PHYSICO-CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF WASTE WATER WITHIN AGBARA AND

IMPACT ON OLOGE LAGOON, LAGOS.

Abayomi David Folawewo1* M.sc.; Alexander Nnamdi Madu1 Ph.D.; Omolayo. Adekemi
Faboyede2 Ph.D. and Muyideen. Olaitan Bamidele3 M.sc.
1Department of Industrial Chemistry, Crawford University, Igbesa, Ogun State, Nigeria
2Department of Biological Sciences, Crawford University, Igbesa, Ogun State, Nigeria
3Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Ogun State, Nigeria

Corresponding Author’s E-mail: [email protected]

ABSTRACT without this, there is tendency of these pollutants

The physico-chemical analysis of effluents from to persist in the water and its uptake may cause
diverse factories in Agbara and the fresh water long term health problems to living things.
bodies receiving these effluents in Ogun state,
Nigeria was carried out to establish the effect of Keyword: Industrial Effluent Discharge, Heavy
the effluents. The study analyzed the effect of Metals, River Pollution,
Industrial effluent discharge on Ologe Lagoon.
Sampling points; W3, W4, W5, W6, and W7 INTRODUCTION
were effluents discharged directly from the Fast population growth in Sub-Saharan Africa
factories located within Agbara industrial estate. has brought about a tremendous increase in
Sampling point W1 to W7 were chosen along urbanization with attendant increase in the
the water body before and after discharged of volume of domestic and industrial waste-water.
these effluents to reflect the contribution and the Water pollution is primarily associated with
effect of the industrial and domestic effluents. domestic and industrial waste (Andreen, 2003).
The study revealed that BOD values were 13.04, Water serves as a significant utility in irrigation
75.99, 13.04, 16.48, 14.92, 14.37 and 14.82 for of agricultural lands, generation of hydro-electric
sample W1, W2, W3, W4, W5, W6, and W7 power, municipal water supply, fishing, boating
respectively. Except for sample W7, all pH and body-contact recreation, communication as
values were all in the basic region with well as unending domestic activities of man and
conductivity ranging from 64 μs/cm to as high as animals (Chapman, 1996). It also serves as a
631 μs/cm. The total hardness value ranges receiver of industrial waste, domestic waste and
from 1.83 to as high as 6.50 whereas the waste water resulting from other uses of water
calcium hardness ranges from 0.25 to 1.63. The (Chapman, 1996). Environmental deterioration is
mean concentration of heavy metals ranges then a natural outcome of rapid population
from 2.01ppm – 7.60 ppm, 0.45-1.42 ppm, and growth, agricultural practices, industrialization
3.0-8.0 ppm for Cu2+, Fe2+, Pb2+, Cr2+ and Zn2+ and urbanization of society (Teri, 2000).
respectively. With the exception of zinc and iron, Industrial wastes are complex mixture of
the discharge of copper exceeded the maximum different contaminants or pollutants (Oyewo,
permissible limit given by the Federal 1998). Just as these contaminants or pollutants
Environmental Protection Agency of Nigeria are different so are their effects on the receiving
(FEPA) and WHO. Similarly, mean level of total environment and the biota. Most water bodies in
suspended solids (TSS), values are 700 mg/L, Lagos State, south-western Nigeria, serve as
1700 mg/L, 2200 mg/L, 200 mg/L, 400 mg/L, sinks for the disposal of waste from about 2000
1600 mg/L and 900 mg/L for samples W1, W2, medium- and large-scale industries in urban
W3, W4, W5, W6 and W7 respectively while for centres (Anetekhai et al., 2003).
total dissolved solids (TDS) the values are 50
Ologe Lagoon receives industrial effluent
mg/L, 70 mg/L, 40 mg/L, 830 mg/L 10 mg/L, 110
throughout the year from the neighbouring
mg/L and 160 mg/L for samples W1, W2, W3,
Agbara Industrial Estate, where pharmaceutical,
W4, W5, W6 and W7 respectively. There is need
brewery, glass, paint and other industries
for pre-treatment to be carried out on industrial
operate (Kusemiju et al., 2001).
effluent before discharge into water bodies,
Elevated blood lead level was reported among water. Arsenic toxicity was noticed among
Nigerians due to exposure to the environmental people living in the mentioned area (Chatterjeea
pollutant through various sources (Packham, et. al., 1993). Therefore, the accurate
1990). Industrial waste-water originates from the determinations of water quality using the
wet nature of most large industries which require physico-chemical parameters and heavy metals
large quantities of water for processing and pollution are of ultimately important for controls
