IGCSE Physics

1.a Motion

Andreas Lambrias
Mark Scheme
Q1.

Q2.

Q3.
Q4.

Q5.

Answer Acceptable Mark

answers
(a) D (1)
(b)(i) 12 (m/s) Range from 11(m/s) (1)
(1) to 14
(m/s)
(b)(ii) Substitution (1) 20 (2)
20-0 5 Full marks for
5 correct answer with
evaluation (1) no working Allow
4 (m/s2) answers between 3.6
and 4.7 for 2 marks to
reflect readings taken
from the graph
b(iii) velocity/ speed (2)
 velocity/ speed (measured in) ms-1
(measured in) acceleration is rate of
m/s (1) change of velocity
m/s/s m per s per s
 divided by time in [accept per for
s (1) divide] do not
accept m/s times
time
b(iv) at constant vel (3)
 distance = 60
(m) (1) slowing down correct answer
 distance = scores 2 marks
½×2×20 (1)
 = 20 (m) (1)
Total for question = 10 marks
Q6.
 IGCSE Physics
1.a Motion

Andreas Lambrias
Q1.

A car driver sees a rabbit on the road.

The driver makes an emergency stop after he sees the rabbit.
Figure 6 shows the speed of the car from the time the driver sees the rabbit until the car stops.

Figure 6

Calculate the distance that the car travels in the first 0.5 seconds.
(3)

distance = ........................................................... m
(Total for question = 3 marks)

Q2.

A car accelerates at a constant rate of 1.83 m/s2 along a flat straight road.
The force acting on the car is 1.870 kN.
The car accelerates from rest for 16 s.
Calculate the speed of the car after 16 s.
(3)

speed = ........................................................... m/s

(Total for question = 3 marks)

Q3.

A car driver sees a rabbit on the road.

The driver makes an emergency stop after he sees the rabbit.
Figure 6 shows the speed of the car from the time the driver sees the rabbit until the car stops.

Figure 6

(i) Which equation relates acceleration to change in velocity and time?

(1)

(ii) Calculate the deceleration of the car.

(3)

deceleration = ........................................................... m/s2

(Total for question = 4 marks)

Q4.

Shot-put is an Olympic event.

The shot is a heavy ball.
An athlete throws the shot as far as possible.
A sports scientist analyses an athlete's throw to help improve performance.
The scientist can measure several quantities in the analysis.
Which one of the following is a scalar quantity?
(1)
A acceleration
B force
C mass
D velocity

(Total for question = 1 mark)

Q5.

The graph shows how the velocity of a small car changes with time.

(a) Complete the sentence by putting a cross ( ) in the box next to your answer.
The resultant force on the car will be zero when the car is
(1)
A accelerating
B decelerating
C changing velocity
D moving at a constant velocity
(b) (i) Use the graph to estimate the velocity of the car at three seconds.
(1)
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(ii) Calculate the acceleration of the car when it is speeding up.
(2)

acceleration = ......................m/s2
(iii) Explain why the units of acceleration are m/s2.
(2)
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(iv) Show that the car travels further at a constant velocity than it does when it is slowing down.
(3)
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(Total for Question is 9 marks)

Q6.

The distance-time graph for a car is shown below.

Describe what the graph shows about the speed of the car as it travels the 80 m.
(2)
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 IGCSE Physics
1.b. Movement and Position
Motion Graphs

Andreas Lambrias
Question 1
Answer 1
Question 2
Answer 2
Question 3
Answer 3
Question 4
Answer 4
 IGCSE Physics
4.a Conduction, convection, radiation
Answers

Andreas Lambrias
Q1.

Q2.

Total 4 marks
Q3.
Q4.
 IGCSE Physics
4.a Conduction, convection, radiation

Andreas Lambrias
Q1.

On sunny days, birds can use a column of moving air to help them rise.
The diagram shows one of these air columns rising from hot rocks.

Describe how the process of convection causes this air movement.

(3)
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(Total for question = 3 marks)

Q2.

A student has two computer hard drives.

One is black and one is white.
The student places the white hard drive on top of the black one as shown in photograph A.

The student connects both hard drives to a computer so that they receive the same amount of electrical
power. The temperature of the hard drives rises as they work.
The student then rearranges the hard drives so that the black one is on top as shown in photograph B.

The hard drives are still working, but their temperature is lower than before.
Explain why the hard drives work at a lower temperature when the black one is on top.
(4)
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(Total for question = 4 marks)

Q3.

A student does three separate experiments to investigate conduction of thermal energy.

