Far Eastern University SECOND SEMESTER 2023-2024

Institute of Architecture and Fine Arts

___________________________________________________________________________

LECTURE 13: STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS OF STRUCTURAL STEEL

BEAMS

LEARNING OUTCOMES:
At the end of this lesson, the student will be able to:
1. design and investigate structural steel beams by LRFD and ASD methods using steel
manual and NSCP.
2. determine the desired economical section through analytical approach.
3. develop familiarity to the use of Steel Manual and NSCP.

COVERAGE:
1. Structural Introduction of Structural Steel Beams
2. Structural Design of Structural Steel Beams
3. Structural Investigation of Structural Steel Beams

OBJECTIVES:
1. To design and investigate structural steel beams by LRFD and ASD methods using steel
manual and NSCP.

STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS OF STRUCTURAL STEEL BEAMS

From page 5-62 NSCP 2015 (see code below):

A) for FLEXURE

M = ϕb Mn ϕb = 0.90 LRFD

𝑴𝐧
M= Ωb = 1.67 ASD
𝜴𝒃
 Far Eastern University SECOND SEMESTER 2023-2024
Institute of Architecture and Fine Arts
___________________________________________________________________________

Mn = Fy Zx where: Mn = nominal moment

Fy = yield stress
Zx = plastic section modulus

From page 5-74 NSCP 2015 (see code below)

B) for SHEAR

V = ϕv Vn ϕv = 0.90 LRFD

𝑽𝒏
V= Ωv = 1.67 ASD
𝜴𝒗
 Far Eastern University SECOND SEMESTER 2023-2024
Institute of Architecture and Fine Arts
___________________________________________________________________________

Vn = 0.60 Fy Aw Cv where: Vn = nominal shear

Fy = yield stress
tf Aw = area of web = h tw
Cv = 1
D h
h = D - 2 tf
tf

If using I-beam, check the following

𝒉 𝑬
If ≤ 𝟐. 𝟐𝟒 √𝑭 then ϕv = 1 LRFD
𝒕𝒘 𝒚

Ωv = 1.50 ASD

For maximum moment, maximum shear (reaction) and maximum deflection ( δ ) of certain loadings of
simply supported beam, please refer to data table below: page 219 ASEP Handbook 2004
 Far Eastern University SECOND SEMESTER 2023-2024
Institute of Architecture and Fine Arts
___________________________________________________________________________

DATA TABLE

DESIGN PROBLEM

PROBLEM 1.

Design a standard hot rolled shape of A36 steel W-section for a beam shown. The beam has a length
of 14.50 m. It carries a service dead load of 25.30 kN/m and service live load of 35.20 kN/m. Use LRFD.

w
14.50 m

NOTE: The given loadings are what we call super imposed loadings. Superimposed loadings are loadings not
including the weight of the beam. Remember we are designing the size so we do not know the weight of the beam.

STEP 1. Loading (superimposed)

w = 1.2D + 1.6L

w = 1.20 (25.30) + 1.60 (35.20)

w = 86.68 kN/m
 Far Eastern University SECOND SEMESTER 2023-2024
Institute of Architecture and Fine Arts
___________________________________________________________________________

STEP 2. Shear and Moment (superimposed)

𝑤𝐿2
M= from DATA TABLE
8

86.68 (14.50)2
M=
8

M = 2278.06 kN.m
𝑤𝐿
V= from DATA TABLE (reaction)
2

86.68 (14.50)
V=
2

V = 628.43 kN

STEP 3. Plastic Section Modulus

M = ϕ b Mn Mn = Fy Zx from NSCP 2015 formula

M = ϕb Fy Zx substitute
𝑀
Zx = 𝜙𝑏 𝐹𝑦

2278.06 (1000)2
Zx = 0.90 (248)
substitute values

Zx = 10 206.36 x 103 mm3

STEP 4. Section Selection

In this step you need your ASEP Steel Handbook 2004 to select the most economical size of the W-section.
You must turn your handbook from pages 84 – 105. Starting from page 84, go to the 24th column (second from the
last column) with heading Zx (Plastic Modulus). Select a Zx which is more than but nearest to the value of your
computed required plastic section modulus Zx = 10 206.36 x 103 mm3 (step 3). You must also select the nearest
value of area to other pages on the column Zx . Check if it is more than the value and not less than. The nearest
value to Zx is10 226 x 103 mm3 found at pages 86 - 87, the first trial size is W 36 x 160 (refer to attached excerpt).
 Far Eastern University SECOND SEMESTER 2023-2024
Institute of Architecture and Fine Arts
___________________________________________________________________________

FIG. A

Try W 36 x 160 data taken from table FIG A above

Zx = 10 226 x 103 mm3

Ag = 30 323 mm2

D = 914.65 mm

tw = 16.51 mm

tf = 25.91 mm
 Far Eastern University SECOND SEMESTER 2023-2024
Institute of Architecture and Fine Arts
___________________________________________________________________________

Ix = 3642 x 106 mm4

w = 238 kg/m = 2.33 kN/m = weight of the beam convert to kN/m

wb = 2.33 kN/m

h = D - 2 tf = 914.65 - 2 (25.91) = 862.83 mm from formula

STEP 5. Actual Shear and Moment weight of beam is included

w = 86.68 + 1.2 wb from step 1 and wb value in step 4

w = 86.68 + 1.20 (2.33)

w = 89.48 kN/m

𝑤𝐿2 89.48 (14.50)2

M= =
8 8

M = 2351.65 kN.m

𝑤𝐿 89.48 (14.50)
V= =
2 2

V = 648.73 kN

Step 6. Checking

REMEMBER: Structural steel beams depend upon three factors

1) Bending or Flexure
2) Shearing
3) Deflection
If one of them is inadequate, then all factors are inadequate. To be safe, all three
factors must be adequate.

