by the reactor system (CSTR + PFR) is 95%. The CSTR has
a volume of 75 liters. Pure A is fed to the CSTR at a concentration CAO = 2 mol/liter
and a volumetric flow rate of 4 liters/min. The kinetics of the reaction is given by
mol
-rA = 0.1CA2
liter . min
74. The conversion achieved by the CSTR is
(A) 40%
(B) 50%
(C) 60%
(D) 80%
75. The volume of the PFR required (in liters) is
(A) 380
(B) 350
(C) 75
(D) 35
 GATE - 2009
76. For a homogeneous reaction system, where
Cj = is the concentration of j at time t
Nj = is the number of moles of j at time t
V = is the reaction volume at time t
t = is the reaction time. The rate of reaction for species j is defined as
dC j
(A)
dt

(B) − ( ddtC )
J

1 dNJ
(C)
V dt

(D) − ( 1v ddtN )J

77. The half-life of a first order liquid phase reaction is 30 seconds. Then the rate constant,
in min-1, is
(A) 0.0231
(B) 0.602
(C) 1.386
(D) 2.0
78. For a solid-catalyzed reaction, the Thiele modulus is proportional to

(A)
√ Intrinsic reactionrate
diffusionrate

(B)
√ diffusionrate
Intrinsic reactionrate
Intrinsic reaction rate
(C)
diffusion rate
diffusion rate
(D)
Intrinsic reaction rate
79. The liquid-phase reaction A  B is conducted in an adiabatic plug flow reactor.
Data:
Inlet concentration of A = 4.0 k.mol/m3
Density of reaction moisture (independent of temperature) = 1200 kg/m3.
 Average heat capacity of feed stream (independent of temperature) = 2000 J/kg·K. Heat
of reaction (independent of temperature) = –120 kJ / mol of A reacting.
If the maximum allowable temperature in the reactor is 800 K, then the feed
temperature (in K) should not exceed.
(A) 400
(B) 500
(C) 600
(D) 700
80. An isothermal pulse test is conducted on a reactor and the variation of the outlet tracer
concentration with time is shown below:

The mean residence time of the fluid in the reactor (in minutes) is
(A) 5.0
(B) 7.5
(C) 10.0
(D) 15.0
Linked Answer Questions 81 and 82:
The liquid-phase reaction A  B + C is conducted isothermally at 50°C in a continuous
stirred tank reactor (CSTR). The inlet concentration of A is 8.0 mol / liter. At a space
time of 5 minutes, the concentration of A at the exit of CSTR is 4.0 mol / liter. The
kinetics of the reaction is
0.5 gmol
−r A =k C A
liter . min
A plug flow reactor of the same volume is added in series after the existing CSTR.
81. The rate constant (k) for this reaction at 50°C is

( )
0.5
gmol −1
(A) 0.2 .m¿
liter
 ( )
0.5
liter −1
(B) 0.2 .m¿
gmol

(C) 0.4 (
liter )
0.5
gmol −1
. m¿

(D) 0.4 (
gmol )
0.5
liter −1
. m¿

82. The concentration of A (in mol / liter) at the exit of the plug flow reactor is
(A) 0.5
(B) 1.0
(C) 2.0
(D) 2.5
GATE - 2010
83. For a first order isothermal catalytic reaction, A → P, occurring in an infinitely long
cylindrical pore, the relationship between effectiveness factor, ε , and Thiele modulus,
ϕ, is
1
(A) ε = 2
ϕ
(B) ε =ϕ
(C) ε =1
1
(D) ε =
ϕ
84. Two reactors (reactor 1 and reactor 2) with average residence times, τ1 and τ2,
respectively, are placed in series. Reactor 1 has zero dispersion and reactor 2 has
infinite dispersion. The residence-time distribution, E(t) of this system, is given by

{
0 t ≤ τ1
(A) 1
τ2
exp
(
−t−τ 1
τ2
t >τ 1
)

{
0 t ≤ τ2
(B) 1
τ2
exp
(
−t−τ 2
τ1
t >τ 2
)

{
0 t ≤ τ1
(C) 1
τ1
exp
(
−t−τ 1
τ2
t >τ 1
)
 {
0 t ≤ τ2
(D) 1
τ2
exp
( )
−t
τ1
t> τ 2

85. An autocatalytic liquid phase reaction, A + R → 2R is conducted in an isothermal batch

reactor with a small initial concentration of R. Assume that the order of reaction with
respect to both reactants is positive. The rate of reaction (–r A) versus concentration, CA,
as the reaction proceeds, is depicted by

(A) (B)

(C) (D)
Linked Answer Questions 86 and 87: A liquid phase reaction, A→B, is conducted
isothermally in a CSTR having a residence time of 2s. The inlet concentration of
species A is 2 mole / litre, and the outlet concentration is 1 mole / liter.
k CA
The rate law for the reaction is −r A =
K +C A

where k = 5 mole / liter / s.

86. The value of K in mole / litre is
(A) 11
(B) 9
(C) 5
(D) 2
87. If the same reaction is conducted in a series of two CSTRs with residence times 1s and
0.2s, then the inlet concentration of A, in mole/liter, required to attain an outlet
concentration of A of 1 mole / liter, is
(A) 2.64
(B) 2.00
(C) 1.64
(D) 0.54
 GATE - 2011
88. Consider an irreversible, solid catalyzed, liquid phase first order reaction. The diffusion
and the reaction resistances are comparable. The overall rate constant (k 0) is related to
the overall mass transfer coefficient (km) and the reaction rate constant (k) as
k km k +k m
(A) k 0= (B) k 0=
k +k m k km
k + km
(C) k 0= (D) k0 = k + km
2
89. Reactant R forms three products X, Y and Z irreversibly, as shown below,

The reaction rates are given by rx = kxCR, ry = ky CR1.5 and rz = kz CR. The activation
energies for formation of X, Y and Z are 40, 40 and 5 kJ /mol respectively. The pre
exponential factors for all reactions are nearly same. The desired conditions for
MAXIMIZING the yield of X are
(A) High temperature, high concentration of R
(B) High temperature, low concentration of R
(C) Low temperature, high concentration of R
(D) Low temperature, low concentration of R
90. For a first order catalytic reaction the Thiele modulus (ф) of a spherical pellet is defined
as

ϕ=
3 √
Rs k . ρp
De

where, ρp = pellet density, RS = pellet radius, De = effective diffusivity k = first order

reaction rate constant If ф > 5, then the apparent activation energy (E a) is related to the
intrinsic (or true) activation energy (E) as
(A) Ea = E0.5
(B) Ea = 0.5 E
(C) Ea = 2 E
(D) Ea = E2
91. The following figures show the outlet tracer concentration profiles (c vs. t) for a pulse
input.
 Match the figures in Group I with the reactor configurations in Group II.
Group I Group II
P Figure 1 I PFR
Q Figure 2 II CSTR
R Figure 3 III PFR and CSTR in Series
IV PFR and CSTR in Parallel
(A) P – II, Q – IV, R – III
(B) P – IV, Q – III, R – I
(C) P – III, Q – IV, R – II
(D) P – I, Q – III, R – II
Linked Answer Questions 92 and 93:
92. In an aqueous solution, reaction P → Q occurs under isothermal conditions following
first order kinetics. The feed rate is 500 cm 3 /min and concentration of P in the feed is
1.5  10-4 mole/cm3. The reaction is carried out in a 5 litre CSTR. At steady state, 60 %
conversion is observed. The rate constant (in min–1) is
(A) 0.06
(B) 0.15
(C) 0.21
(D) 0.28
93. The 5 liter CSTR is replaced by five CSTRs is series. If the capacity of each new
CSTR is 1 liter, then the overall conversion (in %) is
(A) 65
(B) 67
(C) 73
(D) 81
GATE-2012
94. The half-life of an nth order reaction in a batch reactor depends on
(A) Only the rate constant
 (B) Only the rate constant and the order of the reaction
(C) Only the rate constant and the initial reactant concentration
(D) Only the rate constant and the initial reactant concentration, and the order of the
reaction
95. Consider the reaction scheme shown
A k1 B k2 C
→ →

Both the reactions are first order. The activation energies for k 1 and k2 are 80 and 20 kJ /
mol respectively. To maximize the yield of B, it is preferable to use
(A) CSTR and high temperature
(B) PFR and high temperature
(C) CSTR and low temperature
(D) PFR and low temperature
96. The rate controlling step for the solid catalyzed irreversible reaction A + B  C is
known to be the reaction of adsorbed A with adsorbed B to give adsorbed C. if P, is the
partial pressure of component i and Ki is the adsorption equilibrium constant of
component I, then the form the Langmuir – Hinshel wood rate expression will be
P A PB
(A) Rate ∝
1+ K A P A + K B PV + K C PC
P A PB
(B) Rate ∝ 2
( 1+ K A P A + K B P B+ K C PC )
P A PB
(C) Rate ∝ 0.5
( 1+ K A P A + K B P B+ K C PC )
PA PB
(D) Rate ∝
PC

97. The elementary reversible exothermic gas-phase reaction A+3B ⇌ 2C is to be conducted

in non-isothermal, non-adiabatic plug flow reactor. The maximum allowable reactor
temperature is Tmax to minimize the total reactor volume the variation of reactor
temperature (T) with axial distance from the inlet (z) should be

(A) (B)
 (C) (D)
Linked Answer Question 98 and 99: The first order liquid phase reaction A  P is
conducted isothermally in a plug flow reactor having 5 liter volume. The inlet
volumetric flow rate is 1 liter/min and the inlet concentration of A is 2 mol / liter.
98. If the exit concentration of A is 0.5 mole/liter, then the constant, in 1 min-1, is
(A) 0.06
(B) 0.28
(C) 0.42
(D) 0.64
99. The plug flow reactor is replaced by 3 mixed flow reaction in series, each of 2.0 liters
volume. The exit conversion is
(A) 35.9
(B) 52.5
(C) 73.7
(D) 94.8
GATE-2013
100. The exit age distribution for a reactor is given by E(t) = δ(t − 4), where t is in seconds.
A first order liquid phase reaction (k=0.25s–1) is carried out in this reactor under steady
state and isothermal conditions. The mean conversion of the reactant at the exit of the
reactor, up to 2 digits after the decimal point, is
101. An isothermal liquid phase zero order reaction A→B (k = 0.5mol/m 3-s) is carried out in
a batch reactor. The initial concentration of A is 2mol/m 3. At 3 seconds from the start of
the reaction, the concentration of A in mol/m3 is___________.
102. The overall rates of an isothermal catalytic reaction using spherical catalyst particles of
diameters 1 mm and 2 mm are rA1 and rA2 (in mol (kg-catalyst)–1 h–1), respectively. The
other physical properties of the catalyst particles are identical. If pore diffusion
resistance is very high, the ratio rA2/rA1 is _______________.
103. The gas phase decomposition of azomethane to give ethane and nitrogen takes place
according to the following sequence of elementary reactions.

¿ ¿
( CH 3 )2 N 1+ ( C H 3 )2 N 2 K 1 ( C H 3 )2 N 2+ [ ( C H 3 )2 N 2 ] [ ( C H 3 ) 2 N 2 ] + ( C H 3 )2 N 2 K 2 ( C H 3 )2 N 2+ ( C H 3 )2 N 2 [ ( C H
→ →
 Using the pseudo-steady-state-approximation for [(CH3)2N2]*, the order with respect to
azomethane in the rate expression for the formation of ethane, in the limit of high
concentrations of azomethane, is________.
104. A first order liquid phase reaction is carried out isothermally at a steady state in a CSTR
and 90% conversion is attained. With the same inlet conditions and for the same overall
conversion, if the CSTR is replaced by two smaller and identical isothermal CSTRs in
series, the % reduction in total volume, to the nearest integer, is ____________.
Common Data Questions 105 – 106
Liquid reactant A decomposes as follows:
AR rR = k1 CA2
AS rS = k2CA
k1 = 0.5 m3/mol–s
k2 = 1s–1
An aqueous feed of composition CA0=30 mol/ m3, CR0 = 2 mol/m3, and CS0 = 1 mol/m3
enters a CSTR in which the above reactions occur. Assume isothermal and steady state
conditions.
105. If the conversion of A is 80%, the concentration of R in the exit stream in mol/m 3, to the
nearest integer, is____________.
106. What is the % conversion of A, to the nearest integer, so that the concentration of S in
the exit stream is 11.8 mol/m3 ___________.
GATE - 2014
107. In order to achieve the same conversion under identical reaction conditions and feed
flow rate for a non-autocatalytic reaction of positive order, the volume of an ideal
CSTR is
(A) Always greater than that of an ideal PFR
(B) Always smaller than that of an ideal PFR
(C) Same as that of an ideal PFR
(D) Smaller than that of an ideal PFR only for first order reaction
108. The vessel dispersion number for an ideal CSTR is
(A) -1 (B) 0
(C) 1 (D) ∞
109. A homogeneous reaction (R → P) occurs in a batch reactor. The conversion of the
reactant R is 67% after 10 minutes and 80% after 20 minutes. The rate equation for this
reaction is
(A) -rR = k
 (B) −r R=k C 2R

(C) −r R=k C 3R

(D) −r R=k C 0.5

R

110. A vapour phase catalytic reaction (Q + R → S) follows R ideal mechanism (R and S are
not adsorbed). Initially, the mixture contains only the reactants in equimolar ratio. The
surface reaction step is rate controlling. With constants a and b, the initial rate of
reaction (–r0) in terms of total pressure (PT) is given by
a PT
(A) −r 0 =
1+b PT
a PT
(B) −r 0 = 2
1+b PT
2
a PT
(C) −r 0 =
1+b PT
2
a PT
(D) −r 0 = 2
( 1+ b P T )

111. Match the following:

Group 1 Group 2
(P) Tank in series model (I) Non-isothermal reaction
(Q) Liquid-liquid extraction (II) Mixer-settler
(R) Optimum temperature (III) PFR with axial mixing
progression
(S) Thiele modulus (IV) Solid catalyzed reaction

(A) P – II, Q – IV, R – I, S – III

(B) P – I, Q – II, R – III, S – IV
(C) P – III, Q – I, R – II, S – IV
(D) P – III, Q – II, R – I, S – IV
GATE - 2015
112. For which reaction order, the half-life of the reactant is half of the full lifetime (time for
100% conversion) of the reactant?
(A) Zero order
(B) Half order
(C) First order
 (D) Second order
113. An irreversible, homogeneous reaction A → products, has the rate expression:
2
2C A +0.1 C A
Rate=
1+50 C A

where CA is the concentration of A.

CA varies in the range 0.5 – 50 mol/m3.
For very high concentration of A, the reaction order tends to:
(A) 0
(B) 1
(C) 1.5
(D) 2
114. Which of the following can change if only the catalyst is changed for a reaction system?
(A) Enthalpy of reaction
(B) Activation energy
(C) Free energy of the reaction
(D) Equilibrium constant Answer
115. The impulse response to a tracer pulse experiment for a flow reactor is given below:

In the above figure, c is the exit tracer concentration. The corresponding E or E θ

(normalized E) curve is correctly represented by which of the following choices? Here,
θ is dimensionless time.

