ABSTRACT

ABSTRACT

This paper presents a comprehensive investigation into advanced speed

control techniques for switched reluctance motors (SRMs) using MATLAB
Simulink. Three prominent controllers - Proportional (P), Proportional-Integral
(PI), and Proportional-Integral-Derivative (PID) - were employed for
simulation, with meticulous tuning performed via trial and error. The study
aimed to discern the most effective controller in terms of reducing settling
time, eliminating steady-state error, and minimizing speed overshoot. Through
rigorous analysis, it was determined that the PID controller outperformed the
others, offering superior response characteristics. The findings underscore the
significance of advanced control strategies in optimizing SRM performance,
paving the way for enhanced efficiency and precision in various industrial
applications.
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER NO TITLE PAGE NO

1 INTRODUCTION 4

2 SYSTEM ANALYSIS AND DESCRIPTION 5

2.1 Existing System 5
2.1.1 Drawbacks 5
2.2 Proposed System 6
2.2.1 Advantages 8
2.3 Modules Description 9
2.4 Feasibility Study 11

3 REQUIREMENT ANALYSIS 13
3.1 Software Requirements 13
3.2 Functional Requirements 13

4 SOFTWARE DESIGN 14
4.1 System Architecture 14
4.2 Data flow diagram 15
4.3 UML Diagrams 18

5 IMPLEMENTATION 20
5.1 MAT Lab 20
5.2 Switched Reluctance Motor 35
5.3 Switched Reluctance Motor Speed Control 41

6 TESTING 42

7 SAMPLE SCREENS 46

8 CONCLUSION 48

9 FUTURE ENHANCEMENTS 49

10 BIBLIOGRAPHY 50
 Advanced Speed Control Techniques for Switched Reluctance Motor
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CHAPTER-1
INTRODUCTION

The quest for efficient and precise control of switched reluctance motors
(SRMs) has garnered significant attention in the realm of electrical engineering
and industrial automation. As versatile and robust electromechanical devices,
SRMs find widespread use in applications ranging from automotive systems to
industrial machinery due to their simple construction, high reliability, and
capability to operate in harsh environments. However, achieving optimal speed
control in SRMs remains a challenge, necessitating the exploration of advanced
control techniques to enhance performance.

This project focuses on investigating advanced speed control techniques for

SRMs using MATLAB Simulink. The primary objective is to compare the
effectiveness of three commonly used controllers - Proportional (P), Proportional-
Integral (PI), and Proportional-Integral-Derivative (PID) - in regulating the motor
speed. Through systematic simulation and tuning procedures, the aim is to identify
the controller that offers the best response characteristics, including reduced
settling time, elimination of steady-state error, and minimization of speed
overshoot.

By delving into advanced control strategies and leveraging the

computational capabilities of MATLAB Simulink, this project seeks to contribute
valuable insights into optimizing SRM performance. The findings of this research
have the potential to inform the design and implementation of advanced control
systems for SRMs in various industrial applications, ultimately leading to
improved efficiency, reliability, and precision in motor control.

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CHAPTER-2
SYSTEM ANALYSIS AND DESCRIPTION

2.1 Existing System

The existing system for controlling switched reluctance motors (SRMs)
typically relies on conventional control techniques such as Proportional (P),
Proportional-Integral (PI), or Proportional-Integral-Derivative (PID)
controllers. These controllers, while widely used and understood, may not
always offer optimal performance, especially in applications requiring
precise speed control and dynamic response. Traditional tuning methods for
these controllers often involve manual adjustment through trial and error,
which can be time-consuming and may not guarantee the best results.
Additionally, conventional control strategies may struggle to address
nonlinearities and uncertainties inherent in SRM operation, leading to
suboptimal performance in terms of settling time, steady-state error, and
speed overshoot. Thus, there is a growing need for advanced speed control
techniques that can leverage the computational power of tools like
MATLAB Simulink to enhance the efficiency, reliability, and precision of
SRM control systems. inspections.

2.1.1 Drawbacks:

 Limited Performance Optimization: Conventional controllers such as

Proportional (P), Proportional-Integral (PI), and Proportional-Integral-
Derivative (PID) may not always achieve optimal performance in
terms of speed regulation, especially in applications with varying load

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conditions or nonlinearities inherent to SRMs.

 Manual Tuning Complexity: Tuning these controllers typically

involves manual adjustment of parameters through trial and error,
which can be time-consuming and labor-intensive. Moreover, manual
tuning may not always yield the best results and may require expert
knowledge and experience.

 Difficulty in Handling Nonlinearities: SRMs exhibit nonlinear

behavior due to factors such as magnetic saturation, flux linkage, and
torque ripple. Conventional controllers may struggle to effectively
mitigate these nonlinearities, leading to suboptimal performance and
reduced efficiency.

 Limited Adaptability: Traditional control strategies may lack

adaptability to changing operating conditions or disturbances,
resulting in reduced robustness and performance degradation in
dynamic environments.

 Inadequate Response to Uncertainties: SRM control systems may

encounter uncertainties such as parameter variations or disturbances,
which can affect the stability and performance of the system.
Conventional controllers may not adequately address these
uncertainties, leading to reduced reliability and accuracy in speed
control.