A) BENDING OR FLEXURE

Mn = Fy Zx

248 ( 10 226 𝑥 103 )

Mn =
(1000)2

Mn = 2536.05 kN.m

M = ϕb Mn

M = 0.90 (2536.06)

M = 2282.45 kN < 2351.05 kN.m INADEQUATE

 Far Eastern University SECOND SEMESTER 2023-2024
Institute of Architecture and Fine Arts
___________________________________________________________________________

NOTE: If the actual moment M is less than the required actual moment M (step 5), then it is not safe or inadequate,
repeat or go back again to step 4 and revise your trial section. If it is the other way around, then proceed to check
shearing and deflection. Since our answer is inadequate, we go back again to step 4.

STEP 4. Section Selection

We are now on the second trial section. Again using ASEP Handbook 2004, find for the heading Zx (second
from the last column). Find for the nearest but larger area than the first trial Zx =10 226 x 103 (W 36 x 160 ). We then
find Zx = 10 291 mm3 that correspond to W 27 x 194 pages 90 – 91 ASEP Handbook 2004 but It will also be
inadequate in shearing.
.
The following sizes will also be inadequate in trying this section.

W 21 x 248 Zx = 10 865 mm3 inadequate in deflection

Now let us try W 36 x 170 with Zx = 10 947 mm3 pages 86 – 87 ASEP Handbook 2004 (refer to Fig A)

Try W 36 x 160 data taken from table FIG A

Zx = 10 947 x 103 mm3

Ag = 32 258 mm2

D = 918.72 mm

tw = 17.27 mm

tf = 27.94 mm

Ix = 4870 x 106 mm4

w = 253 kg/m = 2.48 kN/m = weight of the beam convert to kN/m

wb = 2.48 kN/m

h = D - 2 tf = 918.72 - 2 (27.94) = 862.84 mm from formula

STEP 5. Actual Shear and Moment weight of beam is included

w = 86.68 + 1.2 wb from step 1 and wb value in step 4

w = 86.68 + 1.20 ( 2.48)

w = 89.66 kN/m

𝑤𝐿2 89.66 (14.50)2

M= 8
= 8

M = 2356.38 kN.m
 Far Eastern University SECOND SEMESTER 2023-2024
Institute of Architecture and Fine Arts
___________________________________________________________________________

𝑤𝐿 89.66 (14.50)
V= 2
= 2

V = 650.04 kN

Step 6. Checking

A) BENDING OR FLEXURE

Mn = Fy Zx

248 ( 10 947 𝑥 103 )

Mn = (1000)2

Mn = 2714.86 kN.m

M = ϕb Mn

M = 0.90 (2714.86)

M = 2443.37 kN > 2356.38 kN.m SAFE

NOTE: If the actual moment M is less than the required actual moment M (step 5), then it is not safe or
inadequate, repeat or go back again to step 4 and revise your trial section. If it is greater than, then it is safe,
proceed to check shearing and deflection.

B) SHEARING

Check the following:

𝒉 𝑬
If ≤ 𝟐. 𝟐𝟒 √𝑭 then ϕv = 1 LRFD
𝒕𝒘 𝒚

Ωv = 1.50 ASD

𝐸 200 000
2.24 √𝐹 = 2.24 √ 248
= 63.61
𝑦

𝒉 𝟖𝟔𝟐.𝟖𝟒
= = 49.86
𝒕𝒘 𝟏𝟕.𝟐𝟕

𝒉 𝑬
Therefore: 𝒕𝒘
< 𝟐. 𝟐𝟒 √𝑭 then ϕv = 1 LRFD
𝒚

Aw = h tw = 862.84 (17.27)

Vn = 0.60 Fy Aw Cv
 Far Eastern University SECOND SEMESTER 2023-2024
Institute of Architecture and Fine Arts
___________________________________________________________________________

0.60 (248)[862.84(17.27)](1)
Vn =
1000

Vn = 217.31 kN

V = ϕv Vn = 1 (2217.31)

V = 2217.31 kN > 650.04 kN SAFE

NOTE: If the actual moment V is less than the required actual moment V (step 5), then it is not safeδ or inadequate,
repeat or go back again to step 4 and revise your trial section. If it is the other way around, then proceed to check
deflection.

C) DEFLECTION

REMEMBER: A formula is given for an allowable deflection for beams if you use both the
dead load and the live load.

