POWER SYSTEM ANALYSIS –I (17EE62)

MODULE 1:
Representation of Power System Components: Introduction, Single-phase
Representation of Balanced Three Phase Networks, One-Line Diagram and Impedance or
Reactance Diagram, Per Unit (PU) System, Steady State Model of Synchronous Machine,
Power Transformer, Transmission of electrical Power, Representation of Loads

Power system analysis

The evaluation of power system is called as power system analysis

Functions of power system analysis

To monitor the voltage at various buses, real and reactive power flow between buses.

To design the circuit breakers.

To plan future expansion of the existing system

To analyze the system under different fault conditions

To study the ability of the system for small and large disturbances (Stability studies)

COMPONENTS OF A POWER SYSTEM

1.Alternator

2.Power transformer

3.Transmission lines

4.Substation transformer

5.Distribution transformer

6.Loads

SINGLE LINE DIAGRAM

A single line diagram is diagrammatic representation of power system in which the
components are represented by their symbols and interconnection between them are

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 shown by a straight line9eventhough the system is three phase system. The ratings and the
impedances of the components are also marked on the single line diagram.

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 Purpose of using single line diagram

The purpose of the single line diagram is to supply in concise form of the significant
information about the system.

Per unit value.

The per unit value of any quantity is defined as the ratio of the actual value of the any
quantity to the base value of the same quantity as a decimal.

per unit=actual value/base value

Need for base values

The components or various sections of power system may operate at different voltage and
power levels. It will be convenient for analysis of power system if the voltage, power,
current and impedance rating of components of power system are expressed with
reference to a common value called base value.

Advantages of per unit system

i. Per unit data representation yields valuable relative magnitude information.

ii. Circuit analysis of systems containing transformers of various transformation ratios is

greatly simplified.

iii. The p.u systems are ideal for the computerized analysis and simulation of complex
power system problems.

iv. Manufacturers usually specify the impedance values of equivalent in per unit of the
equipments rating. If the any data is not available, it is easier to assume its per unit value
thanitsnumericalvalue.

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 v. The ohmic values of impedances are refereed to secondary is different from the value as
referee to primary. However, if base values are selected properly, the p.u impedance is the
same on the two sides of the transformer.

vi. The circuit laws are valid in p.u systems, and the power and voltages equations are
simplified since the factors of √3 and 3 are eliminated.

Change the base impedance from one set of base values to another set

Let Z=Actual impedance ,Ω

𝑧𝑏 =Base impedance, Ω
Per unit impedance of a circuit element
𝑍 𝑋 𝑀𝑉𝐴𝑏,𝑜𝑙𝑑
𝑍𝑝.𝑢,𝑜𝑙𝑑 =
(𝐾𝑉)2𝑏,𝑜𝑙𝑑

(1)
(𝐾𝑉)2𝑏,𝑜𝑙𝑑
𝑍 = 𝑍𝑝.𝑢,𝑜𝑙𝑑
𝑀𝑉𝐴𝑏,𝑜𝑙𝑑

The eqn 1 show that the per unit impedance is directly proportional to base
megavoltampere and inversely proportional to the square of the base voltage.

Using Eqn 1 we can derive an expression to convert the p.u impedance expressed in one
base value ( old base) to another base (new base)
Let kVb,old and MVAb,old represents old base values and kVb,new and MVA b,new represent new
base value
Let Zp.u,old = p.u. impedance of a circuit element calculated on oldbase
Zp.u,new=p.u. impedance of a circuit element calculated on new base
If old base values are used to compute the p.u.impedance of a circuit element ,with
impedance Z then eqn 1 can be written as

If the new base values are used to compute the p.u. impedance of a circuit element with
impedance Z, then eqn 1 can be written as

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 (3)

On substituting for Z from eqn 2 in eqn 3 we get

(4)

The eqn 4 is used to convert the p.u.impedance expressed on one base value to another base
value

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 MODELLING OF GENERATOR AND SYNCHRONOUS MOTOR

1Φ equivalent circuit of generator 1Φ equivalent circuit of synchronous motor

MODELLING OF TRANSFORMER

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 MODELLING OF TRANSMISSION LINE

T -type Π -type

MODELLING OF INDUCTION MOTOR

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 Impedance diagram & approximations made in impedance diagram
The impedance diagram is the equivalent circuit of power system in which the various
components of power system are represented by their approximate or simplified
equivalent circuits. The impedance diagram is used for load flow studies.

Approximation:
(i) The neutral reactances are neglected.
(ii) The shunt branches in equivalent circuit of transformers are neglected.

Reactance diagram & approximations made in reactance diagram

The reactance diagram is the simplified equivalent circuit of power system in which the
various components of power system are represented by their reactances. The reactance
diagram can be obtained from impedance diagram if all the resistive components are
neglected. The reactance diagram is used for fault calculations.

Approximation:
(i) The neutral reactances are neglected.
(ii) The shunt branches in equivalent circuit of transformers are neglected.
(iii) The resistances are neglected.
(iv) All static loads are neglected.
(v) The capacitances of transmission lines are neglected.

