A Systematic Literature Review of Different Deep learning approaches for human activity

recognition on wearable devices (Smartphones and Smart Watches)

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 Abstract

Human activity recognition (HAR) using wearable devices has garnered significant attention due
to its applications in healthcare, sports, and human-computer interaction. This systematic
literature review (SLR) provides a comprehensive overview of deep learning approaches for
HAR from 2021 to 2024. The review focuses on methodologies, datasets, performance metrics,
challenges, and future directions in this rapidly evolving field.Recent advancements in deep
learning, particularly convolutional neural networks (CNNs) and recurrent neural networks
(RNNs), have greatly improved HAR accuracy and robustness. Various architectures such as
CNN-RNN hybrids, attention mechanisms, and transformer models have been explored to
capture spatial and temporal dependencies in sensor data efficiently.The review also highlights
the significance of publicly available benchmark datasets like UCI-HAR, WISDM, and
OPPORTUNITY in evaluating model performance and generalization. Performance metrics
including accuracy, precision, recall, F1-score, and confusion matrices are commonly used to
assess HAR models' effectiveness.Challenges such as data scarcity, class imbalance, domain
adaptation, real-time inference, energy efficiency, and privacy concerns are discussed, along
with potential solutions and ongoing research efforts.Lastly, the review outlines future research
directions, including multimodal sensor fusion, continual learning, explainable AI, personalized
HAR systems, and edge computing for real-time applications.

Introduction

Distinguishing between various physical activities executed by humans to accomplish

their daily living tasks refers to Human Activity Recognition (HAR). A HAR system can identify

subject activities to provide authorities with valuable information to perform specific actions [1].

A variety of sensors are available for recording activities, including a variety of physiological

activity sensors, ambient sensors, infrared motion detectors, and magnetic sensors [2]. RADAR

[3], acoustic sensors Echo, everyday objects, video cameras. Video-based HAR systems are

popular due to their numerous real-life applications, but they also pose multiple privacy and

environmental restrictions in smart environments. The objective of the HAR system is to identify

real-life human activities and categorize them. Human activities are highly complicated and

diverse, which makes accurate activity recognition a challenge in computer vision. Earlier

studies in HAR systems consider activity recognition as a typical pattern identification problem
[5]. Early HAR techniques were based on Support Vector Machine (SVM) and Hidden Markov

models (HMM) [4]. Later research in this field has moved towards machine learning. The

traditional techniques in machine learning, also known as shallow learning, involve heuristically

driven feature extraction from data that mainly relies on human expert knowledge for a particular

domain, limiting the architecture designed for one environment to surpass the problem of another

area [6]. With the evolution of deep learning, handcrafted approximations are replaced as deep

learning allows direct feature extraction from data, hence does not require any expert knowledge

or optimal features selection. Moreover, in traditional handcrafted-based techniques, correct

classification is entirely dependent on accurate feature extraction. While in learning-based

approaches, end-to-end neural network architectures are trained directly from unprocessed data

like pixels to classification. Deep learning techniques such as Convolutional Neural Networks

(CNNs) and Recurrent Neural Networks (RNN) are highly effective in learning complex

activities due to their characteristics of local dependency and scale invariance [5]..

HAR applications:

A variety of sensors are available for recording activities, including a variety of

physiological activity sensors, ambient sensors, infrared motion detectors, and magnetic sensors

[7], RADAR [8], acoustic sensors [9], Echo, everyday objects, video cameras. Video-based HAR

systems are popular due to their numerous real-life applications, but they also pose multiple

privacy and environmental restrictions in smart environments. The task of assigning labels to

actions is a topic of interest due to its number of applications in various fields. Applications of

individual and group activity recognition comprise several areas like surveillance, medical,

sports, entertainment industry, gaming, robotics, video indexing, video annotation, etc., [10].

With the increasing usage of surveillance cameras, Network-based surveillance systems provide
cooperative, instant observing which increases human throughput and performance [11].

Content-based video study and intuitive labeling of video clips lead towards improved searching

[12]. In human-computer interaction, activity recognition can accommodate towards better

natural language understanding that can help us in creating computers with improved speech

recognition [13]. Finally, home care technologies can be developed with the ability to identify

activities of daily living, decreasing the charges and burdens of caregiving with enhanced care

and self-sufficiency in old age [14] Smart home technology controls the incorporated lighting,

heating, electrical, and all domestic components, as well as it can also recognize the activity of

all home residents. Vision-based human activity recognition in smart homes has become a

significant issue in terms of developing the next-generation technologies which can improve

healthcare and security of smart homes. By taking advantage of automatic feature extraction and

using large-scale datasets of deep learning methods special CNN architecture for extracting

features following a sequence of convolutional and pooling layers has been proposed [15]. In this

regard, a real human activity video dataset DMLSmartActions has been used [16].