(A) (B)
 (C) (D)
116. An isothermal steady state mixed flow reactor (CSTR) of 1 m3 volume is used to carry
out the first order liquid-phase reaction A→ products. Fresh feed at a volumetric flow
rate of Q containing reactant A at a concentration CA0 mixes with the recycle steam at
a volumetric flow rate RQ as shown in the figure below.

It is observed that when the recycle ratio R = 0.5, the exit conversion X Af = 50% When
the recycle ratio is increased to R = 2, the new exit conversion (in percent) will be:
(A) 50.0
(B) 54.3
(C) 58.7
(D) 63.2
117. A catalyst slab of half-thickness L (the width and length of the slab >> L) is used to
conduct the first order reaction A → B. At 450 K, the Thiele modulus for this system is
0.5. The activation energy for the first order rate constant is 100kJ/mol. The effective
diffusivity of the reactant in the slab can be assumed to be independent of temperature,
and external mass transfer resistance can be neglected. If the temperature of the reaction
is increased to 470 K, then the effectiveness factor at 470 K (up to two decimal place)
will be ______.
Value of universal gas constant = 8.314 J/mol·K.
118. Consider two steady isothermal flow configuration shown schematically as Case I and
Case II below. In case I, a CSTR of volume V 1 is followed by a PFR of volume V 2,
while in Case II a PFR of volume V2 is followed by a CSTR of volume V1. In each case,
a volumetric flow rate Q of liquid reactant is flowing through the two units in series. An
irreversible reaction A→ products (order n) takes place in both cases, with a reactant
concentration CA0 being fed into the first unit.
 Choose the correct options
I I
C Af C Af
(A) II
>1 for n=1 (B) II
=1 for n=1
C Af C Af
I I
C Af C Af
(C) II
<1 for n=1 (D) II
=1 for n>1
C Af C Af

GATE - 2016
119. For a non–catalytic homogeneous reaction A → B, the rate expression at 300 K is
10 C A
, ( mol m s ) where CA is the concentration of A (in mol/m3).
−3 −1
−r A =
1+ 5C A
Theoretically, the upper limit for the magnitude of the reaction rate (– r A in mol m–3 s–1,
rounded off to the first decimal place) at 300 K is ____________.
120. The variations of the concentrations (CA, CR and CS) for three species (A, R and S) with
time, in an isothermal homogeneous batch reactor are shown in the figure below.

Select the reaction scheme that correctly represents the above plot. The numbers in the
reaction schemes shown below, represent the first order rate constants in unit of s‒1.

(A) (B)
 (C) (D)
121. Hydrogen iodide decomposes through the reaction 2HI ⇋ H2 + I2. The value of the
universal gas constant R is 8.314 J mol‒1K‒1. The activation energy for the forward
reaction is 184000 J mol‒1. The ratio (rounded off to the first decimal place) of the
forward reaction rate at 600 K to that at 550 K is _______________.
122. The liquid phase reversible reaction A⇋ B is carried out in an isothermal CSTR
operating under steady state conditions. The inlet stream does not contain B and the
concentration of A in the inlet stream is 10mol/lit. The concentration of A at the reactor
exit, for residence times of 1 s and 5 s are 8 mol/lit and 5 mol/lit, respectively. Assume
the forward and backward reactions are elementary following the first order rate law.
Also assume that the system has constant molar density. The rate constant of the
forward reaction (in s-1, rounded off to the third decimal place) is ________________.
123. A liquid phase irreversible reaction A → B is carried out in an adiabatic CSTR
operating under steady state conditions. The reaction is elementary and follows the first
order rate law. For this reaction, the figure below shows the conversion (X A) of A as a
function of temperature (T) for different values of the rate of reaction (in mol ms)
denoted by the numbers to the left of each curve. This figure can be used to determine
the rate of the reaction at a particular temperature, for a given conversion of A.

The inlet stream does not contain B and the concentration of A in the inlet stream is
5mol/m3. The molar feed rate of A is 100mol/s. A steady state energy balance for this
CSTR results in the following relation: T = 350+25 X A where T is the temperature (in
K) of the exit stream and XA is the conversion of A in the CSTR. For an exit
conversion of 80 % of A, the volume (in m 3, rounded off to the first decimal place) of
CSTR required is
124. A porous pellet with Pt dispersed in it is used to carry out a catalytic reaction.
Following two scenarios are possible.
 Scenario 1: Pt present throughout the pores of the pellet is used for catalyzing the
reaction.
Scenario2: Pt present only in the immediate vicinity of the external surface of the pellet
is used for catalyzing the reaction. At a large value of Thiele modulus, which one of
the following statements is TRUE?
(A) Since the reaction rate is much greater than the diffusion rate, Scenario 1 occurs
(B) Since the reaction rate is much greater than the diffusion rate, Scenario 2 occurs
(C) Since the reaction rate is much lower than the diffusion rate, Scenario 1 occurs
(D) Since the reaction rate is much lower than the diffusion rate, Scenario 2 occurs
125. A CSTR has a long inlet pipe. A tracer is injected at the entrance of the pipe. The E-
curve obtained at the exit of the CSTR is shown in the figure below.

Assuming plug flow in the inlet pipe, the ratio (rounded off to the second decimal
place) of the volume of the pipe to that of the CSTR is ________________.

GATE - 2017
126. The following reaction rate curve is shown for a reaction A  P. Here, (–rA) and xA
represent reaction rate conversion, respectively. The feed is pure A and 90% conversion
is desired
 Which amongst the following reactor configurations gives the lowest total volume of
the reactor (s)?
(A) CSTR followed by PFR
(B) Two CSTR in series
(C) PFR followed by CSTR
(D) A single PFR
127. The flowing liquid second order reaction is carried out in an isothermal CSTR at steady
2
state A  R (−r A )=0.005 C A mol/ m3.hr

Where, CA is the concentration of reactant in the CSTR. The reactor volume is 2 m 3, the
inlet flow rate flow rate is 0.5 m 3/hr and the inlet concentration of the reactant is 1000
mol1/m3 the fractional conversion, rounded to 2 decimal places is ____________.
128. Reaction A  B is carried out in a reactor operating at steady state and 1 mol/s of pure
A at 4250C enters the reactor. The outlet stream leaves the reactor a 325 0C. The heat
input to the reactor is 17 kW. The heat of reaction at the reference temperature of 25 0C
is 30 kJ mol. The specific heat capacities (in kJ/mol. K) of A and B are 0.1 and 0.15,
respectively, The molar flow rate of B leaving the reactor, rounded to 2 decimal is
places, is ___________ mol/s
129. The C-curve measured during a pulse tracer experiment is shown below, in the figure C
(t) is the concentration of the tracer measured at the reactor exit in mol/liter at time t
seconds.

The mean residence time in the reactor, rounded to 1 decimal place, is ___________ s.
130. The reversible reaction of t butyl alcohol (TBA) and ethanol (EtOH) to ethylt-buty ether
(ETBE) is TBA + EtOH ↔ ETBE + H2O
 The equilibrium constant for this reaction is K C = 1. Initially, 74 g of TBA is mixes with
100g of aqueous solution containing 46 weight % ethanol. The molecular weights are:
74 g /mol for TBA. 46 g/mol for EtOH, 102 g/mol for ETBE, and 18 g/mol for water.
The mass of ETBE at equilibrium rounded to 1 decimal place is ____________ g.
131. The following gas phase reaction is carried out in a constant volume isothermal batch
reactor A + B  R + S. The reactants A and B as well as the product S are non
condensable gases. At the operating temperature, the saturation pressure of the product
R is 40 kPa.
Initially, the batch reactor contains equimolar amounts of A and B (and no products) at
a total pressure of 100 kPa. The initial concentrations of the reactants are
CA.0 = CB.0 =12.56mol/m3. The rate of reaction is given by (-r A) = 0.08CA CB mol/m3.s.
The time at which R just starts condensing, rounded to 1 decimal place, is
____________.
132. Consider a first order catalytic reaction in a porous catalyst pellet. Given R –
characteristic length of the pellet. De – effective diffusivity. kc – mass transfer
coefficient. k1 – rate constant based on volume of the catalyst pellet: C s – concentration
of reactant on the pellet surface. The expression for Thiele modulus is
kc R k1
(A) (B)
De De

(C) R
√ k 1Cs
De
(D) R
√ De
k1

133. For a solid-catalyzed gas phase reversible reaction which of the following statements is
ALWAYS TRUE?
(A) Adsorption is rate-limiting
(B) Desorption is rate-limiting
(C) Solid catalyst does not affect equilibrium conversion.
(D) Temperature does not affect equilibrium conversion.
GATE - 2018
134. For a chemical reaction, the ratio of rate constant at 500K to that at 400K is 2.5. Given R
= 8.314 J mol-1K-1, the value of activation energy (in kJ/mol) is
(A) 10.5 (B) 12.0
(C) 15.2 (D) 18.4
135. Liquid phase isomerization of o-xylene to p-xylene using a zeolite catalyst was carried
out in a CSTR. Three sets of kinetic data at different temperatures and stirring speeds
were obtained as shown below.
Set A Set B Set C
Temperature(K) 500 600 700
 500 600 700
500 600 700
Stirring 1000 1000 1000
speed(rpm) 2000 2000 2000
3000 3000 3000
Reaction rate (mol 0.020 0.037 0.069
L-1s1) 0.025 0.047 0.078
0.025 0.047 0.086
The operating condition at which the reaction rate is not controlled by external mass
transfer resistance is
(A) T = 500 K; rpm = 3000 (B) T = 600 K; rpm = 1000
(C) T = 700 K; rpm = 1000 (D) T = 700 K; rpm = 2000
136. A CSTR and a PFR of equal volume are connected in series to carry out a first order,
isothermal, liquid phase reaction AP. The rate constant is 0.2 s -1. The space-time is 5
s for both the reactors. The overall fractional conversion of A is __________ (rounded
off to third decimal place).
137. The elementary second-order liquid phase reaction A + B  C + D is carried out in an
isothermal plug flow reactor of 2 m 3 volume. The inlet volumetric flow rate is 10m 3/hr.
The initial concentrations of both A and B are 2kmol/m 3. The rate constant is given as
2.5 m3 kmol-1 h-1. The percentage conversion of A is__________.
138. A set of standard stainless steel pipes, each of internal diameter 26.65mm and 6000 mm
length, is used to make a plug flow reactor by joining them in series to carry out
degradation of polyethylene. Seven such pipes are required to obtain a conversion of
66% at 450K. The minimum number of standard 8000 mm long pipes of the same
internal diameter to be procured for obtaining at least 66% conversion under the same
reaction conditions is ___________.
139. Hydrogenation of benzene is to be carried out using Ni (density = 8910 kg/m3) as
catalyst, cast in the form of non-porous hollow cylinders, as shown below. The reaction
occurs on all the surfaces of the hollow cylinder. During an experiment, one such
cylinder is suspended in the reactant stream. If the observed rate of reaction is 0.39 mol
(m2 of catalyst surface)-1 min-1, then the rate of reaction in mol (kg of catalyst) -1 min-1
is _________ (rounded off to three decimal places).

140. In a laboratory batch setup, reaction of P over a catalyst was studied at various
temperatures. The reactions occurring are P  2Q; P R
 At the end of one hour of operation, the batch contains x P, xQ and xR mole fractions of P,
Q and R components respectively. The mole fractions of product components (X Q and
XR) were found to vary linearly with temperature as given in the figure

If the yield of Q based on reactant P consumed (YQ) at 25oC was found to be 0.40, then
the value of YQ at 60oC is ________rounded off to second decimal place)
GATE - 2019
141. For a first order reaction in a porous spherical catalyst pellet, diffusional effects are
most likely to lower the observed rate of reaction for
(A) Slow reaction in a pellet of smell diameter
(B) Slow reaction in a pellet of large diameter
(C) Fast reaction in a pellet of small diameter
(D) Fast reaction in a pellet of large diameter
142. The desired liquid phase reaction
D+ E k 1 F 2
r F=k 1 C D C E
0.3
→

Is accompanied by an undesired side reaction

D+ E k 2 F 0.4
r F=k 2 C D C E
1.5
→

Four isothermal reactor schemes (CSTR : ideal Continuous- Stirred Tank Reactor;
PFR : ideal Plug Flow Reactor) for processing equal molar feed rates of D and E are
shown in figure Each scheme is designed for the same conversion. The scheme that
gives the most favorable product distribution is:

(A) (B)
 (C) (D)
143. The elementary irreversible gas-phase reaction A  B + C is carried out adiabatically
ion an ideal CSTR (Continuous Stirred Tank Reactor) operating at 10 atm. Pure A
enters the CSTR at a flow rate of 10 mol/s and a temperature of 450 K. assume A, B
and C to be ideal gases. The specific heat capacity at constant pressure (C pi) and heat of
formation ( H 0i ) , of component i (i = (A, B C) are:

CPA = 30 J/(mol K)
CPB = 10 J/ (mol K)
CPC = 20 J/ (mol K)
0
H A = -90 kJ / mol
0
H B = - 54 kJ/ mol
0
H C = -45 kJ/mol

The reaction rate constant k (per second) = 0.133 exp {(

E 1
−
R 450 T
1
, )}
E = 31.4 kJ/mol
Universal Gas Constant, R = 0.082 L-atm (mol K)–1 = 8.314 (J/ (mol K).
The shafts work may be neglected in the analysis, and specific heat capacities do not
vary with temperature. All heats of formations are referenced to 273 K. The reactor
volume (in Liters) for 75% conversion is ______________.
144. A first-order irreversible liquid phase reaction AB (k = 0.1 min-1) is carried out under
isothermal, steady state conditions in the following reactor arrangement comprising an
ideal CSTR (Continuous-Stirred Tank Rector) and two ideal PFRs ( Plug Flow
Reactors) from the information in the figure the volume of the CSTR (in Liters )
is________________.

145. Consider the reactor-separator-recycle process operating under steady state conditions
as shown in fig. The reactor is an ideal Continuous-Stirred Tank Reactor (CSTR),
where the reaction A + B  C occurs. Assume that there is no impurity in the product
and recycle streams. Other relevant information are provided in the fig. The mole
 fraction of B(xB) in the reactor that minimizes the recycle rate is__________(rounded
off to two decimal places).

146. The elementary liquid –phase irreversible reactions

−1 −1
A K 1=0.4 min B K 2=0.1min C
→ →

Take place in an isothermal ideal CSTR (continues - stirred tank Reactor). Pure A is fed
to the reactor at a concentration of 2 mol/Liter. For the residence time that maximizes
the exit concentration of B, the percentage yield of B, Defined as

(netformation rate of B
consumption rate of A )
×100 is __________.

147. The elementary irreversible, liquid-phase parallel reactions 2A  D and 2AU, take
place in an isothermal non-ideal reactor. The C-curve measured in a tracer experiment
is shown in the figure, where C (t) is the concentration of the tracer in g/m 3 at the
reactor exit at time t (in min).