2.2 Proposed System

The proposed system for this project involves the implementation of

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advanced speed control techniques for switched reluctance motors (SRMs)

using MATLAB Simulink. Instead of relying solely on traditional control
methods like Proportional (P), Proportional-Integral (PI), or Proportional-
Integral-Derivative (PID) controllers, the proposed system aims to explore
and integrate more sophisticated control strategies. These may include model
predictive control (MPC), fuzzy logic control, adaptive control, or hybrid
control approaches tailored to the specific characteristics of SRMs.

The key features of the proposed system include:

1. Advanced Control Algorithms: Utilizing advanced control algorithms

that can effectively handle the nonlinearities, uncertainties, and dynamic
behavior of SRMs. These algorithms offer improved performance in
terms of speed regulation, settling time, and disturbance rejection
compared to traditional controllers.

2. Automated Tuning and Optimization: Implementing automated

tuning and optimization techniques to streamline the controller
parameter adjustment process. This reduces the reliance on manual
tuning methods and ensures optimal controller performance under
varying operating conditions.

3. Adaptive and Robust Control: Incorporating adaptive control

mechanisms that can dynamically adjust controller parameters in
response to changes in load conditions, disturbances, or system
uncertainties. This enhances the robustness and adaptability of the
control system to different operating scenarios.

4. Integration with Simulation Environment: Integrating the control

algorithms into the MATLAB Simulink environment to facilitate
simulation and evaluation of the control system's performance. This
enables comprehensive analysis and testing of the proposed speed

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control techniques before implementation in real-world applications.

5. Real-Time Implementation Considerations: Considering the

feasibility of real-time implementation of the control algorithms,
particularly in industrial automation settings where fast and reliable
control responses are crucial.

2.2.1 Advantages:

 Enhanced Performance:

Advanced control algorithms such as model predictive control (MPC),

fuzzy logic control, and adaptive control are designed to handle the
nonlinearities, uncertainties, and dynamic behavior of SRMs more
effectively. This results in improved speed regulation, reduced settling
time, and better disturbance rejection compared to traditional control
strategies.

 Optimized Controller Tuning:

Automated tuning and optimization techniques streamline the process

of adjusting controller parameters, ensuring optimal performance under
varying operating conditions. This reduces the need for manual tuning,
which can be time-consuming and may not always yield the best
results.

 Robustness and Adaptability:

The incorporation of adaptive control mechanisms enables the control

system to dynamically adjust controller parameters in response to
changes in load conditions, disturbances, or system uncertainties. This
enhances the robustness and adaptability of the control system,
ensuring reliable performance in diverse operating environments.

 Simulation and Evaluation Capabilities:

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Integration with MATLAB Simulink facilitates comprehensive

simulation and evaluation of the control system's performance before
implementation in real-world applications. This allows for thorough
analysis and testing, ensuring that the proposed speed control
techniques meet desired performance criteria.

 Real-Time Implementation Feasibility:

Consideration of real-time implementation considerations ensures that

the proposed control algorithms can be deployed in industrial
automation settings where fast and reliable control responses are
essential. This enables seamless integration of the advanced speed
control techniques into existing SRM control systems.

2.3 MODULES: -

 Control Algorithm Selection

 Controller Design and Tuning

 Simulation and Performance Evaluation

 Comparative Analysis and Optimization

 Real-Time Implementation Considerations

1. Control Algorithm Selection:

This module involves researching and selecting the appropriate
advanced speed control algorithms for switched reluctance
motors (SRMs). It includes an analysis of various techniques
such as model predictive control (MPC), fuzzy logic control,
and adaptive control to determine the most suitable approach for
the specific characteristics of SRMs.

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2. Controller Design and Tuning:

In this module, the selected control algorithms are implemented
and tuned using MATLAB Simulink. It includes designing the
controller architecture, selecting control parameters, and tuning
the controller to achieve desired performance metrics such as
reduced settling time, elimination of steady-state error, and
minimization of speed overshoot.

3. Simulation and Performance Evaluation:

This module involves conducting comprehensive simulation
studies using MATLAB Simulink to evaluate the performance
of the designed control system. It includes simulating various
operating scenarios, analyzing control system response, and
assessing performance metrics such as speed regulation,
dynamic response, and disturbance rejection.

4. Comparative Analysis and Optimization:

In this module, the performance of the advanced speed control
techniques is compared against traditional control methods such
as Proportional (P), Proportional-Integral (PI), and
Proportional-Integral-Derivative (PID) controllers. It includes
analyzing the advantages and limitations of each approach and
identifying opportunities for optimization and improvement.

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5. Real-Time Implementation Considerations:

This module focuses on addressing practical considerations for
real-time implementation of the advanced speed control
techniques in industrial automation settings. It includes
evaluating computational efficiency, hardware compatibility,
and communication requirements to ensure seamless integration
of the control system into existing SRM control architectures.

2.4 FEASIBILITY STUDY:

Feasibility Study of Advanced Speed Control Techniques for Switched

Reluctance Motors (SRMs) using MATLAB:

 Technical Feasibility:

Assess the technical feasibility of implementing advanced speed

control techniques for SRMs using MATLAB. This includes evaluating
the compatibility of MATLAB with SRM control algorithms,
simulation capabilities, and real-time implementation considerations.

 Resource Feasibility:

Determine the availability of resources required for the project, such as

hardware components, software licenses for MATLAB, and
computational resources for simulation studies. Assess whether the
necessary resources can be obtained within budget constraints.