Problem Statement

Currently, there is substantial ongoing research in the domain of Human Activity

Recognition (HAR) utilizing wearable devices. Improving accuracy in activity classification

involves understanding various preprocessing techniques, feature extraction, selection, fusion,

and classification, which is an essential yet complicated task. Each model developed for activity

recognition requires a dataset for validation. The empirical process of identifying the most

suitable dataset and methods to overcome challenges and enhance HAR performance demands

considerable time and effort from researchers, particularly at the inception of their work. Based

on our observation, there is a gap in research on HAR that specifically examines and reviews the
latest advancements in wearable device-based human activity recognition using deep neural

architectures. This research aims to systematically analyze recent literature, document evidence,

and address our proposed research questions. Hence, in this study, we systematically examine

and summarize the latest HAR approaches, datasets, and developments in modeling and

validation from 2021 to 2024 to answer the following Research Questions (RQ)

Research Question (RQ):

1. What are the deep learning architectures utilized in recent HAR research (2021-2024)?
2. What are the strengths and limitations of different deep learning architectures (e.g.,
CNNs, RNNs, LSTM, Transformer) in HAR?
3. How do deep learning models perform in terms of accuracy, generalization capability,
robustness to sensor noise, and computational efficiency in HAR tasks? Or in other words
How do different deep learning architectures and methodologies perform in terms of
metrics like accuracy, precision, recall, and F1-score for HAR tasks?
4. What are the characteristics of open datasets commonly used in HAR research between
2021 and 2024?
5. How suitable are these datasets for training and evaluating deep learning models for
HAR?
6. What are the common challenges and limitations encountered in HAR research using
deep learning approaches and open datasets?
7. What emerging research directions and potential solutions can address these challenges
and advance the state-of-the-art in HAR using smartphones and deep learning
techniques?

Research Contributions

A Systematic Literature Review (SLR) is carried out to select and analyze the 60 research studies

published from January 2021 to May 2024, focusing on deep learning architectures for modeling

data from wearable sensors to answer the above-mentioned RQ’s. This research is the first

systematic literature review in wearable device-based human activity recognition using deep

neural frameworks within this time frame. This study aims to provide recent advancements in

human activity recognition using wearable sensors. The scope of this research is limited to

wearable device-based human activity recognition approaches implemented using deep learning.
This paper does not consider other sensor types like RGB-D sensors or actuators because they

are not as readily available in real-world scenarios and propose solutions specific to particular

environments. Moreover, upon studying literature, we found an SLR on sensor-based activity

recognition by Smith et al. [17]. Besides, this study only considers standard publicly available,

widely used datasets for research. The main contribution of this research observed regarding this

research field is: This research analytically explores and reviews the recent advances in deep

learning architectures for HAR in wearable sensor data. A description and analysis of each

technique used to model features from wearable sensor data are identified. This is the first effort

to systematically analyze and summarize wearable device-based human activity recognition

developments using deep neural networks comprehensively to the best of our knowledge. This

study identifies the most recognized datasets used to evaluate recognition accuracy in HAR using

wearable devices, assessing the types of activities, subjects involved, background and situation

where the data have been collected, type of sensors, the duration of data collection.

Researchers/practitioners can benefit from this type of study to select a suitable dataset for

evaluation as per their requirements. Finally, this study will also highlight the substantial

research gaps regarding wearable device-based HAR, where enhancements are required to model

and evaluate diverse human activities in real-life settings. This SLR has been organized into the

following sections: Section II describes related literature research, Section III explains the

proposed methodology used for this systematic literature review. In Section IV, the bibliometric

analysis is presented, and Section V presents the characterization and analysis for different

techniques, challenges and their solutions, and validation datasets. Section VII presents the

discussion about results analysis, and finally, Sections VIII presents the conclusions and future

work, respectively.
Related Work

While no systematic literature review (SLR) concentrating on wearable device-based spatio-

temporal activity recognition using deep learning was identified between 2021 and 2024, several
pertinent survey papers were found during the search process.