The rate constants are K1 = 0.2 Liter/(mol min) and K 2 = 0.3 Liter/(mol min).pure A is
fed to the reactor at a concentration of 2 mol/liter. Using the segregated model, the
percentage conversation in the reactor is ________________-
GATE - 2020
148. In a laboratory experiment, a unit pulse input of tracer is given to an ideal plug flow
reactor operating at steady state with a recycle ratio, R = 1. The exit age distribution,
 E(t), of the tracer at the outlet of the reactor is measured. The first four pulses observed
at t1, t2, t3 and t4 are shown below.

In addition, use the following data and assumptions.

 R is defined as ratio of the volume of fluid returned to the entrance of the reactor to
the volume leaving the system.
 No reaction occurs in the reactor
 Ignore any dead volume in the recycle loop If the space time of the plug flow
reactor is τ seconds, which one of the following is correct?
(A) t1 = τ, t2 = 2τ, t3 = 3τ, t4 = 4τ
(B) t1 = τ/2, t2 = τ, t3 = 3τ/2, t4 = 2τ
(C) t1 = τ/2, t2 = τ/4, t3 = τ/8, t4 = τ/16
(D) t1 = τ/3, t2 = 2τ/3, t3 = τ, t4 = 4τ/3
2
2 L k
149. The square of Thiele modulus, M T is given by M = T , where L is the characteristic
D eff
length of the catalyst pellet, k is the rate constant of a first order reaction, and D eff is the
effective diffusivity of the species in the pores. M 2T is a measure of
time scale of pore diffusion
(A)
time scale of reaction
rate of pore diffusion
(B)
rate of reaction
time scale of reaction
(C)
time scale of pore diffusion
rate of reaction
(D)
rate of external mass transfer
150. Pure gas P is being absorbed into a liquid. The dissolved P undergoes an irreversible
reaction in the liquid film. The reaction is first order with respect to P. which one of the
following represents the concentration profile of P in the liquid film at steady state?
 (A)

(B)

(C)

(D)
151. An irreversible gas phase reaction 2P → 4Q + R is conducted in an isothermal and
isobaric batch reactor. Assume ideal gas behaviour. The feed is an equimolar mixture of
the reactant P and an inert gas. After complete conversion of P, the fractional change in
volume is ________ (round off to decimal places).
152. The decomposition of acetaldehyde (X) to methane and carbon monoxide follows four
step free radical mechanism. The overall rate of decomposition of X

( )
1 3
k
−r X =k 2 1 2
C =k overall C 3/X 2
2
X
2 k3

Where, k1, k2, and k3 denote the rate constants of the elementary steps, with
corresponding activation energies (in kJmol-1) of 320, 40, and 0, respectively. The
temperature dependency of the rate constants is described by Arrhenius equation. C X
denotes the concentration of acetaldehyde. The rate constant for the overall reaction is
koverall. The activation energy for the overall reaction (in kJ mol -1) is ________ (round off
to nearest integer).
153. An elementary liquid phase reversible reaction P ⇄ Q is carried out in an ideal
continuous stirred tank reactor (CSTR) operated at steady state. The rate of
consumption of P, - rp (in mol liter-1 minute-1), is given by –rP = CP – 0.5CQ
Where CP and CQ are the concentrations (in mol liter-1) of P and Q, respectively.
The feed contains of P at the exit of the CSTR is 75% of the equilibrium conversion.
Assume that there is no volume change associated with the reaction, and the
temperature of the reaction mixture is constant throughout the operation. The space time
(in minutes) of the CSTR is ____________ (round off to 1 decimal place).
154. An exothermic, aqueous phase, irreversible, first order reaction, Y → Z is carried out in
an ideal continuous stirred tank reactor (CSTR) operated adiabatically at steady state.
Rate of consumption of Y (in mol liter-1 minute-1) is given by
−6500
9 T
−r Y =10 e CY

Where Cy is the concentration of Y (in mol liter –1), and T is the temperature of the
reaction mixture (in K). Reactant Y is fed at 50℃. Its inlet concentration is 1.0 mol
liter–1, and its volumetric flow rate is 1.0 liter minute–1.
In addition, use the following data and assumptions
 Heat of the reaction = – 42000 J mol–1
 Specific heat capacity of the reaction mixture = 4.2 J g–1 K–1
 Density of the reaction mixture =1000g liter–1
 Heat of the reaction, specific heat capacity and density of the reaction mixture do
not vary with temperature
 Shaft work is negligible
If the conversion of Y at the exit of the reactor is 90%. The volume of the CSTR (in
liter) is __________. (round off to 2 decimal places).

155. The liquid phase irreversible reactions, P k→1 Q and P k→2 R , are carried out in an ideal
continuous stirred tank reactor (CSTR) operating isothermally at steady state. The space
time of the CSSTR is 1 minute. Both the reactions are first order with respect to the
reactant P, and k1 and k2 denote the rate constants of the two reactions. At the exit of the
reactor, the conversion of reactant P is 60%, and the selectivity of Q with respect to R is
50%. The value of the first order rate constant k 1 (in min–1) is _________ (correct up to
one decimal place).
156. A catalytic gas phase reaction P → Q is conducted in an isothermal packed bed reactor
operated at steady state. The reaction is irreversible and second order with respect to the
reactant P. The feed is pure P with a volumetric flow rate of 1.0 liter minute –1 and
concentration of 2.0 mol liter–1.
In addition, use the following assumptions
 The reactant and product are ideal gases
 There is no volume change associated with the reaction
  Ideal plug flow conditions prevail in the packed bed
When the mass of catalyst in the reactor is 4 g, the concentration of P measure at the
exit is 0.4 mol liter–1, the second order rate constant (in liter 2 g−1
catalyst mol
–1
minute–1) is
______ (correct up to one decimal place).
GATE – 2021
157. The following homogeneous liquid phase reactions are at equilibrium.

The values of rate constants are given by:

k1 = 0.1 s–1, k–1 = 0.2 s–1, k2 = 1 s–1, k–2 = 10 s–1, k3 = 10 s–1
The value of rate constant k–3 is ___________ s–1 (correct to 1 decimal place).
158. The following isothermal autocatalytic reaction
A + B → 2B (–rA) = 0.1 CA CB (mol L–1 s–1) is carried out in an ideal
continuous stirred tank reactor (CSTR) operating at steady state. Pure A at 1 mole L –1 is
fed, and 90% of A is converted in the CSTR. The space time of the CSTR is ________
seconds.
159. Reactant A decomposes to products B and C in the presence of an enzyme in a well-
stirred batch reactor. The kinetic rate expression is given by
0.01C A −1 −1
−r A = (mol L min )
0.05+C A

If the initial concentration of A is 0.02 mol L–1, the time taken to achieve 50%
conversion of A is _______ min (round off to 2 decimal places).
160. The following homogeneous, irreversible reaction involving ideal gases, A → B + C (–
rA) = 0.5 CA (mol L–1 s–1) Is carried out in a steady state ideal plug flow reactor (PFR)
operating at isothermal and isobaric conditions. The feed stream consists of pure A,
entering at 2 m/s. In order to achieve 50% conversion of A, the required length of the
PFR is _______ meter (round off to 2 decimal places).
GATE – 2022
161. The reaction A → B is carried out isothermally on a porous catalyst. The intrinsic
reaction rate is k C 2A, where k is the rate constant and C A is the concentration of A. If the
reaction is strongly pore-diffusion controlled, the observed order of the reaction is
(A) 1 (B) 2
 (C) 3/2 (D) √ 2
162. In an enzymatic reaction, an inhibitor (I) competes with the substrate (S) to bind with
the enzyme (E), thereby reducing the rate of product (P) formation. The competitive
inhibition follows the reaction mechanism shown below. Let [S] and [I] be the
concentration of S and I, respectively, and rs be the rate of consumption of S. Assuming
1 1
pseudo-steady state, the correct plot of vs is
−r s [ S ]

(A) (B)

(C) (D)
163. Consider the process flowsheet in the figure. An irreversible liquid-phase reaction A →
B (reaction rate –rA = 164 xA kmol m–3h–1) occurs in a 1 m 3 continuous stirred tank
reactor (CSTR), where xA is the mole fraction of A. A small amount of inert, I, is added
to the reactor. The reactor effluent is separated in a perfect splitter to recover pure B
product down the bottoms and a B-free distillate. A fraction of the distillate is purged
and the rest is recycled back to the reactor. At a particular steady state, the product rate
is 100 kmol h–1, the recycle rate is 200 kmol h –1 and the purge rate is 10 kmol h –1. Given
the above information, the inert feed rate into the process is ________ kmol h –1
(rounded off to two decimal places).
164. Consider the process in the figure. The liquid phase elementary reactions
A+B→P -rB1 = k1 xA xB
P+B→S -rB2 = k2 xP xB
S + A → 2P -rs3 = k3 xS xA
occur in the continuous stirred tank reactor (CSTR), where xj is the mole fraction of the
jth component (j = A, B, P,S) in the CSTR. It is given that k 2 = k3. All process feed,
process exit and recycle streams are pure. At steady state, the net generation rate of the
undesired product, S, in the CSTR is zero. As q = x A/xB is varied at constant reactor
temperature, the reactor volume is adjusted to maintain a constant single-pass
conversion of B. For a fixed product rate and 90% conversion of B in the reactor, the
value of q that minimizes the sum of molar flow rates of the A and s recycle streams is
________ (round off to one decimal place).

165. An elementary irreversible liquid-phase reaction, 2A → B, is carried out under

isothermal conditions in a 1 m3 ideal plug flow reactor (PFR) as shown in the figure.
The volumetric flow rate of fresh A, v1 = 10 m3 h–1, and its concentration CA1 = 2 kmol
m–3. For a recycle ratio R = 0, the conversion of A at location 2 with respect to the fresh
feed (location 1) is 50%. For R → ∞, the corresponding conversion of A is _______ %
(rounded off to one decimal place).
166. An elementary irreversible gas-phase reaction, A → B + C, is carried out at fixed
temperature and pressure in two separate ideal reactors: (i) a 10 m 3 plug flow reactor
(PFR), (ii) a 10 m3 continuous – stirred tank reactor (CSTR). If pure A is fed at 5 m 3h–1
to the PFR operating at 400 K, the conversion is 80%. If a mixture of 50 mol% of A and
50 mol% of an inert is fed at 5m 3h–1 to the CSTR operating at 425 K, the conversion is
80%. The universal gas constant R = 8.314 J mol –1K–1. Assuming the Arrhenius rate
law, the estimated activation energy is _______ kJ mol–1 (rounded off to one decimal
place).

167. An elementary irreversible liquid-phase reaction, 2 P →

k Q , where the rate constant k = 2
L mol–1 min–1, takes place in an isothermal non-ideal reactor. The E-curve in a tracer
experiment is shown in the figure. Pure P (2 mol L –1) is fed to the reactor. Using the
segregated model, the percentage conversion of P at the exit of the reactor is ________
%
(rounded off to the nearest integer).

GATE – 2023
169. CO and H2 participate in a catalytic reaction. The partial pressures (in atm) of the
reacting species CO and H 2 in the feed stream are ρco and ρ H , respectively. While CO
2

undergoes molecular adsorption, H2 adsorbs

via dissociative adsorption, that is, as hydrogen atoms. The equilibrium constants (in
atm–1) corresponding to adsorption of CO and H2 to the catalyst sites are KCO and K H , 2

respectively. Total molar concentration of active sites per unite mass of the catalyst is C t
(in mol. (g cat)–1). Both the adsorption steps are at equilibrium. Which one of the
following expressions is the CORRECT ratio of the concentration of catalyst sites
occupied by CO to that by hydrogen atoms?
 K CO ρCO
(A)
√K H 2
ρH 2

K CO
(B)
√K H 2

ρCO
(C)
√ ρH 2

K CO ρCO
(D)
K H ρH
2 2

170. Fresh catalyst is loaded into a reactor before the start of the following catalytic reaction:
A  products
The catalyst gets deactivated over time. The instantaneous activity a (t), at time t, is
defined as the ratio of the rate of reaction '-r A(t) (mol. (g cat)–1hr–1) to the rate of reaction
with fresh catalyst. Controlled experimental measurements led to an empirical
correlation
−r A ( t )=0.5 t +10

where t is in hours. The activity of the catalyst at t = 10 hr is ______(rounded off to one

decimal place).
171. A unimolecular, irreversible liquid-phase reaction A  P was carried out in an ideal
batch reactor at temperature T. The rate of the reaction (-r A) measured at different
conversion XA is given in the table below. This reaction is also carried out in an ideal
continuous stirred tank reactor (CSTR) at the same temperature T with a feed
concentration of 1 mol. M–3, under steady-state condition. For a conversion of 0.8, the
space time (in s) of the CSTR is ___________(in integer).
XA 0 0.1 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8
-3 -1
-rA(mol.m s ) 0.45 0.35 0.31 0.18 0.11 0.05
172. An irreversible liquid-phase second-order reaction A →kB with
rate constant 𝑘 = 0.2 liter·mol−1min−1, is carried out in an isothermal non-ideal reactor.
A tracer experiment conducted on this reactor resulted in a residence time distribution
(𝐸-curve) as shown in the figure below. The areas of the rectangles (i), (ii), and (iii) are
equal. Pure 𝐴 at a concentration of 1.5 mol·liter −1 is fed to the reactor. The segregated
model mimics the nonideality of this reactor. The percentage conversion of 𝐴 at the exit
of the reactor is ______ (rounded off to the nearest integer).
 EXPLANATIONS
GATE – 2001
1. Ans: B
A k2 B
→

For 2nd order

−d C A 2
=k 2 C A
dt
CA t
−d C A
∫ 2
CA
=∫ k 2 dt
CA 0

1 1 1 1
− =k 2 =k 2 t+
CA C A0 CA CA 0

CA 0 CA 1
=C A 0 k 2 t+ 1 1− =1−
CA C A0 C A 0 k 2 t +1

2. Ans: B
Arrhenius relation
−E
k = A e RT
E
k2 e RT 2

=
k1 E
E
RT 1
e

[ ] In k
[ ]
E 1 1
k2 − 2 1 1
=e
R T1 T2
= −
k1 k1 T1 T2

3. Ans: B
E curve (exit age distribution) the distribution of residence time is represented by E
curve
4. Ans: A
For 2nd order reaction in batch reactors
CA 1
=
C A 1+k 2 C A t
0 0
 For non ideal reactor

( )
∞
CA CA
=∫
CA 0 CA
0 0
batch

∞
1− X A=∫
0
( 1
1+ k 2 C A t
E ( t ) dt
0
)
∞
1
X A =1−∫ E ( t ) dt
0 1+k 2 C A t 0

∞ ∞
X A =∫ ε ( t ) dt−∫
0 0
( 1
1+k 2 C A t
E ( t ) dt
0
)
∞
X A =∫ 1−
0
( 1
1+ k 2 C A t
E ( t ) dt
0
)
( )
∞
k 2C A t
X A =∫ 1− E ( t ) dt
0