(a) In her first experiment, the student inserts four rods made of different materials into a copper disc.
She puts 8 wax rings onto each rod.
She then heats the copper disc with a Bunsen burner.
The diagram shows the experiment after the copper disc has been heated for a few minutes.

Explain what this experiment shows about conduction.

(3)
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(b) In her second experiment, the student places some ice in a test tube and then fills the test tube with
water.
She puts a metal disc on top of the ice to stop the ice from floating.
She heats the top of the tube until the water boils, as shown in the diagram.

The water boils at the top of the tube, but the ice remains frozen at the bottom of the tube.
Explain why the ice remains frozen when the top of the tube is heated.
(2)
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(c) In her third experiment, the student inserts a wooden rod into the end of a brass tube.

She then wraps a paper collar around the join and heats the apparatus, as shown in the diagram.

Explain why the paper burns on the wooden rod, but not on the brass tube.
(2)
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(Total for question = 7 marks)

Q4.

John Leslie was a scientist who investigated heat and thermometers.

He experimented with a hollow metal cube. The cube had different surfaces on each side and was filled with
boiling water.
(a) A student uses a modern version of Leslie's cube to investigate how the surface of a hot object affects
the radiation emitted.
She uses a cube with four different vertical surfaces.
She fills the cube with boiling water so that the temperature of each surface is the same.
She uses the radiation sensor to measure the radiation emitted from each surface.

(i) The student's results are shown below.

Draw a line linking each surface colour with its correct meter reading.
One has been done for you.
(2)

(ii) The temperature of each surface is the same, but the radiation sensor gives a different reading for
each surface.
What can you conclude from this?
(1)
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(b) John Leslie also invented a differential thermometer.
The diagram shows this thermometer.
The bulbs are filled with air and are connected by a tube which contains liquid.

(i) State the equation linking pressure difference, height, density and g.
(1)

(ii) The density of the liquid is 1260 kg/m3.

Calculate the pressure due to the liquid at X when the height, h, of the column of liquid is 0.25 m.
Give the unit.
(3)

pressure = ............................. unit .............................

 (iii) The student places the differential thermometer in bright sunlight for a few minutes.
She observes that the liquid level
 falls on the side of the dull black bulb making h lower
 rises on the side of the shiny silver bulb
Use ideas about heat transfer and particle theory to explain these observations.
(3)
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(iv) Explain what would happen to the levels of the liquid if the student repeated the experiment with a
denser liquid in the thermometer.
(2)
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(v) Two students discuss the effect of changing the length, l, of the tube on both sides, while keeping
the total volume of liquid constant.

Explain which of these ideas is correct.

(2)
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(Total for question = 14 marks)

 IGCSE Physics
4.a.ii Conduction, convection, radiation
Answers

Andreas Lambrias
Q1.

Q2.
Q3.

Q4.
 IGCSE Physics
4.a.ii Conduction, convection, radiation

Andreas Lambrias
Q1.

The diagram shows a chimney over a furnace.

A coal fire is burning in the furnace.
Air moves into the furnace and up the chimney.

Describe how the process of convection causes this air movement.

(5)
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(Total for question = 5 marks)

Q2.

The diagram shows a metal device for cooking potatoes.

Potatoes are pushed onto the metal spikes.

The photograph shows two potatoes cooking in an electric oven.

The inside of the oven is black.

The heating element is at the bottom of the oven.

Describe the different ways in which energy is transferred to cook the potatoes.
(6)
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(Total for question = 6 marks)

Q3.

In cold countries, radiators are used to heat buildings.

Radiators are made of metal and have hot water flowing through them.
The diagram shows three radiators that are the same size but painted different colours.

(a) Explain why radiators are made of metal.

(2)
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(b) Explain which colour is best at radiating thermal energy.
(2)
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(c) A radiator also transfers thermal energy by convection.
(i) Explain how convection heats a room.
You may draw a diagram to help your answer.
(4)

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 (ii) Suggest how a radiator can be designed to help maximise heat transfer by convection.
(1)
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(Total for question = 9 marks)

Q4.

A student uses four containers, A, B, C and D, to investigate heat transfer.

The student places boiling water into each of the four containers.
She then records how the temperature of the water in each container varies with time.
(a) How could the student make sure that the investigation is a fair test?
(2)
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(b) (i) Explain which container loses the most thermal energy by radiation.
(2)
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 (ii) Explain which container loses the most thermal energy by convection.
(2)
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(c) After 20 minutes, container D has the highest temperature.

Explain why container D remains hot for the longest time.
Refer to three methods of thermal energy transfer in your answer.
(4)
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(Total for question = 10 marks)

 IGCSE Physics
Work and Power

Andreas Lambrias
Q1.

