HYDRAULICS

1. CE Board May 2015 Solution: Á Point of action of the total force from
the bottom on the plane of the gate
A vertical jet of water thru a nozzle supports 8.66
h= 3 Ig
a load of 150 N. The velocity and diameter of e=
the jet at the nozzle tip are 17.46 m/s and 3 Ss
h = 2.89 m.
cm. Find the distance of load from the nozzle π(1.5)4
tip in meters. Ig =
64
Area ABD = Area ADBC - Area ABC Ig = 0.249
Solution:
150 150 1 π(10)2 (60˚) Ss = Ay
Area ABD = 2 (5 + 10) 8.66 -
360˚ 10 = y Sin 45˚
Area ABD = 12.59 m2 y = 14.14 m.
2
Fy = 9.81(12.59) (10) π
h Ss = (1.5)2 (14.14)
F=QW/g(V 2 ) 4
1 Fy = 1235.08 kN
Ss = 24.99 m.
Ig 0.249
e= = = 0.01
Ss 24.99
3.. CE Board Nov. 2015
Point of action from the bottom
A circular gate 1.5 m. in diameter is inclined = 0.75 – 0.01
at an angle of 45 deg. Fresh water stands on = 0.74 m.
Q = AV one side of the gate to a height of 10 m.
above the center of the gate. Â Force normal to the gate at the bottom that
π will require to open it
Q = (0.03)2 (17.46)
4 À Evaluate the total force on the gate.
3
Á Locate the point of action of the total w.s.
Q = 0.0123 m / s force from the bottom on the plane of the
gate. 45˚
 If the gate is hinged at the top, evaluate
QW the force normal to the gate at the Hinged
F= V
g 2 bottom that will require to open it in kN. P
A
C.G.

0.0123(9810)V2
150 = C.P.
0.01 0.76
9.81 Solution:
V2 = 12.154 m/s À Total force on the gate 1.50 m

V22 = V12 - 2gh w.s.

(12.154)2 = (17.46)2 - 2(9.81)h ∑MA = 0

45˚
h = 8 m. h=10 m Hinged
F(1.5) = 173.4(0.76)

y F = 87.8 kN
P C.G.

C.P.
2. CE Board May 2015 e
0.75
4. CE Board Nov. 2015
0.75
The crest gate shown consists of a A rectangular channel 6 m. wide has a
cylindrical surface of which AB is the base, C.G. constant specific energy of 2.2 m.
C.P.
supported by a structural frame hinged at C. a) Calculate the critical depth.
The length of the gate per perpendicular to 1.50 m
b) Calculate the critical velocity.
the paper is 10 m. Compute the vertical force c) Calculate the critical slope if n = 0.012.
components of the total pressure AB.
P=y hA
w.s. B
Solution:
P = 9.81(10)π(0.75)2 a) Critical depth:
P = 173.4 KN E = 2.2 m.
6m