0
1+ k 2 C A t 0

5. Ans: A
Using equilibrium method
k P A Pa
−r A =
1+ k A P A + k P P P

6. Ans: C
A k1 2 B
→

For 1st order reactor

−1 d N A
r A= =k 1 C A
V dt

−1 d N A C A ( 1− X A )
=k 1 0

V dt ( 1+ε A X A )
Where V =V 0 ( 1+ ε A X A )
2−1
ε A= =1
1

−1 d N A ( 1−X A ) C A ( 1−X A )
∴ =k 1 0 0

V 0 ( 1+ X A ) dt 1+ X A

−N A d ( 1− X A ) CA
k1 0
( 1−X A )
V 0 ( 1+ X A ) dt 1+ X A
 NA CA d ( 1−X A ) CA
∵ 0
C A ∴− 0
=k 1 0
( 1−X A )
V0 0
1+ X A dt 1+ X A
dX A
=k 1 ( 1−X A )
dt
7. Ans: 2.173 ×1 0−3 S−1
The grinding equation (Isothermal, constant volume, batch reactor)
0 −kt
C A=C A e

ln
( )
CA
CA
0
=−kt

y = -kt
Sum of the square of the error Q
n
Q=∑ ( y i−Y^ )
2

i=1

n = no. of data points

Y^ = Least square curve fit = -kt
n
Q=∑ ( y i+ kt )
2

i=1

For the last value of k to make Q minimum

n
∂Q
=0=∑ 2 ( y i + kt )
∂k i=1

n n
Or ∑ yi =−k ∑t
i=1 i=1

∑y
i=0
Or k = n
−∑ t
i=1

( )
0
t CA CA CA
ln 0
CA
0 1.0 1.0 0
30 0.92 0.92 -0.083
60 0.89 0.89 -0.116
90 0.81 0.81 -0.210
120 0.76 0.76 -0.274
150 0.72 0.72 -0.329
180 0.70 0.70 -0.357
 630 -1.369

Σt=630 & Σ y i=−1.369

−1.369 −3 −1
k= =2.173× 10 S
−630
8. Ans: 47.3%
Two possible reactor arrangements are:

Given: -CA0 = 0.1 kmol/m3, n = 2

K = 1 m3/kmol.s
For A → B
For I arrangement:-

C A 0 −C A 1 C A 0−C A 1
For MFR, τ = =
( −r A ) k CA 2
1

⇒ τ kC A + C A 1−C A 0=0
2
1

⇒ s ×1. C A +C A 1−0.1=0
2
1

⇒ CA1 = 0.073 kmol/m3

CA 2 CA 2
dCA dCA
For PFR, τ =− ∫ =−∫
C A1 (−r A ) C k C2A A1

= [
1 1
−
1
k C A2 C A1 ]
⇒ S=
[
1 1
−
1
1 C A 2 0.073 ]
3
⇒ C A 2=0.053 kmol/m
C A2 0.053
X A 2=1− =1− =46.5 %
CA 0 0.1
 For II arrangement:

C A1 C A2
dCA d CA
For PFR, τ =− ∫ =¿− ∫ ¿
CA 2 (−r A ) C kCA
2
A1

= [
1 1
−
1
k C A2 C A1 ]
⇒ S=
[
1 1
=
1
1 C A 2 0.073 ]
⇒ C A 1=0.066 kmol/m3

C A 1−C A 2 C A 1−C A 2
For MFR, τ = =
( −r A ) kCA 2
2

⇒ τ kC A +C A 2−C A 1 =0
2
2

⇒ s x 1 x C A +C A 2−0.066=0
2
2

⇒ CA2 = 0.0527 kmol/m3

C A2 0.0527
Thus, X A 2=1− =1− =47.3 %
CA 0 0.1

GATE – 2002
9. Ans: B
A xial transport LU
Peclet number = =
Diffusivetransport rate D
For ideal plug flow reactor
So, Pe → ∞
10. Ans: C
aA + bB → cC + dD
0 0 0 0
n −n n −n n −n n −n
Extent of reaction = A A = B B = c c = D D
a b c d
So, extent of a reaction is same for reactant and products extent of reaction has unit of
mol. As well as we seen extent of reaction depends on stoichiometric coefficients (a, b,
c, d) so, option ‘C’ is correct
11. Ans: B
12. Ans: D
dC
V =Input−output
dt
dC
V =F−FC
dt
t
C dC −C
= dt
C0 C V0

C
( )=
−t
In C 0 V
F ( )
C0 t
For C= and t= 1
2 2
−t 1
ln
(C0
2 ×C 0
= 2
2 )
t 1/ 2=−ln ( 12 ) τ=0.693 τ
13. Ans: B
C P ( T −T 0 )=− Δ H Rxn X A

− Δ H Rxn X A 3
−(−1 ) × 10 × 0.5
ΔT =
Cp 50
0
ΔT =10 C or 10K
14. Ans:

N 2 +3 H 2 ⇌2 N H 3

Given:
1 mol N2 and 3mol H2. Let ‘x’ mol N2 reacted,
Then
N2 out = (1 – x)mol
H2 out = (3 – 3x) mol
NH3 out = 2x mol
From energy balance:
 Energy in – Energy out = Energy change due to reaction
E¿ =∑ n i C pi ( T i−T 0 )=0 ( ∵ T i =T 0 )
i

E out =( n N C p N +n H C P H +n N H C PN H ) ( T out −T 0)
2 2 2 2 3 3

= ( ( 1− x ) 0.03+ ( 3−3 x ) 0.0289+ (2 x ) 0.0492 ) ( 800−700 )

0
Erxn =X × Δ H rxn=X × (−94.2 ) on solving, we’ll get:-

X = 12.2%
15. Ans: B
16. Ans: 0.5
The enzymatic reaction rate is equal to substrate transport rate at steady state.
Vm
k S ( S o−S )= S
km

Vm, Km ⇒ Reaction parameters

S = Substrate conc. at solid – liquid interface.
So = Substrate conc. In bulk medium
ks = Film mass transfer coefficient.
Vm V m . ks
∴ v= S= . So
km
km
[ Vm
+k
km s ]
=
( )
Vm
km
. So Answer to (a)

[ Vm
+k
km s ]
(b) V m =10−10 mol/cm2 . s
3
k m=2 ×10 mol /l
−5
k s=5 ×10 cm/s

The external effectiveness factor ( η E )

Observed rate of reaction
η E=
Reaction rate based on bulk substance concentration
 Vm
km
. So k s
Vm
= k S
m
( ) [ ] =
Vm
+k
km s

( ) ( ) Vm
S
km o
Vm
S
km o
−5 cm/ s
5× 10

[ ]
3
= −10 mol 1 1000 c m −5 cm
10 2
× −3
.1 × + 5× 10
c m . s 2 ×10 mol 1 s

= 0.5
GATE – 2003
17. Ans: D
A k1 B k2C
→ →

Where k1 << l2 (given)

∴ B k 2 C is very fast reaction as compared to

→

A k 1 B so slowest and rate determine step is A k 1 B

→ →

∴ Overall reaction A k 1 C
→

18. Ans: A

F A −F A −(−r A V ) =0
0

F A −F A ( 1−x A )−(−r A V )=0

0 0

F A x A =(−r A ) V
0

V xA
=
F A −r A0

V x V
= A ∵ (−r A )=k C A τ =
V 0 C A −r A 0
V0

τ XA
=
CA k C A0
 τ k C A=C A x A0

τ k C A ( 1−x A ) =C A x A
0 0

xA
∴ kτ =
1−x A

19. Ans: C
Feed temperature = reactor temperature = 40oC
∴ Amount of heat to be removed = amount of heat generated
Noe amount of heat generated = heat of Reaction × moles reacted per unit time

= (− Δ H r ) ( q ) ( C A −C A )
0

= (− Δ H r ) q C A x A
0

3 −3
−3 m 10 3
Given, q=10 = m /sec ; xA = 0.5
min 60
kmol 3 mol
C A =5 3
=5× 10 3
m m
0

kJ
( ΔH )=−40
mol
∴ Heat generated
−3
10 3
= 40 × ×5 ×10 × 0.5
60
5 5
= kJ / sec = kW
3 3
20. Ans: C

∴ Three reactors have to be used for minimum overall reactor volume PFR followed
by CSTR followed by PFR.
21. Ans: C
A k1 2 R r1 = k1 pA
→

A k2 3 S r2 = k2pA
→
 For component A mole balance
F A −F A −( r 1 +r 2 ) V =0
0

F A x A =( k 1 p A + k 2 p A ) V
0

For component R mole balance

0 – FR + 2(r1V) = 0
∴ for 1 mole of A 2 mole of R is produced.
FR = 2k1pAV
FR 2 k1 p A V
∴ =
F A X (k 1 pA+ k2 pA ) V
0 A

2 k1
FR= ×FA XA
k 1+ k 2 0

For maximum possible value of

1 mol
F R; F A = & XA = 1
0
sec
2 ×20 mol
∴ FR= ∵ k 1=20
sec m ¯¿ ¿
3
20+ 40

2 ×20 mol
∴ FR= ∵ k 1=20
sec m ¯¿ ¿
3
20+ 40

2 mol mol
FR= k 2=40
sec m ¯¿ ¿
3
3 s
22. Ans: D
A k 1 2 R - - - (i) r = k p
1 1 A
→

A k 2 3 S - - - (ii) r = k p
2 2 A
→

Given; x A =0.3 {fractional conversion of A due to equation (i)}

1

Material balance for component A;

F A −F A −( r 1 +r 2 ) V =0
0

Material balance for component R;

0 – FR + 2(r1V) = 0
FR = 2r1 V
2 F A x A =2r 1 V
0 1
 k1 pA V
xA =1
FA 0

∴ p A =x A p
Total molar flow rate = molar flow rate of component (A + R + S)

= F A ( 1− X A − X A ) +2 F A X A +3 F A X A
0 1 2 0 1 0 1

= F A ( 1+ X A + 2 X A )
0 1 2

XA × total molar = molar flow rate due to component A

X A × F A ( 1+ X A +2 X A )=F A ( 1− X A − X A )
0 1 2 0 1 2

1−X A −X A
∴ X A= 1 2

1+ X A +2 X A 1 2

X A = 0.6 from equation

2

1−0.3−0.6
= =0.04
1+ 0.3+2 ×0.6
∴ p A =X A P=0.04 ×1=0.04 ¯¿
Balance for component S;
−F S +3 ( r A V ) =0 2

3 F A X A =3 k 2 p A V
0 2

k2 p A V
XA = 2
FA 0

XA k2 2

XA k1 1

k2 40
XA = × X A = × 0.3=0.6
2
k1 20 1

For component R:
F A X A =k 1 p a V
0 1
∴ p A=0.04 X A =0.3
1

1 ×0.3=20 ×0.04 × V
V = 0.375 m3
23. Ans: B
24. Ans: D
25. Ans: A
 GATE – 2004
26. Ans: A
27. Ans: B
Given reactions
N 2 +3 H 2 → 2 N H 3

−rN 2=0.8 P1N 2 . P3H −0.6 P2N H

2 3

When the reaction is represented by

1 3
H + H → N H3
2 2 2 2
1 3 2
Then, −rN 2=0.8 PN 2 . P H −0.6 PN H
2 3

Because the rate expression does not depends on stoichiometry coefficient, it is

experimentally determined term. Hence (a) is the correct answer.
28. Ans: A
For endothermic aqueous phase first order irreversible reactions carried in adiabatic
PFR, the rate of reaction will be maximum at the inlet of the reactor.
Hence, (A) is the correct answer.
29. Ans: D
Kinetic rate constant = k
External mass transfer co-efficient = kg
1
k eff =
1 1
+
k kg

1 1 1
⇒ = +
k eff k g k

Hence (d) is the correct answer.

30. Ans: D
31. Ans: C
Alternately gas phase reaction at constant pressure (since pressure drop is negligible)
u1 u2
⇒ =
T1 T2
T2 360 6
⇒ u2=u 1 =u1 × =u1 × =1.2u 1
T1 300 5
 u1=u 0 ( 1+ εX )

−1 2 −1
ε =δ yAO = × =
2 3 3
1
( )
u2=1.2 u0 1− X =1.2 u0 ( 1−0.33 X )
3

N AO ( 1− X ) 1− X
C A= =0.833 C AO
(
1.2u 1−0.33 X
0
) ( 1−0.33 X )

32. Ans: D
Applying steady state solute balance
(input) – (output) – (disappearance) = (accumulation)
2 d
F . C AF−0−k C A=
dt
(V C A)

33. Ans: C
We have A → B
2
−r A =k C A
2 2
= k C AO ( 1−X A )

1 1 1 XA
− = . =kt
C A C AO C AO ( 1−X A )

Here, X A 1=90 % and X A 2=45 %

Taking ratio of the above equation, and putting these conversions,
1
( )=kt
0.90
C A 1−0.90
0 1

C
1
(
A0
0.45
1−0.45 ) kt 2

t
∴ 1 =11
t2

34. Ans: C
We have
XP
u=F PO
−r p
evaluated at X P

XP
u=C PO V O
0.5 C P−0.125C R
 XP
τ =C PO
0.5 C PO ( 1− X P )−0.125 C PO X P

XP
τ=
0.5 ( 1−X P )−0.125 X P

At XP = 0.4,
0.4
τ= =1.6 hours
0.5× 0.6−0.125 ×0.4
Hence (c) is the correct answer
35. Ans: A
We have
0.5
X 1 =2− =0.75
2
X1 X1
V =F AO =C AO u0
−r 1 k C AO ( 1−X A )

X1
V =v 0
k ( 1−X 1 )

1 ×0.75 3
V 1= =
k × 0.25 k
Now when inlet concentration of pollutant is doubled, i.e. C Ao = 4 kmol and outer
concentration is CA = 0.5 kmol/m3.
4−0.5
X= =0.875
4
Entering volume flow rate is tripled, i.e.,
v0 = 3 m3/hr
0.875 21
∴ V 2=3 × =
k × ( 1−0.75 ) k
V 2 21 k
= × =7
V1 k 3

36. Ans: B
37. Ans: B
Given:
3
kJ kg 1 m kJ
C p=2 ×1000 × =0.5
kgK 3 4000 mol mol K
For complete conversion, XA = 1
 C p ΔT
X A=
−Δ H r
−Δ H r=C P ΔT

⇒−Δ H r=C P ΔT

⇒ -(-50) = 0.5(390 – T)
100 = 390 – T
∴ T = 290 K
Hence, (B) is the correct answer
38. Ans: D
We know that
A → R (desired)
A → S (undesired)
r R k 1 a−b
Selectivity, S R /S = = C
rs k2 A

For a > b, a – b = +ve

For a high selectivity, we’ve to make
CA as maximum as possible, for that
We can use – high pressure and eliminate inerts
- batch of PFR
- CSTR with high conversion
- recyle
Since we have to opt wrong design guidelines, hence avoid recyle is the desired option.
GATE – 2005
39. Ans: D
We know that
2 R+S →T

−1 d C R d C s d C T
= =
2 dt dt dt
rR = 2rs = -2rT
40. Ans: A
We have
 (1−n) ( 1−n )
CA −C Ao =( n−1 ) kt
1
At t1/2, C A= C Ao
2

( )
( 1−n )
1 ( 1−n )
C −( C Ao ) =( n−1 ) k t 1/ 2
2 Ao
3 −1
Now check, if n= 3/2, 1−n=1− =
2 2