Q2.

(Total for question = 6 marks)

Q3.

Q4.
Total 11 marks
 IGCSE Physics
Work and Power

Andreas Lambrias
Q1.

The photograph shows a machine used to crush metal cans.

A metal can is placed under the crusher bar.

The motor pushes the crusher bar downwards.
The diagram shows what happens when a metal can is crushed.

(a) State the equation linking work done, force and distance moved in the direction of the force.
(1)

(b) Calculate the work done on the metal can by the force.
Give the unit.
(3)

work done = ............................... unit ............................

(Total for question = 4 marks)

Q2.

A resistance band is a stretchy plastic band that is used when doing exercises.
The diagram shows a student exercising his leg by stretching a resistance band fixed to a wall.

The student moves his leg 34 cm sideways as shown.

The average resistance force is 23 N.
(a) (i) State the relationship between work done, force and distance moved.
(1)

(ii) Calculate the work done when the student moves his leg sideways once.
(2)

work done = .............................................. J

(b) The student repeats this movement 15 times in 1 minute.
Calculate the average power of the student during this exercise.
(3)

power = ................................................. W

(Total for question = 6 marks)

Q3.

A student investigates the efficiency of an electric motor.

She uses the motor to lift a mass.

The table shows her measurements.

(a) Calculate the electrical energy supplied to the motor during this time.
(2)

energy supplied = ........................................................... J

(b) (i) State the equation linking work done, force and distance moved.
(1)

(ii) Calculate the work done on the mass.

(2)

work done = ........................................................... J

 (iii) State the useful energy transferred to the mass.
(1)

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(c) (i) State the equation linking efficiency, useful energy output and total energy input.
(1)

(ii) Calculate the efficiency of the motor.

(2)

efficiency = ........................................................... J

(Total for Question = 9 marks)

Q4.

An electric kettle is connected to the 230 V mains supply.

The power of the kettle is 960 W.

(a) (i) A power of 960 watts is the same as

(1)
A 960 joules per coulomb
B 960 joules per second
C 960 newtons per metre
D 960 newtons per second

(ii) State the equation linking power, current and voltage.

(1)
 (iii) Show that the current in the kettle is about 4 A.
(2)

(b) The 960 W kettle is earthed and fitted with a fuse.

(i) Explain how this can protect the person using the kettle if there is a fault.
(3)
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(ii) Another kettle has twice as much power.

It is connected to the same mains supply.
Which of these fuse ratings should be used for this kettle?
(1)
A 1A
B 3A
C 5A
D 13 A

(c) A student has a pack of fuses labelled 2 A.

Explain how she could use one of these fuses to check that the label is correct.
You may draw a circuit diagram to help your answer.
(3)

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(Total for question = 11 marks)

 IGCSE Physics
5.b. Density
Answers

Andreas Lambrias
Q1.
Q2.
Q3.
Q4.
Q5.
Q6.

(Total for question = 9 marks)

Q7.

Q8.
 IGCSE Physics
5.b. Density

Andreas Lambrias
Q1.

The object shown in the photograph is an old, brass mass.

It is marked 500 g.

(a) A student puts the mass on an electronic balance.

The electronic balance reading is 498.2 g.
The student concludes:

Evaluate this conclusion.

(2)
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(b) The student wants to find the density of the old, brass mass.

First he obtains a correct value for the mass.

What else must he do to find the density?

(3)
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(Total for question = 5 marks)

Q2.

The volume of a piece of brass is 16.3 cm3.

A student measures its mass using an electronic balance.
The mass of the brass is 138 g.
(a) (i) State the equation linking density, mass and volume.
(1)

(ii) Calculate the density of brass.

Give the unit.
(3)

density = ...........................................................
(b) The student notices that the electronic balance has a zero error, so it shows mass readings that are all
slightly too small.
This means that the density value is
(1)
A incorrect and slightly too large
B incorrect and slightly too small
C correct because the student used three significant figures
D correct because the mass of the block is more than zero

(Total for question = 5 marks)

Q3.

Marbles is a game played with small balls of coloured glass.

Each ball is known as a marble.

(a) Describe how a millimetre scale and two set squares can be used to measure the diameter of a marble.
You may draw a diagram to help your answer.
(3)

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(b) Describe an experiment to find the density of a marble.
You may draw a diagram to help your answer.
(5)

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(Total for question = 8 marks)

Q4.

A student measures the density of water.

She uses a measuring cylinder and an electronic balance.

(a) State the equation linking density, mass and volume.