2
dc = 3 E
Hinged
60˚
A C 2
dc = 3 (2.2)
dc = 1.47 m.
HYDRAULICS
b) Critical velocity: Á Theoretical discharge of water in m3/s À Determine the hydraulic radius of the
Vc = gdc Q = AV canal in meters.
π Á Determine the velocity of the water in
Vc = 9.81(1.47) Q = (0.6)2 (24.26) m/sec.
Vc = 3.8 m/s 4 Â Determine the number of hectares
Q = 6.86 m3 / s served by the irrigation canal.
c) Critical slope:
 Horsepower available from it
Qγ w E Solution:
HP = À Hydraulic radius:
1.47m 746
6.86(9810)(30)(0.70) 4.7
HP = 1.35 2 1.35
746
6m HP = 1894 hp
A = 6(1.47)
A = 8.82 x x
P = 2(1.47) + 6
P = 8.94 6. CE Board May 2016
A 2
R=P
A fireman has to put out a fire but is blocked
8.82 by a firewall. To reach over the wall, he
R = 8.94 = 0.987 x 2 = (0.90)2 + (1.35)2
directed the water jet from the nozzle at an
R2/3Sc1/2 angle of 30˚ to the horizontal. Evaluate the x = 1.622
Vc = n velocity of the water in meters per second, ⎛ 4.7 + 2 ⎞
leaving the nozzle of his hose to reach over A= ⎜ (0.9)
(0.987)2/3Sc1/2 ⎝ 2 ⎟⎠
3.8 = the wall if he stands 30 m. away from the wall
0.012 and the wall is standing 2 m. higher than the A = 3.015
Sc = 0.0021 nozzle of the hose. Neglect friction in the jet. P = 2 + 1.622(2)
P = 5.244
Solution:
5. CE Board Nov. 2015 V R=
A
wall
2m
P
θ=30˚
The turbine of a hydrostatic plant is driven by 3.015
a falling head of water from a source 30 m. R=
high up through a 600 mm penstock flowing
30 m
5.244
2
full. gx R = 0.575
y = x tan θ -
2V 2 Cos 2 θ
À Evaluate the theoretical velocity of water
as it hits the turbine blades in m/sec. 9.81(30)2 Á Velocity of water in m/s:
Á Evaluate the theoretical discharge of 2 = 30 tan 30˚ -
2(V)2 Cos 2 30˚
water in m3/s. 1 2/3 1/2
 If the turbine is only 70% efficient, 5886 V= R S
15.32 = 2 n
estimate the horsepower available from V
it. 1(0.575)2/3 (0.001)1/2
V=
V = 19.6 m / s 0.025
Solution:
À Theoretical velocity of water as it hits the V = 0.874 m / s
turbine blades
Powerhouse
7. CE Board May 2016
To
transmission
 Number of hectares serve by the
Tansformer lines
An irrigation canal with trapezoidal cross- irrigation canal:
30m
Generator
sections has the following dimensions:
Gate Bottom width = 2 m, depth of water = 0.90 Q = AV
Turbine
m., side slope is 1.5 horizontal to vertical, Q = 3.0159(0.874)
slope of canal bed = 0.001, coefficient of
Tail water

roughness = 0.025. The canal will serve Q = 2.637 m3 /s

Bedrock Penstock Draft tube
clay-loam Riceland for which the duty of Q = 2637 liters/sec.
water per hectare in 3 liters/sec.
2637
V = 2gh 1 2/3 1/2 No. of hectares serve =
Use Mannings formula: V = R S 3
V = 2(9.81)(30) n
No. of hectares serve = 879 hectares
V = 24.26 m / s
HYDRAULICS
8. CE Board May 2016 π(0.65)2 (1.91) π(0.65)2 (1.4) Solution:
V= - À Total hydrostatic force on the dam
2 2
An open cylindrical vessel 1.3 m in diameter
and 2.1 m high is 2/3 full of water. If rotated V = 0.338 m3 1m
about the vertical axis at a constant angular
V = 338 liters w.s. W1
speed of 90 rpm.