[ ]
−1 −1
1 2
C −( C Ao ) 2 =( n−1 ) k . t 1 /2
2 Ao
−1 /2
t 1/ 2 ∝C Ao
1
∝
√ C Ao
41. Ans: C
42. Ans: A
We have
2
k1 C A
−r A = 1 /2
1+ k 2 C A

⇒ −r A =k 2 C 1A=k 1 C 2A

mol
Hence every term has unit of 3
m .s
i.e., mol.m-3s-1
−1 3 −1
Hence k 1=mol m s
−1/ 2 3 /2 −1
k 2=mol m s

Hence (A) is the correct answer

43. Ans: B
44. Ans: D
We know that
FA F A 1−X A I
C A= = o

V V o ( 1+∈ A × X A ) T 0

Here XA = 0.4
∈ A =δ A y Ao =0.7
 ( )
CA 0.6 400
= =0.35
C Ao ( 1+ 0.7 ×0.4 ) 300

45. Ans: A
46. Ans: C
We have −r A = A ⇄ 2 B

−r A =0.02 C A - 0.01CB
⇑ ⇑
rate of forward rate of backward
reaction reaction
A→2B 2B→ A
At equilibrium, rate of fwd. reaction = rate of backward reaction
0.02CAe = 0.01CBe

{
initally ,1 mol 0 mol
( 1−X e ) 2 X e
where X e =equilibrium conversion
∵ liquid phase concentration ∝ No . of moles
∴ C A =( 1− X e )
o

C B =2 X e
o

0.02 ( 1− X e ) =0.01 ( 2 X e )

1
∴ X e=
2
47. Ans: A
We know that
∞

∫ E ( t ) dt =1
0

∴ Area under the triangle = 1

1 5
Area of Left Triangle = × ( 8−3 ) × E max= E max
2 2
1 7
Area of Right Triangle = × ( 15−8 ) × E max= E max
2 2
5 7
∴ Total Area = Emax + Emax =1
2 2
 12
Or E =1
2 max
1
Or Emax =
6
Hence (A) is correct answer
48. Ans: C
We know that
∞
T mean=∫ tE ( t ) dt
0

For time between 3 to 8, there is a line having slope = 1/30 and line is E(t) = 1/30 (t – 3) And
for time between 8 to 15 there is another line having slope = 1/42 and line is E(t) = 1/42 (15 –
t)
Put equation of both line in equation
∞ 15
t mean=∫ t × 1/30 ( t−3 ) dt +∫ t × 1/42 ( 15−t ) dt
3 8

tmean = 8.7 min

hence answer is (C)
GATE – 2006
49. Ans: C
We have 2 A + B→ 2 C
∴ Molar flux of A = Molar flux of C = 2 (Molar flux of B)
NA = -NC = 2NB
↑ C moves in direction opposite to A in the film around the catalyst.
50. Ans: D
Let the number of moles of inert molecules be I.
Number of moles of feed = F
Applying mass balance for these conditions volume ∝ number of moles

⇒V 1 ∝(F+ I )

And V 2 ∝ ( 5 F+ I )

V 1 F+ I
⇒ = =3
V 2 5 F+ I
⇒ 5F + I = 3F + 3I
⇒F=I
 ⇒ 50 mole % A and 50 mole % I are required
51. Ans: D
We know that

ln
( )
C A −C A 0 −k 1 t
C A 0 −C Ae
=
X Ae

C A −C Ao −k
t/X Ae

Taking antilog =e 2

C Ao−C Ae

⇒ k 1 ( 1− X Ae ) =k 2 X Ae

k1
⇒ X Ae =
k 1 +k 2
C A −C Ao −( k + k ) t
∴ =e 1 2

C Ao−C Ae
1 1
∴ τ= =
t k1 + k2
52. Ans: D
A+ B k 1 gaseous produces (1)
→

A+C k 2 ash (2)

→

In reaction 1, gaseous is formed therefore easier penetration of reactant A and B due to

gaseous product it will not after any resistance in penetration
In Reaction (2) ash is formed which after resistance in penetration of reactants A and B
this resistance will increases with the time T1 < t2 at higher temperature.
53. Ans: C
We know that
For CSTR,
V1 ΔXA ( X −0 )
= = =X ( 1+ X )
F Ao −r A
−
−1
1+ X ( ) ….. (i)

V2 ( X f −X )
= =( X f −X ) ( 1+ X f )
And F Ao
−
(
−1
1+ X f ) ….. (ii)

∴ Total volume Vt = V1 + V2
⇒ Vt = X(1 + X) + (Xf – X) (1 + Xf) ….. (iii)
 Differentiating equation (iii) and equating it equal to zero, we get
dV t
=1+2 x + (−1 ) ( 1+ X f ) =0
dx
⇒ 1 + 2X – (1 + Xf) = 0
⇒ X = 0.5Xf
Hence, (C) is the correct answer.
54. Ans: D
is the correct answer, because high temp of the reaction will promote the route 2 (as it
has higher activation energy than route 1) later what substitute amount of c is formed
lewder temp will need formation of D form c high temp and then decreasing temp will
maximize for reaction of C.
55. Ans: B
Probability that element 1 stays more than time t=θ is given by
∞

∫ 1τ e−t / τ
θ

Once both particles e1 & e2 are together in the reactor, the probability of each particle to
∞
1 1 1 −θ/ τ
exit before other is . So probability that e2 exits before e 1= x ∫ e = e
−t / τ
2 2 θ 2

GATE – 2007
56. Ans: C
C Ao
For semi batch & 1st order C A= ( 1−e−kt )
Kt
Given CAo = 1 mol/L
K = 1 min-1
t = 2 min
1
C A= ( 1−e−2 ×1 )
1 ×2
CA = 0.4323
CA
X A =1−
C Ao

= 1 – 0.4323 = 0.5677 ≈ 0.57

57. Ans: B
We know that
 for first order -rA = kCA
−kt
C A=C A eo

Overall heat balance

⇒ Heat generated = heat removal
−r A V (−ΔH )=UA ( ΔT )

KC A V (−ΔH )=UA [ T −T C ] i

v (−ΔH )=UA [ T −T C ]
−kt
KC A e o i

(− ΔH ) kv C A e−kt
⇒ T C =T − o

i
UA
58. Ans: B
59. Ans: C
We have

60. Ans: A
For CSTR
If w is fixed ⇒ τ is fixed or V is fixed
F A xA
W =V = O

−r A

FA xA
⇒ −r A = O

w
2× 0.8
−r A =
w
0.16
Case 1: when dp = 4, (-rA) =
w
4 × 0.4
Case 2: when dp = 6, (-rA) =
W
 ⇒ by changing dp, rate reaction does not change
⇒ (b) → Diffusion free is correct
61. Ans: D
For a packed bed reactor the simplified equation is
X
dX
W =F A . ∫
0 −r A

1 1
For= ln
α k dp ( 1−x )

Where α is an arbitrary proportionality constant.

∴ Case I
Wαk 1 1
= ln
FA o d ρ1 ( 1− X f )

1 1
= ln =0.111
9 mm ( 1−0.632 )

Case II
1 1
0.111= ln
18 mm ( 1−X 2 )

1
2.0=ln
( 1−X 2 )
1 2
Or =e =7.389
( 1−X )
Or 1 – X2 = 0.1353
∴ X2 = 0.865
Hence, (D) is the correct answer.
62. Ans: B
First reaction –
-rA = k CA
= k0 CAe-E/RT

Or ( )−r A
CA
=K 0 e
− E/ RT

Or ( −rCA )=ln k − RTE

A
0

CA -rA T ln(-rA / ca) 1/T

20 1 480 -2.99573 0.002083
40 2 480 -2.99573 0.002083
40 3 500 -2.59027 0.002
 Y 2−Y 1
Slope=
( x 2−x 1)
−2.99573−(−2.59027 )
=
(0.002083−0.002)
Slope = -4865.68
Slope = -4865.68 = -E/R
∴ E/R = 4865.68
63. Ans: A
As the activation energy of the desired product is the largest, so
increasing temperature profile will favor the reaction also for high temperature
control plug flow reactor gives good control also high concentration
will favor the forward reaction for formation of desired product
64. Ans: A
dC B
=k 1 C A −k 2
dT
dC A
=k 1 C A
dt
−k 1 t
C A=C A 0 e

dC B −k t
=k 1 C A 0 e −k 2 1

dt
dC B
To obtain maximum value of B, =0
dt
⇒ k 1 e−k t −k 2=0
1

⇒ e−k t =k 2 / k 1
1

⇒ −k 1 t=ln ( k 2 /k 1 )

⇒ t=
−1
k1
ln
k2
k1 ( )
⇒ t=
1
k1
ln
k1
k2 ( )
65. Ans: A
We have
dC B −k t−k 2
=k 1 e 1

dt
−K 1 −k t −k t+ C
C B= e 1 2

K1

At t = 0, CB = 0
∴ 0 = -1 – 0 + c, ⇒ c = 1
∴ C B=1−e−k t =k 2 t 1

−k 1t
When CB = 0, 1−e =k 2 t

GATE – 2008
66. Ans: A
2
rR K 1C A
Yield of R= =
−r A k 1 C A 2+ K 2 C A 2

K1 K1
= =
2
k1C A + K 2C A
2
K1+ H2

K1 K1
Y Presence= Y absence=
K 1+ H 2 K1+ H2
⇒ Ratio = 1
67. Ans: C
We know that
A+3 B →2 C
We have

( 1−X A )
C A=C A 0 (given CA = CA0, XA = 0.2)
( 1+ ε A X A )
⇒ ε A=−1

Or ε A=δ y A 0= (−2 ) × y A 0=−1

⇒ yA0 = 0.5
Since, option (C) is only satisfying the condition. Hence, (C) is the correct answer.
68. Ans: D
We have
 A  B  C, AR

r A =( K + K ' ) C A ' rB = kCA - kCB

Material balance of A
γ C Ao=γ C A + (−r A ) V

⇒ γ C Ao=γ C A + ( K + K ) C AV
C Ao
∴ C A=
1+ ( k + k ' ) τ
69. Ans: B

Given: A → P and −r A =k √ C A

Batch reactor, xA = 0.75, t = 10

−dC A
∴ =k √ C A
dt
−dC A
⇒ =kdt
√CA

√
0.75 10
C Ao d X A
⇒ ∫ −1 /2
=∫ kdt
0 ( 1−X A ) 0

⇒ k = 0.1
1 t
d XA
For X A =1 ,∫ 1/ 2
=0.1∫ dt
0 ( 1−X A ) 0

∴ t = 20 mm
70. Ans: A
We have
n A , out −n¿ 0.7 n A−n A
ξ A= =
n¿ nA
 Stochiometric ξ=0.3 nA
Weft a = -1 Ref temp = 0oC

[ 0.7 na . C PA ×800+ ( nB−0.3 nA ) C PB × 800+0.3 nA ×800 ]−[ n A × C PA × 550+n+ B ×C PB ×550 ]+0.3+ 0.3 n
J
C PA=100 J /mol, C PB=50
mol K
CPC = 150 J/mol.K

[ 0.7 n A ×100 ×800+ ( nB −0.3 n A ) × 50 ×8090+3. n A × 150800 ]

−[ n A × 100 ×550+n B ×50 ×550 ]=30 n A ×1000

[ 0.7 n A ×800+ ( nB −0.3 n A ) 400+360 n A ] × 100

−[ 550 n A + 275 nB ] ×100=300 n A ×100

Or [ 560 n A + ( n B−0.3−0.3 n A ) × 400+360 n A ]

-550nA – 275 nB = 300 nA

or 250 nA + 125 nB = 300 nB
n A 12.5 5
or, = =
n B 50 2
nA 5 5
∴ = =
n A + nB 5+2 7
5
∴ mol fraction A=
7
(A) Is the correct answer.
71. Ans: C

[( ) ]
2 2
CA ϕo r
Given: =1+ −1
C AS 4 R

For ϕ 0=4 , C A=0

ϕ0
[( ) ]
2
r
0=1+ −1
4 R

∴ r=
√ 3
4
R

Then 0≤r ≤
√ 3
4
R
72. Ans: A
We have
m
C max=
u
m = 1 mol min
μ=L /min
3
mol m
C max=1.0 μ
L s

∴ μ=1 ( mol
min ) 1.0 mol
×
1L
=1.0 L/min

(A) is the correct answer

73. Ans: C
Shaded area = L .C max

m
Shaded area = C max=
u
m = 1 mol min
1
1.0 ×5− ( 5−1 ) ×1.0
2
= 5 – 2 = 3.0
∴ Cmax t=3.0
3.0
∴ t= =3.0 ( min ) ⇒ (c) answer
1.0
74. Ans: C
We have A → Products,
Overall XA = 0.95
2
−r A =0.1 C A mol/lit . min
 XA V
For CSTR =
(−r A ) F Ao

XA V
⇒ 2 2
=
0.1C ( 1−X A )
Ao
V o C Ao

XA 75
⇒ 2
=
0.1C Ao ( 1−X A ) 4

XA 7.5 × 2
⇒ 2
=
( 1−X A ) 4

⇒ XA = 60%
75. Ans: B
We have
XA in P.F.R = 0.95 – 0.60 = 0.35
0.95
d XA V
For P.F.R, ∫ rA
=
V o CA
0.6

0.95
d XA V
⇒ ∫ 2
=
4 × 0.8
0.6 0.1 C
2
Ao [ 1−X A ]
⇒ V = 350 lit
GATE – 2009
76. Ans: C
77. Ans: C
78. Ans: A
79. Ans: C
We have ρ=1200 kg/m3
J kJ
C P 2000 , Δ from = -120
kg mol A react
Energy balance
( Ref tamp=0 K )
Rate of
A = Input – Output + accumulation

( )( ) ( )
3
m Kg J
∴=ρ × 3 × Cp T (K)
S m kgK i

−ρ C T + ( )C
( k molm A ) × (−ΔH ) kmolkJA rect × 1000( kJJ )× 1000( kmolmol )
3
m
P 0 A 3
A
 Assume all A reacted and ToC may allowable temperature
6
0=ρ C p ( T o−T o ) +CA (−ΔH ) × D
6
C A (− ΔH ) ×10 4 × 120 ×106
∴ ( T o−T i) = =
ρCp 1200 ×2000

(To – Ti) = 200

∴ Ti = To – 200 = 800 – 200 = 600K
80. Ans: B
We know that
Mean residence time is given by
∞

∫ tC ( t ) dt
0
t= ∞

∫ C ( t ) dt
0

From the graph given, it is clear that, C(t) = 10

Thus,
10

∫ t × ( 10 ) dt
5
t= 10
=7.5 min
∫ (10 ) dt
5

81. Ans: C
We have
FC A 0−F C A=V (−r A )

V −C A 0 −C A
Or, =
P ( −r A )
C A 0−C A
Or, t=
−r A

t = 5 min
CA0 = 8 mol/l
CA = 4 mol/l

−r A =k C 0.5
A ( l.molmin )
= k 40.5
 ( 8−4 )
∴ 5= 0.5
k4
( 8−4 )
Or k = 0.5
=0.4
5×4