(1)

(b) A correct unit for density is

(1)
A g/cm
B kg/cm
C g/cm2
D g/cm3

(c) Complete the table to show what is measured by an electronic balance.

(1)
(d) Describe how the student should use each instrument to make her measurements
as accurate as possible.
(4)
Measuring cylinder
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Electronic balance
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(e) The student wants to make sure her experiment is a fair test.
(i) State one factor that she should keep the same throughout her experiment.
(1)
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(ii) Why is it important that she keeps this factor constant?

(1)
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(Total for question = 9 marks)

Q5.

A student measures the diameter of a coin.

She uses the digital caliper shown in the photograph.

The digital caliper gives readings to the nearest 0.01 mm.

(a) The student measures the diameter of the coin eight times.
Her readings are shown below.

(i) Circle the anomalous reading.

(1)
(ii) Calculate the average diameter of the coin.
(3)

Average = ........................................................... mm
(b) The student wants to find the thickness of a coin.
She takes several similar coins and measures them together as shown.

She says:

Do you agree with the student?

Explain why.
(2)
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(c) The student wants to find the density of the coin.

She uses her values for the diameter and thickness of the coin to calculate its volume.
What else must she do to find the density of the coin?
(3)
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(Total for question = 9 marks)

Q6.

The photograph shows some large concrete cubes.

The mass of one of the concrete cubes is 1000 kg.

(a) State the weight of this concrete cube.
Give the unit.
(2)

weight of concrete cube = ....................... unit ...........

(b) The density of this concrete cube is 2300 kg/m3.
(i) State the equation linking density, mass and volume.
(1)

(ii) Calculate the volume of this concrete cube.

(2)

volume of concrete cube = ........................................ m3

(c) The graph shows the volumes of 1000 kg of some other materials.
 (i) State the type of graph shown.
(1)
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(ii) Give a reason why a line graph is not an appropriate way to display this data.
(1)
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(iii) Use information from the graph to compare the densities of cork and water.
(2)
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(Total for question = 9 marks)

Q7.

A student investigates the density of a liquid.

The student uses scales that show mass to the nearest gram.
The student uses a measuring cylinder that is marked with volume in cm3.

First the student puts an empty measuring cylinder on the scales.

Then the student puts some liquid into the measuring cylinder.

Then the student looks at the level of liquid in the measuring cylinder.
(a) Complete the results table for this investigation by transferring the information given
opposite.
(6)

(b) Show how the student should use these results to calculate the density of the liquid.
(2)

(c) Suggest two ways in which the student could improve the investigation to give a
more accurate value for the density.
(2)
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(Total for question = 10 marks)

Q8.

(a) Who is correct − Kalpana or Christine?

(2)
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Explain your answer.

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 (b) Kalpana uses a measuring cylinder to find the volume of water displaced by the stone.
She has three measuring cylinders to choose from.

(i) Which measuring cylinder would give the most precise measurement? Explain
your answer.
(2)
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(ii) The most precise measuring cylinder may not give an accurate reading.
Suggest why.
(1)
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(c) The table shows the measurements that Kalpana makes.

(i) State the equation linking density, mass and volume.

(1)

(ii) Calculate the density of the stone.

State your answer to an appropriate number of significant figures.
Give the unit.
(3)

Density = ........................................................... Unit ...........................................................

(d) (i) How can Kalpana use her value of density to identify the type of stone?
(2)
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(ii) Kalpana may still be unsure about the type of stone.

Suggest why.
(1)
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(Total for question = 12 marks)

 IGCSE Physics
5.b. Pressure
Answers

Andreas Lambrias
Q1.

Q2.
Q3.
Q4.

Q5.
 Total 10 marks

Q6.
Total 11 marks
Q7.
Q8.

Q9.
 IGCSE Physics
5.b. Pressure

Andreas Lambrias
Q1.

A student wants to calculate the pressure he exerts on the floor when he stands on one foot.
He records these measurements.

(a) (i) Complete the table by adding the unit for weight.
(1)
(ii) Which piece of equipment should the student use to measure his weight?
(1)
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(b) Suggest how the student measured the area of the floor in contact with his foot.
(3)
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(c) (i) State the equation linking pressure, force and area.
(1)

(ii) Calculate the pressure that the student's foot exerts on the floor.
(2)

pressure = ........................................................... N/cm2

(Total for question = 8 marks)

Q2.

The photograph shows two cups of coffee.

The cups are the same size.

One cup is full of coffee, the other cup is half full.

Compare the pressures in the coffee at the bottom of each cup.

(4)
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(Total for question = 4 marks)

Q3.

A student uses a pressure sensor to measure the pressure of air in a sealed flask.