disposal of wastes. Most industries are of pollution. Hence, this study aims at providing
therefore, located near water sources. The additional information to existing data on water
pollution potential of industrial wastewater is far quality assessment of this water body.
greater than that of domestic waste-water.
Tannery waste-water, for example, has a BOD MATERIALS AND METHODS
of 2500 – 3000 mg/L which is 10 times the
strength of domestic waste-water. In the tannery Sampling Programme
industry, the production of 1ton of hides per day
requires a water consumption of about 50 m 3 Sampling points selected as station W1 to W7
(Kaul et al., 2005). [W1 (Latitude 60 29’ 50.47”, Longitude 30 6’
29.4”, Elevation 29.9 feet), W2 (Latitude 60 27’
Both types of waste-water pose threats to water 26.78” Longitude 30 05’ 29.4” Elevation 51.0
quality which may be classified into health feet), W3 (Latitude 60 29’ 57.0” Longitude 30 05’
hazards and sanitary nuisances. In most parts of 17.9” Elevation 94.7 feet), W4 (Latitude 60 30’
Sub-Saharan Africa, people have no access to 08.6” Longitude 30 05’ 31.1”, Elevation 104.3
potable water. Consequently, raw water from feet), W5 (Latitude 60 30’ 18.3”, Longitude 30 05’
polluted rivers and streams form the major 29.4” Elevation 118.2), W6 (Latitude. 60 30’
source of utilized water. A study on water quality 21.2”, Longitude 30 05’ 46.0” Elevation 87.2 feet)
of Ogun River (Nigeria) was conducted, in which and W7 (Latitude. 60 30’ 09.0” Longitude. 30 05’
industrial effluents from Lagos and Abeokuta are 48.0” Elevation 99.8 feet)] where waste waters
discharged, it was reported that the level of are discharged into the Lagoon and directly from
turbidity, oil and grease, faecal coliform and iron the factory were noted. Two points designated
were very high in all the sampling sites (Jaji et. as W1, upstream and station W2, downstream
al; 2007). While industrialization is expected, along the Lagoon were selected. Station W1 is a
various devastating ecological and human point upstream before effluent from Agbara
disasters which have continuously occurred over industries starts polluting the Lagoon and station
the years implicated industries as major W2, downstream, at the point after the discharge
contributors to environmental degradation and of effluent into the Lagoon. All other samples
pollution processes of various magnitudes. (W3 to W7) were water effluents discharged
World Bank reported that about 19,000 tons of directly from factories within Agbara. A total of
hazardous waste is produced annually in Nigeria seven samples were collected for each test. The
and the waste comes mainly from steel, metal tests were performed in accordance with APHA
processing, pharmaceuticals, textiles, tanneries, method, (1998). The tests were performed in the
and oil refining industries (Egbu, 2000). Major months of April and May, during dry season,
industries in Agbara industrial estates are when the river flow is lowest, the level of dilution
textiles, food, glass, chemicals, pharmaceuticals, is little, and pollutants concentration in the river
allied iron and steel. The indiscriminate is critical.
discharge of chemical toxins especially, Pb, Cd,
Cr, Co, etc. into the environment ensure their LABORATORY ANALYSIS
transfer into plants, animals and man. High
concentration of heavy metals in irrigation Five metals namely copper (Cu), iron (Fe),
waters could results in death of crops, interfere Chromiun (Cr), Lead (Pb) and zinc (Zn) were
with uptake of other essential nutrients or form analyzed in the effluent sample according to
objectionable deposits on fruits and render the standard analytical methods (APHA, 1998).
edible portion of plants toxic to human and Briefly, 100 mL of the effluent was digested by
grazing animals (Dan’azumi, 2010). Also heating with concentrated HNO3, and the
groundwater contamination with arsenic was volume reduced to 3-5 mL. This volume was
observed from tubewells in Behala, Calcutta, made up to 10 mL with 0.1N HNO3.
India, due to the dumping of arsenic waste by a Concentrations of the metals were estimated by
local factory. This find its way into the ground using an Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer
Perkin Elmer E. Analyst, 2000, USA. Two sets of RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
containers were used; the first portion was for
the analysis of TSS, TDS, pH and Conductivity. Industrial discharge is documented as one of the
For the first portion, the containers were washed major sources of toxic chemicals in the