 Expertise and Skill Feasibility:

Evaluate the expertise and skills required to execute the project

successfully. Assess whether the project team possesses the necessary

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knowledge in control systems, MATLAB programming, and SRM

technology, or if additional training or expertise is needed.

 Time Feasibility:

Estimate the time required to complete the project, including algorithm

selection, controller design, simulation studies, comparative analysis,
and real-time implementation considerations. Assess whether the
project timeline aligns with project deadlines and resource availability.

 Financial Feasibility:

Conduct a cost-benefit analysis to determine the financial feasibility of

the project. Evaluate the costs associated with acquiring resources,
conducting experiments, and implementing the proposed speed control
techniques against the potential benefits such as improved efficiency,
reliability, and precision in SRM control.

 Risk Feasibility:

Identify potential risks and challenges associated with the project, such
as technical hurdles, resource constraints, and unforeseen delays.
Develop risk mitigation strategies to address these challenges and
minimize their impact on project outcomes.

 Market Feasibility:

Assess the market demand for advanced speed control techniques for
SRMs. Identify potential industries or applications where improved
SRM control could offer significant benefits and opportunities for
commercialization.

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CHAPTER-3
REQUIREMENT ANALYSIS

3.1 Software Requirements

For developing the application, the following are the Software
Requirements:

 MATLAB

Operating Systems supported

 Windows 10 and above

Debugger and Emulator

 Any Browser (Particularly Chrome)

3.2 Functional Requirements

 Control Algorithm Selection

 Controller Design and Tuning
 Simulation and Performance Evaluation
 Comparative Analysis and Optimization
 Real-Time Implementation Considerations

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CHAPTER-4

SOFTWARE DESIGN

4.1 SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE:

Control Algorithm Module:

This module includes the implementation of advanced control algorithms

such as model predictive control (MPC), fuzzy logic control, or adaptive control.
These algorithms are responsible for generating control signals to regulate the
speed of the SRM.

Controller Design and Tuning Module:

In this module, the control algorithms are designed and tuned to achieve
desired performance metrics. It involves selecting appropriate controller
architectures, setting control parameters, and optimizing the controller's response
through simulation and analysis.

Simulation Environment:

MATLAB Simulink serves as the simulation environment where the control

algorithms are tested and evaluated. Simulink models of the SRM system,
including motor dynamics, power electronics, and control loops, are created to
simulate various operating scenarios and analyze system performance.

Hardware Interface:

This component interfaces with hardware components such as motor drives,

sensors, and actuators for real-time implementation of the control algorithms. It
may involve communication protocols such as serial communication or Ethernet to
interface MATLAB with external hardware.

Data Acquisition and Processing:

Data acquisition modules collect sensor data such as motor speed, current,
and voltage measurements from the SRM system. These data are processed and
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used as feedback signals for the control algorithms to adjust the motor speed
accordingly.

User Interface:

A user interface allows users to interact with the system, providing inputs
such as desired speed setpoints and displaying real-time motor performance
metrics. It may include graphical elements for visualizing simulation results,
tuning controller parameters, and monitoring system behavior.

System Integration and Testing:

This module involves integrating all system components, verifying their

functionality, and conducting comprehensive testing to ensure that the
implemented control algorithms meet performance requirements. It may include
validation against simulation results and real-world performance benchmarks.

4.2 DATA FLOW DIAGRAM:

User Interface (UI):

 This module allows the user to interact with the system,

providing inputs such as desired speed setpoints and motor

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control parameters.
 Outputs include user feedback, status updates, and visualization
of motor performance metrics.

Control Algorithm Design:

 This module encompasses the design and tuning of control

algorithms, including the PI speed controller, PI current
controller, and PWM/hysteresis controller.
 Inputs consist of system parameters, user-defined control
parameters, and feedback signals.
 Outputs are the tuned controller parameters and control signals
for the PWM/hysteresis controller.

Simulation Environment:

 This module represents the simulation environment where the

SRM system dynamics are modeled using MATLAB Simulink.
 Inputs include control signals from the Control Algorithm Design
module and system parameters.
 Outputs consist of simulated motor performance data, including
speed, current, and torque.

Converter:

 This component represents the power electronics converter

responsible for converting DC input power to AC output power
for the SRM.
 Inputs include control signals from the PWM/hysteresis

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controller.
 Outputs are the AC voltage and current supplied to the SRM.

Motor and Mechanical System (M&M):

 This module represents the switched reluctance motor (SRM) and

its mechanical load.
 Inputs include AC voltage and current from the Converter
module.
 Outputs consist of motor performance data such as speed, torque,
and position.

Data Acquisition and Processing (DAQ):

 This module collects sensor data from the SRM system, including
motor speed, current, and position.
 Inputs include raw sensor signals.
 Outputs are processed sensor data used as feedback signals for
the control algorithms.

Controller Feedback Loop:

 This loop represents the closed-loop control system where

feedback signals from the DAQ module are used to adjust the
control signals generated by the PI speed controller and PI current
controller.
 Inputs consist of sensor feedback signals.
 Outputs are control signals sent to the PWM/hysteresis controller

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4.3 UML DIAGRAMS:

Switched Reluctance Motor:

 This class represents the switched reluctance motor (SRM) in the

system. It encapsulates attributes such as speed, current, and position,
which are essential parameters for motor control.
 Methods:
 setSpeed(speed: double): Sets the desired speed of the motor.
 setCurrent(current: double): Sets the desired current of the motor.
 setPosition(position: double): Sets the desired position of the motor.