(a) The pressure sensor measures pressure in pascals (Pa).

Which of these is equivalent to pascals (Pa)?
(1)
A joules per metre (J/m)
B joules per square metre (J/m2)
C newtons per metre (N/m)
D newtons per square metre (N/m2)

(b) The student places the flask in a beaker containing hot water.
 The pressure of the air in the flask increases.
Explain why the pressure of the air in the flask increases.
Use ideas about molecules in your answer.
(3)
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.............................................................................................................................................
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(Total for question = 4 marks)

Q4.

The photograph shows a car tyre that needs to be inflated.

The tyre exerts a pressure on the road of 270 kPa.

The area of the tyre touching the road is 0.016 m2.
(a) (i) State the equation linking pressure, force and area.
(1)
 (ii) Calculate the force exerted on the road by the tyre.
Give the unit.
(4)

force = ............................. unit .............................

(b) Use ideas about molecules to explain why the air inside the tyre exerts pressure.
(3)
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
(c) Air is pumped into the tyre to inflate it.
This increases the temperature and the pressure of the air in the tyre.
Use ideas about molecules to explain why the air pressure in the tyre increases.
(3)
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................

(Total for question = 11 marks)

Q5.

The photograph shows a water barrel with a tap.

The barrel is used to store rainwater.

A student investigates the water depth in the barrel.

She measures the depth and then opens the tap.
As water flows out of the barrel, she measures the depth every minute.
The table shows her results.

(a) Which two measuring instruments should the student use in her investigation?
(2)
1 ..........................................................................................................................................

2 ..........................................................................................................................................
(b) (i) Plot a graph to show how the depth changes with time, and draw the curve of best fit.
(5)

(ii) Describe the relationship between depth and time.

(2)
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................

(c) The student notices that the water flows out less quickly as time passes.
Suggest a reason for the decrease in flow.
(1)
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................

(Total for question = 10 marks)

Q6.

A hot air balloon is filled with air through an opening.

The air is heated using a burner.

(a) Describe the effect of an increase in temperature on the average speed of the air molecules.
(1)
.............................................................................................................................................

(b) The hot air causes a pressure on the inside of the balloon.
Use ideas about molecules to explain how the hot air causes this pressure.
(3)
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................

(c) Give a reason why the hottest air rises to the top of the balloon.
(1)
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
(d) The average density of the hot air in the balloon is 0.95 kg/m3.
The volume of this air is 2800 m3.
(i) State the equation linking density, mass and volume.
(1)

(ii) Calculate the mass of hot air in the balloon.

(3)

mass of hot air = .......................................... kg

(e) As the balloon climbs higher, the air pressure outside it decreases.
(i) Suggest a reason for this change in the outside air pressure.
(1)
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................

(ii) Suggest how the decrease in air pressure outside the balloon affects the hot air inside.
(1)
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................

(Total for question = 11 marks)

Q7.

A student places a pile of coins on a table, as shown in photograph A.

There are 8 coins in the pile.

The weight of each coin is 0.036 N.
The area of each coin is 0.0013 m2.
(a) (i) State the equation linking pressure, force and area.
(1)

(ii) Calculate the pressure on the table caused by the pile of coins.
(2)

Pressure = ........................................................... Pa
(b) The student then spreads the 8 coins out on the table as shown in photograph B.

(i) Describe how this affects the total force from the coins on the table.
(2)
..............................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................

(ii) Explain how this affects the pressure on the table caused by the coins.
(2)
..............................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................

(Total for question = 7 marks)

Q8.

The photograph shows two containers that store rainwater.

The containers have taps that are joined by a pipe.
The taps are closed.

The diagram shows the water levels inside the containers.

(a) The density of water is 1000 kg/m3.

(i) State the equation linking pressure difference, height, density and g.
(1)

(ii) Calculate the pressure that the water causes at the base of container A.
(2)
 pressure = ...................................... Pa
(b) When the taps are opened, water flows in the pipe for some time. The diagram
shows the final water level in container A.

(i) Complete the diagram to show the final water level in container B.
(1)
(ii) Explain why the water starts to flow and then stops.
(3)
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..............................................................................................................................................
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(Total for question = 7 marks)

Q9.

This question is about pressure in a liquid.

(a) A teacher uses this apparatus to demonstrate pressure difference in water.
The apparatus is hollow and has three short tubes at different depths.

The teacher completely fills the apparatus with water.

Water comes out of all the tubes.