( )
0.5
mol
∴ k =0.4 0.5
⇒ (C) correct answer
l min

82. Ans: B
We know that
For PFR,

[ ]
CA CA 1
dCA d C A −1 CA
t=∫ =∫ =
−r A C k C 0.5
A A
k ( 1−0.5 ) CA

[ ]
0.5 CA1
−1 C A 1
t=
k 0.5
= [ C 0.5−C 0.5A ]
0.5 k A
CA

VPFR = VCSTR
∴ F is same TPFR = TCSTR = 5min
1
5=
0.05 × 0.4
[ 4 −C A 1 ]
0.5 0.5

1= √ 4− √ C A

Or √ C A 1=2−1=1
∴ CA = 1 mol/l → (B) correct answer
GATE – 2010
83. Ans: D
CA
Infinitely long cylindrical pore <1
CA S

1
Strong pore difference resistance ε =
ϕ
84. Ans: A
85. Ans: A
86. Ans: B
We have

V τ XA
= =
F AO C AO −r A
 Here τ =2 sec , k = 5
CAO = 2 moles/litre
CA = 1 moles/litre
1
2 2
∴ 2 =1− k C
A
k +CA
0.5
⇒ 5
1=
k +1
⇒k=9
87. Ans: C
We have given that

C A 0−C A 1 C A 0−1.1
τ1= = ⇒ C A 0=1.64
−r A 5 ×1.1
9+1.1
GATE – 2011
88. Ans: A

r1 (Diffusive mass transfer) = k n ( C Aα −C S ) across film

r2 (Reaction at surface) = k CS

Liq. Film
Catalyst surface
 At Steady State ……….
r1 = r2 = r
k m ( C Aα −C S )=k C S

km
Or C S= C
(k +k m) Aα

k km
∴ r =K C s = C Aα
( k +k m )
Overall rate constant ((K) will express the rate in terms of C A α only (which can
be measured)
k km
r =KC Aα = C Aα
( k +k m )
kk m
∴ K= ⇒ (A) correct answer
( k +k m )
89. Ans: B
We know that
X rX = k0e-40/RTCR
R Y ry = k0e-40/RTCR1.5
X rZ = k0e-5/RTCR
High Temp favors reaction with higher E
⇒ ∴ High will favors both rx and ry, so production of t will be retarded

⇒ ∴ r x α C R and r y α C 1.5
R , Behavior rx and ry higher concentration of R will favors ry more
them re
∴ to maximum the yield of x we must use
High temperature and low concentration of R
(B) is the correct answer
90. Ans: B
91. Ans: A
92. Ans: B
We know that
P → W, T = Constant, CSTR 1st order reaction
V 5L
t= = =10 min and XA = 0.6
F A 0 0.5 L/min
 XA 1 XA 1 0.6
kt= ⇒k= =
( 1− X A ) t 1− X A 10 min ( 1−0.6 )

⇒ k = 0.15 min-1 ⇒ (B) correct answer

93. Ans: C
We have
C0 1 n
= =( 1+ kt )
C N 1−X N

5 CSTR in series, V = 1L
V 1L
t i= = =2 min
F A 0 0.5 L/min

1 5
=( 1+0.15 min ×2 min )
−1
∴
(1−X N )
1
1− X N = =0.2693
3.713
∴ X N =073 ⇒73 %
GATE – 2012
94. Ans: D
95. Ans: B
First reaction has higher activation energy (80) as compared to second reaction (20)
so higher temperature will favour maximum formation of B. In PFR,
concentration are changes gradually along the length of reactor that will keep
concentration of reactant high, so use PFR is better than CSTR for maximum
formation of B
Hence answer is (B).
96. Ans: B
A + S ⟷ A.S Absorption of A
B + S ⟷ B.S Absorption of B
A.S + B.S ⟷ C.S + S surface reaction
C.S ⟷ C + S desorption of C
Individual rats of reaction are

[
r A =k A P A CV −
C A .s
KA ]
 [
r B=k B PB C V −
CB. S
kB ]
[
r S=k S C A . S C B . S −
CC . SCV
kS ]
r DC =K D [ CC . S−K C PC CV ]

Surface Reaction controlling

r A r B r DC
= = =0
K A KB K D

⇒ CA.S = KAPACV; CB.S = KBPBCV ; CC.S = KCPCCV

Put in rat of surface Reaction :-

[ ]
2
2 KC PCCV
r S=K S K A P A K B PB C V −
KS

Total site balance

CT = CA.S + CB.S + CC.S + CV
CT[1 + KAPA + KBPB + KCPC]CV
2
2 CT
CV= 2
[ 1+ K A P A + K B P B + K C PC ]
Put value of CV2 in surface rate

r S=
[
k K A P A K B P B−
K C PC
KS ] 2
( 1+ K A P A + K B P B + K C PC )
P A PB
rS 2
( 1+ K A P A + K B PB + K C PC )
97. Ans: C
Optimum temperature is the one at which rate of reaction is maximum and volume
required is minimum. For exothermic reaction, it is continuously decreasing
temperature but initially keep temperature at maximum level
Hence, (B) is the correct answer.
98. Ans: B
Design equation of PFR is
 Kτ =ln
( )
C A0
CA

V 5
τ = = =5
v 1
CA0 = 2 mol/lit and CA = 0.5 mol/lit
So value of k = 0.28
Hence, (B) is the correct answer
99. Ans: C
We have Three equal size CSTR in series with first order reaction
1
X A =1−
( 1+ τk )3
V 2
τ = = =2 and k = 0.28
v 1
Put values in equation we get XA = 73.7%
Hence answer is (C).
100. Ans: 0.632
We know that
General equation for first order reaction,
∞
X A =∫ X A E (t ) dt
0

Here, X A =1−e−kt and E ( t )=δ ( t−4 )

On putting values:
∞
X A =1−∫ e
−kt
× δ ( t−4 ) dt
0

X A =0.632

101. Ans: 0.5

We know that
For zero order reaction
CA0 – CA = kt
⇒ CA = CA0 – kt = 2 – 0.5 × 3 = 0.5 mol/l
102. Ans: 0.5
 We know that
For high pore diffusion resistance
Rate of reaction ∝ (diameter)-1
d1 1
Therefore, = =0.5
d2 2

103. Ans: 1
Equation of motion & disappearance
¿
W.r.t [ ( CH 3 )2 N 2 ]
¿
( CH 3 )2 N 2+ ( C H 3 )2 N 2 K 1 ( C H 3 )2 N 2+ [ ( C H 3 )2 N 2 ] …….. (I)
→

¿
[ ( C H 2 ) N 2 ] + ( C H 3 )2 N ¿ 2 K 2 ( C H 3 )2 N 2 +( C H 3 )2 N 2 …….. (II)
→

¿
[ ( C H 3 )2 N 2 ] K3 C2 H6+ N2
→

¿
Rate of [ ( C H 3 )2 N 2 ] for motion from equation (i)
¿
= K 1 [ ( C H 3 )2 N 2 ]
¿
Rate of [ ( C H 3 )2 N 2 ] disappearance

From equation (ii)

¿
= −K 2 [ ( C H 3 )2 N 2 ][ ( C H 3 )2 N 2 ] ……. (v)
¿
Rate of [ ( C H 3 )2 N 2 ] disappearance from equation (iii)
¿
¿−K 3 [ ( C H 3 )2 N 2 ]

Considering pseudo – steady state consideration

Add equation (iv), (v) and (vi) = 0
2 ¿ ¿
K 1 [ ( C H 3 )2 N 2 ] −K 2 [ ( C H 3 )2 N 2 ][ ( C H 3 )2 N 2 ] −K 3 [ ( C H 3 ) N 2 ] =0

K 3 <¿< [ ( C H 3 )2 N 2 ]
2
¿ K 1 [ ( C H 3 )2 N 2 ]
[ ( C H 3 )2 N 2 ] = K
2 [ ( C H 3 )2 N 2 ]
¿ K1
Or [ ( C H 3 )2 N 2 ] = [(C H 3)2 N 2]
K2

New rate of formation of either

 ¿ K1
rC 2 H6
=K 3 [ ( C H 3 ) N 2 ] =K 3 × [ ( C H 3 )2 N 2 ]
K2

Therefore order with respect to azomethane is 1.

104. Ans: 52%
We know that
For a first order reaction in a single CSTR,
C A0 × X A XA 0.9
τ= or kτ = = =9
k C A ( 1−X A ) 1−X A 1−0.9

For two smaller CSTR in series,

X A =1−
1
( 1+ τ i k )
2
⇒ τ i k =1−
√1
1−X A

τ i k =1−
√ 1
1−0.9
=2.16

V 1−V 2
% Reduction in volume = ×100
V1
9 2.16
−2 ×
τ 1−τ 2 k k
= ×100= ×100 ≈ 52 %
τ1 9
k
105. Ans: 20 mol/m3
We know that
2
−r A =k 1 C A +k 2 C A
3
And C A=C A 0 ( 1− X A ) =30 ( 1−0.8 )=6 mol /m

C A0 . X A 30 × 0.8
τ= = ≃ 1 sec
−r A 2
0.5 × 6 +6
And for mol balance over R:
C R 0−C R 0 C R−2 3
τ= = 2
≃ 1⇒ C R=20 mol /m
rR 0.5 ×6
106. Ans: 90%
We have
CS = 11.8 mol/m3, CS0 = 1 mol/m3
C S −C S 0 C A 0−C A
τ= =
rS −r A
 C S −C S 0 C A 0 −C A
τ= = 2
k2 C A k1 C A+ k2 C A

11.8−1 30−C A
⇒ =
1× C A 0.5 ×C 2A +1 ×C A

On comparison, CA = 3 mol/m3
CA 3
Thus, X A =1− =1− =0.9 ≈ 90 %
C A0 30

GATE – 2014
107. Ans: A
108. Ans: D
109. Ans: B
110. Ans: C
We know that
Rideal mechanism
K1
A ( g) + S →
←
A−S
K−1

K2
A−S +B ( g ) →
←
AB−S (rate controlling)
K −2

AB – S → AB
Here s = adsorption site on catalyst surface.
A−S
k 1= (I)
( A )( S )
And for rate controlling step
−γ=K 2 ( A−s ) ( B ) −K−2 ( AB−S ) (II)
Also, total number of sites is ST
ST = (S) + (A – S) + (AB – S) (III)
Initially surface coverage of AB will be very low, so (AB – S) = 0
( A−S )
From (I), K 1=
( A ) ( ST −( A−S ) )

⇒ K 1 ( S ) S T −K 1 ( A−S )( A )
 K 1( A) ST
= ( A−S ) ⇒ ( A−S )=
1+ K 1 ( A )

Now, for rate controlling step,

−γ=K 2 ( A−S ) ( B ) −K−2 ( AB−S )

Initial rate mean concentration of (AB – S) → 0

So, −γ 0=K 2 ( A−S ) ( B )
K 2 K 1 ( A )( B ) S T
γ 0=
1+ K 1 ( A )

For the given reaction, Q + R → S with reactants in equimolar ratio

2
K 2 K 2 PT . PT a PT
−γ o= =
1+ K 1 PT 1+b PT

111. Ans: D
112. Ans: D
GATE – 2015
113. Ans: A
We know that
For zero order reaction,
−d C A o
=k C A =k
dt
Where k = rate constant.
CAo – CA = kt
For full life time CA = 0
t = CAo/K
and for half life
CA = CAo/2
C Ao
So, t 1/ 2=
2k
t = 2t1/2
114. Ans: B
We have
 2
2C A +0.1 C A
Rate=
1+50 C A

0.5 < CA < 50 (mol/m3)

For very high value of CA (say 50 mol/m3)
0.1CA < < 2CA2
And 50CA >> 1
2
2C A 1
So, rate = = C
50C A 25 A

So, reaction order is one.

115. Ans: B
116. Ans: C
117. Ans: A
As there is no effect of external recycling on MFR, since MFR is itself a backmix
reactor with ∞ Dispersion number.
118. Ans:
Thiele modulus (MT) is related to effectiveness factor (ε ) for catalyst slab as given
below,
1
ε= tan h M T [Levenspiel, p 387, Eq. 20]
MT

M T =L

'' '
De √
k ' ''
[Levenspiel Eq. 23]

k = 1st order rate constant based on Vol. of catalyst pellet (Eq. 17) (Eq. 13)
L = Half thickness
Given:
T = 450 K, MT = 0.5, Ea = 100 kJ/mol
'' ' −Ea / RT
k =A e

= A e−( )
100 kJ 1000J 1 K 1
× × . mol . ×
mol kJ 8.314 J 450 K

= Ae(-26.729)

k ' ' ' =A ( 2.46 ×10−12)

√
A ( 2.46 ×10 )
−12
M T |450 K =L
De
 ( √ )(
= L
A
De
1.570 ×10−6 )

( √ )(
0.5= L
A
De
1.570 ×10−6 )

∴(
√ ) L
A
De
=318471.34

At T = 470 K, ε =?

'' ' (−100 ×1000× 8.314

1
×
470 )
1

k =A e
= A exp (-25.591) = A(7.69 × 10-12)

√ A ( 7.69× 10 )
(√ )
−12
∴ M T =L A
=L
De De

( 2.773 ×10−6 )=0.883

1
ε= tan h M T
MT

1
= tan h ( 0.883 )
0.883
0.707
= =0.801
0.883
x −x
e −e
sin h x=
2
x −x
e +e
cos h x=
2
x −x
e −e
tan h x= x −x
e +e
tan h (0.883)
0.883 0.883
e −e
= 0.883 0.883
e +e
2.418−0.414
= =0.707
2.418+0.414
119. Ans: B
In the given arrangements,
 Therefore is no effect of mixing on first order reaction, thus
Hence, (B) is the correct answer.
Final outlet concentration CAf will be same in both cases.
GATE – 2016
120. Ans:
Upper limit of reaction of reaction rate will be at
CA = CA0
10 C A 0 C A 0 ( 10 )
−r A = = =2
( )
⇒ 1+ 5C A 0 1
CA 0 +5
CA 0

121. Ans: C
122. Ans: 28.5
From Arrhenius law,

ln
( ) (
k2 E 1
= −
1
k1 R T1 T2 )
Where T1 = 550 K & T2 = 600 K

So ln
( )
k 2 184000 1
k1
= −
1
8.314 550 600 ( )
Ans ⇒ k2 = 28.5k1
123. Ans: 0.2667 sec-1
For reaction given, rate equation can be representing as, -rA = k1 CA –k2 CB
 CA0× X A CA ×XA
For MFR, τ m= = 0

(−r A ) k 1 C A −k 2 C B
C A=C A ( 1− X A ) and C B=C A . X A
0 0

XA
So, τ m=
k 1 ( 1−X A )−k 2 X A

So, for case – I

0.2
1= ⇒ 4 k 1 −k 2=1 (I)
k 1 ( 1−0.2 )−k 2 ( 0.2 )

For case – I
τ m=1 sec ⇒ CA = 8 mol/l

8
X A =1− =0.2
10
For case – II
mol
τ m=5 sec ⇒ C A=5
l
5
X A =1− =0.5
10
For case – II
0.5
5= ⇒k 1 −k 2=0.2 (II)
k 1 ( 1−0.5 )−k 2 ( 0.5 )

On solving equation (I) and (II)

k1 = 0.2667 sec-1
124. Ans: 8 m3
From the equation,
T = 350 + 25 XA
At XA = 0.8
T = 350 + 25 × 0.8 = 370 K
So, from curve at XA = 0.8 & T = 370 K
10 mol
⇒ −r A = 3
m .s
Vm XA
For MFR, =
FA 0 −rA
 F A0. X A 100 × 0.8 3
V m= = =8 m
(−r A ) 100

125. Ans: B
Thiele modulus is given by

f=
√ Intrinsic reactionrate
pore diffusion rate
×Characteistic length

So, for large value of Thiele modulus, reaction rate will be high.
Since the reaction rate is much greater than the diffusion rate, Scenario 2 occurs.
Hence, (B) will be the correct answer.
126. Ans: 0.25
It is obvious, there is delay so, it can be assumed to be PFR & CSTR in series so, the
delay is equal to τ P (sp ace time of PFR) so here delay is 5 min
⇒ τ P=5 min
And we know that, for CSTR
−t /τ m
e
E ( t )=
τm
1
At t = 0 E ( 0 ) =
τm

So at t = 5
1
E ( 0−5 )= =0.05 ⇒ τ m=20 min
τm

τp 5
= =0.25
τ m 20

GATE – 2017
127. Ans: A
The performance equation for PFR
XA
τ V D xa
= =∫
C A 0 F A 0 0 −r A

Hence the volume required for the reactor for given conversion is
XA
d XA
V =F Ao ∫
0
−r A

Which is the area under curve between?