Controller:

 This abstract class represents a generic controller in the system. It

serves as a blueprint for specific controller implementations such as
speed controllers and current controllers.
 Attributes:
 speedController: An instance of the controller responsible for
regulating motor speed.

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 currentController: An instance of the controller responsible for

regulating motor current.
 Methods: (Abstract methods to be implemented by subclasses)
 regulateSpeed(): void: Abstract method to regulate the speed of the
motor.
 regulateCurrent(): void: Abstract method to regulate the current of the
motor.

PI Controller:

 This class represents a Proportional-Integral (PI) controller, a type of

controller commonly used for motor control applications.
 Attributes:
 kp: Proportional gain parameter.
 ki: Integral gain parameter.
 integralTerm: Accumulated integral error for integral control.
 Methods:
 setParameters(kp: double, ki: double): void: Sets the proportional and
integral gain parameters of the controller.
 calculateControlSignal(error: double): double: Calculates the control
signal based on the error signal (e.g., speed error or current error).

Simulation:

 This class manages the simulation process, including the interaction

between the motor and the controller.
 Attributes:
 motor: An instance of the SwitchedReluctanceMotor class
representing the SRM.
 controller: An instance of the Controller class representing the motor
controller.
 Methods:
 runSimulation(): void: Executes the simulation process, including
regulation of motor speed and current.

User Interface:

 This class handles user interaction with the simulation system.

 Attributes:
 simulation: An instance of the Simulation class representing the
simulation environment.
 Methods:
 displayMenu(): void: Displays the user interface menu.
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 getUserInput(): void: Gets user input to set motor parameters or

control parameters.
 showResults(): void: Displays the results of the simulation, such as
motor performance metrics.

CHAPTER-5
IMPLEMENTATION

5.1 MAT Lab: -

MATLAB stands for Matrix Laboratory. It is a high-performance language that is

used for technical computing. It was developed by Cleve Molar of the company
MathWorks.Inc in the year 1984.It is written in C, C++, Java. It allows matrix
manipulations, plotting of functions, implementation of algorithms and creation of
user interfaces.

Advantages of MATLAB
MATLAB offers numerous advantages, making it a preferred choice for
researchers, engineers, and scientists across diverse fields. Let's delve into the top
10 advantages of MATLAB.

1) Powerful numerical computation

MATLAB's computational engine is optimised for matrix operations,
making it efficient for performing complex numerical computations. Its ability to
handle large datasets and solve intricate mathematical problems swiftly sets it apart
as a powerful numerical computing tool.

2) Extensive functionality
MATLAB boasts a vast collection of built-in functions and toolboxes that
cover a wide range of domains, including signal processing, image processing,
control systems, optimisation, machine learning, and more. These libraries
simplify algorithm development, allowing users to focus on problem-solving rather
than implementation details.

3) Interactive development environment

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The interactive nature of MATLAB's development environment enables

rapid prototyping and iterative experimentation. With its command-line interface
and Graphical User Interface (GUI), users can quickly explore data, test
algorithms, and visualise results, making it ideal for exploratory analysis.

4) Data visualisation
MATLAB provides a comprehensive set of tools for data visualisation and
plotting. Its rich plotting capabilities allow users to create a variety of 2D and 3D
plots, customise visualisations, and add interactive elements. This facilitates the
clear and concise representation of data, aiding in data analysis and result
communication.

5) Simulink integration
MATLAB seamlessly integrates with Simulink, a powerful tool for
simulation and model-based design. Simulink's block-diagram environment
enables the modelling and simulation of complex systems, including control
systems, communication systems, and image processing. The integration between
MATLAB and Simulink allows for a seamless workflow from algorithm
development to system simulation and implementation.

6) Algorithm development and prototyping

MATLAB's extensive tools and functions enable rapid algorithm
development and prototyping. Researchers and engineers can quickly implement
and test new algorithms, evaluate their performance, and refine them iteratively.
MATLAB's expressive syntax and interactive environment accelerate the
development cycle and foster innovation.

7) Community support and resources

MATLAB benefits from a vibrant and supportive user community. The
MATLAB community provides access to many resources, including online
forums, documentation, and code repositories. This community support fosters
collaboration, knowledge sharing, and the ability to learn from experts in various
domains.

8) Interoperability with other languages

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MATLAB offers seamless interoperability with programming languages

such as C/C++, Java, Python, and .NET. This allows users to leverage existing
code and libraries written in different languages, enhancing MATLAB's
capabilities and extending its reach to incorporate external functionalities.

9) Educational tool
MATLAB is widely used in educational settings due to its intuitive syntax
and extensive documentation. It is an effective tool for teaching and learning
various concepts, ranging from basic programming principles to advanced
mathematical modelling and simulation techniques. MATLAB's popularity in
academia ensures that students and researchers are equipped with a valuable
skillset.

10) Deployment options

MATLAB uses provide flexible deployment options, allowing users to
share and deploy their MATLAB code. Users can create standalone applications,
web applications, or software components, enabling the integration of MATLAB
algorithms into real-world systems. This facilitates the utilization of MATLAB
solutions beyond the development environment.