with detergent and rinsed a number of times with surroundings (Hui, et al., 2005).
the sample to be measured. For the TSS test; Physicochemical parameters such as those
the settleable solids were removed first and the evaluated in this study have been known to have
TSS was determined. 100 mL of the supernatant effect on water quality and the general well-
was passed through a 0.45 μm pore pre- being of the aquatic ecosystems (Aderinola, et
weighted filter paper and the final mass of the al., 2009; Adewuyi and Opasina, 2010).
filter paper after oven drying at temperature of Table 1.0 presents the result of sampling at a
103 0C-105 0C was measured and the TSS (in point before industrial effluent discharge into the
mg/L) calculated. 50 mL of the filtrate from the Lagoon. Also, Table 2.0 presents the test results
TSS test was measured and poured into an of waste water at the sampling points after
initially pre-weighted evaporating dish in order to industrial effluents had been discharged into the
carry out the TDS test. The sample was Lagoon.
evaporated to dryness and the mass of the dish It is observed from Table 3.0, that the level of
measured and recorded. The TDS (in mg/L) was TSS is well above the FEPA and WHO
then calculated (APHA, 1998). Jenway 3320 standards. Mean discharge of up-to 830 mg/L
digital pH meter was used for pH determination. was recorded at point W4, as against the limit of
The electrode of the meter was rinsed with 30 mg/L set by FEPA allowed from industries,
distilled water and buffers of pH5, pH7 and pH9 which indicates lack of waste-water treatment.
were used to calibrate the meter. The electrode The TSS, after industrial discharge is 70 mg/L
was again rinsed with distilled water and dipped which is above the recommended level (10 mg/L
into the sample to be measured. The meter was for FEPA and WHO respectively). Contra wise,
allowed to stabilize and the pH of the sample the concentration of TDS discharged at the five
was read and recorded. DREL 5 Hach points was below the 2000 mg/L limit set by
conductivity meter was used for the conductivity FEPA except at point W3 which is 2200 mg/L.
measurement. The meter was set to condition The TDS after industrial discharge is 1700 mg/L
mode and was standardized with distilled water which is above 500 mg/L maximum permissible
in accordance with the instruction manual. The by WHO. Excessive turbidity in water as a result
electrode was inserted into the sample and the of excessive TSS and TDS can cause problem
conductivity reading was recorded. for water purification process such as
flocculation and filtration which may increase
The second portion of the containers was set treatment cost. High turbid waters are
aside for metals analysis. Samples for heavy associated with microbial contamination (DWAF,
metals analysis were collected in 120 mL plastic 1998). Again, turbidity causes decrease in
container which were initially washed with photosynthesis process since turbidity precludes
detergent and rinsed with distilled water. The deep penetration of light in water (Muoghalu and
containers were finally rinsed with 20% Nitric Omocho, 2000). Ultimately, the water receiving
acid before sampling. The samples were bodies disqualified as source of water for
preserved by adding 1.5 mL of conc. HNO3 to domestic use in the community.
each 1 liter of sample and the pH adjusted to 2.0
by the use of pH meter. The samples were BOD test were high indicating the presence of
necessary, for subsequent analysis. As samples large amount of organic pollutant and relatively
may contain particulate or organic materials, higher level of microbial activities with
pretreatment in the form of digestion is required consequent depletion of oxygen content. The
before analysis. Nitric acid digestion was value measured at sampling points W3, W4, W5,
employed in accordance with APHA method W6 and W7 (effluent discharge points) was
(1998). The digested sample was taken for 13.14, 16.48, 14.92, 14.37 and 14.82
Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (AAS) respectively. This is higher even before
analysis (Skoog et al.,1998 and Bader, 2011). discharged of industrial effluents at W1 (13.04).
BOD after contamination of river Ologe is 75.99
for sampling point W2. Muoghalu and Omocho
(2000), observed that when waste are heavily
laden with pollutant and dissolved solids gain
access to water bodies, they need large dose of of effluent discharged at W3, W4, W5, W6 and
oxygen for decomposition. The values of W7. This may be due to the dilution from water