In the realm of wearable devices, activity recognition typically involves interpreting gestures or
movements of individuals using sensor data. Zhang et al. [17] published a comprehensive survey
on human pose estimation in 2015, comparing methods for color images and depth data. Chen et
al. [18] conducted a detailed analysis of 2D and 3D human pose estimation based on deep
learning in 2020, categorizing approaches by specific tasks and evaluation metrics. Li et al. [19]
focused on 3D hand-pose estimation methods in 2021, discussing model-driven, data-driven, and
hybrid approaches alongside benchmark datasets.

A comprehensive survey by [20] in 2022 presented a taxonomy for analyzing 3D static and
dynamic human data, categorizing spatial and temporal representations, and discussing various
applications. Herath et al. [21] reviewed action recognition solutions in 2021, comparing
handcrafted and deep learning-based methods, including discussions on global vs. local feature
extraction and different deep learning architectures.

Dhillon and Kushwaha [22] reviewed trends in activity recognition using deep learning models
in 2023, analyzing techniques based on RGB camera images, depth maps, and skeleton joints.
However, they also discussed applications relevant to wearable devices. Wang et al. [23]
provided coverage of challenges and methods for RGB-D motion recognition from 2021 to 2024,
categorizing approaches based on different modalities and benchmark datasets.

Though these survey papers cover a range of topics, including broader applications beyond
wearable devices, they offer valuable insights into deep learning techniques applicable to
wearable device-based activity recognition.

Research Methods
This study delves into wearable device-based Human Activity Recognition (HAR), examining

both traditional methods and deep learning approaches. The main aim is to evaluate the

effectiveness of various techniques within this domain. Specifically, the study focuses on

assessing how deep neural architectures improve activity classification by extracting Spatio-

temporal features from wearable sensor data.

Study Objective Methodology Analysis DataSet Analysis Challenges Future work

 Human
Activities
using smart
[2] watches ✔ ✔ X ✔
Human
Activities
Analysis
Wearable
Devices and
Deep
Learning
[3] Approach ✔ X ✔ X
Deep
Learning
Architecture
LSTM ,
[5] CNN ✔ ✔ X X
[22] RNN ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔
[18] CNN ✔ ✔ X ✔
[19] ANN RNN ✔ X ✔ ✔
[6] LSTM RNN ✔ ✔ X ✔
Table 1: comparative analysis of state of the art papers for SLR

Additionally, it seeks to identify practical challenges inherent to this field and conduct a

comparative analysis of different datasets utilized in literature for architecture learning. Adhering

to the latest state-of-the-art guidelines [34]–[38], this systematic literature review (SLR) on

human activity recognition marks the first comprehensive effort from 2021 to 2024, focusing on

wearable devices and deep neural architectures in the analysis of activity patterns to the best of

the author’s knowledge.

A. Information and Search Process

Five databases are manually consulted to organize this study.

The selected databases are:

• ACM
 • IEEE

• ScienceDirect

• Springer

• MDPI

The search procedure is followed using two kinds of operators, i.e., AND, OR. The steps

used for this search process are:

• Step 1: Research Question Identification

• Step 2: Title Definition for the problem domain

• Step 3: Find synonymous

• Step 4: Use of Boolean operators for searching

• Step 5: Database and parameters selection for articles searching

• Step 6: Search strings refinement

• Step 7: Papers selection according to selection and rejection criteria

B. Article Selection

Selection and rejection criteria are logically defined to systematically address our

selected research questions. The criteria for inclusion and exclusion are summarized as

follows:

● Only original research papers are considered, excluding review or survey papers.

Articles published from 2021 to 2024 are included to capture the latest

advancements in Human Activity Recognition (HAR) using wearable devices and

deep neural architectures.

● The research scope is limited to papers published in reputable scientific

repositories such as ACM, IEEE, ScienceDirect, Springer, and MDPI, ensuring a

 comprehensive and reliable selection of studies for this systematic literature

review (SLR).

Source No of Papers
ACM 859
MDPI 38
ScienceDirect 50
IEEE 897
Springer 30
Total 1874

Table 2: Shows the results shown on searching on different databases

A. String Selection

Analysis: Question OR Reasoning OR Research OR Search OR Study OR Survey AND Deep:

Broad OR Large-Scale OR Wide AND Neural: Interconnected OR Semantic OR Visual AND
Networks: Net OR System OR Web AND Architectures: Framework OR Layout OR Structure
AND Wearable: Device OR Sensor OR Technology AND Human: Body OR Individual AND
Activity: Act OR Action OR Change OR Exercise OR Flow OR Motion OR Movement OR
Operation OR Process OR Response AND Recognition: Detection OR Memory OR Perception
OR Recall OR Understanding AND Classification: Organization OR Systematization

This search string is designed to capture relevant articles focusing on wearable device-based
Human Activity Recognition (HAR) using deep neural architectures, considering aspects like
analysis, deep neural networks, wearable devices, human activities, and
recognition/classification processes.
Only those terms are considered that can maximize relevant search outcomes. Only those

research papers are considered that follow our research objective. We used a custom range of

publications from 2021 to May 2024.