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 PROCEDURE TO FORM REACTANCE DIAGRAM FROM SINGLE LINE DIAGRAM
1.Select a base power kVAb or MVAb
2.Select a base voltage kVb
The voltage conversion is achieved by means of transformer kVb on LT section=
𝐿𝑇 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔
=𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑘𝑣 𝑜𝑛 𝐻𝑇 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒 ∗ 𝐻𝑇 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔

3. When specified reactance of a component is in

ohms p.u reactance=actual reactance/base
reactance specified reactance of a component is
in p.u

EXAMPLE

1. The single line diagram of an unloaded power system is shown in Fig 1.The generator
transformer ratings are as follows.

G1=20 MVA, 11 kV, X’’=25%

G2=30 MVA, 18 kV, X’’=25%
G3=30 MVA, 20 kV, X’’=21%
T1=25 MVA, 220/13.8 kV (∆/Y), X=15%
T2=3 single phase units each rated 10 MVA, 127/18
kV(Y/∆), X=15% T3=15 MVA, 220/20 kV(Y/∆), X=15%
Draw the reactance diagram using a base of 50 MVA and 11 kV on the generator1.

Fig 1

SOLUTION

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 Base megavoltampere,MVAb,new=50 MVA
Base kilovolt kVb,new=11 kV ( generator side)

FORMULA

(𝐾𝑉𝐴)2𝑏,𝑜𝑙𝑑
𝑋𝑝.𝑢,𝑛𝑒𝑤 = 𝑋𝑝.𝑢,𝑛𝑒𝑤 ∗
(𝐾𝑉)2𝑏,𝑛𝑒𝑤

Reactance of Generator G

kVb,old=11 kV kVb,new=11 kV

MVAb,old= 20 MVA MVAb,new=50 MVA

Xp.u,old=0.25p.u

Reactance of Transformer T1

kVb,old=11 kV kVb,new=11 kV

MVAb,old= 25 MVA MVAb,new=50 MVA

Xp.u,old=0.15p.u

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 Reactance of Transmission Line

It is connected to the HT side of the Transformer T1

Base kV on HT side of transformer T 1 =

Reactance of transformer T2

kVb,old=127 * √3 kV =220 kV kVb,new=220 kV

MVAb,old= 10 * 3=30 MVA MVAb,new=50 MVA

Xp.u,old=0.15p.u
,

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 Reactance of Transformer T3

kVb,old=20 kV kVb,new=20 kV

MVAb,old= 20 MVA MVAb,new=50 MVA

Xp.u,old=0.15p.u
(𝐾𝑉𝐴)2𝑏,𝑜𝑙𝑑 (𝑀𝑉𝐴)𝑛𝑒𝑤
𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝑛𝑒𝑤 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑒𝑟 𝑇3 = 𝑋𝑝.𝑢,𝑜𝑙𝑑 ∗ ∗
(𝐾𝑉)2𝑏,𝑛𝑒𝑤 (𝑀𝑉𝐴)𝑜𝑙𝑑
20 50
=(0.15)*20 ∗ 30 = j0.25 p.u

Reactance of Generator G3

It is connected to the LT side of the Transformer T3

Base kV on LT side of transformer T 3 =

kVb,old=20 kV kVb,new=20 kV

MVAb,old= 30 MVA MVAb,new=50 MVA

Xp.u,old=0.21 p.u

(𝐾𝑉𝐴)2𝑏,𝑜𝑙𝑑 (𝑀𝑉𝐴)𝑛𝑒𝑤
𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝑛𝑒𝑤 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝐺3 = 𝑋𝑝.𝑢,𝑜𝑙𝑑 ∗ ∗
(𝐾𝑉)2𝑏,𝑛𝑒𝑤 (𝑀𝑉𝐴)𝑜𝑙𝑑
20 50
= (0.21)*20 ∗ 30 = j0.35 p.u

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 2) Draw the reactance diagram for the power system shown in fig 4 .Use a base of 50MVA
230 kV in 30
Ω line. The ratings of the generator, motor and transformers are

Generator = 20 MVA, 20 kV,

X=20% Motor = 35 MVA, 13.2

kV, X=25%

T1 = 25 MVA, 18/230 kV (Y/Y), X=10%

T2 = 45 MVA, 230/13.8 kV (Y/∆), X=15%

Solution :

Base mega voltampere, MVAb,new =50 MVA

Base kilovolt kVb,new=230 kV ( Transmission line side)

(𝐾𝑉𝐴)2𝑏,𝑜𝑙𝑑 (𝑀𝑉𝐴)𝑛𝑒𝑤
𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝑛𝑒𝑤 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝐺3 = 𝑋𝑝.𝑢,𝑜𝑙𝑑 ∗ ∗
(𝐾𝑉)2𝑏,𝑛𝑒𝑤 (𝑀𝑉𝐴)𝑜𝑙𝑑