(i) State the relationship between pressure difference, height, density and g.
(1)

(ii) The diagram shows the path of water coming from the top tube.
Complete the diagram by drawing the paths of water you would expect to see from the other two tubes.
(2)
(iii) Explain the pattern of the paths of water from the tubes.
(2)
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
(b) In another demonstration, the teacher uses this container.
The container is made of glass and each section has a different shape.
The teacher pours water into the container until it reaches the level shown in the left-hand section.
 (i) Complete the diagram by drawing the water levels in the other four sections.
(1)
(ii) Explain why the water fills the container in the way you have shown.
(2)
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................

(Total for question = 8 marks)

 IGCSE Physics
5c. Change of State – Ideal Gas Molecules

Andreas Lambrias
Q1.

A student investigates ice, water and steam.

She heats up a sample of ice.
When it has all melted, she carries on heating until the water has all boiled to steam.
(a) Complete the diagram to show how the particles are arranged in ice, water and steam.
One particle in each box has been drawn for you.
(4)

(b) Complete the table by describing how the particles move in ice, water and steam.
(3)

(Total for question = 7 marks)

Q2.

(a) Temperature can be measured using different scales.

Complete the table by inserting the missing temperatures.
(2)

(b) Some students measure the volume of a sample of gas at different temperatures.
The table below shows their results.

(i) Draw a graph to show how the volume of gas varies with temperature.
(3)
(ii) Circle the anomalous point on your graph.
(1)

(iii) Use your graph to find the temperature of the gas when its volume is zero.
(1)
temperature = .............................. °C

(Total for question = 7 marks)

Q3.

A teacher uses this apparatus to demonstrate atmospheric pressure.

The teacher puts a small amount of water into a metal can and heats it until the water boils.
(a) Describe what happens to the water particles inside the can when the water is heated.
(2)
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
(b) Water in the can boils to form steam.
Describe how the arrangement of particles in the water differs from the arrangement of particles in the
steam.
You may draw diagrams to help your answer.
(2)

.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
(c) The teacher quickly inverts the can containing boiling water into a bowl of cold water, as shown in the
diagram.

When the can is inverted in the cold water, the can collapses.
Use ideas about particles and pressure to explain why the can collapses.
(3)
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................

(Total for question = 7 marks)

Q4.

The diagram shows a can that produces whipped cream using gas at high pressure.

The volume of the high pressure gas container is 10 cm3.

The pressure of the gas is 10 000 kPa.
When the seal at S is broken, the gas is released into the space above the cream.
The gas expands to a total volume of 270 cm3.
(a) Calculate the new pressure of the gas.
(2)

Pressure = ........................................................... kPa

(b) As the gas expands into the space above the cream, its temperature decreases.
Using ideas about molecules, explain how this affects the pressure of the gas.
(3)
..............................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................
 (c) Some of the gas molecules dissolve into the cream.
(i) Suggest how this affects the pressure of the gas in the space above the cream.
(2)
..............................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................

(ii) When the tap is opened, the pressure of the gas forces the cream out of the spout.
The pressure outside the can is less than it is inside.

Suggest what happens to the dissolved gas as the cream leaves the can.
(1)
..............................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................

(Total for question = 8 marks)

Q5.

A student heats a liquid in a beaker and measures the highest temperature reached when the liquid
becomes a gas.
(a) (i) Name the process when a liquid changes into a gas.
(1)
.............................................................................................................................................
(ii) Describe the changes in the arrangement and movement of molecules when a liquid becomes a gas.
(3)
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
(b) The student collects the gas in a flask.
He seals the flask to make sure the volume of the gas remains constant.
He then heats the flask.
(i) Before being heated, the gas is at a temperature of 350 K and a pressure of 100 kPa.
Calculate the pressure of the gas when the temperature is increased to 450 K.
(3)

pressure = ........................................................... kPa

(ii) Complete the graph to show how the average kinetic energy of the gas molecules changes as the
temperature of the gas increases.
(2)

(Total for question = 9 marks)

Q6.

The diagram shows some gas particles in a container.

The piston can be moved in or out to change the volume of the gas.

(a) Add arrows to the diagram to show the random motion of the gas particles.
(2)
(b) Explain how the motion of the gas particles produces a pressure inside the container.
(3)
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
(c) State what would happen to the pressure if you pushed the piston into the container without changing
the temperature.
(1)
.............................................................................................................................................
(d) When the gas in the container is heated, the piston moves outwards.
Place ticks against the three correct statements.
(3)

(Total for question = 9 marks)

Q7.

Liquid helium boils at 4.2 K.