Getting Started with MATLAB

It is both a programming language as well as a programming environment. It
allows the computation of statements in the command window itself.

 Command Window: In this window one must type and immediately

execute the statements, as it requires quick prototyping. These statements
cannot be saved. Thus, this is can be used for small, easily executable
programs.
 Editor (Script): In this window one can execute larger programs with
multiple statements, and complex functions These can be saved and are done
with the file extension ‘.m ‘
 Workspace: In this window the values of the variables that are created in
the course of the program (in the editor) are displayed.
 Command History window: This window displays a log of statements that
you ran in the current and previous MATLAB sessions. The Command
History lists the time and date of each session in the short date format for
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your operating system, followed by the statements from that session.

 This window displays the exact location(path) of the program file being
created.

MATLAB Library comes with a set of many inbuilt functions. These

functions mostly perform mathematical operations like sine, cosine and tangent.
They perform more complex functions too like finding the inverse and determinant
of a matrix, cross product and dot product Although MATLAB is encoded in C,
C++ and Java, it is a lot easier to implement than these three languages. For
example, unlike the other three, no header files need to be initialised in the
beginning of the document and for declaring a variable, the data type need not be
provided. It provides an easier alternative for vector operations. They can be
performed using one command instead of multiple statements in a for or while
loop.

Basic Functions in MATLAB

Function Description

The values or the text printed within single quotes is displayed on

disp()
the output screen

clear To clear all variables

close all To close all graphics window

clc To clear the command window

exp(x) To compute the exponential value of x to the base e

abs(x) To compute the absolute value of x

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Function Description

sqrt(x) To compute the square root of x

log(x) To compute the logarithmic value of x to the base e

log10(x) To compute the logarithmic value of x to the base 10

rem(x, y) To compute the remainder of x/y

sin(x) To compute the sine of x

cos(x) To compute the cosine of x

tan(x) To compute the tangent of x

atan2(x,
To compute the arctangent or inverse of y/x
y)

Writing a MATLAB Program

1. Using Command Window: Only one statement can be typed and executed
at a time. It executes the statement when the enter key is pressed. This is
mostly used for simple calculations. Note: ans is a default variable created
by MATLAB that stores the output of the given computation.

2. Using Editor: Multiple lines of code can be written here and only after
pressing the run button (or F5) will the code be executed. It is always a good
practice to write clc, clear and close all in the beginning of the
program.Note: Statements ending with a semicolon will not be displayed in
the command window, however, their values will be displayed in the
workspace. Any statement followed by % in MATLAB is considered as a
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comment

3. Vector Operations: Operations such as addition, subtraction, multiplication

and division can be done using a single command instead of multiple loops
We can also extract separate rows and columns by using the colon(:) operator.
Consider a matrix A of size 3X3. The following commands can be used to extract
rows and columns from Matrix A

Installing MATLAB on Windows

Download Process:

Step 1: Go to your Math works account homepage.

Step 2: Locate the License you would like to download products for in the list.

Step 3: Click the downwards-pointing blue arrow on the same row as the license
in question.

Step 4: Click the blue button on the left to download the latest release of
MATLAB you have access to, or select an older license in the menu on the right.

Step 5: Choose the platform you need the installer for.

Step 6: If prompted by your browser to Run or Save the installer choose to save.

Step 7: Locate the installer in a file browser. It should be located in the default
download location unless you specified another location. The installer will be
named:

Installation Process:

To begin with the installation process, you must have downloaded the MATLAB
setup.
Step 1: After the extraction of the setup, an application named ‘setup’ with
MATLAB icon will appear. Click on that application the following window will
appear:

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Step 2: After reading the terms and conditions click on “Yes” and then press
Next.

Step 3: Then a window asking for the installation key and License file will
appear key them ready beforehand so that you can complete the setup in one go
without arranging the elements.

Note: Format of Installation key is a combination of 30 digits as xxxxx-xxxxx-

xxxxx-xxxxx-xxxxx-xxxxx

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Step 4: After you have entered the Installation key, it will require a license file
that will be extracted with the setup if you have purchased the software so give
the location of that file to continue the installation.

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Step 5: When the Installation key and the License file are verified it will ask you
for the location you want to install it on.

Note: Install it in the C:/ directory to avoid any problem in future

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Step 6: For the final step before installation selects the products you want to use
in your MATLAB. You should probably select all services in case you want to
use some service in the future

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Step 7: After that wait for the installation process to be finished and then open
the MATLAB application installed to confirm the proper functioning for the first
time.

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Now the MATLAB is successfully installed on your windows, and you can use it
to its fullest.

MATLAB
The basic steps and inputs to getting started with MATLAB include:

a) Step 1: Open MATLAB by clicking on its icon. The MATLAB window will
appear with a command prompt called the Command Window.