𝑳
δallowable =
𝟐𝟒𝟎

𝑳 𝟏𝟒.𝟓𝟎 (𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎)
δallowable = 𝟐𝟒𝟎
= 𝟐𝟒𝟎
= 60.42 mm

5 𝑤 𝑙4
δ= from DATA TABLE
384 𝐸𝐼

5 (89.66)(14.50)4 (1000)4
𝛿 = 384 (200 000)(4870 𝑥 106 )
multiply it by (1000)4 so that the unit of
deflection is in mm

δ = 52.98 mm < 60.42 mm SAFE

NOTE: If the actual deflection is greater than the allowable deflection, then it is not safe or inadequate, repeat or go
back again to step 4 and revise your trial section. If it is less than, then it is safe. If the three factors are all safe
already, then it is the size you are looking for.

USE W 36 x 170 beam

 Far Eastern University SECOND SEMESTER 2023-2024
Institute of Architecture and Fine Arts
___________________________________________________________________________

INVESTIGATION PROBLEM

PROBLEM 2.
A 10 m beam shown is W 30 x 148. It supports a service unfactored dead load of 73 kN/m and a
service unfactored live load of 28 kN/m. What safe unfactored concentrated live load will be used at the
midspan of the beam. Use A26 steel and LRFD.

PD = 0
PL =?
5m 5m

wD = 73 kN/m
wL = 28 kN/m

FOR W 30 x 148 data taken from table above

Zx = 8194 x 103 mm3

Ag = 28 064 mm2

D = 779.02 mm

tw = 16.51 mm
 Far Eastern University SECOND SEMESTER 2023-2024
Institute of Architecture and Fine Arts
___________________________________________________________________________

tf = 29.97 mm

Ix = 2780 x 106 mm4

w = 220 kg/m = 2.18 kN/m = weight of the beam convert to kN/m

wb = 2.18 kN/m

h = D - 2 tf = 779.02 - 2 (29.97) = 719.08 mm from formula

Compute for the actual loadings

wb = 2.18 kN/m given from properties of section

wD = 73 + 2.18 = 75.18 kN/m

wL = 28 kN

w = 1.2D + 1.6L
w = 1.2 (75.18) + 1.6 (28)

w = 135.02 kN/m

PD = 0

PL = 1.6 P P is unknown

𝑤𝐿2 𝑃𝐿 (𝐿)
M= + from DATA TABLE (combination of
8 4
two loads)
135.02 (10)2 1.6 𝑃 (10)
M= 8
+ 4

M = 1687.75 + 4P

𝑤𝐿 𝑃𝐿
V= 2
+ 2
from DATA TABLE

135.02 (10) 1.6 𝑃

V= 2
+ 2

V = 675.25 + 0.80 P

A) BENDING or FLEXURE

Mn = Fy Zx

248 ( 8194 𝑥 103 )

M=
(1000)2

Mn = 2032.11 kN.m

M = ϕb Mn

M = 0.90 (2032.11)
 Far Eastern University SECOND SEMESTER 2023-2024
Institute of Architecture and Fine Arts
___________________________________________________________________________

M = 1828.90 kN

M=M

1687.75 + 4P = 1828.90 simplifying

P = 35.29 kN

B) SHEARING

𝒉 𝑬
If ≤ 𝟐. 𝟐𝟒 √𝑭 then ϕv = 1 LRFD
𝒕𝒘 𝒚

Ωv = 1.50 ASD
𝐸 200 000
2.24 √𝐹 = 2.24 √ 248
= 63.61
𝑦

𝒉 𝟕𝟏𝟗.𝟎𝟖
= = 43.55
𝒕𝒘 𝟏𝟔.𝟓𝟏

𝒉 𝑬
Therefore: < 𝟐. 𝟐𝟒 √𝑭 then ϕv = 1 LRFD
𝒕𝒘 𝒚

Aw = h tw = 719.08 (16.51) = 11 872.01 mm 2

Vn = 0.60 Fy Aw Cv
0.60 (248) ( 11 872.01) (1)
Vn =
1000

Vn = 1766.56 kN

V = ϕv Vn = 1 (1766.56)

V = 1766.56 kN

V=V

675.25 + 0.80 P = 1766.56

P = 1364.14 kN

C) DEFLECTION
𝑳 𝟏𝟎 (𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎)
δallowable = 𝟐𝟒𝟎
= 𝟐𝟒𝟎
= 41.67 mm

5 𝑤 𝑙4 𝑃𝐿 𝐿3
δ= 384 𝐸𝐼
+ 48 𝐸𝐼
from DATA TABLE
 Far Eastern University SECOND SEMESTER 2023-2024
Institute of Architecture and Fine Arts
___________________________________________________________________________

5 (135.02)(10)4 (1000)4 1.6 𝑃(10)3 (1000)4

41.67 = + multiply it by (1000)4 so that
384 (200 000)(2780 𝑥 106 ) 48 (200 000)(2780 𝑥 106 )
the unit of deflection is in mm

P = 167.50 kN

ADOPT: P = 35.29 kN ANSWER

NOTE: There are three answers. Since we are considering loading, the least value is the safest.