nutrients (total phosphate, nitrate, sulphate, from domestic wastes and the Lagoon. The
ammonia) differ significantly between bodies. mean level of chromium in the river decrease
Unpolluted water usually contain only minute from 2.00 mg/L at point W1 to 0.48 mg/L at W2
amount of nitrate (Jaji et al., 2007). as a result of dilution from the Lagoon.
The conductivity of the effluents is highest at W3 Additionally, level of chromium in Lagoon water
than what is allowed for (i.e. 60 mg/L and 500 was found to be drastically higher than the
mg/L set by FEPA and WHO respectively). The recommended maximum limit of 1.00 mg/L. Most
pH values are also very high indicating the chromium compounds are carcinogenic, long
alkaline nature of the industrial waste discharged exposure may cause kidney, liver and nerve
into the Lagoon though, lower than the limit set damage (Aremu et al., 2000). Mean level of
by FEPA. Level of heavy metals in the industrial copper increased from 3.00 mg/L at W1 to 3.10
effluent discharge is also high. Tests indicated mg/L at W2 which is above the limit of 1.0 mg/L
that the level of copper and chromium were set by FEPA and WHO.
higher than the maximum permissible limits set
by FEPA and WHO from industries. The only Wastewater discharge from the industries
exceptions to this were the discharge of zinc and increased the mean level of Zinc in the Lagoon
lead at some discharge points (W5= 0.71, from 0.41 mg/L upstream at W1 to 0.43 mg/L at
W6=0.68, W7=0.92) which are below the limits station W2. Level of Zinc at W2 was within the
set. Although it was observed that there was no WHO maximum permissible limit. Generally,
remarkable increase in TSS due to waste-water high level of metals may also be attributed to the
discharges into the Lagoon, the amount of TDS discharge of effluents by the companies, factory,
increased and this comes from the highly materials and other relevant occupational fields
concentrated effluents coming from Agbara (steel, welding, glass and ceramic production
industries which were diluted by the river, thus etc. (Vilia-Elena, 2006).
increasing its TDS. Backgrounds mean TDS
level increased from 700 mg/L at W1 to 1700 RECOMMENDATIONS AND CONCLUSION
mg/L at W2 due to the intrusion of industrial
effluent. The conductivity of the Lagoon between Pollution is a major environmental problem in
the two points (W1 & W2) increased and this Agbara, especially metallic pollution. Majority of
increase was due almost entirely to industrial the people do not have access to portable water
discharges entering the Lagoon. The mean and many industries do not have primary
conductivity at point W1 was 475 micromhos/cm treatment plant, discharging their effluent
and the value rises to 509 micromhos/cm at untreated, thus compounding the problem. The
point W2. pH of the Lagoon generally remain effort that is being made by various
within the acidic range and close to 7.0 despite administrations to mitigate the impact of water
the intrusion of alkaline waste-water at points pollution through the establishment of laws and
W3, W4, W5, W6 and W7 coming from decrees is not being adhered to due to political
industries. Low values of pH can be attributed to reasons. The result of this work revealed that the
the dilution of the waste- water by the Lagoon mean level of heavy metals and other physico-
water. pH has profound effect on water quality chemical parameters discharged into the Lagoon
by affecting solubility, alkalinity and hardness of exceeded the maximum permissible limit set by
the water. FEPA and WHO. Also, the water quality of the
Lagoon should be continuously monitored so
Aquatic organisms are also affected by pH that the level of pollution will be known and also
because most of their metabolic activities are pH to determine if the water is safe for agricultural
dependent (Chen and Lin, 1995; Wang et al., practices and other uses. The consequence of
2002). With the exception of iron and zinc, the this may result in water borne diseases if the
discharge of other heavy metals into the river situation is not controlled. FEPA should be
generally exceeded the maximum permissible empowered, not only to set guidelines, but also
limits given by FEPA and WHO indicating lack of to enforce compliance to the guidelines.
pre-treatment of effluent, which is the case in
most industries. Background mean lead level in
the Lagoon increased marginally from 0.52 mg/L
at point W1 to 0.65 mg/L at point W2 as a result
Figure 1: The study area showing Agbara industrial area and Ologe Lagoon (Google map)

RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

Table 1: Result of Parameters before Pollution of Ologe Lagoon

Parameter Mean concentration Maximum Permissible Limit
Sample W1 FEPA* WHO*
TSS (mg/mL) 50 10 10
TDS (mg/L) 700 - 500
Conductivity (micromhos/cm) 475 - -
Alkaliniy (mg/100mL CaCO3) 65.7 - -
Hardness (mg/mL) 25.0
BOD 13.04 - -
pH 7.63 - 6.5-8.5
Copper (mg/L) 3.00 1.00 1.00
Iron (mg/L) 2.01 0.30 0.30
Zinc (mg/L) 0.41 - 5.00
Lead (mg/mL 0.52 1.0 1.0
Chromium (mg/mL) 2.00 1.0 1.0
*FEPA and WHO maximum acceptable limits
Table 2: Result After Industrial Effluent is Discharged into the Lagoon
Parameter Mean concentration Maximum Permissible Limit
Sample W2 FEPA* WHO*
TSS (mg/mL) 70 10 10
TDS (mg/L) 1700 - 500
Conductivity (micromhos/cm) 509 - -
Alkaliniy (mg/100mL CaCO3) 70.8 - -
Hardness (mg/mL) 26.7 - 50
BOD 75.99 - -
pH 8.0 - 6.5-8.5
Copper (mg/L) 3.1 1.00 1.00
Iron (mg/L) 2.10 0.30 0.30
Zinc (mg/L) 0.43 1.00 5.00
Lead (mg/Ml 0.65 1.0 1.0
Chromium (mg/mL) 0.48 0.05 0.05
*FEPA and WHO maximum acceptable limits

Table 3: Results of Effluent from Different Factories

Parameter Mean concentration Maximum Permissible
Samples Limit
W3 W4 W5 W6 W7
FEPA* WHO*
TSS (mg/mL) 40 830 10 110 160 30 -
TDS (mg/L) 2200 200 400 1600 900 2000 -
631 064 160 191 293 600 500
Conductivity (micromhos/cm)

Alkaliniy 73.9 85.3 71.0 77.0 67.0 - -

(mg/100mL CaCO3)
BOD 13.14 16.48 14.92 14.37 14.82 - -

Hardness (mg/mL) 65.0 30.0 26.6 18.3 36.7

pH 8.13 7.05 8.11 8.10 5.98 6-9 -

Copper (mg/L) 4.00 4.20 5.00 6.00 8.00 1.0 0.5
Iron (mg/L) 2.64 2.18 4.19 6.07 7.56 20 15
Zinc (mg/L) 0.44 0.84 0.42 0.43 0.84 1.0 1.0
Lead (mg/mL 1.31 1.16 0.71 0.68 0.92 1.0 1.0
Chromium (mg/mL) 2.35 2.68 2.16 2.01 2.21 1.0 1.0

*FEPA and WHO maximum acceptable limits

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ABOUT THE AUTHORS

Folawewo, Abayomi David is an Assistant
Lecturer at Crawford University, Igbesa, Ogun
State, Nigeria. He holds a M.Sc. degree in
Pharmaceutial Chemistry from the University of
Lagos. He has published several articles on
natural products.

Dr. Madu, Alexandra Nnamdi, is a Lecturer I in

the Department of Industrial Chemistry,
Crawford University, Igbesa, Nigeria.

Dr. Adekemi Omolayo Faboyede , is a

Lecturer II in the department of Biological
Science, Crawford University, Igbesa, Ogun
State, Nigeria.

Mr. Bamidele Muyideen Olaitan, holds M.Sc.

Natural Product Chemistry from the Federal
University Agriculture Abeokuta.

SUGGESTED CITATION

Folawewo, A.D, Madu, A. .N., Faboyede A. O, and M.O.

Bamidel. 2016. “Physico-Chemical Properties Of Waste
Water Within Agbara And Impact On Ologe Lagoon, Lagos”.
Pacific Journal of Science and Technology. 18(X):XXX-XX.
X.