(a) Convert 4.2 K to a temperature in °C.
(1)

temperature = ...........................................................°C
(b) Liquid helium boils to form helium gas.
(i) State two ways in which the arrangement and motion of the molecules change
as the helium becomes a gas.
(2)
1
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
2
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
(ii) The average kinetic energy of the molecules in helium gas depends on its
Kelvin temperature.
Sketch a graph on the axes below to show this relationship.
(2)
(c) Some air is trapped in a narrow glass tube so that its pressure remains constant.

Describe how this apparatus can be used to investigate the relationship between
the temperature and the volume of air at constant pressure.
You may add to the diagram to help your answer.
(4)
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
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.............................................................................................................................................
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.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................

(Total for question = 9 marks)

Q8.

(a) The diagram shows the construction of a bicycle pump.

When the piston handle is pulled, air moves past the flexible rubber disc into space S.
When the piston handle is pushed, the flexible rubber disc presses against the sides of the cylinder so no
air can pass the disc in either direction.

(i) When the volume of space S is 80 cm3, the air in space S has a pressure of 1.01×105 Pa.
The valve is sealed so no air can escape from the pump.
Calculate the pressure inside space S when the piston handle is pushed in and the volume decreases
to 10 cm3.
(3)

pressure = ........................................................... Pa

(ii) State an assumption you have made about the air in space S.
(1)
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................

(iii) When the bicycle pump is used to inflate a tyre, the pump becomes hot.
Suggest why the pump becomes hot.
(2)
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
(b) The photograph shows a woman using a pump to lift water from a well.

(i) State the relationship between work done, force and distance moved.
(1)

(ii) Calculate the work done in lifting 1.25 kg of water a distance of 8.70 m.
(3)

work done = ........................................................... J

(Total for question = 10 marks)

Q9.

A student uses this apparatus to investigate the pressure and volume inside a sealed gas syringe.

She takes readings of the volume as she increases the pressure (loading) and as she decreases the
pressure (unloading).
These are her results.

(a) (i) Complete the table by filling in the missing value.

(1)
(ii) Suggest why the student takes readings for increasing the pressure and for decreasing the pressure.
(2)
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
(b) The student plots this graph.

(i) Suggest a reason why the axes do not start from the origin (0,0).
(1)
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................

(ii) The student has drawn both a straight line of best fit and a curve of best fit.
Discuss which line is correct for this investigation.
(2)
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................

(iii) Suggest a way that the student could make this experiment valid (a fair test).
(1)
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
 (iv) Suggest two ways in which the student could improve the quality of her data.
(2)
1 ..........................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
2 ..........................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................

(c) The student concludes that her data validates the relationship between pressure and volume of a fixed
mass of gas.
Use data from this table to evaluate her conclusion.
(3)

.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................

(Total for question = 12 marks)

Q10.

A student blows up two balloons to the same size.

She puts one balloon into a freezer.
After a while, the student compares the two balloons.
The balloon that has been cooled is smaller.

(a) Use ideas about particles to explain why the cooled balloon is smaller.
(4)
..............................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................

(b) The student decides to investigate the link between temperature and the size of
the balloon.

She writes a plan.

 There are several faults in the student's plan.
Identify three of these faults and suggest an improvement to correct each one.
(6)
1 .................................................................................................................................................
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..............................................................................................................................................

2 .................................................................................................................................................
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..............................................................................................................................................

3 .................................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................
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(Total for question = 10 marks)

 IGCSE Physics
5c. Change of State – Ideal Gas Molecules
Answers

Andreas Lambrias
Q1.
Q2.
Q3.
Q4.
Q5.
Q6.

(Total for question = 9 marks)

Q7.
Q8.
Q9.
Q10.
 IGCSE Physics
9. Magnetism and Electromagnetism
Answers

Andreas Lambrias
Q1.

(Total for question = 4 marks)

Q2.
Q3.

(Total for question = 8 marks)

Q4.
Q5.

Total 8 marks
Q6.
Q7.
Q8.
Q9.

(Total for question = 6 marks)

 IGCSE Physics
9. Magnetism and Electromagnetism

Andreas Lambrias
Q1.

(a) All metals are good conductors of electricity.

Which of these non-metals can conduct electricity?
(1)
A carbon
B chalk
C plastic
D rubber

(b) The current in a metallic conductor is a flow of

(1)
A negatively charged electrons
B negatively charged protons
C positively charged electrons
D positively charged protons

(c) Some metals and alloys are magnetic.

Which of these is magnetic?
(1)
A aluminium
B copper
C gold
D steel
(d) Which of these field patterns is correct?
(1)

(Total for question = 4 marks)

Q2.

This question is about magnetic fields.