B. String Refinement

After string formation, the next step is to refine our search results returned from defined

search repositories. The purpose of determining a string and searching through it is to

find potential papers for this SLR. If the search string returns irrelevant or very few
 articles, it requires fine-tuning. This study also refined the search string after analyzing

the results returned from the initial search string. We performed five iterations and

analyzed the search results on each database before finalizing the search string.

The papers returned after applying filters with the final selected search string is shown in

Table 3. Science Direct has a specific limitation that it does not support more than 8

Boolean operators.

Source No of Papers after filters

ACM 200
MDPI 10
ScienceDirect 30
IEEE 200
Springer 15
Total 455

Table3: shows the result after some filters are applied.

Study Selection

The search initially yielded a vast pool of 1874 papers. We then developed a data abstraction and
summarization template to sift through these papers and extract relevant information for our
systematic literature review (SLR). In the first phase, we focused on bibliographic details like
titles and publication information. After analyzing the titles and abstracts, we excluded 2000
papers that didn't align with our research scope.
Moving forward, we delved deeper into the abstracts and conclusions of the remaining papers to
gain a thorough understanding of the problems addressed. This step allowed us to filter out 82
more articles that weren't directly relevant to our study.

In the third phase, we scrutinized each paper's core details, including the proposed
methodologies, implementation strategies, and data requirements for validation. This meticulous
review led to the exclusion of 59 additional papers, leaving us with 129 articles to analyze in full
text.

Database Analysis

Bibliometrics is the use of statistical evaluation to analyze published books and scientific

articles. It is used in the survey paper as an effective way to measure the influence of publication

in the scientific community. After recording the bibliometric variables of 70 publications, they

were quantified based on publication year, scientific database, and paper citations.

Fig1: Describe the search strategy of different papers on different sources

Fig2: Describe the search strategy of different papers on different sources after applying some

filters
Fig3: Describe the search strategy of different papers on different sources after selecting by

inclusion and exclusion criteria.

OPEN HAR DATABASES

The Open HAR databases for Wearable Devices are as following

Name Sensors Type of Enviorment Context

Getting up, grooming, relaxing,
preparing/consuming coffee/sandwich, and
Body-worn, object-attached, ambient cleaning up; Opening/closing doors, drawers,
sensors (microphones, cameras, fridge, dishwasher, turning lights on/off,
Opportunity 12/Lab pressure sensors). drinking.
ADLs (Walking, Going upstairs/downstairs, Sitting
down, Running, Standing up from sitting/laying,
Acceleration sensor in a Samsung Lying down from standing, and Jumping, eight
UniMiB SHAR 30/Lab Galaxy Nexus I9250 smartphone. types of falls.
Movement from bed to bathroom, eating,
Environment sensors: motion, light, getting/leaving home, housework, preparing food,
CASAS: Aruba /Real world door, and temperature. relaxing, sleeping, washing dishes, working.
Walking, jogging, stair-climbing, sitting, standing,
soccer kicking, basketball dribbling, tennis
Accelerometer and gyroscope catching, typing, writing, clapping, teeth brushing,
sensors, which are available in both clothes folding, eating (pasta, soup, sandwich,
WISDM real world smartphones and smartwatches. chips), cup drinking.
Accelerometers, gyroscopes, and Sitting, walking, lying, standing, bicycling,
magnetometers sensors, which are running outdoors, talking, exercise at the gym,
available in both smartphones and drinking, watching TV, traveling on a bus while
ExtraSensory real world smartwatches. standing.
Answering phone, clearing table, cooking, eating,
entering/leaving home, making phone call,
preparing cold meal, setting up table, taking
Inertial (smartwatch), magnetic, medicines, using PC, washing dishes, watching
MARBLE 12/LAB pressure, plug. TV.
Table 4: Open Har Datasets which are publicly Available.

