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Polynomials Visit

The document discusses polynomials, including their zeros, relationships between coefficients and zeros, and operations like division. It provides examples of finding zeros of polynomials of different degrees and using division algorithms. The document contains information about graphically interpreting the number of zeros from a polynomial graph and relationships between coefficients and zeros of polynomials.

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39 views7 pages

Polynomials Visit

The document discusses polynomials, including their zeros, relationships between coefficients and zeros, and operations like division. It provides examples of finding zeros of polynomials of different degrees and using division algorithms. The document contains information about graphically interpreting the number of zeros from a polynomial graph and relationships between coefficients and zeros of polynomials.

Uploaded by

jaga.45673
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Polynomials

 Graphic Interpretation of the number of Zeros of a Polynomial

The zero of a polynomial, , (if it exists) is the x-coordinate of the point


where the graph of y = p(x) intersects the x-axis.

Example 1:

In the above graph, the graph intersects the x-axis at only one point.

The number of zeroes of the corresponding polynomial is 1.

Example 2:

In the above graph, the graph intersects the x-axis at exactly two points.
The number of zeroes of the corresponding polynomial is 2.
Example 3:
In the above graph, the graph intersects the x-axis at three points.
The number of zeroes of the corresponding polynomial is 3.
Example 4:

In the above graph, the graph does not intersect the x-axis.
The corresponding polynomial has no zeroes.

 Zeroes of a polynomial

A real number ‘k’ is a zero of a polynomial p(x), if p(k) = 0. In this case, ‘k’ is
also called the root of the equation, p(x) = 0.

Note: A polynomial of degree n can have at most n zeroes.

Example:

1. is the zero of the linear polynomial, 2x + 9, because .


2. 2 and –3 are the zeroes of the quadratic polynomial, .

Example:
Find the zeroes of the polynomial,

Solution:

By trial, we obtain
p (1) = 1 – 3 – 6 + 8 = 0
(x – 1) is a factor p (x) [By factor theorem]

p (x) = 0, if x = 1, 4, or –2

Thus, the zeroes of p(x) are 1, 4, and –2.

 Relationship between zeroes and Coefficients of a polynomial

 Linear Polynomial

The zero of the linear polynomial, , is

Example: 3x – 5

Zero of 3x – 5 is

 Quadratic Polynomial

If aand β are the zeroes of the quadratic polynomial, ,


then are the factors of p(x).

, where k ≠ 0 is constant.
Sum of zeroes =

Product of zeroes =

Example:
Find the zeroes of the quadratic polynomial, , and verify the
relationship between the zeroes and the coefficients.

Solution:

The zeroes of p(x) are given by,

Zeroes of p(x) are and β = –9

Sum of zeroes

Product of zeroes

 Formation of Polynomial using the Sum and Product of Zeroes

Example:
Find a quadratic polynomial, the sum and the product of whose zeroes

are and .

Solution:
Given that,
,
The required polynomial is given by,

For k = 3,

One of the quadratic polynomials, which fit the given condition, is .

 Cubic polynomial

If are the zeroes of the cubic


polynomial, then are the factors
of f (x).

, where k is a
non-zero constant

 Division of polynomial by polynomial of degree more than 1 can be done as


follows:
Example:
Divide x4 – x3 + 3x2 – x + 3 by x2 – x + 1.

Solution:
It is given that,
Dividend = x4 – x3 + 3x2 – x + 3, Divisor = x2 – x + 1

 Division Algorithm of Polynomials states that:


Dividend = Divisor × Quotient + Remainder
i.e., p(x) = g(x) × q(x) + r(x)
Here, degree of r(x) < degree of g(x) and degree of q(x) = degree of p(x) –
degree of g(x)
Example:
By applying division algorithm, find the quotient and remainder when p(x)
= x4 + 3x3 + 2x2 + 5x – is divided by g(x) = x3 + 2x – 1.
Solution:
p(x) = x4 + 3x3 + 2x2 + 5x – , g(x) = x3 + 2x – 1
deg p(x) = 4, deg g(x) = 3

Degree of quotient q(x) = 4 – 3 = 1, and deg of remainder r(x) < deg g(x) = 3
Let q(x) = ax + b, r(x) = cx2 + dx + e

By division algorithm,

p(x) = g(x) × q(x) + r(x)


⇒ x4 + 3x3 + 2x2 + 5x – = (ax + b)(x3 + 2x – 1) + (cx2 + dx + e)
= ax4 + 2ax2 – ax + bx3 + 2bx – b + cx2 + dx + e
= ax4 + bx3 + (2a + c)x2 + (–a + 2b + d)x + (–b + e)

Equating the coefficients of respective powers, we obtain


a = 1, b = 3
2a + c = 2
⇒ 2 + c =2
⇒c=0
–a + 2b + d = 5
⇒ –1 + 6 + d = 5
⇒d=0
–b + e =

⇒e=3=

Quotient, q (x) = x + 3

Remainder, r (x) =

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