À Determine how high is the paraboloid 9m

formed of the water surface in meter. Â Least height of the vessel so that no h=6m
water is spilled out P W2
Á Determine the amount of water in liters
that will be spilled out. 2m
ω
 What should have been the least height
of the vessel so that no water is spilled 2.2m
out? 3.8m
0.955 1m 3.3m
B=4.3m
Solution: 1.91
À Height of paraboloid formed of the water H
surface 1.4
0.955 γ h2
P=
ω 2
(9.81)(6)2
P=
2
0.7
P = 176.58 say 177 kN
y=1.91 H = 1.4 + 0.955
2.1
1.4
H = 2.355 Á Resisting moment of the dam to
overturning
W1 = 1(9)(24) = 216
1.3 6.5 3.3(9)(24)
9. CE Board Nov. 2016 W2 = = 356.4
1.3 2
r= A concrete dam of trapezoidal cross-section RM = W1 (2.2) +W2 (3.8)
2
is shown with T = 1 m, B = 4.30 m, H = 9 m,
r = 0.65 and h = 6 m. The weight of concrete is 24 RM = 216(2.2) + 356.4(3.8)
kN/m3. For the given conditions, evaluate: RM = 1605 kN.m.
90(2π)
ω=
60 À The total hydrostatic force on the dam in  Factor of safety against sliding
ω = 9.42 rad/sec. kN per meter length. R y = W1 + W2
Á The resisting moment of the dam to
ω2 r2 overturning, in kN.m., per metr length of R y = 216 + 356.4
y= the dam.
2g R y = 572.4
 Factor of safety against sliding if the
2
(9.42) (0.65) 2
coefficient of friction between the µ Ry
y= supporting ground and concrete is 0.50. F.S. =
2(9.81) P
y = 1.91 m 0.5(572.4)
F.S. =
T=1m 177
Á Amount of water spilled out in liters w.s.
F.S. = 1.62
ω
H=9m
10. CE Board Nov. 2016
h=6m
A liquid discharged from a container through
1.4 a circular orifice having a diameter of 10 mm
1.91 that is located 5 m. from the liquid surface to
B=4.3m the center of the orifice.

À Evaluate the theoretical discharge

through the orifice in liters per second.
vol. spilled out Á Evaluate the theoretical discharge
through the orifice in liters per second if
the container is moving upward at an
acceleration half that of gravity.
HYDRAULICS
 Evaluate the theoretical discharge 11. CE Board Nov. 2017 T + 0.8 kN = BF1
through the orifice in liters per second if
the coefficient of velocity is 0.95 and the T = 3.428 - 0.8
A cylinder having a diameter of 1.20 m and
coefficient of contraction is 0.65 for the weighing 800 N is held in position is sea waer T = 2.628 kN
orifice. by a wire tied to an anchor block resting at
the bottom of the sea such that 0.30 m of the  Rise in the tide that will lift the anchor
Solution: cylinder is below the surface of the water from the bottom of the sea, in meters
À Theoretical discharge through the orifice with its axis vertical. The anchor block has a 1.20
in liters per second volume of 0.50 cubic meter and weighs 24
kN per cubic meter in air. Assume sea water
0.80 kN
to have a specific gravity = 1.03. Neglecting w.s.
the weight and volume of the cable.
0.30 + h
À Evaluate the buoyant force on the
h=5m cylinder for the position described, in kN. BF1
Á Evaluate the tensile force in the wire
when the top of the cylinder is 0.60 m
above the water surface, in kN.
orifice  Evaluate the rise in the tide that will lift BF2
diam. = 10 mm
the anchor from the bottom of the sea, in
meters
Q = A 2gh Solution: 24(0.5)=12 kN
À Buoyant force on the cylinder for the
π position described, in kN
Q= (0.01)2 2(9.81)(5) BF1 + BF2 = 12 + 0.8
4 1.20
⎛π ⎞
Q = 0.00078 m3 / sec.
800N
(
9.81(1.03) ⎜ (1.2)2 ⎟ 0.3 + h
⎝4 ⎠
)
Q = 0.78 liters / sec.
w.s. + 9.81(1.03)(0.5) = 12 + 0.8
Á Theoretical discharge if the container is 0.30 m h = 0.378 m
moving upward at an acceleration half
that of gravity
BF1
⎛ a⎞ 12. CE Board May 2018
H = h ⎜1 + ⎟
⎝ g⎠
Vol. of concrete A right cylindrical container 2.5 m in a
block = 0.50 m3
⎡ 0.5g ⎤ diameter is 3 mtall. A 50-mm diameter hole
H = 5 ⎢1 + BF2
⎣ g ⎥⎦ γC=24 kN/m3 is provided at the bottom of the container to
drain the water when necessary. If it is 2/3
H = 7.5 BF1 = γ sea V full of water how long in minutes, does it take
to empty the container from the instant that
Q = A 2gH ⎛π ⎞ the hole is opened? Coefficient of velocity
BF1 = 9.81(1.03) ⎜ (1.2)2 (0.3)⎟
π ⎝4 ⎠ and coefficient of contraction both equal to
Q= (0.01)2 2(9.81)(7.5) 1.0
4 BF1 = 3.43 kN
3
Q = 0.00095 m / sec. Solution:
Á Tensile force in the wire when the top of
Q = 0.95 liters / sec.
the cylinder is 0.60 m above the water
2.5m
surface, in kN.
 Theoretical discharge if Cv = 0.95 and
Cc = 0.65 1.20