 −1
versus XA
rA

The performance equation for given conversion is

XA
V =F Ao
−r A
−1
Which is the volume of rectangle drawn on the graph between versus XA conversion
rA
for the given reaction.

Set up Volume
CSTR followed by PFR Area of rectangle from 0 to 0.5 and area
under curve form 0.5 to 1
Two CSTRs in series Area of two rectangles (from 0 to 0.5 and
0.5 to 1)
PFR followed by CSTR Area under curve from 0 to 0.5 and area of
rectangle form 0.5 to 1
A single PFR Area under the curve
It’s clearly shown the combination of CSTR followed by PFR hence answer is option (A)
128. Ans: 0.80
For CSTR the performance equation can be written as

V T XA
= =
F0 CA 0 r A

V C A0 X A
=T =
V0 −r A

(C A0 X A)
( )
2
=
0.5 ( 0.005 C2A )

(C A 0 X A)
4=
( 0.005C 2A 0 ( 1−X A ) 2)
129. Ans: 0.6
A→B
Suppose X be the conversion of reactant
T1 = 425oC, Δ H x =30 kJ /mol=30000 J /mol
Q = 17 kW = 17000 J, T2 = 325oC
Trpf = 25oC, FA0 = 1 mol/sec, FA = (1 – x)FA0
CPA = 0.1 kJ/mol, CPB = 0.15 kJ/mol, FB = x FA0
 Heat balance gives
FA0 CPA(T2 – Trpf)
= FA CPA(T2 – Trpf) + FBCPB(T2 – Trpf)
1 × 0.1(425 – 25)
= 0.1(1 – x) (325 – 25) + x(0.15) (325 – 25)40
a = 30(1 – x) + 45x
X = 0.6
FB = FA0 X = 0.6(1) = 0.6 mol/sec
130. Ans: 1.0
The data can be drawn from the diagram is as follows
C(t) t t. C(t)
0 0 0
1 1 1
0 2 0

Mean residence time =

∑ t . C = (0+1+0) =1 s
∑ C (0+1+0)
131. Ans: 20.4
Let x mole of ETBE present of equilibrium mass of EtOH = 46 g mass water = 54 g
46
Mole of EtOH = =1 mol
46
54
Mole of water =3 mol
18
TBA + EtOH ⇌+ water
At t= 1 1 0 3
At equilibrium 1-x 1-x x 3+x
( 3+ x )( x )
K c= =1
( 1+ x )( 1−x )
X = 0.2
Mole of ETBE = 0.2
Moles of ETBE = 0.2(102) = 20.4 gm
132. Ans: 4
A+B+R+S
 Let m moles of A and B present initially in the reactor
Initially m, m o, o
After time t, m – xm, m – xm mx mx
Total moles after time t =
t = mx + mx + m – mx + m – mx = 2m
Partial pressure of R at time t
( mx ) Pt Pt x
= = =P R
2m 2
At Pr = 40 kPa
R will start condensing
100 ( x )
Here, Pt = 100 kPa, PR = 40 =
2
x = 0.8
CA = CAo(1 – X) = 1.25(1 – 0.8)
CA = 2.5 mol/m3
CA
dCA
Batch reactor t=∫ 2
CA 0
0.08 C A

t=
1
(
1
−
1
0.08 C A C A
=
1 1
−
1
)
0.08 2.5 12.5
0
⇒t=4 sec( )
133. Ans: C
134. Ans: C
GATE – 2018
135. Ans: C
By Arrhenius Law,

ln
k2 E 1
= −
[
1
k1 R T 1 T 2 ]
∴ E=
( )
−ln
k2
k1
×R
[ ]
1 1
−
T1 T2

E = 15.236 kJ/mol
136. Ans: A
 It is clear from figure for after 2000rpm, despite increase in rpm 3,000 no change in
reaction rate. Hence at these conditions external mass transfer is not controlling.
137. Ans: 0.8160
We know that
CSTR – (1)

τ XA XA
= = 1 1

C A −γ A k C A (1−X A )
0 0 1

XA
τ k= 1

1−X A 1

τk 5 ×0.2
X A 1= =
1+ τk 1+5 × 0.2
⇒ τ A =0.5
1

PFR – 2
XA XA
τ d xA 1
2

d xA 2

=∫ = ∫
C A X −γ A k C A 0 X ( 1−X A )
0 A1 A1

X A2
τ =−ln ( 1−X A ) X =0.5 A1

5 ×0.1=−ln ( 1−X A ) + ln ( 1−0.5 ) 2

1.69314=−ln ( 1−X A 2
)
0.18394=1− X A 2

X A =0.8160
2

138. Ans: 50%

We know that
3
C A =C B =2 kmol /m
0 0

v – 10m3/hr; V = 2m3; k = 2.5 m2/kmol.h

3
V 2m
τ= = =0.2 hr
v 10 m3 /hr

τ d XA dXA
=∫ 2
=∫ 2
CA 0
kCA k C A ( 1− X A ) 0

τk C A 0
X A=
1+τk C A 0
 0.2 ×2.5 × 2 1
= =
1+ 0.2× 2.5 ×2 2
XA = 0.5
XA = 50%
139. Ans:
1 2 3 4 5 6 7

L1 = 6000 mm = 6m
d1 = 26.65 mm
n
total volume (of same size) PFR ( V T )=∑ v i
i=1

VT = 7 × V1
−3 2
v 1=π d 1 L1=π ( 26.65× 10 ) ×6=0.13387 m
2 3

∵ VT = 7 × V1
VTh = 0.0931711 m3
Type II
L2 = 8000 mm, d2 = 26.65 mm
−3
V 2=π d 2 L2 , d 2=26.65 × 10 m, V T =n ×V 2
2

−3 2
V 2=π × ( 26.65 × 10 ) ×8=0.0178498 m
3

Both cases operating condition are same,

V T =V T1 2

VT
nV 2 =V T ⇒n= =5.25
1

1
V2

∴n≈6
Minimum number of reactor type 2.
140. Ans:
π 2 2
Vol. of cata, V = ( D −d ) L
4
D = 0.025 m. d = 0.02 mL = 0.025 m. ρ=8910 kgm3
π
V = ( 0.025 −0.02 ) ×0.025
2 2
4
 −6
υ=4.4178× 10 m
Weight of catalyst
kg −6 3
ω=ρcat × v =8910 × 3
×4.4178 × 10 m
m
ω=0.03936 kg
Surface area of catalyst
π 2 2
S=πDL +πdL+2 ( D −d )
4

= π [ ( D+d ) L+ 0.5 ( D2−d 2 ) ]

= π [ ( 0.025+0.02 ) ×0.025+ 0.5 ( 0.0252−0.02 2) ]

S = 3.88772 × 10-3 m2
π 2 2
[If we neglect 2 ( D −d ) Then, S may little smaller.]
4
λ A ω=S γ A

S
λ A= γ
W A
−3 2
3.88772 ×10 m mol
= ×0.39 2
0.03936 kg of catalyst m catalyst surface
mol
λ A=0.0385 2
kg of catalyst
π 2 2
[If you neglect 2 ( D −d ) circular disc area λ A=0.03510 ]
4
141. Ans: 0.4
We know that
Desired product Q formed ( Y Q )
Yield of Q(YQ) =
Specific Reactant P consumed ( X PT )

≅ T =25 o C
X Q =0.2 X P → 0.1

X R=0.4 X P → 0.4

Total XP = 0.5
[From P →2 Q P → R
 0.2 X2
∴ Y 2= = =0.4
0.5 X P Total

GATE – 2019
142. Ans: D
143. Ans: C
144. Ans: 89
We have
Pure A
FAO = 10mol

To = 450 K
J J J
C PA =30 , C PB=10 , C PC =20
mol . K mol mol . K
= (-45) + (-54) – (-90)
o
ΔH rxn=−9 kJ /mol

K=0.133 exp
[(
E 1
−
R 450 T
1
)]
E = 31.4 kJ/mol
R = 8.314 J/mol.K
XA = 0.75 Vm(l) = ?
FA = FA0(1 – XA) = 2.5 mol
b
FB = FBO + FAO.XA = 7.5 mol
a
c
FC = FCO + FAO.XA = 7.5 mol
a
Energy in – Energy out = Energy due to reaction
⇒ F AO C PA ( T 1 T 2 )−[ F B C PB + F C C PC + F A C PA ] ( T 2−T 0 )
 = F AO . X A Δ H 0rxn

⇒ 10 ×30 × ( 450−273 )−[ 2.5 ×30+7.5 ×10+ 7.5× 20 ] × ( T 2−273 )

⇒ 7.5 ×7.5 (−9000 )

⇒ 53100 – [300] (T2 – 273) = -67500
⇒ 53100 + 67500 = 300(T2 – 273)
⇒ T2 = 675 K
145. Ans: 856
Here it is given for 1st order reaction,
K = 0.1 min-1
PFR in series can be replaced by single PFR of same equivalent volume
Thus, for PFR line

( )
CA CA
VP dCA d 1 C
=− ∫ =∫ CA = l n AO
V O ,2 C (−r A ) C k CA k C A
AO AO

⇒
100l
=
1
l
1
V o ,2 0.1 n 0.5( )
⇒ V o , 2=14.427 l/min

There for Vo,1 = Vo – Vo,2 = 100 – 14.427

Vo,1 = 85.573
V m C AO −C A C AO−C A
For MFR, = =
V o ,1 −rA k CA
Vo,1 85.573
⇒ V m− . ( C Ao−C A )= × ( 1−0.5 )
kCA 0.1 ×0.5

Vm = 855.73 l
146. Ans:
 Overall material balance
A+BC
nAo = 100 kmol/h
nBo = 100 kmol/h
At point A (Before entering reactor)
Moles of A = 100 + nR, A
Moles of B = 100 + nR, B
Moles of C = 0
At point B (at the reactor exit)
Moles of A = nR, A
Moles of B = nR, B
Moles of C = 100 kmol/h
For minimum recycle ratio:-
Rate of reaction of B = (100 + nR, B) – nR,B = 100 kmol/h
And mole fraction of A = mol fraction of B
∴ Moles of B consumed = (-rA)V

100
kmol
h [
= 10 3 x A x B
kmol
h,m
3 ]
[ 10 m3 ]

100 = 104.xB2
Or xB2 = 10-2
xB = 0.1
147. Ans: 67
For First order Reactions, in MFR
 1 1
For CB max, τ max= =
√ k 1. k 2 √ 0.4 × 0.1
τ max=5 min

CA o−C A C A o ,−CA
Thus, for A τ= =
(−rA ) K , CA
2−CA 2 mol
⇒ 5= ⇒ CA=
0.4 ×CA 3 l
CB−CB 0 CB
For ‘B’ τ = =
rB k 1 C A−k 2 CB
CB mol
5= ⇒ CB=0.889
⇒ 2 l
0.4 × −0.1× CB
3
Hence, % yield of ‘B’
moles of ' B ' formeds
= × 100
total moles of ' A ' reacted
NB−NB o
= ×100
NA o−NA
CB
= ×100
CA o−CA

0.889
Y B/ A= × 100=66.67 % ≈ 67
2−0.667
148. Ans: 65

What will be the mean conversion using aggregation model?

Hence,
2 2 2
−rA=k 1 C A + k 2 C A =( k 1 +k 2) C A

Hence for 2nd order reaction,

 ( k 1+ k 2 ) C AO t
X A=
1+ ( k 1 +k 2 ) C A 0 t
∞
X A =∫ X A E (t ) dt
0

∫ X A . c ( t ) dt E ( t )= ∞
c (t )
0
X A= ⇒
∞
∫ c ( t ) dt
∫c (t) 0
0

6
(k + k )C A0 t
∫ 1+ 1k +2k
0 ( 1 2) CA 0t
⇒ X A= 6

∫ C A (t ) dt
0

1
( k 1 +k 2 ) C ( t ) dt 6 ( k 1 +k 2 ) C ( t ) dt
∫ 1+ k + k C t +∫ 1+ k + k C t
0 ( 1 2) A 0 1 ( 1 2) A 0
⇒ X A= 6

∫ C A ( t ) dt
0

1 6
( 0.5 ) × 2tc ( t ) dt 0.5× 2 t ×c ( t ) dt
∫ 1+0. ,5 × 2t +∫ 1+0.5 × 2t
0 1
X A= 6

∫ C A ( t ) dt
0

1 6
tc ( t ) dt tc ( t ) dt
∫ 1+ t +∫ 1+ t
0 1
X A= 6

∫ C A ( t ) dt
0

Here,
C(t) = 5t for 0<t <1
C(t) = (6 – t) for 1<t <6

( )
6
1
& ∫ c ( t ) dt=15 −: Area= ×6 × 5
0
2
1 6
t × ( 6−t ) dt
∫ t ×5
1+t
tdt
+∫
1+t
X A= 0 1
=0.6464
15
Thus, % X A =64.64 ≈ 65
GATE – 2020
149. Ans: B

We know that, an ideal PFR delays the traces profile by the time τ p, where τ p is the
space time defined as
Vol . of reactor
Space time, τ p=
Vol . flow rate at entrance
So, here in case of PFR with recycle stream,

V V τ
τ 'p= = = p
( R+ 1 ) V 0 2 V 0 2
τp
So, first pulse will leave at, t 1=τ 'p =
2

Second pulse will leave at, t 2=τ 'p + τ 'p=τ p

Third pulse will leave at,

' ' ' 3
t 3=τ p + τ p +τ p = τ p
2
And so on ………..
150. Ans: A
Thiele modulus defined as