Reactance of Generator G
It is connected to the LT side of the T1 transformer

Base kV on LT side of transformer T 1=

𝐿𝑇 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔
𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑘𝑣 𝑜𝑛 𝐻𝑇 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒 ∗
𝐻𝑇 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔
18
230 ∗ 230 = 18kv

kVb,old=20 kV kVb,new=18 kV

MVAb,old= 20 MVA MVAb,new=50 MVA

Xp.u,old=0.2p.u

(𝐾𝑉𝐴)2𝑏,𝑜𝑙𝑑 (𝑀𝑉𝐴)𝑛𝑒𝑤
𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝑛𝑒𝑤 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝐺 = 𝑋𝑝.𝑢,𝑜𝑙𝑑 ∗ ∗
(𝐾𝑉)2𝑏,𝑛𝑒𝑤 (𝑀𝑉𝐴)𝑜𝑙𝑑

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 202 50
0.2 ∗ ∗ = 𝑗0.617 𝑝. 𝑢
182 20

Reactance of Transformer 1
kVb,old=18 kV kVb,new=18 kV

MVAb,old= 25 MVA MVAb,new=50 MVA

Xp.u,old=0.1p.u 2

(𝐾𝑉𝐴)2𝑏,𝑜𝑙𝑑 (𝑀𝑉𝐴)𝑛𝑒𝑤
𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝑛𝑒𝑤 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑇𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑒𝑟 1 = 𝑋𝑝.𝑢,𝑜𝑙𝑑 ∗ ∗
(𝐾𝑉)2𝑏,𝑛𝑒𝑤 (𝑀𝑉𝐴)𝑜𝑙𝑑

182 50
0.1 ∗ 2 ∗ = 𝑗0.2 𝑝. 𝑢
18 25

Reactance of Transmission Line

It is connected to the HT side of the Transformer T1

Actual Impedance X actual= j30 ohm 13.8

230

𝐾𝑉𝑏2 230
Base impedance =𝑀𝑉𝐵 = 502
𝑏
=1058ohm

Reactance of Transformer T2

kVb,old=230 kV kVb,new=230 kV

MVAb,old= 45 MVA MVAb,new=50 MVA

Xp.u,old=0.15p.u

(𝐾𝑉𝐴)2𝑏,𝑜𝑙𝑑 (𝑀𝑉𝐴)𝑛𝑒𝑤
𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝑛𝑒𝑤 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑇𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑒𝑟 2 = 𝑋𝑝.𝑢,𝑜𝑙𝑑 ∗ ∗
(𝐾𝑉)2𝑏,𝑛𝑒𝑤 (𝑀𝑉𝐴)𝑜𝑙𝑑

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 2302 50 ,
,

0.15 ∗ ∗ = 𝑗0.166 𝑝. 𝑢
2302 45

Base kV on LT side of transformer T 2=

𝐿𝑇 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔
𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑘𝑣 𝑜𝑛 𝐻𝑇 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒 ∗
𝐻𝑇 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔
13.8
230 ∗ 230 = 13.8kv
=230 × = 13.8

kVb,old=13.2 kV kVb,new=13.8 kV

MVAb,old= 35 MVA MVAb,new=50 MVA

Xp.u,old=0.25 p.u

(𝐾𝑉𝐴)2𝑏,𝑜𝑙𝑑 (𝑀𝑉𝐴)𝑛𝑒𝑤
𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝑛𝑒𝑤 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝐺2 = 𝑋𝑝.𝑢,𝑜𝑙𝑑 ∗ ∗
(𝐾𝑉)2𝑏,𝑛𝑒𝑤 (𝑀𝑉𝐴)𝑜𝑙𝑑

13.22 50
0.25 ∗ ∗ = 𝑗0.326 𝑝. 𝑢
13.82 35

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 BUS
The meeting point of various components in a power system is called a bus. The bus is a
conductor made of copper or aluminium having negligible resistance. The buses are considered as points
of constant voltage in a power system.

BUS IMPEDANCE MATRIX

The matrix consisting of driving point impedances and impedances of the network of a power
system is called bus impedance matrix. It is given by the inverse of bus admittance matrix and it is
denoted as Zbus . The bus impedance matrix is symmetrical.

BUS ADMITTANCE MATRIX

The matrix consisting of the self and mutual admittances of the network of a power system is
called bus admittance matrix. It is given by the admittance matrix Y in the node basis matrix equation of a
power system and it is denoted as Ybus . The bus admittance matrix is symmetrical.

EXAMPLE
1. Find the bus admittance matrix for the given network in Fig 2. Determine the reduced admittance
matrix by eliminating node 4. The values are marked in p.u.

Fig 2

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 Elements of new bus admittance matrix after eliminating 4th row and 4th column

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 Reduced admittance matrix after eliminating 4 th row and 4th column

2) Find the bus impedance matrix for the system whose reactance diagram is shown in fig 3. All
the impedances are in p,u.

Step 1: connect bus 1 to ref bus through impedance j1.0

Step 2 : connect bus 2 to the bus 1 through impedance j0.25

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 Step 3: connect bus 2 to ref bus through impedance j1.25

Number of buses is only 2.But matrix size is 3*3.The matrix size ir reduced by eliminating 3rd row
and 3rd column

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 The reduced matrix

Step 4: connect bus 3 to bus 2 through impedance j0.0

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