Q = CA 2gh 800 N
0.60m
C = C v Cc w.s.
3m
Q = Cv Cc A 2gh 2m
⎛ π⎞
Q = 0.95(0.65) ⎜ ⎟ (0.01)2 2(9.81)(5) BF1
⎝ 4⎠
Q = 0.00048 m3 / sec. T
50 mm hole
Q = 0.48 liters / sec.
HYDRAULICS
π 14. CE Board May 2018
As = (2.5)2 = 4.91
4 Solution:
π In order to provide water from a nearby
A = (0.05)2 V1 = Cv 2gh
spring, a triangular flume of efficient cross-
4 section was provided on a slope of 0.21 V1 = 0.98 2(9.81)(25)
A = 0.00196 percent. Assuming the roughness coefficient
of the channel to be n = 0.018. Obtain the V1 = 21.70 m/s
depth fo flow in meter(s) of the water in the Q = CA 2gh
2A s h
t= flume if it is discharging at the rate of 2
CA 2g m2/sec. ⎡π ⎤
Q = 0.98 ⎢ (0.03)2 ⎥ 2(9.81)(25)
⎣ 4 ⎦
2(4.91)( 2)
t= Solution: Q = 0.01534 m3 /s
1(0.00196) 2(9.81)
Q γ w V2
t = 159966 sec. F=
d d g
t = 26.6 minutes
0.01534(9810)V2
300 =
9.81
13. CE Board May 2018 d V2 = 19.56 m/s
√2 d 45˚ 45˚ √2 d
V22 = V12 - 2aS
A cylinder 2 m. in diameter, 4 m. long, and
weighing 12 kN floats in water with its axis (19.56)2 = (21.70)2 - 2(9.81)S
vertical. An anchor weighing 24 kN/m3 is S = 0.0021 S = 4.5 m.
attached to the lower end. Determine the n = 0.018
total weight of the anchor if the bottom of the
Q = 2 m3/sec
cylinder is submerged 3 m. below the water
surface. Q = AV 16. Problem
1
Q = A R 2/3 S1/2 If a vessel containing water 0.50 m deep is
n carried inside the elevator that decelerates at
Solution:
2.0m 2d(d) 2 m/sec2, evaluate the pressure in kPa
A= = d2 exerted by the water at the base of the
2
container if the elevator is traveling
W1=12 kN
w.s. P=2 2 d downward.
4.0m A
3.0m
R=
P
Solution:
BF1
d2
R= elevator
2 2d
R = 0.354d
W2 A R 2/3 S1/2
Q= a=2 m/s2
n
BF2 d2 (0.354d)2/3 (0.0021)1/2
2=
BF = wV 0.018
⎛ π⎞ d8/3 = 1.57 h=0.5 m
BF1 = 9.81⎜ ⎟ (2)2 (3)
⎝ 4⎠ d = 1.18
BF1 = 92.5 kN
Let V2 = volume of anchor 𝑎
𝑝 = 𝛾$ %1 − * ℎ
W2 = 24V 2 𝑔
15. CE Board Nov. 2023
BF2 = 9.81 V 2 2
𝑝 = 9.81 %1 − * (0.5)
From a nozzle of diameter 30 mm, water 9.81
W1 + W2 = BF1 + BF2 flows out vertically under a constant head of p = 3.91 kPa
12 + 24V 2 = 92.5 + 9.81 V 2 25 m. The coefficient of velocity and the
14.19 V 2 = 80.5 coefficient of discharge of the issuing jet are
equal to 0.98. Evaluate at what constant
V 2 = 5.67 m3 height, in meters, vertically from the tip of the
W2 = 24(5.67) nozzle, would the jet of water support a load
of 300 N.
W2 = 136 kN
HYDRAULICS
17. Problem Solution: 19. Problem
A cylindrical bucket 200 mm in diameter and w = 200 rpm
An open cylindrical vessel 1.2 m. diameter
300 mm high is 2/3 full of water. It is swung and 2.1 m. depth is 2/3 full of water. If rotated
in a vertical plane so that the bottom of the 200(2π)
ω= about the vertical axis at constant angular
bucket describes a radius of 1 m. How fast 60 speed of 90 rpm. Determine the amount of
should the bucket be rotated in rpm so that ω = 20.94 rad/sec. water in liters that will be spilled out.
no water is spilled? Neglect the weight of the
bucket. ω
w2 r2
y = 2g
Solution: 0.70
(20.94)2 (0.6)2
200 mm 200 mm y= 2(9.81) 2.1 m
y=1.63
1.40
WV2/gr