ϕ∝
√ surface reaction rate
Pore diffusion rate
1
& rate ∝
time scale
2 Time scale of pore diffusion
Therefore, ϕ ∝
time scale of reaction
151. Ans: B
As P molecules moves from interface to liquid bulk through the liquid film and P
started to react in liquid film, following first order kinetics. Thus, concentration of
P will decrease exponentially as shown in option B.
152. Ans: 0.74 to 0.76
We know that,
V =V 0 ( 1+ ε A x A )

Hence, ε A=δ . y Ao = ( 1+4−2

2 )
0.5=0.75

ΔV
=0.75
Vo
153. Ans: 200

( )
1/ 2
k1 3 /2 3 /2
(−r x )=k 2 2k 3
c x =k overall c x

On comparison,

( )
1/ 2
k1
k overall=k 2
2 k3

From Arrhenius law, k ∝ e−E / RT

( )
−E1 1 /2
− E2 RT
− E0 / RT RT e
e =e −E2
RT
e
− E2 E 3−E1
− E0 / RT RT 2 RT
e =e .e
E 3−E1−2 E2
− E0 / RT 2 RT
e =e
E 3−E1−2 E2 0−320−2 ( 40 )
−E0 = =
2 2
E0 = 200 kJ/mol
154. Ans: 2.0 min
In CSTR,
mol
(−r p )=c p−0.5 c Q , 1× min

P ⇄ Q , xp = 0.7 XSAe

Here, c p=C po ( 1−x p ) , cQ =c po . x p

At equilibrium, (−r p )=c P −0.5 c Qe =0 e

1 CQe xP
= = e

0.5 C p ( 1−X p )
e e

2
xp =
e
3
2
So actual conversion, x p=0.75 × =0.5
3
From design equation of MFR,
c po . x p c po . x p
τ m= =
(−r p ) (c p−0.5 c Q )
 c po . x
τ m=
c po ( 1−x p ) −0.5 c po . x p

xp
τ m=
( 1−x p )−0.5 x p
τ m=2 min

155. Ans: 3.1702

Y →Z
−6500
9 T mol
(−r y )=10 e cy ,
l× min
mol
c yo =1 , T1 = 50oC = 323.15 K
l
o
ΔH r =−42000 J /mol , vo = 1 l/min
J
c p =4.2
mix
g .k
ρmix =1000 g/l

xy = 0.9, vm = ?(l)
From energy balance,
Ein – Eout = Echange due to rxn
v o ρ o c p ( T 1−T o )−v o ρ c p ( T 2−T o )
o
= vo cp x p . Δ H r
o

1l g J
×1000 × 4.2 × 323.15 K
min l g,k
−1l g J
× 1000 × 4.2 ×T 2 K
min l g.k

=1
l
min
×
1 mol
l
× −4200
J
mol(×0.9 )
T2 = 332.15 K
−6500
k =10 e 9 332.15
=3.1702 min−1
156. Ans: 0.5
 SQ/R = 50%
k1 = ?
In MFR,
Overall selectivity,
= Instantaneous selectivity
SQ rQ k1 cp
= = = =0.5
R r R k2 cp

k2 = 2k1 (i)
From design equation of MFR,
c po . x p c po . x p
τ m= =
(−r p ) ( k 1 c p +k 2 c p )
xp
=
( k 1 +k 2) ( 1−x p )
0.6
1=
( k 1+ k 2 ) (1−0.6 )
3
k 1+ k 2= (ii)
2
From (i) & (ii), k1 = 0.5 min-1
157. Ans: 0.5
Packed bed reactor

vo = 1 l/min, n = 2, c p =2 mol /l 0

W = 4g, cp = 0.4 mol/l

2
l
k=? mi n
mol . g catalyst

For PBR,
xA
W d xA
=∫
F Ao 0 ( −r ' )
A
 xA cA
Wc Ao d xA dcA
=c Ao ∫ =−∫
0 ( −r A ) C (−r A )
F Ao ' '
Ao

[ ]
cA
W dc 1 1 1
=−∫ ' A2 = ' −
c (k c )
vo k c A c Ao
Ao A

k '=
[
1 1 1
− =0.5
4 0.4 2 ]
2
l
Hence, k =0.5 min
mol . g catalyst

GATE – 2021
158. Ans: 0.5
∵ All the reactions are in equilibrium,
Therefore,
K1.K2.K3 = 1
k1 k2 k3
⇒ × × =1
k −1 k−2 k −3
0.1 1 10
⇒ × × =1
0.2 10 k−3

⇒ k-3 = 0.5
159. Ans: 100
For CSTR,
We know that
C Ao . x A C Ao . x A
τ= =
( −r A ) k C A CB

Where, CA = CAo (1 – xA) = 1 × (1 – 0.9)

= 0.1 mol/l
b 1
C B=C Bo+ C Ao . x A =0+ × 0.9=0.9 mol /l
a 1
On putting values,
1× 0.9
τ=
0.1× 0.1× 0.9
⇒ τ=100 s
160. Ans: 4.44 – 4.51
 We know that, for Batch Reactor,
CA C A0
dCA dCA
t= ∫ =∫
−C A0 (−r A ) C (−r A )
A

( )
C A0 C A0
d CA k +C
=∫
=∫ 2 A d C A
C A
k1 C A C
k 1C A
A

k 2+ C A

( )
C A0
k2 1
=∫ + dCA
CA
k1C A k1

t=
k2
k1
ln
CA ( )
CA0 1
+ ( C A 0−C A )
k1

As CA = CA0(1 – XA) = 0.02 × (1 – 0.5)

mol
= 0.01
l

So, t=
0.05
0.01
ln ( )
0.02
+
1
0.01 0.01
( 0.02−0.01 )

= 4.466 min ≈ 4.47 min

161. Ans: 3.49 – 3.61
For PFR, we know that,
XA XA
d XA d XA
τ =C Ao ∫ =C A 0∫
0 (−r A ) 0
k CA
XA
dXA
τ =C A 0 ∫
0 k C A 0 ( 1−X A )
( 1+ε A X A )
XA
1 ( 1+ε A X A )
τ= ∫ d XA
k 0 ( 1− X A )

Here, ε A=δ . y Ao=1.1=1

( )
0.5
v L 1 1+ X A
⇒ τ= = = ∫ d XA
v 0 u 0 k 0 1−X A

L = 3.54 m
GATE – 2022
162. Ans: C
Exp:
 We know that, Thiele modulus is given as

ϕ=
√ k
D AB
.L

For high pore diffusion resistance, ϕ will be high & strong pore diffusion resistance
regime will be there. And for strong pore diffusion resistance regime, we know that
ntrue +1
n obs=
2
2+1 3
So, n obs= =
2 2
163. Ans: A
Exp:
k 3 C Eo C S
With inhibition, −r s=
C M ( 1+ L C Bo ) +C s

k 3 C Eo C s
Without inhibition, −r s=
C M +C s

Now, Cs high
-rs = k3CEo
1 1
vs same
−r s [ s ]

Cs low

k 3 C Eo C S
∴ With −r s=
C M ( 1+ L C Bo )

C M ( 1+ L C Bo )
With inhibition slope =
k 3 C Eo
 CM
Without inhibition slope =
k 3 C Eo

∴ With slope > without slope

164. Ans: 0.95 to 1.05
Exp:
Spitting point 1
ṅ6 =ṅ7 + ṅ 8=200+10=210 kmol /h

Perfect splitter
ṅ 4=ṅ 5+ ṅ6

kmol
→ ṅ6 =100+210=310
h

B-balance on perfect splitter

ṅ 4 x 4 B= ṅ5 x 5 B ( no B∈ ṅ6 )

∴ ( 310 ) ( x 4 B )=100 ×1=100

100
∴ x 4 B=
310
Reactor
 Rate of consumption of A = Rate of formation of B
100
( )
(−γ A V ) =( γ B V ) =ṅ4 x 4 B=( 310 ) 310 =100 kmol /h

−γ A = 164
( kmol
3
m .h )
x 4 A → (Exit conc. Of CSTR)

∴ 164( kmol of B formed

3
m .h )
× ( 1 m ) x 4 A =100
3 kmol
h

100
∴ x4 A=
164
Summation of mole fraction = 1
x4A + x4B + x4I = 1
100 100
+ + x =1
164 310 4 I
Or x4I = 0.0677
Inert balance on reactor
Inert entering reactor = Inert exiting reactor
ṅ3 x 3 I = ṅ4 x 4 I =( 310 ) ( 0.0677 )

Inert balance on splitter

ṅ 4 x 4 I = ṅ6 x 6 I

(310) (0.0677) = (210) (x6I)

( 310 )( 0.0677 )
∴ x6I = =0.1
210
Splitting point (1)
xbI = x8I = 0.1
Mixing point (Feed, Inert, Recycle Stream)
Inert balance at mixing point
ṅ 8 x 8 I + ṅ2 x 2 I =n3 x 3 I

( 200 ) ( 0.1 ) + ṅ2 (1) =( 310 ) ( 0.0677 )

Pureinert
∴ ṅ2 =0.987 kmol /h
165. Ans: 3
166. Ans: 38.0 – 38.5
 Exp:
For R = 0, it is normal ideal PFR, therefore,
XA XA
V d XA d XA
τ= =C A 0 ∫ =C A 0 ∫
0 (−r A )
ν0 0 kCA
2

On solving we will get

V 1 XA
τ= = .
ν 0 k C A 0 ( 1−X A )

On putting values,

( )
3
1m 1 0.5
= ×
⇒ 3
m k ×2 kmol 1−0.5
10 3
3 m
3
m
⇒ k =5
kmol . h
For R=∞
PFR with recycle stream will act like an ideal PFR.
Thus, XA obtained by ideal MFR & PFR with recycle stream with R=∞ will be same.
So, we can use the design equation of ideal MFR.
Thus, for MFR,

V C A 0. X A
τ= =
ν0 −r A
2
For (−r A )=k C A

V 1 XA
τ= = .
ν 0 k C A 0 ( 1−X A ) 2

So, on putting values,

1m
3
1 XA
3
= 3
. 2
×2 3 (
m m kmol 1− X A )
10 5
h kmol . h m
⇒ X A =0.3819 ≈ 38.2 %
167. Ans: 47.0 – 49.0
Exp
As given reaction is elementary, So
(-rA) = kCA
A → B + C (Variable Vol. Reaction system)
For MFR,
yAo = 0.5
ε A=δ . y A 0=0.5

V C A 0. X A C A0 . X A
τ= = =
ν0 (−r A ) ( k CA )
V C A 0 . X A ( 1+ ε A X A )
⇒ =
ν0 k C A 0 ( 1− X A )

On putting values,

10 m
=
3
1
0.8 × 1+ ×0.8
2 ( )
m
3
k × ( 1−0.8 )
5
h
⇒ k = 2.8 hr-1
For PFR,
XA
V d XA
τ = =C A 0 ∫
0 (−r A )
ν0
XA
V d XA
⇒ =C A 0 ∫
0 k C A 0 ( 1− X A )
ν0
( 1+ ε A X A )
XA
ν 0 ( 1+ X A )
V∫
⇒ k= d XA
0 ( 1− X A )

5
0.8
( 1+ X A )
k= ∫ d XA
10 0 ( 1− X A )

k = 1.21 hr-1
Therefore, we get:-
From PFR, k1 = 1.21 hr-1 @ T1 = 400 K
From MFR, k2 = 2.8 hr-1 @ T2 = 425 K
From Arrhenius Law,

ln
( ) (
k2 E 1
= −
1
k1 R T1 T2 )
 ⇒ ln ( ) (
k2 E 1
= −
1
k1 R T1 T2 )
⇒
ln ( 1.21
2.8
)= 8.314 E J ( 4001 K − 4251 K )
mol . K
J kJ
∴ E=4743.29 ≈ 47.43
mol mol
168. Ans: 50 – 50
Exp:
From segregation model, we know that
∞

Mean conversion, X A =∫ X A . E ( t ) dt
0

For the given curve,

0.5
X A =∫ X A . E ( t ) dt
0

For 2nd order reaction in liquid phase,

k C A0 t 4t
X A= =
1+k C A 0 t 1+ 4 t

For E curve, we know that

Total area under the curve = 1
So, for the given E curve,
Area = Area of rectangle + Area of triangle = 1
1
= (0.5 – 0) (1 – 0) + × (0.5 – 0) (Em – 1) = 1
2
⇒ Em = 3
So, equation of E curve will be
3−1
E ( t )−1= ( t−0 )
0.5−0
⇒ E(t) = 4t + 1 valid for 0 ≤ t ≤ 0.5
Thus,
0.5
X A =∫
0
( 4 4t +1t ) ( 4 t+1) dt
 ||
0.5 2 0.5
t
= ∫ ( 4 t ) dt=4
0 2 0

X A =0.5 ≈ 50 %

GATE – 2023
169. Ans: A
170. Ans: 0.5
Exp:-
Given:
A – DP
−1 −1
−r A =−0.5 t +10 mol . ( g cat ) h r ¿
'
−r A ± 0.5 t−10
a= =
−r 0 10

∴ -r0 = 10 (at t = 0)
The activity of catalyst at time t = 10 hr
−0.5 ×10+10 5
a= = =0.5
10 10
171. Ans: 16
Exp:
Given:-
For CSTR we have

τ
=
v
=
xA
C A 0 F A 0 −r A |
exit

CA0 = 1 mol/m3
XA = 0.8
Since in CSTR the rate at exit conversion in only considered, therefore we have,
τ 0.8
=
1 0.05
τ =16
172. Ans: 72
Exp:
Area under E-curve = 1
3 × ( 10 )−5 ¿ × x 1=1

1
3 ×5 × x 1=1 or x 1=
15
2
x 2=
15

For second-order
XA
=k C A 0 t
1−X A

Or X A =( 1−X A ) k C A 0 t

X A =k C A 0 t−X A k C A 0 t

X A + X A k C A 0 t=k C A 0 t

X A ( 1+ k C A 0 t )=k C A 0 t

0.3 t
X A=
1+0.3 t
k C A0 t 0.2×1.5 t
X A= =
1+k C A 0 t 1+ 0.5 ×1.5 ×t
∞
X =∫ X ( t ) . E ( t ) dt
0

10 10
2 0.3 t 1 0.3 t
X =∫ × dt +∫ × dt
5 15 1+ 0.3 t 5 15 1+0.3 t
10 10
t 1 0.3 t
X =∫ 2× 0.02 dt +∫ × dt
5 1+0.3 t 5 15 1+ 0.3 t
10 15
2 0.3 t 1 0.3 t
X= ∫
15 5 1−0.3 t
dt+ ∫
15 10 1−0.3 t
dt
 10 15
2 0.3 t +1−41 1 0.3 t +1−1
X= ∫ dt + ∫ dt
15 5 1−0.3t 15 10 1+0.3 t
10 15
2
X = ∫ 1−
15 5
1
(
1+0.3 t
1
)
dt + ∫ 1−
15 10
1
1+0.3 t
dt ( )
[ ] [ ]
10 15
2 1 1 1
X= t− ln|1+ 0.3 t| + t− ln |1+0.3 t|
15 0.3 5 15 0.3 10

2
X= [ 5.38−1.945 ] + 1 [ 9.32−5.38 ]
15 15
2
X= 0.7206 ≅ 72 %
15