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Unit 5 Classification-Class Notes

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Unit 5 Classification-Class Notes

Uploaded by

Natasha Agarwal
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© © All Rights Reserved
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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GRADE 8

UNIT 5 CLASSIFICATION

Classification - The method of arranging organisms into groups or sets based on similarities and
differences is called classification.
Taxonomy - Branch of biology dealing with the identification, naming and classification of
organisms.
Morphology - the study of form, or outward appearance of organisms
Anatomy- the study of their internal structure, as revealed by dissection.
The need of classification –

• It makes the study of wide variety of organisms easier.


• Helps us to understand the evolutionary relationship between organisms.
Introduction of Classification-
- Traditional method of classification involved study of morphology and anatomy
Carol Linnaeus during 1700s created classification system involving Kingdom, Phylum,
Class, Order, Family, Genus and Species.

- Kingdom – K (Keep)
- Phylum – P (Ponds
- Class – C(Clean)
- Order – O (Or)
- Family – F (Frogs)
- Genus – G (Get)
- Species – S(Sick)
Classification systems –
1. Two kingdom classification system was given by Carol Linnaeus in 1758
2. Three kingdom classification System

3. Five kingdom classification system

In 1969, Robert Whittaker was the biologist who proposed the Five Kingdom
Classification. The Kingdoms in this classification were classified based on cell
structure, thallus organization, mode of nutrition, reproduction, and phylogenetic
relationships.
The Five Kingdom Classification
R. H. Whittaker proposed the Five Kingdom Classification, and this classification
made it easier to classify organisms into five different kingdoms-
1. Monera
2. Protista
3. Fungi
4. Plantae
5. Animalia
Classification basis for Five Kingdom Classification
The five kingdoms classification is a widely accepted system of classification . The
organisms are divided into the five kingdoms based on their general features like:
1. Cell type: Organisms can have either prokaryotic cells (cells lacking membrane)
and be prokaryotes or have eukaryotic cells (a membrane covers genetic material)
and be eukaryotes. The kingdom Monera is the only kingdom that consists of
prokaryotes, as the other four kingdoms have eukaryotic organisms.
2. Cell wall: The kingdoms Monera, Fungi, and Plantae consist of organisms that
have cell walls in their cells. Some of the Protists also have cell walls. But, the cells
of the organisms of the Animalia kingdom do not have cell walls.
3. Nuclear membrane: The organisms under the Protists kingdom have cells without
a nuclear membrane, while the others have a nuclear membrane.
4. Cell organization: This characteristic divides organisms into unicellular and
multicellular.
5. Nutrition mode: The Plantae kingdom consists of autotrophs, i.e., they make their
food. Fungi and Animalia kingdom consist of heterotrophs, i.e., organisms under
this kingdom depend on others for food. Monera and Protista consist of both-
autotrophs and heterotrophs.
Cryptogams:

1. Reproductive organs are hidden.


2. It is also called as primitive plants which does not produce any flowers or seeds. It
does not show clearly differentiated roots, stems, branches, leaves or flowers eg:
Algae, fern, moss. They reproduce by making spores.
3. They are found in shaded and humid places.

Phanerogams:
1. It has well developed reproductive organs. It is also called flowering plants.
2. It produces flowers and seeds.
3. They have well developed root and shoot systems.
E.g. sunflower, daisy, hibiscus.
They are found in deserts, mountains, and rainforest.
Invertebrates
Invertebrates are animals without a backbone or bony skeleton. They range in size
from microscopic mites and almost invisible flies to giant squid with soccer- ball-size
eyes. This is by far the largest group in the animal kingdom: 97 percent of all
animals are invertebrates.

Major 8 phyla of invertebrates are given below Characteristics of invertebrates:


• Porifera(sponges)
• Cnidarians(Hydra ,jelly fish,sea anemones,corals)
• Platyhelminthes(flat worms)
• Nemathelminthes
• Annelids (earth worms and leeches)
• Arthropods (insects ,crab ,Scorpians)
• Molluscs
• Echinoderms(star fish,,sea urchin,sea cucumbers)
Binomial nomenclature
• Binomial nomenclature is the biological system of naming the organisms in which
the name is composed of two terms, where the first term indicates the genus and the
second term indicates the species of the organism.”
Started by Carolus Linnaeus
For Example :
Homo sapiens ( humans) ,
Naja naja (cobra)
Carl Linnaeus was a Swedish botanist, physician, and zoologist, who laid the foundations
for the modern biological naming scheme of binomial nomenclature.
Rules
• Always genus name comes first and then species name
• First letter of genus name should be capitalized
• First letter of species name should be in lower case
• The name should be in italics when in print /underlined when handwritten
Species- definition
• A group of organisms that can reproduce and produce fertile offspring.

A DICHOTOMOUS KEY
• A dichotomous key is a device that can be used to easily identify an unknown
organism.
• The word dichotomous comes from two Greek words that together mean, "divided
in two parts".
• It consists of a series of two-part statements that describe characteristic of
organisms.
• The dichotomous key is the most widely used type in biological sciences.
• The user is presented with a sequence of choices between two statements, couplets,
based on characteristics of the organism. By always making the correct choice, the
name of the organism will be revealed.
•

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