0.2 m y = 8.04 m.
0.3 m
0.2 m
P 196.2 1.2 m ø
h= = 9.81 = 20 m.
gw
ω
1.0 m W
0.8 m P =γwh A
r = 0.90 m
0.7 0.7
h = 20 + 8.04 + 2 = 30.04 m 1.4
1.63
P = 9.81(30.04)π(1.2)(4) = 4444 kN 0.7
1.4

Vol. of water
WV 2 spilled out.

gr
=W 18. Problem 1.2 m ø

V = rω A 60 mm fire hose discharges a 30 mm jet. If

2
the head lost in the nozzle is 2 m, what gage Solution:
V = gr pressure must be maintained at the base of
a nozzle to throw a stream to a vertical height ω = 90 rpm
r 2 ω 2 = gr
of 30 m, neglecting air resistance? 90(2)π
g ω=
ω =2
60
r
3 ω = 9.42 rad/sec.
9.81
ω2 = Solution: ω2 r2
0.9 y=
V22 = V22 - 2gh 2g
ω = 3.30 rad/sec. h=30 m
(9.42)2 (0.6)2
3.30(60) 0 = V22 - 2gh y=
ω= 2(9.81)
2π V22 V2
ω = 31.53 rpm =h 30 mm ø y = 1.63 m.
2g 2
negligible
V22 Vol. of water spilled out :
= 30 60 mm ø
17. Problem 2(9.81) 1 π(0.6) (1.63)
2
π(0.6)
2

V= - (1.4)
V2 = 24.26 m/s 2 2
A closed cylindrical tank having a radius of V = 0.130 cu.m.
0.60 m. and a height of 4 m. is full of water, A1 V1 = A 2 V2
under a pressure of 196.2 kPa. The metal V = 130 liters
π π
side is 3 mm thick. If the vessel is rotated at (0.060)2 V1 = (0.030)2 (24.26)
4 4
200 rpm, compute the total pressure on the
V1 = 6.065 m/s
side wall. 19. Problem
ω V12
= 1.875 m
2g A vertical storage tank with a hemispherical
2 2 bottom and a cylindrical shell of 4 m. inside
Imaginary y=8.04 V P1 V P2
water surface 1
+ + Z1 = 2
+ + Z 2 + HL diameter and 3 m. high is filled with water. A
Closed
h=20 h 2g w 2g w sharp-edge orifice 150 mm diameter with C
H
P1 = 0.60 is located at the lowest point.
1.875 = + 0 = 30 + 0 + 0 + 2 Determine the time to empty the cylindrical
4m 9.81 tank only through the orifice.
2
P1 = 295.5 KPa
P=wh
1.2 1.2
HYDRAULICS
4m 4m

t=
2A s ( h1 - h2 ) A = 6(1)
A=6
CA 2g
P=1+6+1
5m

2m
t=
2π(2)2 ( 8- 4 ) P=8
0.60 (0.10) 2(9.81) A
R=
t = 78.34 sec. P
4
A s dh 6
R= = 0.75
Solution: t= ∫
0 CA 2gh
8