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b) Step 2: In the Command Window, you can type MATLAB commands to

instruct MATLAB. Try basic arithmetic operations like addition or subtraction.
For example, type "2+2" and press Enter. MATLAB will compute and display the
result.

c) Step 3: MATLAB allows you to store values in variables for later use. For
instance, type "x = 5" and press Enter. Now, the value 5 is stored in the variable
named "x."

d) Step 4: You can perform operations on variables. Try typing "y = x^2" and
press Enter. MATLAB will calculate the square of the value stored in "x" and
assign it to "y."

e) Step 5: To see the value stored in a variable, simply type the variable's name
and press Enter. For example, type "y" and MATLAB will display the calculated
value.

f) Step 6: MATLAB provides built-in functions for various operations. You can
use functions like "sqrt" for square root or "sin" for sine. Type "sqrt (16)" or
"sin(pi/2)" to see the results.

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g) Step 7: MATLAB excels at creating visualisations. Try plotting a simple graph

by entering "x = 0:0.1:10; y = sin(x);" and then type "plot(x, y);" in the Command
Window. MATLAB will generate a graph of the sine function.

h) Step 8: MATLAB offers extensive documentation and helpful resources. If you

need assistance with a function or concept, type "help" followed by the function
name or topic. MATLAB will provide relevant information and examples.

Benefits of using MATLAB on Windows

MATLAB array has a user-friendly interface with a vast elements of
functions and toolboxes. These make it an ideal data analysis, research, and
problem-solving tool. With its extensive library of pre-built functions, efficient
data analysis capabilities, and exceptional visualization tools, MATLAB enables
users to explore and understand their data quickly. For advanced applications like
signal processing, you can leverage specialized functions such as Mat lab
Convolation to enhance your analytical capabilities.

Additionally, MATLAB's integration with other languages, strong community

support, and widespread industry adoption create collaboration, learning, and
career advancement opportunities. Overall, MATLAB on Windows offers a

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powerful and versatile environment for tackling complex tasks and unlocking
innovative solutions in diverse fields.

The following are some of the key benefits of using MATLAB:

a) User-friendly

b) Interface vast functionality

c) Extensive library of functions

d) Efficient data analysis

e) Easy plotting and visualisation

f) Integration with other languages (C, C++, Python, and Java)

g) Community support and resources

h) Industry adoption and job opportunities

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5.2 Switched Reluctance Motor

The SRM is fed by a three-phase asymmetrical power converter having three

legs, each of which consists of two IGBTs and two free-wheeling diodes. During
conduction periods, the active IGBTs apply positive source voltage to the stator
windings to drive positive currents into the phase windings. During free-wheeling
periods, negative voltage is applied to the windings and the stored energy is
returned to the power DC source through the diodes. The fall time of the currents
in motor windings can be thus reduced. By using a position sensor attached to the
rotor, the turn-on and turn-off angles of the motor phases can be accurately
imposed. These switching angle can be used to control the developed torque
waveforms. The phase currents are independently controlled by three hysteresis
controllers which generate the IGBTs drive signals by comparing the measured
currents with the references. The IGBTs switching frequency is mainly determined
by the hysteresis band.

Simulation (6/4 specific model)

In this example, a DC supply voltage of 240 V is used. The converter turn-

on and turn-off angles are kept constant at 45 deg and 75 deg, respectively, over
the speed range. The reference current is 200 A and the hysteresis band is chosen
as +-10 A. The SRM is started by applying the step reference to the regulator
input. The acceleration rate depends on the load characteristics. To shorten the
starting time, a very light load was chosen. Since only the currents are controlled,
the motor speed will increase according to the mechanical dynamics of the system.
The SRM drive waveforms (phase voltages, magnetic flux, windings currents,
motor torque, motor speed) are displayed on the scope. As can be noted, the SRM
torque has a very high torque ripple component which is due to the transitions of
the currents from one phase to the following one. This torque ripple is a particular
characteristic of the SRM and it depends mainly on the converter s turn-on and
turn-off angles. In observing the drive's waveforms, we can remark that the SRM
operation speed range can be divided into two regions according to the converter
operating mode: current-controlled and voltage-fed.

Current-controlled mode

From stand still up to about 3000 rpm, the motor's emf is low and the current
can be regulated to the reference value. In this operation mode, the average value
of the developed torque is approximately proportional to the current reference. In
addition to the torque ripple due to phase transitions, we note also the torque ripple
created by the switching of the hysteresis regulator. This operation mode is also
called constant torque operation.

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Voltage-fed mode

For speeds above 3000 rpm, the motor's emf is high and the phase currents
cannot attain the reference value imposed by the current regulators. The converter
operation changes naturally to voltage-fed mode in which there is no modulation
of the power switches. They remain closed during their active periods and the
constant DC supply voltage is continuously applied to the phase windings. This
results in linear varying flux waveforms as shown on the scope. In voltage-fed
mode, the SRM develops its 'natural' characteristic in which the average value of
the developed torque is inversely proportional to the motor speed. Since the
hysteresis regulator is inactive in this case, only torque ripple due to phase
transitions is present in the torque waveforms.

Optimization of the Torque Characteristic - Adaptive Switching Angle

In SRM drives, both the average torque and torque ripple are affected by the
turn-on and turn-off angles and by the current waveforms in the motor phases. And
these characteristics change as a function of the motor speed. In many applications,
electric vehicle drives for instance, it is highly desirable to have highest
torque/ampere ratio and lowest torque ripple and this over a widest speed range
possible. The SRM torque characteristic can be optimized by applying
appropriated pre-calculated turn-on and turn-off angles in function of the motor
current and speed. The optimum values of optimum angles can be stored in a 2-D
lookup table.