(a) Which diagram shows the correct magnetic field pattern between the north poles of two bar magnets?
(1)

D
(b) The diagram shows part of a magnetic field.

(i) Two magnetic field lines have already been drawn.

Draw more magnetic field lines on the diagram to show a uniform magnetic field.
(3)
(ii) Describe how you would change your diagram to show a stronger magnetic field.
(1)
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................

(Total for question = 5 marks)

Q3.

Magnetic field lines show the shape and direction of a magnetic field.
(a) The diagram shows a cross-section through a wire placed between two magnetic poles.
The wire carries electric current into the page at X.

The shape of the magnetic field is shown.

 (i) Add arrows to two of the magnetic field lines to show the direction of the magnetic field.
(1)
(ii) Draw an arrow on the diagram to show the direction of the force on the wire.
Label this arrow F.
(2)
(b) The wire is removed and the magnetic field between the poles changes.
Sketch the new magnetic field.
(2)
(c) Explain how you could use a plotting compass to investigate the magnetic field around a bar magnet.
You may draw a diagram to help your answer.
(3)

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(Total for question = 8 marks)

Q4.

This question is about magnetic fields.

(a) Describe an investigation to show the shape of the magnetic field for a permanent bar magnet.
(3)
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
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.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
(b) The diagram shows a bar magnet.
Draw the magnetic field pattern of the bar magnet.
(3)

(c) A student uses two bar magnets to create a uniform magnetic field.
She places a current-carrying wire at right angles to the magnetic field, as shown in the diagram.

(i) The student observes that the wire experiences a force.

What is the direction of the force on the wire?
(1)
A to the left
B to the right
C out of the page
D into the page
 (ii) State two changes, each of which would reverse the direction of the force.
(2)
1 ..........................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
2 ..........................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
(iii) The student moves the bar magnets further apart.
Explain what effect this would have on the force on the wire.
(2)
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................

(Total for question = 11 marks)

Q5.

Diagram 1 shows some of the apparatus used to investigate the force on a current-carrying wire, XY, in a
magnetic field.
(a) Diagram 2 shows the poles of the magnet viewed from above.
Draw the uniform magnetic field between the poles.
(2)

(b) The current-carrying wire XY is at right angles to the magnetic field.

The current in the wire is 10 A.
(i) Suggest why the wire used in this investigation must be thick.
(1)
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................

(ii) Explain why the wire XY experiences a force when there is a current in the circuit.
(3)
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................

(iii) State two ways in which this force can be reduced.

(2)
1 ..........................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................

2 ..........................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................

(Total for question = 8 marks)

Q6.

The diagram shows two identical metal rods placed inside a coil of wire.

(a) When a direct current is supplied to the coil, a magnetic field forms and the metal rods move apart.

Explain why the metal rods move apart.

(2)

.............................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................

(b) When the current is switched off, the metal rods return to their starting places.

Suggest what material the metal rods are made from.

Explain your answer.

(3)

.............................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................
(c) The direct current in the coil is replaced by an alternating current.

Explain what will happen to the magnetic field.

(2)

.............................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................

(Total for Question = 7 marks)

Q7.

The photograph shows a small electric motor.

(a) Explain why the coil starts to spin when the switch is closed.
(4)
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................

(b) (i) Suggest how to make the coil spin in the opposite direction.
(1)
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................

(ii) Suggest how to make the coil spin more slowly.

(1)
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................

(Total for question = 6 marks)

Q8.

(a) A student uses this apparatus to investigate what happens to a current-carrying conductor in a
magnetic field.

The student connects the two parallel horizontal metal rails to the positive and negative terminals of a
power supply.
The metal rod AB rests across the rails and is free to move.
Explain what happens to the metal rod AB.
(4)

.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
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.............................................................................................................................................
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.............................................................................................................................................
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.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
(b) This diagram shows the construction of a simple loudspeaker.

A coil of wire is wrapped around a paper tube attached to the loudspeaker cone.

When there is an alternating current in the coil, the cone moves.

Describe how the alternating current generates a sound wave.

You may draw a diagram if it helps your answer.

(4)

.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
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.............................................................................................................................................
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.............................................................................................................................................
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.............................................................................................................................................

(Total for question = 8 marks)

 Q9.

(a) A direct current passes around a flat, circular coil as shown.

On the diagram, sketch the magnetic field caused by the current in the coil.
(3)

(b) The coil is suspended vertically so that it is free to swing.

A second, identical coil is placed beside it.
When direct currents pass, as shown, the two coils move together.

When the current in the right-hand coil is reversed, the two coils move apart.

Explain why the coils move in this way.

(3)
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................

(Total for question = 6 marks)