( )
1 2/3 1/2
2A s h1 - h2 A s = πx 2 V= R S
n
t=
CA 2g x 2 (0.75)2/3 (0.001)1/2
= V=

t=
2π(2)2 ( 5- 2 ) = 439.81 sec.
h 4

x=
h
0.013
V = 2.01 m / s
⎛ π⎞ 2
0.60 ⎜ ⎟ (0.15)2 2(9.81)
⎝ 4⎠ πh2 Á Discharge in the canal:
As =
4 Q = AV
4
πh2 h-1/2 dh Q = 6(2.01)
t= ∫ Q = 12.06
20. Problem 0 4 CA 2g
4
A right circular cone 4 m. in diameter and 4 π ® Depth of canal using more economical
∫h
3/2
m. high is super imposed with a right circular t= dh
4(0.6)(0.10) 2g
proportions but adhering to the same
0
cylinder having a diameter of 4 m. and a discharge and slope:
height of 4 m. on top of it. There is an orifice 4
at the vertex of the right circular cone having (2)h5/2 ⎤
t = 2.96 ⎥
an area of 1000 sq.cm. and C = 0.60. The 5 ⎦0
tank is initially full of water. Find the time to d
empty the whole tank through the orifice. 2.96(2)
t= ⎡(4)5/2 - (0)5/2 ⎤ = 37.83 sec.
5 ⎣ ⎦
Solution: Total time to empty the whole tank = 78.34 + 37.83
b
Total time to empty the whole tank = 116.17 sec.
4m 4m
b = 2d
4m 21. Problem A = bd
A = 2d2
A rectangular irrigation canal 6 m. wide
4m 4m contains water 1 m. deep. It has a P = b + 2d
hydraulic slope of 0.001 and a roughness P = 2d + 2d
coefficient of 0.013.
P = 4d
À Evaluate the mean velocity of the water A
4m in the canal in m/s. R=
2 P
Á Evaluate the discharge in the canal in
x x m3/sec. 2d2
R=
h
4m ® What would have been the depth of the 4d
canal, in meters, using the more d
economical proportions but adhering to R=
the same discharge and slope. 2
4m Q = AV
Solution:
2/3
4m
À Mean velocity of the water in the canal: ⎛ d⎞
2d2 (1) ⎜ ⎟ (0.001)1/2
⎝ 2⎠
12.06 =
0.013
4m empty 1m d = 1.67 m

6m
HYDRAULICS
22. Problem A Á Savings in earth excavation by using
R=P more favorable proportions:
A rectangular channel carries 60 m3/s. For 11.36
a width of 4 m. and n = 0.020. R = 9.68 Use most efficient section.
R = 1.17
À Compute the critical depth.
Á Compute the critical velocity.
 Compute the critical slope. R2/3 Sc1/2
Vc = n d
(1.17)2/3 Sc1/2
Solution: 5.28 = 0.020
À Critical depth:
Sc = 0.009
b=2d