Switched Reluctance Motor

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MATHEMATICAL MODEL OF THE SRM

Let us consider an elementary reluctance machine as shown in below

The machine is single phase excited; that is, it carries only one winding on
the stator. The excited winding is wound on the stator and the rotor is free to
rotate.

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BLOCK DIAGRAM OF SRM CONTROL

The position of rotor is sensed by the rotor position sensor and it
provides its corresponding output to the error detector. Error detector compares
reference speed and actual speed to generate error signal which is given to
controller block. The controller gives appropriate control signal to the
converter according to the error signal. The speed of the motor is controlled by
the converter through proper excitation of the corresponding windings in the
stator.

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SRM CONFIGURATIONS

Switched reluctance motors come in different configurations such as 12/8,

8/6, 6/4, and 4/2. But here, our emphasis is on 6/4 configuration. This has 3-pole
pairs at the stator and 2-pole pairs at the rotor. It is also referred to as 3-phase
SRM. The SRM is fed by a three- phase asymmetrical power converter having
three legs, each of which consists of two IGBTs and two free- wheeling diodes.
During conduction periods, the active IGBTs apply positive source voltage to
the stator windings to drive positive currents into the phase windings. During
free-wheeling periods, negative voltage is applied to the windings and the stored
energy is returned to the power DC source through the diodes. The fall time of
the currents in motor windings can be thus reduced. By using a position sensor
attached to the rotor, the turn-on and turn-off angles of the motor phases can be
accurately imposed. These switching angles can be used to control the developed
torque waveforms. The IGBTs switching frequency is mainly determined by the
hysteresis band.

SIMULATION OF THE 6/4 MODEL

A DC supply voltage of 240V is used. The converter turn- on and turn-off
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angles are kept constant at 45o and 75o, respectively, over the speed ranges. The
reference current is 200A and the hysteresis band is chosen as
±10A. The SRM is started by applying the step reference to the regulator input.
The acceleration rate depends on the load characteristics. To shorten the starting
time, a very light load is chosen. Since only the currents are controlled, the
motor speed will increase according to the mechanical dynamics of the system.
The SRM drive waveforms (phase voltages, magnetic flux, windings current,
motor torque, and speed) are displayed on the scope as shown below.

Break down of the Mat lab Switched Reluctance Motor specific model
a) Power Converter
The converter used here is an asymmetric bridge converter which switches
current supplied to the phase in accordance with the rotor position.

power converter block

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5.3 Switched Reluctance Motor Speed Control

This shows how to control the rotor speed in a switched reluctance machine
(SRM) based electrical drive. A DC voltage source feeds the SRM through a
controlled three-arm bridge. The converter turn-on and turn-off angles are
maintained constant.

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CHAPTER-6
TESTING

The purpose of testing is to discover errors. Testing is the process of

trying to discover every conceivable fault or weakness in a work product. It
provides a way to check the functionality of components, sub-assemblies,
assemblies and/or a finished product It is the process of exercising software
with the intent of ensuring that the Software system meets its requirements
and user expectations and does not fail in an unacceptable manner. There are
various types of test. Each test type addresses a specific testing requirement.

TYPES OF TESTS

Unit Testing

Unit testing involves the design of test cases that validate that
the internal program logic is functioning properly, and that program inputs
produce valid outputs. All decision branches and internal code flow should
be validated. It is the testing of individual software units of the
application .it is done after the completion of an individual unit before
integration. This is a structural testing, that relies on knowledge of its

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construction and is invasive. Unit tests perform basic tests at component

level and test a specific business process, application, and/or system
configuration. Unit tests ensure that each unique path of a business process
performs accurately to the documented specifications and contains clearly
defined inputs and expected results.

Integrated Testing

Integration tests are designed to test integrated software

components to determine if they actually run as one program. Testing is
event driven and is more concerned with the basic outcome of screens or
fields. Integration tests demonstrate that although the components were
individually satisfaction, as shown by successfully unit testing, the
combination of components is correct and consistent. Integration testing is
specifically aimed at exposing the problems that arise from the combination
of components.

Functional tests provide systematic demonstrations that functions

tested are available as specified by the business and technical requirements,
system documentation, and user manuals.

Functional testing is centered on the following items:

Valid Input : identified classes of valid input must be

accepted.

Invalid Input : identified classes of invalid input must be

rejected.

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Functions : identified functions must be exercised.

Output : identified classes of application outputs must
be exercised.
Systems/Procedures: interfacing systems or procedures must be invoked.

Organization and preparation of functional tests is focused on

requirements, key functions, or special test cases. In addition, systematic
coverage pertaining to identify Business process flows; data fields,
predefined processes, and successive processes must be considered for
testing. Before functional testing is complete, additional tests are identified
and the effective value of current tests is determined.

System Testing

System testing ensures that the entire integrated software system

meets requirements. It tests a configuration to ensure known and predictable
results. An example of system testing is the configuration oriented system
integration test. System testing is based on process descriptions and flows,
emphasizing pre-driven process links and integration points.

White Box Testing

White Box Testing is a testing in which in which the software

tester has knowledge of the inner workings, structure and language of the
software, or at least its purpose. It is purpose. It is used to test areas that
cannot be reached from a black box level.