Characterization and Analysis

This section discusses the extracted results from the selected studies to answer the research

questions after a detailed analysis. According to the relevant articles included in this study, this

SLR tried to find answer of defined research questions.

The scope of this study is to explore deep neural networks for human activity recognition. Upon

exploring 75 selected studies, we categorize deep neural architecture into eight types. These

categories and their description is mentioned in table 6. This literature aims to provide new

researchers with the crucial support for a better understanding of the recent approaches currently

progressing for smart phones based human activity recognition. This paper highlights the most

prominent current practices for researchers and beginners. This section discusses 75 state-of-the-

art deep learning techniques. However, it is difficult to precisely answer which approaches are

superior because every study tries to work on different parameters.

Name Description
A convolutional neural network (CNN) is a type of artificial neural
network used primarily for image recognition and processing, due
CNN to its ability to recognize patterns in images
A recurrent neural network (RNN) is a deep learning model that is
trained to process and convert a sequential data input into a
RNN specific sequential data output.
LSTMs Long Short-Term Memory is a type of RNNs Recurrent
Neural Network that can detain long-term dependencies in
LSTM sequential data.
A 3D Convolutional Neural Network is a deep learning model used
in various applications, such as computer vision or medical
imaging. In these cases, we want AI (deep learning) to learn how
to react to inputs rather than programming the AI according to a
3D-DNN predetermined pattern
Table6: Approached based Descriptions
Discussion:

This section delves into the significance of selecting an architecture type that suits a specific
dataset within the realm of wearable device-based Human Activity Recognition (HAR). We
thoroughly explore the most prominent techniques in HAR in terms of performance and critically
analyze various state-of-the-art methodologies along with reported datasets.

In some instances, it's challenging to directly compare the methodology and evaluation measures
of selected studies due to differences in context and objectives, even if they address similar
problems. However, this SLR aims to address the technique selection challenge in specific
scenarios and datasets, aiding researchers in choosing appropriate architectures and evaluation
processes.

For instance, the Weber Motion History Image (WMHI) emerges as a novel motion estimation
technique tailored for pose-based HAR, effectively reducing unwanted background motion.
WMHI surpasses existing motion techniques like optical flow and motion history image,
delivering state-of-the-art results.

Additionally, the hierarchical rank pooling network demonstrates an effective temporal pooling
layer applicable to various CNN architectures, facilitating informative dynamics learning and
achieving high accuracy rates.

The three-stream CNN architecture achieves remarkable performance by incorporating

appearance and motion representations, integrating frame-level descriptors temporally, and
fusing classification scores to predict final class labels.

The S-TPNet introduces a Spatio-temporal module that integrates multi-level features into a
hierarchical frame-level representation, achieving impressive accuracy rates.

Moreover, trajectory-based features extracted through discriminative group context features

contribute significantly to discriminating activities, with the RNN architecture effectively
capturing temporal changes in sequences.

These discussions highlight the advancements, challenges, and potential directions within
wearable device-based Human Activity Recognition (HAR) using deep neural architectures,
providing valuable insights for researchers and practitioners in the field.

Conclusion:

This systematic literature review (SLR) serves as a foundational resource for newcomers in the
field of wearable device-based Human Activity Recognition (HAR), providing insights into the
current landscape of methodologies and architectures. While HAR encompasses activities
captured through various sensors, this review primarily focuses on video-based activity
recognition due to its broad applicability in real-world scenarios.
The core aim of this study was to identify suitable deep neural architectures for HAR, leveraging
the advancements in the deep learning paradigm. Following established guidelines from prior
research papers, a thorough analysis led to the inclusion of 70 articles that answered our research
questions and provided valuable insights.

To address Research Question 1, we examined the approaches used to extract Spatio-temporal

information crucial for accurately categorizing activities from video clips. Various features were
extracted to represent motion in video data, including RGB images, optical flow frames, dynamic
images, and more. Notably, eight types of networks were identified, with 3D convolutional
networks emerging as widely used due to their ability to capture spatial and temporal information
effectively.

For Research Question 2, we delved into the challenges faced in HAR and the proposed solutions
discussed in each paper. These challenges include objective and subjective factors in visual
appearance, intra-class and inter-class diversity, optimizing deep neural architecture parameters,
avoiding overfitting, and learning with small datasets, among others.

Answering Research Question3-7 involved analyzing the datasets used for evaluation in each
paper. Notably, datasets like UCF-101 and HMDB-51 emerged as commonly used benchmarks
for HAR evaluation due to their diverse classes and video characteristics.
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