dc 23. Problem b = 2d
d
A rectangular channel 5.4 m. wide by 1.2 m. R=2
deep is lined with a smooth stone, well laid
and has a hydraulic slope of 0.001. Using A=bd
4m
n = 0.013. A = 2 d2
À What is the capacity of the channel in A R2/3 S1/2
60 Q= n
q= 4 m3/s?
Á What savings in earth excavation could d 2/3
q = 15 m3/s have been offered by using more 2d2 (2) (0.001)1/2
favorable proportions but adhering to the 13.93 = 0.013
same delivery and slope?
3 Â What savings in lining per meter length d8/3 = 4.545
q2 by using more favorable proportions but
dc = d = 1.764 m.
g adhering to the same delivery and
slope? b = 2d
3 (15)2
b = 2(1.764)
dc = 9.81 Solution: b = 3.529 m.
dc = 2.84 m. À Capacity of channel:
Savings in excavation:
Savings = 5.4(1.2) - 1.764(3.529)
Á Critical velocity: Savings = 0.2554 m2
Vc = g dc 1.2 m
 Savings in lining per meter length:
Vc = 9.81(2.84)
Vc = 5.28 m/s
5.4 m
1.2
 Critical slope:
A = 5.4(1.2)
A = 6.48 m2 5.4
P = 1.2(2) + 5.4
2.84 P = 7.8 m.
1.764
A
R=P
4m 3.529
6.48
R = 7.8
R2/3 Sc1/2 R = 0.831 Lining of old channel = [1.2(2) + 5.4](1)
Vc = n Lining of old channel = 7.8 m2
A = 4(2.84) A R2/3 S1/2
Q= Lining of new channel
A = 11.36 n
P = 4 + 2(2.84) = [1.764(2) + 3.529](1)
6.48(0.831)2/3 (0.001)1/2
P = 9.68 Q= 0.013 = 7.057 m2
Q = 13.93 m3/s Savings in lining = 7.8 - 7.057
Savings in lining = 0.743 m2/min.
HYDRAULICS
24. Problem c) Roughness coefficient: Solution:
A1 = 3(1) = 3 À Critical depth:
Water flows through an almost level channel 2dc dc
P1 = 3 + 1 + 1 = 5
30 m. wide at 12 m3/s. The depth gradually A= = d2c
2
increases from 1.0 m. to 1.1 m. for a length A1
of flow of 5 m. R1 = P B = 2 dc
1
Q2 A3
3 =
HL R1 = 5 0.6 g B
2 3
V22/2g V1 + V2 (4)2 (dc )
V 12/2g =
Vm = 2 9.81 2dc
4 + 3.64 d5c = 3.26
d 2 =1.10m Vm = 2
d 1 =1.0m dc = 1.267m.
Vm = 3.82 m/s
5.0 A2 = 3(1.1) = 3.3
Á Critical velocity:
P2 = 3 + 1.1 + 1.1 = 5.2
a) What is the headloss? A
Vc = g
b) What is the slope of the energy gradient. B
A2
c) Compute the value of the roughness R2 = P
coefficient. 2 A = (1.267)2
3.3 A = 1.605 m2
Solution: R2 = 5.2
B = 2(1.267)
a) Head loss: R2 = 0.635
B = 2.534
V12 V22 R1 + R2
2g + d1 = 2g + d2 + HL Rm = 2 9.81(1.605)
Vc =
Q 2.534
0.6 + 0.635
V1 = A Rm = Vc = 2.49 m / s
1 2
12 Rm = 0.6175
V1 = 3(1)
1
Vm = n Rm2/3 S1/2 Â Critical slope:
V1 = 4 m/s
1 2/3 1/2
Q (0.6175)2/3 (0.008)1/2 Vc = R Sc
V2 = A 3.82 = n
2 n
12 n = 0.017 P = 2 2 dc
V2 = 3(1.1)
P = 2 2 (1.267)
V2 = 3.64 m/s
25. Problem P = 3.58
(4)2 (3.64)2
2(9.81) + 1.0 = 2(9.81) + 1.1 + HL The cross section of a right triangular A
R=
channel is shown with a coefficient of P
HL = 0.04
roughness n = 0.012. If the rate of flow = 4 1.605
m3/s. R=
b) Slope of energy gradient: 3.58
B=2dc R = 0.448
1.0 dc dc

dc
3.0
45˚ 45˚ 2dc

1 2/3 1/2
1.10 Vc = R Sc
n
À Calculate the critical depth.
Á Calculate the critical velocity. 1
3.0
2.49 = (0.448)2/3 S1/2
c
 Calculate the critical slope. 0.012
0.04 Sc = 0.0026
S= 5

S = 0.008
HYDRAULICS
HYDRAULICS