Black Box Testing

Black Box Testing is testing the software without any

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knowledge of the inner workings, structure or language of the module being

tested. Black box tests, as most other kinds of tests, must be written from a
definitive source document, such as specification or requirements document,
such as specification or requirements document. It is a testing in which the
software under test is treated, as a black box. you cannot “see” into it. The
test provides inputs and responds to outputs without considering how the
software works.

Test strategy and approach

Field testing will be performed manually and functional tests will

be
written in detail.

Test objectives

 All field entries must work properly.

 Pages must be activated from the identified link.
 The entry screen, messages and responses must not be delayed.

Features to be tested

 Verify that the entries are of the correct format

 No duplicate entries should be allowed
 All links should take the user to the correct page.

Acceptance Testing

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User Acceptance Testing is a critical phase of any project and requires

significant participation by the end user. It also ensures that the system meets
the functional requirements.

Test Results: All the test cases mentioned above passed successfully. No
defects encountered.

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CHAPTER-7

SAMPLE SCREENS

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CHAPTER-8
CONCLUSION

This project aims to develop an advanced speed control system for

switched reluctance motors (SRMs) using MATLAB. The project leverages
control algorithms such as Proportional-Integral (PI) controllers and
simulation techniques to regulate the speed and current of the SRM
effectively. Through the implementation of these control strategies, the
project seeks to achieve improved efficiency, reliability, and precision in
motor control applications.
The system architecture includes components such as the Switched
Reluctance Motor class, which represents the SRM and its parameters, and
the Controller class, which abstracts the controller implementation for
regulating motor speed and current. The PI Controller class provides specific
implementation details for the PI controller, including setting controller
parameters and calculating control signals based on error signals.
The Simulation class manages the simulation process, coordinating the
interaction between the motor and the controller to simulate motor
performance under various operating conditions. The User Interface class
facilitates user interaction with the system, allowing users to set motor
parameters, control parameters, and view simulation results.

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CHAPTER-9

FUTURE ENHANCEMENT

In the future, this project could benefit from several enhancements to further
advance switched reluctance motor (SRM) control technology. Exploring more
advanced control strategies like Model Predictive Control (MPC), Adaptive
Control, and Sensor Less Control could lead to improved performance and
robustness in regulating SRM speed and current, while reducing hardware
complexity. Integrating the control system with hardware platforms such as
microcontrollers or PLCs for real-time implementation in industrial automation
environments would enhance system reliability and scalability. Additionally,
incorporating fault diagnosis algorithms for predictive maintenance, optimizing
control parameters using optimization techniques, and integrating with industrial
communication networks for seamless interoperability would further enhance the
project's capabilities. Energy efficiency optimization strategies and validation of
the simulation model against experimental data from physical SRM setups could
also contribute to the project's advancement. By pursuing these future
enhancements, the project can continue to push the boundaries of SRM control
technology, addressing emerging challenges and maximizing its potential impact
in industrial automation and motor control applications.

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CHAPTER-10

BIBLIOGRAPHY
REFERENCES

[1] W.R. Ray. P.J. Lawrenson, RM. Davis. LM. Stephenson, N.N. Fulton and
R.J. Blake, Wigh “performance switched reluctance brushless drives", IEEE
IAS Annual Meeting Conference Record, pp. 1769-1776. 1985
[2] J.M. Stephenson, S . R Mac Minn, and J.R. Henderson Jr.. "Switched
Reluctance Drives", IEEE IAS 1990
[3] Ramya A, Dhivya G, Bharathi PD, Dhyaneshwaran R, Ramakrishnan P.
“Comparative study of speed control of 8/6 switched reluctance motor using
pi and fuzzy logic controller”. IJRTE; 2012
[4] A.Jeevanandham and K.Thanushkodi, “Reduction of Generator Rotor
Oscillations using a Meta-heuristic Optimization Technique,” International
Journal of Systemics, Cybernetics and Informatics, India, ISSN 0973 -4864,
No.9, 2008, pp.54-60.
[5] mathwork.com
[6] Wadah Abass Aljaism,” SWITCHED RELUCTANCE MOTOR:
DESIGN, SIMULATION AND CONTROL”. School of Engineering DRG
“Power Conversion and Intelligent Motion Control” University of Western
Sydney.
[7] A.Jeevanandham and K.Thanushkodi, “Reduction of Generator Rotor
Oscillations using a Meta-heuristic Optimization Technique,” International
Journal of Systemics, Cybernetics and Informatics, India, ISSN 0973 -4864,
No.9, 2008, pp.54-60.
[8] Muthulakshmi S. and Dhanasekaran R, ”Performance Evaluation In
Speed Control Of Classic Converter Fed Switched Reluctance Motor Using
Pi Controller”. ARPN Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences VOL. 10,

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NO. 6, APRIL 2015 ISSN 1819-6608

[9] K Smriti Rao, 2Ravi Mishra, “Comparative study of P, PI and PID
controller for speed control of VSI-fed induction motor”. 2014 IJEDR |
Volume 2, Issue 2 | ISSN: 2321 -9939 1
[10] Sridharan, S.1 and Sudha,S.vPak, “Real time implementation of Pid
Controller for Switched Reluctance Motor”. Vol. 13 (special issue on
Innovations in information Embedded and communication Systems) Pp. 533-
537 (2016) 53 on2109–2121.

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